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<H3 CLASS="subsection"><A NAME="htoc164">7.15</A>&#XA0;&#XA0;Input/output from/to constant terms</H3><UL>
<LI><A HREF="gprolog038.html#toc128"><TT>read_term_from_atom/3</TT>,
<TT>read_from_atom/2</TT>,
<TT>read_token_from_atom/2</TT></A>
</LI><LI><A HREF="gprolog038.html#toc129"><TT>read_term_from_chars/3</TT>,
<TT>read_from_chars/2</TT>,
<TT>read_token_from_chars/2</TT></A>
</LI><LI><A HREF="gprolog038.html#toc130"><TT>read_term_from_codes/3</TT>,
<TT>read_from_codes/2</TT>,
<TT>read_token_from_codes/2</TT></A>
</LI><LI><A HREF="gprolog038.html#toc131"><TT>write_term_to_atom/3</TT>,
<TT>write_to_atom/2</TT>,
<TT>writeq_to_atom/2</TT>,<BR>
 <TT>write_canonical_to_atom/2</TT>,
<TT>display_to_atom/2</TT>, 
<TT>print_to_atom/2</TT>,<BR>
 <TT>format_to_atom/3</TT></A>
</LI><LI><A HREF="gprolog038.html#toc132"><TT>write_term_to_chars/3</TT>,
<TT>write_to_chars/2</TT>,
<TT>writeq_to_chars/2</TT>,<BR>
 <TT>write_canonical_to_chars/2</TT>, 
<TT>display_to_chars/2</TT>,
<TT>print_to_chars/2</TT>,<BR>
 <TT>format_to_chars/3</TT></A>
</LI><LI><A HREF="gprolog038.html#toc133"><TT>write_term_to_codes/3</TT>,
<TT>write_to_codes/2</TT>,
<TT>writeq_to_codes/2</TT>,<BR>
 <TT>write_canonical_to_codes/2</TT>,
<TT>display_to_codes/2</TT>,
<TT>print_to_codes/2</TT>,<BR>
 <TT>format_to_codes/3</TT></A>
</LI></UL>
<P>
<A NAME="Input/output-from/to-constant-terms"></A>
These built-in predicates enable a Prolog term to be input from or output to
a Prolog constant term (atom, character list or character code list). All
these predicates can be defined using constant term streams
(section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog034.html#Constant-term-streams">7.11</A>). They are however simpler to use.</P><H4 CLASS="subsubsection"><A NAME="toc128"></A><A NAME="htoc165">7.15.1</A>&#XA0;&#XA0;<TT>read_term_from_atom/3</TT>,
<TT>read_from_atom/2</TT>,
<TT>read_token_from_atom/2</TT></H4><P>
<A NAME="read-term-from-atom/3"></A>


</P><P><B>Templates</B></P><DL CLASS="list"><DT CLASS="dt-list">
</DT><DD CLASS="dd-list"><TT>
read_term_from_atom(+atom ?term, +read_option_list)<BR>
read_from_atom(+atom, ?term)<BR>
read_token_from_atom(+atom, ?nonvar)</TT></DD></DL><P><B>Description</B></P><P>Like <TT>read_term/3</TT>, <TT>read/2</TT> (section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#read-term/3">7.14.1</A>) and
<TT>read_token/2</TT> (section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#read-token/2">7.14.3</A>) except that characters are not
read from a text-stream but from <TT>Atom</TT>; the atom given as first
argument.</P><P><B>Errors</B></P><TABLE CELLSPACING=6 CELLPADDING=0><TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>
<TT>Atom</TT> is a variable</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=center NOWRAP>&#XA0;&#XA0;</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left><TT>instantiation_error</TT></TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>
<TT>Atom</TT> is neither a variable nor an atom</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=center NOWRAP>&#XA0;&#XA0;</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left><TT>type_error(atom, Atom)</TT></TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>
see associated predicate errors</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=center NOWRAP>&#XA0;&#XA0;</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>(section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#read-term/3">7.14.1</A>) and (section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#read-token/2">7.14.3</A>)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
</TABLE><P><B>Portability</B></P><P>GNU Prolog predicates.</P><H4 CLASS="subsubsection"><A NAME="toc129"></A><A NAME="htoc166">7.15.2</A>&#XA0;&#XA0;<TT>read_term_from_chars/3</TT>,
<TT>read_from_chars/2</TT>,
<TT>read_token_from_chars/2</TT></H4><P><B>Templates</B></P><DL CLASS="list"><DT CLASS="dt-list">
</DT><DD CLASS="dd-list"><TT>
read_term_from_chars(+character_list ?term,
+read_option_list)<BR>
read_from_chars(+character_list, ?term)<BR>
read_token_from_chars(+character_list, ?nonvar)</TT></DD></DL><P><B>Description</B></P><P>Like <TT>read_term/3</TT>, <TT>read/2</TT> (section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#read-term/3">7.14.1</A>) and
<TT>read_token/2</TT> (section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#read-token/2">7.14.3</A>) except that characters are not
read from a text-stream but from <TT>Chars</TT>; the character list given as
first argument.</P><P><B>Errors</B></P><TABLE CELLSPACING=6 CELLPADDING=0><TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>
<TT>Chars</TT> is a partial list or a list with an element
<TT>E</TT> which is a variable</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=center NOWRAP>&#XA0;&#XA0;</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left><TT>instantiation_error</TT></TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>
<TT>Chars</TT> is neither a partial list nor a list</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=center NOWRAP>&#XA0;&#XA0;</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left><TT>type_error(list, Chars)</TT></TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>
an element <TT>E</TT> of the <TT>Chars</TT> list is neither a
variable nor a character</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=center NOWRAP>&#XA0;&#XA0;</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left><TT>type_error(character, E)</TT></TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>
see associated predicate errors</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=center NOWRAP>&#XA0;&#XA0;</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>(section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#read-term/3">7.14.1</A>) and (section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#read-token/2">7.14.3</A>)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
</TABLE><P><B>Portability</B></P><P>GNU Prolog predicates.</P><H4 CLASS="subsubsection"><A NAME="toc130"></A><A NAME="htoc167">7.15.3</A>&#XA0;&#XA0;<TT>read_term_from_codes/3</TT>,
<TT>read_from_codes/2</TT>,
<TT>read_token_from_codes/2</TT></H4><P><B>Templates</B></P><DL CLASS="list"><DT CLASS="dt-list">
</DT><DD CLASS="dd-list"><TT>
read_term_from_codes(+character_code_list ?term,
+read_option_list)<BR>
read_from_codes(+character_code_list, ?term)<BR>
read_token_from_codes(+character_code_list, ?nonvar)</TT></DD></DL><P><B>Description</B></P><P>Like <TT>read_term/3</TT>, <TT>read/2</TT> (section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#read-term/3">7.14.1</A>) and
<TT>read_token/2</TT> (section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#read-token/2">7.14.3</A>) except that characters are not
read from a text-stream but from <TT>Codes</TT>; the character code list
given as first argument.</P><P><B>Errors</B></P><TABLE CELLSPACING=6 CELLPADDING=0><TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>
<TT>Codes</TT> is a partial list or a list with an element
<TT>E</TT> which is a variable</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=center NOWRAP>&#XA0;&#XA0;</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left><TT>instantiation_error</TT></TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>
<TT>Codes</TT> is neither a partial list nor a list</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=center NOWRAP>&#XA0;&#XA0;</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left><TT>type_error(list, Codes)</TT></TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>
an element <TT>E</TT> of the <TT>Codes</TT> list is neither a
variable nor an integer</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=center NOWRAP>&#XA0;&#XA0;</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left><TT>type_error(integer, E)</TT></TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>
an element <TT>E</TT> of the <TT>Codes</TT> list is an integer but
not a character code</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=center NOWRAP>&#XA0;&#XA0;</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left><TT>representation_error(character_code, E)</TT></TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>
see associated predicate errors</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=center NOWRAP>&#XA0;&#XA0;</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>(section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#read-term/3">7.14.1</A>) and (section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#read-token/2">7.14.3</A>)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
</TABLE><P><B>Portability</B></P><P>GNU Prolog predicates.</P><H4 CLASS="subsubsection"><A NAME="toc131"></A><A NAME="htoc168">7.15.4</A>&#XA0;&#XA0;<TT>write_term_to_atom/3</TT>,
<TT>write_to_atom/2</TT>,
<TT>writeq_to_atom/2</TT>,<BR>
 <TT>write_canonical_to_atom/2</TT>,
<TT>display_to_atom/2</TT>, 
<TT>print_to_atom/2</TT>,<BR>
 <TT>format_to_atom/3</TT></H4><P><B>Templates</B></P><DL CLASS="list"><DT CLASS="dt-list">
</DT><DD CLASS="dd-list"><TT>
write_term_to_atom(?atom, ?term, +write_option_list)<BR>
write_to_atom(?atom, ?term)<BR>
writeq_to_atom(?atom, ?term)<BR>
write_canonical_to_atom(?atom, ?term)<BR>
display_to_atom(?atom, ?term)<BR>
print_to_atom(?atom, ?term)<BR>
format_to_atom(?atom, +character_code_list_or_atom, +list)</TT></DD></DL><P><B>Description</B></P><P>Similar to <TT>write_term/3</TT>, <TT>write/2</TT>, <TT>writeq/2</TT>,
<TT>write_canonical/2</TT>, <TT>display/2</TT>, <TT>print/2</TT>
(section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#write-term/3">7.14.6</A>) and <TT>format/3</TT> (section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#format/3">7.14.7</A>) except that
characters are not written onto a text-stream but are collected as an atom
which is then unified with the first argument <TT>Atom</TT>.</P><P><B>Errors</B></P><TABLE CELLSPACING=6 CELLPADDING=0><TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>
<TT>Atom</TT> is neither a variable nor an atom</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=center NOWRAP>&#XA0;&#XA0;</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left><TT>type_error(atom, Atom)</TT></TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>
see associated predicate errors</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=center NOWRAP>&#XA0;&#XA0;</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>(section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#write-term/3">7.14.6</A>) and (section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#format/3">7.14.7</A>)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
</TABLE><P><B>Portability</B></P><P>GNU Prolog predicates.</P><H4 CLASS="subsubsection"><A NAME="toc132"></A><A NAME="htoc169">7.15.5</A>&#XA0;&#XA0;<TT>write_term_to_chars/3</TT>,
<TT>write_to_chars/2</TT>,
<TT>writeq_to_chars/2</TT>,<BR>
 <TT>write_canonical_to_chars/2</TT>, 
<TT>display_to_chars/2</TT>,
<TT>print_to_chars/2</TT>,<BR>
 <TT>format_to_chars/3</TT></H4><P><B>Templates</B></P><DL CLASS="list"><DT CLASS="dt-list">
</DT><DD CLASS="dd-list"><TT>
write_term_to_chars(?character_list, ?term, +write_option_list)<BR>
write_to_chars(?character_list, ?term)<BR>
writeq_to_chars(?character_list, ?term)<BR>
write_canonical_to_chars(?character_list, ?term)<BR>
display_to_chars(?character_list, ?term)<BR>
print_to_chars(?character_list, ?term)<BR>
format_to_chars(?character_list, +character_code_list_or_atom, +list)</TT></DD></DL><P><B>Description</B></P><P>Similar to <TT>write_term/3</TT>, <TT>write/2</TT>, <TT>writeq/2</TT>,
<TT>write_canonical/2</TT>, <TT>display/2</TT>, <TT>print/2</TT>
(section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#write-term/3">7.14.6</A>) and <TT>format/3</TT> (section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#format/3">7.14.7</A>) except that
characters are not written onto a text-stream but are collected as a
character list which is then unified with the first argument <TT>Chars</TT>.</P><P><B>Errors</B></P><TABLE CELLSPACING=6 CELLPADDING=0><TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>
<TT>Chars</TT> is neither a partial list nor a list</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=center NOWRAP>&#XA0;&#XA0;</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left><TT>type_error(list, Chars)</TT></TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>
see associated predicate errors</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=center NOWRAP>&#XA0;&#XA0;</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>(section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#write-term/3">7.14.6</A>) and (section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#format/3">7.14.7</A>)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
</TABLE><P><B>Portability</B></P><P>GNU Prolog predicates.</P><H4 CLASS="subsubsection"><A NAME="toc133"></A><A NAME="htoc170">7.15.6</A>&#XA0;&#XA0;<TT>write_term_to_codes/3</TT>,
<TT>write_to_codes/2</TT>,
<TT>writeq_to_codes/2</TT>,<BR>
 <TT>write_canonical_to_codes/2</TT>,
<TT>display_to_codes/2</TT>,
<TT>print_to_codes/2</TT>,<BR>
 <TT>format_to_codes/3</TT></H4><P><B>Templates</B></P><DL CLASS="list"><DT CLASS="dt-list">
</DT><DD CLASS="dd-list"><TT>
write_term_to_codes(?character_code_list, ?term, +write_option_list)<BR>
write_to_codes(?character_code_list, ?term)<BR>
writeq_to_codes(?character_code_list, ?term)<BR>
write_canonical_to_codes(?character_code_list, ?term)<BR>
display_to_codes(?character_code_list, ?term)<BR>
print_to_codes(?character_code_list, ?term)<BR>
format_to_codes(?character_code_list, +character_code_list_or_atom,
+list)</TT></DD></DL><P><B>Description</B></P><P>Similar to <TT>write_term/3</TT>, <TT>write/2</TT>, <TT>writeq/2</TT>,
<TT>write_canonical/2</TT>, <TT>display/2</TT>, <TT>print/2</TT>
(section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#write-term/3">7.14.6</A>) and <TT>format/3</TT> (section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#format/3">7.14.7</A>) except that
characters are not written onto a text-stream but are collected as a
character code list which is then unified with the first argument
<TT>Codes</TT>.</P><P><B>Errors</B></P><TABLE CELLSPACING=6 CELLPADDING=0><TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>
<TT>Codes</TT> is neither a partial list nor a list</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=center NOWRAP>&#XA0;&#XA0;</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left><TT>type_error(list, Codes)</TT></TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
<TR><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>
see associated predicate errors</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=center NOWRAP>&#XA0;&#XA0;</TD><TD VALIGN=top ALIGN=left>(section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#write-term/3">7.14.6</A>) and (section&#XA0;<A HREF="gprolog037.html#format/3">7.14.7</A>)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="hbar" COLSPAN=3></TD></TR>
</TABLE><P><B>Portability</B></P><P>GNU Prolog predicates.</P>
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