/usr/share/doc/live-manual/html/live-manual.en.html is in live-manual-html 1:4.0.1-1.
This file is owned by root:root, with mode 0o644.
The actual contents of the file can be viewed below.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 1377 1378 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 1389 1390 1391 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411 1412 1413 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418 1419 1420 1421 1422 1423 1424 1425 1426 1427 1428 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1440 1441 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456 1457 1458 1459 1460 1461 1462 1463 1464 1465 1466 1467 1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498 1499 1500 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2073 2074 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079 2080 2081 2082 2083 2084 2085 2086 2087 2088 2089 2090 2091 2092 2093 2094 2095 2096 2097 2098 2099 2100 2101 2102 2103 2104 2105 2106 2107 2108 2109 2110 2111 2112 2113 2114 2115 2116 2117 2118 2119 2120 2121 2122 2123 2124 2125 2126 2127 2128 2129 2130 2131 2132 2133 2134 2135 2136 2137 2138 2139 2140 2141 2142 2143 2144 2145 2146 2147 2148 2149 2150 2151 2152 2153 2154 2155 2156 2157 2158 2159 2160 2161 2162 2163 2164 2165 2166 2167 2168 2169 2170 2171 2172 2173 2174 2175 2176 2177 2178 2179 2180 2181 2182 2183 2184 2185 2186 2187 2188 2189 2190 2191 2192 2193 2194 2195 2196 2197 2198 2199 2200 2201 2202 2203 2204 2205 2206 2207 2208 2209 2210 2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217 2218 2219 2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226 2227 2228 2229 2230 2231 2232 2233 2234 2235 2236 2237 2238 2239 2240 2241 2242 2243 2244 2245 2246 2247 2248 2249 2250 2251 2252 2253 2254 2255 2256 2257 2258 2259 2260 2261 2262 2263 2264 2265 2266 2267 2268 2269 2270 2271 2272 2273 2274 2275 2276 2277 2278 2279 2280 2281 2282 2283 2284 2285 2286 2287 2288 2289 2290 2291 2292 2293 2294 2295 2296 2297 2298 2299 2300 2301 2302 2303 2304 2305 2306 2307 2308 2309 2310 2311 2312 2313 2314 2315 2316 2317 2318 2319 2320 2321 2322 2323 2324 2325 2326 2327 2328 2329 2330 2331 2332 2333 2334 2335 2336 2337 2338 2339 2340 2341 2342 2343 2344 2345 2346 2347 2348 2349 2350 2351 2352 2353 2354 2355 2356 2357 2358 2359 2360 2361 2362 2363 2364 2365 2366 2367 2368 2369 2370 2371 2372 2373 2374 2375 2376 2377 2378 2379 2380 2381 2382 2383 2384 2385 2386 2387 2388 2389 2390 2391 2392 2393 2394 2395 2396 2397 2398 2399 2400 2401 2402 2403 2404 2405 2406 2407 2408 2409 2410 2411 2412 2413 2414 2415 2416 2417 2418 2419 2420 2421 2422 2423 2424 2425 2426 2427 2428 2429 2430 2431 2432 2433 2434 2435 2436 2437 2438 2439 2440 2441 2442 2443 2444 2445 2446 2447 2448 2449 2450 2451 2452 2453 2454 2455 2456 2457 2458 2459 2460 2461 2462 2463 2464 2465 2466 2467 2468 2469 2470 2471 2472 2473 2474 2475 2476 2477 2478 2479 2480 2481 2482 2483 2484 2485 2486 2487 2488 2489 2490 2491 2492 2493 2494 2495 2496 2497 2498 2499 2500 2501 2502 2503 2504 2505 2506 2507 2508 2509 2510 2511 2512 2513 2514 2515 2516 2517 2518 2519 2520 2521 2522 2523 2524 2525 2526 2527 2528 2529 2530 2531 2532 2533 2534 2535 2536 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554 2555 2556 2557 2558 2559 2560 2561 2562 2563 2564 2565 2566 2567 2568 2569 2570 2571 2572 2573 2574 2575 2576 2577 2578 2579 2580 2581 2582 2583 2584 2585 2586 2587 2588 2589 2590 2591 2592 2593 2594 2595 2596 2597 2598 2599 2600 2601 2602 2603 2604 2605 2606 2607 2608 2609 2610 2611 2612 2613 2614 2615 2616 2617 2618 2619 2620 2621 2622 2623 2624 2625 2626 2627 2628 2629 2630 2631 2632 2633 2634 2635 2636 2637 2638 2639 2640 2641 2642 2643 2644 2645 2646 2647 2648 2649 2650 2651 2652 2653 2654 2655 2656 2657 2658 2659 2660 2661 2662 2663 2664 2665 2666 2667 2668 2669 2670 2671 2672 2673 2674 2675 2676 2677 2678 2679 2680 2681 2682 2683 2684 2685 2686 2687 2688 2689 2690 2691 2692 2693 2694 2695 2696 2697 2698 2699 2700 2701 2702 2703 2704 2705 2706 2707 2708 2709 2710 2711 2712 2713 2714 2715 2716 2717 2718 2719 2720 2721 2722 2723 2724 2725 2726 2727 2728 2729 2730 2731 2732 2733 2734 2735 2736 2737 2738 2739 2740 2741 2742 2743 2744 2745 2746 2747 2748 2749 2750 2751 2752 2753 2754 2755 2756 2757 2758 2759 2760 2761 2762 2763 2764 2765 2766 2767 2768 2769 2770 2771 2772 2773 2774 2775 2776 2777 2778 2779 2780 2781 2782 2783 2784 2785 2786 2787 2788 2789 2790 2791 2792 2793 2794 2795 2796 2797 2798 2799 2800 2801 2802 2803 2804 2805 2806 2807 2808 2809 2810 2811 2812 2813 2814 2815 2816 2817 2818 2819 2820 2821 2822 2823 2824 2825 2826 2827 2828 2829 2830 2831 2832 2833 2834 2835 2836 2837 2838 2839 2840 2841 2842 2843 2844 2845 2846 2847 2848 2849 2850 2851 2852 2853 2854 2855 2856 2857 2858 2859 2860 2861 2862 2863 2864 2865 2866 2867 2868 2869 2870 2871 2872 2873 2874 2875 2876 2877 2878 2879 2880 2881 2882 2883 2884 2885 2886 2887 2888 2889 2890 2891 2892 2893 2894 2895 2896 2897 2898 2899 2900 2901 2902 2903 2904 2905 2906 2907 2908 2909 2910 2911 2912 2913 2914 2915 2916 2917 2918 2919 2920 2921 2922 2923 2924 2925 2926 2927 2928 2929 2930 2931 2932 2933 2934 2935 2936 2937 2938 2939 2940 2941 2942 2943 2944 2945 2946 2947 2948 2949 2950 2951 2952 2953 2954 2955 2956 2957 2958 2959 2960 2961 2962 2963 2964 2965 2966 2967 2968 2969 2970 2971 2972 2973 2974 2975 2976 2977 2978 2979 2980 2981 2982 2983 2984 2985 2986 2987 2988 2989 2990 2991 2992 2993 2994 2995 2996 2997 2998 2999 3000 3001 3002 3003 3004 3005 3006 3007 3008 3009 3010 3011 3012 3013 3014 3015 3016 3017 3018 3019 3020 3021 3022 3023 3024 3025 3026 3027 3028 3029 3030 3031 3032 3033 3034 3035 3036 3037 3038 3039 3040 3041 3042 3043 3044 3045 3046 3047 3048 3049 3050 3051 3052 3053 3054 3055 3056 3057 3058 3059 3060 3061 3062 3063 3064 3065 3066 3067 3068 3069 3070 3071 3072 3073 3074 3075 3076 3077 3078 3079 3080 3081 3082 3083 3084 3085 3086 3087 3088 3089 3090 3091 3092 3093 3094 3095 3096 3097 3098 3099 3100 3101 3102 3103 3104 3105 3106 3107 3108 3109 3110 3111 3112 3113 3114 3115 3116 3117 3118 3119 3120 3121 3122 3123 3124 3125 3126 3127 3128 3129 3130 3131 3132 3133 3134 3135 3136 3137 3138 3139 3140 3141 3142 3143 3144 3145 3146 3147 3148 3149 3150 3151 3152 3153 3154 3155 3156 3157 3158 3159 3160 3161 3162 3163 3164 3165 3166 3167 3168 3169 3170 3171 3172 3173 3174 3175 3176 3177 3178 3179 3180 3181 3182 3183 3184 3185 3186 3187 3188 3189 3190 3191 3192 3193 3194 3195 3196 3197 3198 3199 3200 3201 3202 3203 3204 3205 3206 3207 3208 3209 3210 3211 3212 3213 3214 3215 3216 3217 3218 3219 3220 3221 3222 3223 3224 3225 3226 3227 3228 3229 3230 3231 3232 3233 3234 3235 3236 3237 3238 3239 3240 3241 3242 3243 3244 3245 3246 3247 3248 3249 3250 3251 3252 3253 3254 3255 3256 3257 3258 3259 3260 3261 3262 3263 3264 3265 3266 3267 3268 3269 3270 3271 3272 3273 3274 3275 3276 3277 3278 3279 3280 3281 3282 3283 3284 3285 3286 3287 3288 3289 3290 3291 3292 3293 3294 3295 3296 3297 3298 3299 3300 3301 3302 3303 3304 3305 3306 3307 3308 3309 3310 3311 3312 3313 3314 3315 3316 3317 3318 3319 3320 3321 3322 3323 3324 3325 3326 3327 3328 3329 3330 3331 3332 3333 3334 3335 3336 3337 3338 3339 3340 3341 3342 3343 3344 3345 3346 3347 3348 3349 3350 3351 3352 3353 3354 3355 3356 3357 3358 3359 3360 3361 3362 3363 3364 3365 3366 3367 3368 3369 3370 3371 3372 3373 3374 3375 3376 3377 3378 3379 3380 3381 3382 3383 3384 3385 3386 3387 3388 3389 3390 3391 3392 3393 3394 3395 3396 3397 3398 3399 3400 3401 3402 3403 3404 3405 3406 3407 3408 3409 3410 3411 3412 3413 3414 3415 3416 3417 3418 3419 3420 3421 3422 3423 3424 3425 3426 3427 3428 3429 3430 3431 3432 3433 3434 3435 3436 3437 3438 3439 3440 3441 3442 3443 3444 3445 3446 3447 3448 3449 3450 3451 3452 3453 3454 3455 3456 3457 3458 3459 3460 3461 3462 3463 3464 3465 3466 3467 3468 3469 3470 3471 3472 3473 3474 3475 3476 3477 3478 3479 3480 3481 3482 3483 3484 3485 3486 3487 3488 3489 3490 3491 3492 3493 3494 3495 3496 3497 3498 3499 3500 3501 3502 3503 3504 3505 3506 3507 3508 3509 3510 3511 3512 3513 3514 3515 3516 3517 3518 3519 3520 3521 3522 3523 3524 3525 3526 3527 3528 3529 3530 3531 3532 3533 3534 3535 3536 3537 3538 3539 3540 3541 3542 3543 3544 3545 3546 3547 3548 3549 3550 3551 3552 3553 3554 3555 3556 3557 3558 3559 3560 3561 3562 3563 3564 3565 3566 3567 3568 3569 3570 3571 3572 3573 3574 3575 3576 3577 3578 3579 3580 3581 3582 3583 3584 3585 3586 3587 3588 3589 3590 3591 3592 3593 3594 3595 3596 3597 3598 3599 3600 3601 3602 3603 3604 3605 3606 3607 3608 3609 3610 3611 3612 3613 3614 3615 3616 3617 3618 3619 3620 3621 3622 3623 3624 3625 3626 3627 3628 3629 3630 3631 3632 3633 3634 3635 3636 3637 3638 3639 3640 3641 3642 3643 3644 3645 3646 3647 3648 3649 3650 3651 3652 3653 3654 3655 3656 3657 3658 3659 3660 3661 3662 3663 3664 3665 3666 3667 3668 3669 3670 3671 3672 3673 3674 3675 3676 3677 3678 3679 3680 3681 3682 3683 3684 3685 3686 3687 3688 3689 3690 3691 3692 3693 3694 3695 3696 3697 3698 3699 3700 3701 3702 3703 3704 3705 3706 3707 3708 3709 3710 3711 3712 3713 3714 3715 3716 3717 3718 3719 3720 3721 3722 3723 3724 3725 3726 3727 3728 3729 3730 3731 3732 3733 3734 3735 3736 3737 3738 3739 3740 3741 3742 3743 3744 3745 3746 3747 3748 3749 3750 3751 3752 3753 3754 3755 3756 3757 3758 3759 3760 3761 3762 3763 3764 3765 3766 3767 3768 3769 3770 3771 3772 3773 3774 3775 3776 3777 3778 3779 3780 3781 3782 3783 3784 3785 3786 3787 3788 3789 3790 3791 3792 3793 3794 3795 3796 3797 3798 3799 3800 3801 3802 3803 3804 3805 3806 3807 3808 3809 3810 3811 3812 3813 3814 3815 3816 3817 3818 3819 3820 3821 3822 3823 3824 3825 3826 3827 3828 3829 3830 3831 3832 3833 3834 3835 3836 3837 3838 3839 3840 3841 3842 3843 3844 3845 3846 3847 3848 3849 3850 3851 3852 3853 3854 3855 3856 3857 3858 3859 3860 3861 3862 3863 3864 3865 3866 3867 3868 3869 3870 3871 3872 3873 3874 3875 3876 3877 3878 3879 3880 3881 3882 3883 3884 3885 3886 3887 3888 3889 3890 3891 3892 3893 3894 3895 3896 3897 3898 3899 3900 3901 3902 3903 3904 3905 3906 3907 3908 3909 3910 3911 3912 3913 3914 3915 3916 3917 3918 3919 3920 3921 3922 3923 3924 3925 3926 3927 3928 3929 3930 3931 3932 3933 3934 3935 3936 3937 3938 3939 3940 3941 3942 3943 3944 3945 3946 3947 3948 3949 3950 3951 3952 3953 3954 3955 3956 3957 3958 3959 3960 3961 3962 3963 3964 3965 3966 3967 3968 3969 3970 3971 3972 3973 3974 3975 3976 3977 3978 3979 3980 3981 3982 3983 3984 3985 3986 3987 3988 3989 3990 3991 3992 3993 3994 3995 3996 3997 3998 3999 4000 4001 4002 4003 4004 4005 4006 4007 4008 4009 4010 4011 4012 4013 4014 4015 4016 4017 4018 4019 4020 4021 4022 4023 4024 4025 4026 4027 4028 4029 4030 4031 4032 4033 4034 4035 4036 4037 4038 4039 4040 4041 4042 4043 4044 4045 4046 4047 4048 4049 4050 4051 4052 4053 4054 4055 4056 4057 4058 4059 4060 4061 4062 4063 4064 4065 4066 4067 4068 4069 4070 4071 4072 4073 4074 4075 4076 4077 4078 4079 4080 4081 4082 4083 4084 4085 4086 4087 4088 4089 4090 4091 4092 4093 4094 4095 4096 4097 4098 4099 4100 4101 4102 4103 4104 4105 4106 4107 4108 4109 4110 4111 4112 4113 4114 4115 4116 4117 4118 4119 4120 4121 4122 4123 4124 4125 4126 4127 4128 4129 4130 4131 4132 4133 4134 4135 4136 4137 4138 4139 4140 4141 4142 4143 4144 4145 4146 4147 4148 4149 4150 4151 4152 4153 4154 4155 4156 4157 4158 4159 4160 4161 4162 4163 4164 4165 4166 4167 4168 4169 4170 4171 4172 4173 4174 4175 4176 4177 4178 4179 4180 4181 4182 4183 4184 4185 4186 4187 4188 4189 4190 4191 4192 4193 4194 4195 4196 4197 4198 4199 4200 4201 4202 4203 4204 4205 4206 4207 4208 4209 4210 4211 4212 4213 4214 4215 4216 4217 4218 4219 4220 4221 4222 4223 4224 4225 4226 4227 4228 4229 4230 4231 4232 4233 4234 4235 4236 4237 4238 4239 4240 4241 4242 4243 4244 4245 4246 4247 4248 4249 4250 4251 4252 4253 4254 4255 4256 4257 4258 4259 4260 4261 4262 4263 4264 4265 4266 4267 4268 4269 4270 4271 4272 4273 4274 4275 4276 4277 4278 4279 4280 4281 4282 4283 4284 4285 4286 4287 4288 4289 4290 4291 4292 4293 4294 4295 4296 4297 4298 4299 4300 4301 4302 4303 4304 4305 4306 4307 4308 4309 4310 4311 4312 4313 4314 4315 4316 4317 4318 4319 4320 4321 4322 4323 4324 4325 4326 4327 4328 4329 4330 4331 4332 4333 4334 4335 4336 4337 4338 4339 4340 4341 4342 4343 4344 4345 4346 4347 4348 4349 4350 4351 4352 4353 4354 4355 4356 4357 4358 4359 4360 4361 4362 4363 4364 4365 4366 4367 4368 4369 4370 4371 4372 4373 4374 4375 4376 4377 4378 4379 4380 4381 4382 4383 4384 4385 4386 4387 4388 4389 4390 4391 4392 4393 4394 4395 4396 4397 4398 4399 4400 4401 4402 4403 4404 4405 4406 4407 4408 4409 4410 4411 4412 4413 4414 4415 4416 4417 4418 4419 4420 4421 4422 4423 4424 4425 4426 4427 4428 4429 4430 4431 4432 4433 4434 4435 4436 4437 4438 4439 4440 4441 4442 4443 4444 4445 4446 4447 4448 4449 4450 4451 4452 4453 4454 4455 4456 4457 4458 4459 4460 4461 4462 4463 4464 4465 4466 4467 4468 4469 4470 4471 4472 4473 4474 4475 4476 4477 4478 4479 4480 4481 4482 4483 4484 4485 4486 4487 4488 4489 4490 4491 4492 4493 4494 4495 4496 4497 4498 4499 4500 4501 4502 4503 4504 4505 4506 4507 4508 4509 4510 4511 4512 4513 4514 4515 4516 4517 4518 4519 4520 4521 4522 4523 4524 4525 4526 4527 4528 4529 4530 4531 4532 4533 4534 4535 4536 4537 4538 4539 4540 4541 4542 4543 4544 4545 4546 4547 4548 4549 4550 4551 4552 4553 4554 4555 4556 4557 4558 4559 4560 4561 4562 4563 4564 4565 4566 4567 4568 4569 4570 4571 4572 4573 4574 4575 4576 4577 4578 4579 4580 4581 4582 4583 4584 4585 4586 4587 4588 4589 4590 4591 4592 4593 4594 4595 4596 4597 4598 4599 4600 4601 4602 4603 4604 4605 4606 4607 4608 4609 4610 4611 4612 4613 4614 4615 4616 4617 4618 4619 4620 4621 4622 4623 4624 4625 4626 4627 4628 4629 4630 4631 4632 4633 4634 4635 4636 4637 4638 4639 4640 4641 4642 4643 4644 4645 4646 4647 4648 4649 4650 4651 4652 4653 4654 4655 4656 4657 4658 4659 4660 4661 4662 4663 4664 4665 4666 4667 4668 4669 4670 4671 4672 4673 4674 4675 4676 4677 4678 4679 4680 4681 4682 4683 4684 4685 4686 4687 4688 4689 4690 4691 4692 4693 4694 4695 4696 4697 4698 4699 4700 4701 4702 4703 4704 4705 4706 4707 4708 4709 4710 4711 4712 4713 4714 4715 4716 4717 4718 4719 4720 4721 4722 4723 4724 4725 4726 4727 4728 4729 4730 4731 4732 4733 4734 4735 4736 4737 4738 4739 4740 4741 4742 4743 4744 4745 4746 4747 4748 4749 4750 4751 4752 4753 4754 4755 4756 4757 4758 4759 4760 4761 4762 4763 4764 4765 4766 4767 4768 4769 4770 4771 4772 4773 4774 4775 4776 4777 4778 4779 4780 4781 4782 4783 4784 4785 4786 4787 4788 4789 4790 4791 4792 4793 4794 4795 4796 4797 4798 4799 4800 4801 4802 4803 4804 4805 4806 4807 4808 4809 4810 4811 4812 4813 4814 4815 4816 4817 4818 4819 4820 4821 4822 4823 4824 4825 4826 4827 4828 4829 4830 4831 4832 4833 4834 4835 4836 4837 4838 4839 4840 4841 4842 4843 4844 4845 4846 4847 4848 4849 4850 4851 4852 4853 4854 4855 4856 4857 4858 4859 4860 4861 4862 4863 4864 4865 4866 4867 4868 4869 4870 4871 4872 4873 4874 4875 4876 4877 4878 4879 4880 4881 4882 4883 4884 4885 4886 4887 4888 4889 4890 4891 4892 4893 4894 4895 4896 4897 4898 4899 4900 4901 4902 4903 4904 4905 4906 4907 4908 4909 4910 4911 4912 4913 4914 4915 4916 4917 4918 4919 4920 4921 4922 4923 4924 4925 4926 4927 4928 4929 4930 4931 4932 4933 4934 4935 4936 4937 4938 4939 4940 4941 4942 4943 4944 4945 4946 4947 4948 4949 4950 4951 4952 4953 4954 4955 4956 4957 4958 4959 4960 4961 4962 4963 4964 4965 4966 4967 4968 4969 4970 4971 4972 4973 4974 4975 4976 4977 4978 4979 4980 4981 4982 4983 4984 4985 4986 4987 4988 4989 4990 4991 4992 4993 4994 4995 4996 4997 4998 4999 5000 5001 5002 5003 5004 5005 5006 5007 5008 5009 5010 5011 5012 5013 5014 5015 5016 5017 5018 5019 5020 5021 5022 5023 5024 5025 5026 5027 5028 5029 5030 5031 5032 5033 5034 5035 5036 5037 5038 5039 5040 5041 5042 5043 5044 5045 5046 5047 5048 5049 5050 5051 5052 5053 5054 5055 5056 5057 5058 5059 5060 5061 5062 5063 5064 5065 5066 5067 5068 5069 5070 5071 5072 5073 5074 5075 5076 5077 5078 5079 5080 5081 5082 5083 5084 5085 5086 5087 5088 5089 5090 5091 5092 5093 5094 5095 5096 5097 5098 5099 5100 5101 5102 5103 5104 5105 5106 5107 5108 5109 5110 5111 5112 5113 5114 5115 5116 5117 5118 5119 5120 5121 5122 5123 5124 5125 5126 5127 5128 5129 5130 5131 5132 5133 5134 5135 5136 5137 5138 5139 5140 5141 5142 5143 5144 5145 5146 5147 5148 5149 5150 5151 5152 5153 5154 5155 5156 5157 5158 5159 5160 5161 5162 5163 5164 5165 5166 5167 5168 5169 5170 5171 5172 5173 5174 5175 5176 5177 5178 5179 5180 5181 5182 5183 5184 5185 5186 5187 5188 5189 5190 5191 5192 5193 5194 5195 5196 5197 5198 5199 5200 5201 5202 5203 5204 5205 5206 5207 5208 5209 5210 5211 5212 5213 5214 5215 5216 5217 5218 5219 5220 5221 5222 5223 5224 5225 5226 5227 5228 5229 5230 5231 5232 5233 5234 5235 5236 5237 5238 5239 5240 5241 5242 5243 5244 5245 5246 5247 5248 5249 5250 5251 5252 5253 5254 5255 5256 5257 5258 5259 5260 5261 5262 5263 5264 5265 5266 5267 5268 5269 5270 5271 5272 5273 5274 5275 5276 5277 5278 5279 5280 5281 5282 5283 5284 5285 5286 5287 5288 5289 5290 5291 5292 5293 5294 5295 5296 5297 5298 5299 5300 5301 5302 5303 5304 5305 5306 5307 5308 5309 5310 5311 5312 5313 5314 5315 5316 5317 5318 5319 5320 5321 5322 5323 5324 5325 5326 5327 5328 5329 5330 5331 5332 5333 5334 5335 5336 5337 5338 5339 5340 5341 5342 5343 5344 5345 5346 5347 5348 5349 5350 5351 5352 5353 5354 5355 5356 5357 5358 5359 5360 5361 5362 5363 5364 5365 5366 5367 5368 5369 5370 5371 5372 5373 5374 5375 5376 5377 5378 5379 5380 5381 5382 5383 5384 5385 5386 5387 5388 5389 5390 5391 5392 5393 5394 5395 5396 5397 5398 5399 5400 5401 5402 5403 5404 5405 5406 5407 5408 5409 5410 5411 5412 5413 5414 5415 5416 5417 5418 5419 5420 5421 5422 5423 5424 5425 5426 5427 5428 5429 5430 5431 5432 5433 5434 5435 5436 5437 5438 5439 5440 5441 5442 5443 5444 5445 5446 5447 5448 5449 5450 5451 5452 5453 5454 5455 5456 5457 5458 5459 5460 5461 5462 5463 5464 5465 5466 5467 5468 5469 5470 5471 5472 5473 5474 5475 5476 5477 5478 5479 5480 5481 5482 5483 5484 5485 5486 5487 5488 5489 5490 5491 5492 5493 5494 5495 5496 5497 5498 5499 5500 5501 5502 5503 5504 5505 5506 5507 5508 5509 5510 5511 5512 5513 5514 5515 5516 5517 5518 5519 5520 5521 5522 5523 5524 5525 5526 5527 5528 5529 5530 5531 5532 5533 5534 5535 5536 5537 5538 5539 5540 5541 5542 5543 5544 5545 5546 5547 5548 5549 5550 5551 5552 5553 5554 5555 5556 5557 5558 5559 5560 5561 5562 5563 5564 5565 5566 5567 5568 5569 5570 5571 5572 5573 5574 5575 5576 5577 5578 5579 5580 5581 5582 5583 5584 5585 5586 5587 5588 5589 5590 5591 5592 5593 5594 5595 5596 5597 5598 5599 5600 5601 5602 5603 5604 5605 5606 5607 5608 5609 5610 5611 5612 5613 5614 5615 5616 5617 5618 5619 5620 5621 5622 5623 5624 5625 5626 5627 5628 5629 5630 5631 5632 5633 5634 5635 5636 5637 5638 5639 5640 5641 5642 5643 5644 5645 5646 5647 5648 5649 5650 5651 5652 5653 5654 5655 5656 5657 5658 5659 5660 5661 5662 5663 5664 5665 5666 5667 5668 5669 5670 5671 5672 5673 5674 5675 5676 5677 5678 5679 5680 5681 5682 5683 5684 5685 5686 5687 5688 5689 5690 5691 5692 5693 5694 5695 5696 5697 5698 5699 5700 5701 5702 5703 5704 5705 5706 5707 5708 5709 5710 5711 5712 5713 5714 5715 5716 5717 5718 5719 5720 5721 5722 5723 5724 5725 5726 5727 5728 5729 5730 5731 5732 5733 5734 5735 5736 5737 5738 5739 5740 5741 5742 5743 5744 5745 5746 5747 5748 5749 5750 5751 5752 5753 5754 5755 5756 5757 5758 5759 5760 5761 5762 5763 5764 5765 5766 5767 5768 5769 5770 5771 5772 5773 5774 5775 5776 5777 5778 5779 5780 5781 5782 5783 5784 5785 5786 5787 5788 5789 5790 5791 5792 5793 5794 5795 5796 5797 5798 5799 5800 5801 5802 5803 5804 5805 5806 5807 5808 5809 5810 5811 5812 5813 5814 5815 5816 5817 5818 5819 5820 5821 5822 5823 5824 5825 5826 5827 5828 5829 5830 5831 5832 5833 5834 5835 5836 5837 5838 5839 5840 5841 5842 5843 5844 5845 5846 5847 5848 5849 5850 5851 5852 5853 5854 5855 5856 5857 5858 5859 5860 5861 5862 5863 5864 5865 5866 5867 5868 5869 5870 5871 5872 5873 5874 5875 5876 5877 5878 5879 5880 5881 5882 5883 5884 5885 5886 5887 5888 5889 5890 5891 5892 5893 5894 5895 5896 5897 5898 5899 5900 5901 5902 5903 5904 5905 5906 5907 5908 5909 5910 5911 5912 5913 5914 5915 5916 5917 5918 5919 5920 5921 5922 5923 5924 5925 5926 5927 5928 5929 5930 5931 5932 5933 5934 5935 5936 5937 5938 5939 5940 5941 5942 5943 5944 5945 5946 5947 5948 5949 5950 5951 5952 5953 5954 5955 5956 5957 5958 5959 5960 5961 5962 5963 5964 5965 5966 5967 5968 5969 5970 5971 5972 5973 5974 5975 5976 5977 5978 5979 5980 5981 5982 5983 5984 5985 5986 5987 5988 5989 5990 5991 5992 5993 5994 5995 5996 5997 5998 5999 6000 6001 6002 6003 6004 6005 6006 6007 6008 6009 6010 6011 6012 6013 6014 6015 6016 6017 6018 6019 6020 6021 6022 6023 6024 6025 6026 6027 6028 6029 6030 6031 6032 6033 6034 6035 6036 6037 6038 6039 6040 6041 6042 6043 6044 6045 6046 6047 6048 6049 6050 6051 6052 6053 6054 6055 6056 6057 6058 6059 6060 6061 6062 6063 6064 6065 6066 6067 6068 6069 6070 6071 6072 6073 6074 6075 6076 6077 6078 6079 6080 6081 6082 6083 6084 6085 6086 6087 6088 6089 6090 6091 6092 6093 6094 6095 6096 6097 6098 6099 6100 6101 6102 6103 6104 6105 6106 6107 6108 6109 6110 6111 6112 6113 6114 6115 6116 6117 6118 6119 6120 6121 6122 6123 6124 6125 6126 6127 6128 6129 6130 6131 6132 6133 6134 6135 6136 6137 6138 6139 6140 6141 6142 6143 6144 6145 6146 6147 6148 6149 6150 6151 6152 6153 6154 6155 6156 6157 6158 6159 6160 6161 6162 6163 6164 6165 6166 6167 6168 6169 6170 6171 6172 6173 6174 6175 6176 6177 6178 6179 6180 6181 6182 6183 6184 6185 6186 6187 6188 6189 6190 6191 6192 6193 6194 6195 6196 6197 6198 6199 6200 6201 6202 6203 6204 6205 6206 6207 6208 6209 6210 6211 6212 6213 6214 6215 6216 6217 6218 6219 6220 6221 6222 6223 6224 6225 6226 6227 6228 6229 6230 6231 6232 6233 6234 6235 6236 6237 6238 6239 6240 6241 6242 6243 6244 6245 6246 6247 6248 6249 6250 6251 6252 6253 6254 6255 6256 6257 6258 6259 6260 6261 6262 6263 6264 6265 6266 6267 6268 6269 6270 6271 6272 6273 6274 6275 6276 6277 6278 6279 6280 6281 6282 6283 6284 6285 6286 6287 6288 6289 6290 6291 6292 6293 6294 6295 6296 6297 6298 6299 6300 6301 6302 6303 6304 6305 6306 6307 6308 6309 6310 6311 6312 6313 6314 6315 6316 6317 6318 6319 6320 6321 6322 6323 6324 6325 6326 6327 6328 6329 6330 6331 6332 6333 6334 6335 6336 6337 6338 6339 6340 6341 6342 6343 6344 6345 6346 6347 6348 6349 6350 6351 6352 6353 6354 6355 6356 6357 6358 6359 6360 6361 6362 6363 6364 6365 6366 6367 6368 6369 6370 6371 6372 6373 6374 6375 6376 6377 6378 6379 6380 6381 6382 6383 6384 6385 6386 6387 6388 6389 6390 6391 6392 6393 6394 6395 6396 6397 6398 6399 6400 6401 6402 6403 6404 6405 6406 6407 6408 6409 6410 6411 6412 6413 6414 6415 6416 6417 6418 6419 6420 6421 6422 6423 6424 6425 6426 6427 6428 6429 6430 6431 6432 6433 6434 6435 6436 6437 6438 6439 6440 6441 6442 6443 6444 6445 6446 6447 6448 6449 6450 6451 6452 6453 6454 6455 6456 6457 6458 6459 6460 6461 6462 6463 6464 6465 6466 6467 6468 6469 6470 6471 6472 6473 6474 6475 6476 6477 6478 6479 6480 6481 6482 6483 6484 6485 6486 6487 6488 6489 6490 6491 6492 6493 6494 6495 6496 6497 6498 6499 6500 6501 6502 6503 6504 6505 6506 6507 6508 6509 6510 6511 6512 6513 6514 6515 6516 6517 6518 6519 6520 6521 6522 6523 6524 6525 6526 6527 6528 6529 6530 6531 6532 6533 6534 6535 6536 6537 6538 6539 6540 6541 6542 6543 6544 6545 6546 6547 6548 6549 6550 6551 6552 6553 6554 6555 6556 6557 6558 6559 6560 6561 6562 6563 6564 6565 6566 6567 6568 6569 6570 6571 6572 6573 6574 6575 6576 6577 6578 6579 6580 6581 6582 6583 6584 6585 6586 6587 6588 6589 6590 6591 6592 6593 6594 6595 6596 6597 6598 6599 6600 6601 6602 6603 6604 6605 6606 6607 6608 6609 6610 6611 6612 6613 6614 6615 6616 6617 6618 6619 6620 6621 6622 6623 6624 6625 6626 6627 6628 6629 6630 6631 6632 6633 6634 6635 6636 6637 6638 6639 6640 6641 6642 6643 6644 6645 6646 6647 6648 6649 6650 6651 6652 6653 6654 6655 6656 6657 6658 6659 6660 6661 6662 6663 6664 6665 6666 6667 6668 6669 6670 6671 6672 6673 6674 6675 6676 6677 6678 6679 6680 6681 6682 6683 6684 6685 6686 6687 6688 6689 6690 6691 6692 6693 6694 6695 6696 6697 6698 6699 6700 6701 6702 6703 6704 6705 6706 6707 6708 6709 6710 6711 6712 6713 6714 6715 6716 6717 6718 6719 6720 6721 6722 6723 6724 6725 6726 6727 6728 6729 6730 6731 6732 6733 6734 6735 6736 6737 6738 6739 6740 6741 6742 6743 6744 6745 6746 6747 6748 6749 6750 6751 6752 6753 6754 6755 6756 6757 6758 6759 6760 6761 6762 6763 6764 6765 6766 6767 6768 6769 6770 6771 6772 6773 6774 6775 6776 6777 6778 6779 6780 6781 6782 6783 6784 6785 6786 6787 6788 6789 6790 6791 6792 6793 6794 6795 6796 6797 6798 6799 6800 6801 6802 6803 6804 6805 6806 6807 6808 6809 6810 6811 6812 6813 6814 6815 6816 6817 6818 6819 6820 6821 6822 6823 6824 6825 6826 6827 6828 6829 6830 6831 6832 6833 6834 6835 6836 6837 6838 6839 6840 6841 6842 6843 6844 6845 6846 6847 6848 6849 6850 6851 6852 6853 6854 6855 6856 6857 6858 6859 6860 6861 6862 6863 6864 6865 6866 6867 6868 6869 6870 6871 6872 6873 6874 6875 6876 6877 6878 6879 6880 6881 6882 6883 6884 6885 6886 6887 6888 6889 6890 6891 6892 6893 6894 6895 6896 6897 6898 6899 6900 6901 6902 6903 6904 6905 6906 6907 6908 6909 6910 6911 6912 6913 6914 6915 6916 6917 6918 6919 6920 6921 6922 6923 6924 6925 6926 6927 6928 6929 6930 6931 6932 6933 6934 6935 6936 6937 6938 6939 6940 6941 6942 6943 6944 6945 6946 6947 6948 6949 6950 6951 6952 6953 6954 6955 6956 6957 6958 6959 6960 6961 6962 6963 6964 6965 6966 6967 6968 6969 6970 6971 6972 6973 6974 6975 6976 6977 6978 6979 6980 6981 6982 6983 6984 6985 6986 6987 6988 6989 6990 6991 6992 6993 6994 6995 6996 6997 6998 6999 7000 7001 7002 7003 7004 7005 7006 7007 7008 7009 7010 7011 7012 7013 7014 7015 7016 7017 7018 7019 7020 7021 7022 7023 7024 7025 7026 7027 7028 7029 7030 7031 7032 7033 7034 7035 7036 7037 7038 7039 7040 7041 7042 7043 7044 7045 7046 7047 7048 7049 7050 7051 7052 7053 7054 7055 7056 7057 7058 7059 7060 7061 7062 7063 7064 7065 7066 7067 7068 7069 7070 7071 7072 7073 7074 7075 7076 7077 7078 7079 7080 7081 7082 7083 7084 7085 7086 7087 7088 7089 7090 7091 7092 7093 7094 7095 7096 7097 7098 7099 7100 7101 7102 7103 7104 7105 7106 7107 7108 7109 7110 7111 7112 7113 7114 7115 7116 7117 7118 7119 7120 7121 7122 7123 7124 7125 7126 7127 7128 7129 7130 7131 7132 7133 7134 7135 7136 7137 7138 7139 7140 7141 7142 7143 7144 7145 7146 7147 7148 7149 7150 7151 7152 7153 7154 7155 7156 7157 7158 7159 7160 7161 7162 7163 7164 7165 7166 7167 7168 7169 7170 7171 7172 7173 7174 7175 7176 7177 7178 7179 7180 7181 7182 7183 7184 7185 7186 7187 7188 7189 7190 7191 7192 7193 7194 7195 7196 7197 7198 7199 7200 7201 7202 7203 7204 7205 7206 7207 7208 7209 7210 7211 7212 7213 7214 7215 7216 7217 7218 7219 7220 7221 7222 7223 7224 7225 7226 7227 7228 7229 7230 7231 7232 7233 7234 7235 7236 7237 7238 7239 7240 7241 7242 7243 7244 7245 7246 7247 7248 7249 7250 7251 7252 7253 7254 7255 7256 7257 7258 7259 7260 7261 7262 7263 7264 7265 7266 7267 7268 7269 7270 7271 7272 7273 7274 7275 7276 7277 7278 7279 7280 7281 7282 7283 7284 7285 7286 7287 7288 7289 7290 7291 7292 7293 7294 7295 7296 7297 7298 7299 7300 7301 7302 7303 7304 7305 7306 7307 7308 7309 7310 7311 7312 7313 7314 7315 7316 7317 7318 7319 7320 7321 7322 7323 7324 7325 7326 7327 7328 7329 7330 7331 7332 7333 7334 7335 7336 7337 7338 7339 7340 7341 7342 7343 7344 7345 7346 7347 7348 7349 7350 7351 7352 7353 7354 7355 7356 7357 7358 7359 7360 7361 7362 7363 7364 7365 7366 7367 7368 7369 7370 7371 7372 7373 7374 7375 7376 7377 7378 7379 7380 7381 7382 7383 7384 7385 7386 7387 7388 7389 7390 7391 7392 7393 7394 7395 7396 7397 7398 7399 7400 7401 7402 7403 7404 7405 7406 7407 7408 7409 7410 7411 7412 7413 7414 7415 7416 7417 7418 7419 7420 7421 7422 7423 7424 7425 7426 7427 7428 7429 7430 7431 7432 7433 7434 7435 7436 7437 7438 7439 7440 7441 7442 7443 7444 7445 7446 7447 7448 7449 7450 7451 7452 7453 7454 7455 7456 7457 7458 7459 7460 7461 7462 7463 7464 7465 7466 7467 7468 7469 7470 7471 7472 7473 7474 7475 7476 7477 7478 7479 7480 7481 7482 7483 7484 7485 7486 7487 7488 7489 7490 7491 7492 7493 7494 7495 7496 7497 7498 7499 7500 7501 7502 7503 7504 7505 7506 7507 7508 7509 7510 7511 7512 7513 7514 7515 7516 7517 7518 7519 7520 7521 7522 7523 7524 7525 7526 7527 7528 7529 7530 7531 7532 7533 7534 7535 7536 7537 7538 7539 7540 7541 7542 7543 7544 7545 7546 7547 7548 7549 7550 7551 7552 7553 7554 7555 7556 7557 7558 7559 7560 7561 7562 7563 7564 7565 7566 7567 7568 7569 7570 7571 7572 7573 7574 7575 7576 7577 7578 7579 7580 7581 7582 7583 7584 7585 7586 7587 7588 7589 7590 7591 7592 7593 7594 7595 7596 7597 7598 7599 7600 7601 7602 7603 7604 7605 7606 7607 7608 7609 7610 7611 7612 7613 7614 7615 7616 7617 7618 7619 7620 7621 7622 7623 7624 7625 7626 7627 7628 7629 7630 7631 7632 7633 7634 7635 7636 7637 7638 7639 7640 7641 7642 7643 7644 7645 7646 7647 7648 7649 7650 7651 7652 7653 7654 7655 7656 7657 7658 7659 7660 7661 7662 7663 7664 7665 7666 7667 7668 7669 7670 7671 7672 7673 7674 7675 7676 7677 7678 7679 7680 7681 7682 7683 7684 7685 7686 7687 7688 7689 7690 7691 7692 7693 7694 7695 7696 7697 7698 7699 7700 7701 7702 7703 7704 7705 7706 7707 7708 7709 7710 7711 7712 7713 7714 7715 7716 7717 7718 7719 7720 7721 7722 7723 7724 7725 7726 7727 7728 7729 7730 7731 7732 7733 7734 7735 7736 7737 7738 7739 7740 7741 7742 7743 7744 7745 7746 7747 7748 7749 7750 7751 7752 7753 7754 7755 7756 7757 7758 7759 7760 7761 7762 7763 7764 7765 7766 7767 7768 7769 7770 7771 7772 7773 7774 7775 7776 7777 7778 7779 7780 7781 7782 7783 7784 7785 7786 7787 7788 7789 7790 7791 7792 7793 7794 7795 7796 7797 7798 7799 7800 7801 7802 7803 7804 7805 7806 7807 7808 7809 7810 7811 7812 7813 7814 7815 7816 7817 7818 7819 7820 7821 7822 7823 7824 7825 7826 7827 7828 7829 7830 7831 7832 7833 7834 7835 7836 7837 7838 7839 7840 7841 7842 7843 7844 7845 7846 7847 7848 7849 7850 7851 7852 7853 7854 7855 7856 7857 7858 7859 7860 7861 7862 7863 7864 7865 7866 7867 7868 7869 7870 7871 7872 7873 7874 7875 7876 7877 7878 7879 7880 7881 7882 7883 7884 7885 7886 7887 7888 7889 7890 7891 7892 7893 7894 7895 7896 7897 7898 7899 7900 7901 7902 7903 7904 7905 7906 7907 7908 7909 7910 7911 7912 7913 7914 7915 7916 7917 7918 7919 7920 7921 7922 7923 7924 7925 7926 7927 7928 7929 7930 7931 7932 7933 7934 7935 7936 7937 7938 7939 7940 7941 7942 7943 7944 7945 7946 7947 7948 7949 7950 7951 7952 7953 7954 7955 7956 7957 7958 7959 7960 7961 7962 7963 7964 7965 7966 7967 7968 7969 7970 7971 7972 7973 7974 7975 7976 7977 7978 7979 7980 7981 7982 7983 7984 7985 7986 7987 7988 7989 7990 7991 7992 7993 7994 7995 7996 7997 7998 7999 8000 8001 8002 8003 8004 8005 8006 8007 8008 8009 8010 8011 8012 8013 8014 8015 8016 8017 8018 8019 8020 8021 8022 8023 8024 8025 8026 8027 8028 8029 8030 8031 8032 8033 8034 8035 8036 8037 8038 8039 8040 8041 8042 8043 8044 8045 8046 8047 8048 8049 8050 8051 8052 8053 8054 8055 8056 8057 8058 8059 8060 8061 8062 8063 8064 8065 8066 8067 8068 8069 8070 8071 8072 8073 8074 8075 8076 8077 8078 8079 8080 8081 8082 8083 8084 8085 8086 8087 8088 8089 8090 8091 8092 8093 8094 8095 8096 8097 8098 8099 8100 8101 8102 8103 8104 8105 8106 8107 8108 8109 8110 8111 8112 8113 8114 8115 8116 8117 8118 8119 8120 8121 8122 8123 8124 8125 8126 8127 8128 8129 8130 8131 8132 8133 8134 8135 8136 8137 8138 8139 8140 8141 8142 8143 8144 8145 8146 8147 8148 8149 8150 8151 8152 8153 8154 8155 8156 8157 8158 8159 8160 8161 8162 8163 8164 8165 8166 8167 8168 8169 8170 8171 8172 8173 8174 8175 8176 8177 8178 8179 8180 8181 8182 8183 8184 8185 8186 8187 8188 8189 8190 8191 8192 8193 8194 8195 8196 8197 8198 8199 8200 8201 8202 8203 8204 8205 8206 8207 8208 8209 8210 8211 8212 8213 8214 8215 8216 8217 8218 8219 8220 8221 8222 8223 8224 8225 8226 8227 8228 8229 8230 8231 8232 8233 8234 8235 8236 8237 8238 8239 8240 8241 8242 8243 8244 8245 8246 8247 8248 8249 8250 8251 8252 8253 8254 8255 8256 8257 8258 8259 8260 8261 8262 8263 8264 8265 8266 8267 8268 8269 8270 8271 8272 8273 8274 8275 8276 8277 8278 8279 8280 8281 8282 8283 8284 8285 8286 8287 8288 8289 8290 8291 8292 8293 8294 8295 8296 8297 8298 8299 8300 8301 8302 8303 8304 8305 8306 8307 8308 8309 8310 8311 8312 8313 8314 8315 8316 8317 8318 8319 8320 8321 8322 8323 8324 8325 8326 8327 8328 8329 8330 8331 8332 8333 8334 8335 8336 8337 8338 8339 8340 8341 8342 8343 8344 8345 8346 8347 8348 8349 8350 8351 8352 8353 8354 8355 8356 8357 8358 8359 8360 8361 8362 8363 8364 8365 8366 8367 8368 8369 8370 8371 8372 8373 8374 8375 8376 8377 8378 8379 8380 8381 8382 8383 8384 8385 8386 8387 8388 8389 8390 8391 8392 8393 8394 8395 8396 8397 8398 8399 8400 8401 8402 8403 8404 8405 8406 8407 8408 8409 8410 8411 8412 8413 8414 8415 8416 8417 8418 8419 8420 8421 8422 8423 8424 8425 8426 8427 8428 8429 8430 8431 8432 8433 8434 8435 8436 8437 8438 8439 8440 8441 8442 8443 8444 8445 8446 8447 8448 8449 8450 8451 8452 8453 8454 8455 8456 8457 8458 8459 8460 8461 8462 8463 8464 8465 8466 8467 8468 8469 8470 8471 8472 8473 8474 8475 8476 8477 8478 8479 8480 8481 8482 8483 8484 8485 8486 8487 8488 8489 8490 8491 8492 8493 8494 8495 8496 8497 8498 8499 8500 8501 8502 8503 8504 8505 8506 8507 8508 8509 8510 8511 8512 8513 8514 8515 8516 8517 8518 8519 8520 8521 8522 8523 8524 8525 8526 8527 8528 8529 8530 8531 8532 8533 8534 8535 8536 8537 8538 8539 8540 8541 8542 8543 8544 8545 8546 8547 8548 8549 8550 8551 8552 8553 8554 8555 8556 8557 8558 8559 8560 8561 8562 8563 8564 8565 8566 8567 8568 8569 8570 8571 8572 8573 8574 8575 8576 8577 8578 8579 8580 8581 8582 8583 8584 8585 8586 8587 8588 8589 8590 8591 8592 8593 8594 8595 8596 8597 8598 8599 8600 8601 8602 8603 8604 8605 8606 8607 8608 8609 8610 8611 8612 8613 8614 8615 8616 8617 8618 8619 8620 8621 8622 8623 8624 8625 8626 8627 8628 8629 8630 8631 8632 8633 8634 8635 8636 8637 8638 8639 8640 8641 8642 8643 8644 8645 8646 8647 8648 8649 8650 8651 8652 8653 8654 8655 8656 8657 8658 8659 8660 8661 8662 8663 8664 8665 8666 8667 8668 8669 8670 8671 8672 8673 8674 8675 8676 8677 8678 8679 8680 8681 8682 8683 8684 8685 8686 8687 8688 8689 8690 8691 8692 8693 8694 8695 8696 8697 8698 8699 8700 8701 8702 8703 8704 8705 8706 8707 8708 8709 8710 8711 8712 8713 8714 8715 8716 8717 8718 8719 8720 8721 8722 8723 8724 8725 8726 8727 8728 8729 8730 8731 8732 8733 8734 8735 8736 8737 8738 8739 8740 8741 8742 8743 | <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>
</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
<meta name="dc.title" content="Live Systems Manual" />
<meta name="dc.author" content="Live Systems Project <debian-live@lists.debian.org>" />
<meta name="dc.publisher" content="Live Systems Project <debian-live@lists.debian.org>" />
<meta name="dc.date" content="2014-10-25" />
<meta name="dc.rights" content="Copyright: Copyright (C) 2006-2014 Live Systems Project \\ License: This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. \\ \\ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. \\ \\ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/. \\ \\ The complete text of the GNU General Public License can be found in /usr/share/common-licenses/GPL-3 file." />
<meta name="generator" content="SiSU 5.7.1 of 2014w41/7 (2014-10-19) (n*x and Ruby!)" />
<link rel="generator" href="http://www.sisudoc.org/" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_sisu/image/rb7.ico" />
<link href="../_sisu/css/html.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="../../_sisu/css/html.css" rel="stylesheet">
</head>
<body lang="en">
<a name="top" id="top"></a>
<table summary="table of contents scroll navigation band" id="toc" width="100%" bgcolor="#ffffff">
<tr><td width="20%">
<table summary="home button / home information" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" bgcolor="#ffffff">
<p class="tiny_left"><a href="http://live.debian.net/manual" target="_top">
Live manual
</a></p>
<p class="tiny_left"><a href="http://live.debian.net" target="_top">
Live Systems
</a></p>
</td></tr>
</table>
</td>
<td width="75%" align="center">
<table summary="segment navigation available documents types: toc,doc,pdf,concordance" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff">
<!-- SiSU Search -->
<td align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff">
<a name="search"></a>
<form method="get" action="http://live-systems.org/manual/git/search.cgi" target="_top">
<font size="2">
<input type="text" name="s1" size="24" maxlength="255" />
<input type="hidden" name="db" value="SiSUv5c_manual" />
<input type="hidden" name="ltd" value="1000" />
<input type="hidden" name="off" value="0" />
<input type="hidden" name="doc" value="live-manual" /><br />
<input type="submit" name="search" value="search doc" />
<input type="submit" name="search" value="search db" />
</font></form>
</td>
<!-- SiSU Search -->
</tr></table>
</td>
<td width="20%">
</td></tr>
</table>
<p>
<table summary="scroll instrument cover band" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="8" align="center">
<tr><td align="center">
<p class="centerbold">Live Systems Manual
</p>
<p class="centerbold">Live Systems Project <debian-live@lists.debian.org>
</p>
</td></tr>
</table>
<p class="small_left">Rights: Copyright: Copyright (C) 2006-2014 Live Systems Project <br> License: This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. <br> <br> This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. <br> <br> You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/. <br> <br> The complete text of the GNU General Public License can be found in /usr/share/common-licenses/GPL-3 file.</p>
<p>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#1">Live Systems Manual</a></b>
</h1>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#2">About</a></b>
</h1>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#3">About this manual</a></b>
</h1>
<h4 class="toc">
<a href="#4">1. About this manual</a>
</h4>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#8">1.1 For the impatient</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#12">1.2 Terms</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#29">1.3 Authors</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#44">1.4 Contributing to this document</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#46">1.4.1 Applying changes</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#60">1.4.2 Translation</a>
</h6>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#72">About the Live Systems Project</a></b>
</h1>
<h4 class="toc">
<a href="#73">2. About the Live Systems Project</a>
</h4>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#74">2.1 Motivation</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#75">2.1.1 What is wrong with current live systems</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#85">2.1.2 Why create our own live system?</a>
</h6>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#93">2.2 Philosophy</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#94">2.2.1 Only unchanged packages from Debian "main"</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#98">2.2.2 No package configuration of the live system</a>
</h6>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#102">2.3 Contact</a>
</h5>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#106">User</a></b>
</h1>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#107">Installation</a></b>
</h1>
<h4 class="toc">
<a href="#108">3. Installation</a>
</h4>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#109">3.1 Requirements</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#117">3.2 Installing live-build</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#123">3.2.1 From the Debian repository</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#126">3.2.2 From source</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#137">3.2.3 From 'snapshots'</a>
</h6>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#139">3.3 Installing live-boot and live-config</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#141">3.3.1 From the Debian repository</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#143">3.3.2 From source</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#155">3.3.3 From 'snapshots'</a>
</h6>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#157">The basics</a></b>
</h1>
<h4 class="toc">
<a href="#158">4. The basics</a>
</h4>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#162">4.1 What is a live system?</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#170">4.2 Downloading prebuilt images</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#172">4.3 Using the web live image builder</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#174">4.3.1 Web builder usage and caveats</a>
</h6>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#178">4.4 First steps: building an ISO hybrid image</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#189">4.5 Using an ISO hybrid live image</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#191">4.5.1 Burning an ISO image to a physical medium</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#194">4.5.2 Copying an ISO hybrid image to a USB stick</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#199">4.5.3 Using the space left on a USB stick</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#206">4.5.4 Booting the live medium</a>
</h6>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#210">4.6 Using a virtual machine for testing</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#217">4.6.1 Testing an ISO image with QEMU</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#224">4.6.2 Testing an ISO image with VirtualBox</a>
</h6>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#232">4.7 Building and using an HDD image</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#244">4.8 Building a netboot image</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#257">4.8.1 DHCP server</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#261">4.8.2 TFTP server</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#266">4.8.3 NFS server</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#274">4.8.4 Netboot testing HowTo</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#277">4.8.5 Qemu</a>
</h6>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#283">4.9 Webbooting</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#285">4.9.1 Getting the webboot files</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#291">4.9.2 Booting webboot images</a>
</h6>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#296">Overview of tools</a></b>
</h1>
<h4 class="toc">
<a href="#297">5. Overview of tools</a>
</h4>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#299">5.1 The live-build package</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#309">5.1.1 The <tt>lb config</tt> command</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#319">5.1.2 The <tt>lb build</tt> command</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#321">5.1.3 The <tt>lb clean</tt> command</a>
</h6>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#323">5.2 The live-boot package</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#327">5.3 The live-config package</a>
</h5>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#329">Managing a configuration</a></b>
</h1>
<h4 class="toc">
<a href="#330">6. Managing a configuration</a>
</h4>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#332">6.1 Dealing with configuration changes</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#334">6.1.1 Why use auto scripts? What do they do?</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#337">6.1.2 Use example auto scripts</a>
</h6>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#344">6.2 Clone a configuration published via Git</a>
</h5>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#355">Customizing contents</a></b>
</h1>
<h4 class="toc">
<a href="#356">7. Customization overview</a>
</h4>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#358">7.1 Build time vs. boot time configuration</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#361">7.2 Stages of the build</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#364">7.3 Supplement lb config with files</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#366">7.4 Customization tasks</a>
</h5>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#368">Customizing package installation</a></b>
</h1>
<h4 class="toc">
<a href="#369">8. Customizing package installation</a>
</h4>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#371">8.1 Package sources</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#372">8.1.1 Distribution, archive areas and mode</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#379">8.1.2 Distribution mirrors</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#381">8.1.3 Distribution mirrors used at build time</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#385">8.1.4 Distribution mirrors used at run time</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#388">8.1.5 Additional repositories</a>
</h6>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#396">8.2 Choosing packages to install</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#398">8.2.1 Package lists</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#401">8.2.2 Using metapackages</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#409">8.2.3 Local package lists</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#413">8.2.4 Local binary package lists</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#415">8.2.5 Generated package lists</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#419">8.2.6 Using conditionals inside package lists</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#428">8.2.7 Removing packages at install time</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#430">8.2.8 Desktop and language tasks</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#435">8.2.9 Kernel flavour and version</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#440">8.2.10 Custom kernels</a>
</h6>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#448">8.3 Installing modified or third-party packages</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#455">8.3.1 Using <tt>packages.chroot</tt> to install custom packages</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#462">8.3.2 Using an APT repository to install custom packages</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#465">8.3.3 Custom packages and APT</a>
</h6>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#468">8.4 Configuring APT at build time</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#470">8.4.1 Choosing apt or aptitude</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#474">8.4.2 Using a proxy with APT</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#477">8.4.3 Tweaking APT to save space</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#486">8.4.4 Passing options to apt or aptitude</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#491">8.4.5 APT pinning</a>
</h6>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#497">Customizing contents</a></b>
</h1>
<h4 class="toc">
<a href="#498">9. Customizing contents</a>
</h4>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#500">9.1 Includes</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#505">9.1.1 Live/chroot local includes</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#512">9.1.2 Binary local includes</a>
</h6>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#516">9.2 Hooks</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#518">9.2.1 Live/chroot local hooks</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#520">9.2.2 Boot-time hooks</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#522">9.2.3 Binary local hooks</a>
</h6>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#524">9.3 Preseeding Debconf questions</a>
</h5>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#527">Customizing run time behaviours</a></b>
</h1>
<h4 class="toc">
<a href="#528">10. Customizing run time behaviours</a>
</h4>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#530">10.1 Customizing the live user</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#539">10.2 Customizing locale and language</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#556">10.3 Persistence</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#578">10.3.1 The persistence.conf file</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#583">10.3.2 Using more than one persistence store</a>
</h6>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#589">10.4 Using persistence with encryption</a>
</h5>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#615">Customizing the binary image</a></b>
</h1>
<h4 class="toc">
<a href="#616">11. Customizing the binary image</a>
</h4>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#617">11.1 Bootloaders</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#624">11.2 ISO metadata</a>
</h5>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#630">Customizing Debian Installer</a></b>
</h1>
<h4 class="toc">
<a href="#631">12. Customizing Debian Installer</a>
</h4>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#634">12.1 Types of Debian Installer</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#646">12.2 Customizing Debian Installer by preseeding</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#649">12.3 Customizing Debian Installer content</a>
</h5>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#651">Project</a></b>
</h1>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#652">Contributing to the project</a></b>
</h1>
<h4 class="toc">
<a href="#653">13. Contributing to the project</a>
</h4>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#665">13.1 Making changes</a>
</h5>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#680">Reporting bugs</a></b>
</h1>
<h4 class="toc">
<a href="#681">14. Reporting bugs</a>
</h4>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#687">14.1 Known issues</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#692">14.2 Rebuild from scratch</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#694">14.3 Use up-to-date packages</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#696">14.4 Collect information</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#714">14.5 Isolate the failing case if possible</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#716">14.6 Use the correct package to report the bug against</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#719">14.6.1 At build time while bootstrapping</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#722">14.6.2 At build time while installing packages</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#726">14.6.3 At boot time</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#728">14.6.4 At run time</a>
</h6>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#730">14.7 Do the research</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#734">14.8 Where to report bugs</a>
</h5>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#738">Coding Style</a></b>
</h1>
<h4 class="toc">
<a href="#739">15. Coding Style</a>
</h4>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#741">15.1 Compatibility</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#746">15.2 Indenting</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#748">15.3 Wrapping</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#760">15.4 Variables</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#779">15.5 Miscellaneous</a>
</h5>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#784">Procedures</a></b>
</h1>
<h4 class="toc">
<a href="#785">16. Procedures</a>
</h4>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#787">16.1 Major Releases</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#793">16.2 Point Releases</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#797">16.2.1 Last Point Release of a Debian Release</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#799">16.2.2 Point release announcement template</a>
</h6>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#804">Git repositories</a></b>
</h1>
<h4 class="toc">
<a href="#805">17. Git repositories</a>
</h4>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#819">17.1 Handling multiple repositories</a>
</h5>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#823">Examples</a></b>
</h1>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#824">Examples</a></b>
</h1>
<h4 class="toc">
<a href="#825">18. Examples</a>
</h4>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#827">18.1 Using the examples</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#831">18.2 Tutorial 1: A default image</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#840">18.3 Tutorial 2: A web browser utility</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#848">18.4 Tutorial 3: A personalized image</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#851">18.4.1 First revision</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#865">18.4.2 Second revision</a>
</h6>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#877">18.5 A VNC Kiosk Client</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#891">18.6 A base image for a 128MB USB key</a>
</h5>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#902">18.7 A localized GNOME desktop and installer</a>
</h5>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#914">Appendix</a></b>
</h1>
<br>
<h1 class="toc">
<b><a href="#915">Style guide</a></b>
</h1>
<h4 class="toc">
<a href="#916">19. Style guide</a>
</h4>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#917">19.1 Guidelines for authors</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#920">19.1.1 Linguistic features</a>
</h6>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#953">19.1.2 Procedures</a>
</h6>
<h5 class="toc">
<a href="#992">19.2 Guidelines for translators</a>
</h5>
<h6 class="toc">
<a href="#996">19.2.1 Translation hints</a>
</h6>
<br>
<div class="scroll">
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="1"><a name="1"></a>
Live Systems Manual
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">2</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="2"><a name="2"></a>
About
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">3</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="3"><a name="3"></a>
About this manual
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">4</label>
<h4 class="norm" id="4"><a name="4"></a>
<a name="h1" ></a><a name="about_this_manual" ></a><a name="about-manual" ></a>1. About this manual
</h4>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">5</label>
<p class="i0" id="5">
This manual serves as a single access point to all documentation related to the Live Systems Project and in particular applies to the software produced by the project for the Debian 8.0 "<b>jessie</b>" release. An up-to-date version can always be found at ‹<a href="http://live-systems.org/" target="_top">http://live-systems.org/</a>›
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">6</label>
<p class="i0" id="6">
While <i>live-manual</i> is primarily focused on helping you build a live system and not on end-user topics, an end user may find some useful information in these sections: <a href="#the-basics">The Basics</a> covers downloading prebuilt images and preparing images to be booted from media or the network, either using the web builder or running <i>live-build</i> directly on your system. <a href="#customizing-run-time-behaviours">Customizing run time behaviours</a> describes some options that may be specified at the boot prompt, such as selecting a keyboard layout and locale, and using persistence.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">7</label>
<p class="i0" id="7">
Some of the commands mentioned in the text must be executed with superuser privileges which can be obtained by becoming the root user via <tt>su</tt> or by using <tt>sudo</tt>. To distinguish between commands which may be executed by an unprivileged user and those requiring superuser privileges, commands are prepended by <tt>$</tt> or <tt>#</tt> respectively. This symbol is not a part of the command.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">8</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="8"><a name="8"></a>
<a name="c1.1" ></a><a name="h1.1" ></a>1.1 For the impatient
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">9</label>
<p class="i0" id="9">
While we believe that everything in this manual is important to at least some of our users, we realize it is a lot of material to cover and that you may wish to experience early success using the software before delving into the details. Therefore, we suggest reading in the following order.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">10</label>
<p class="i0" id="10">
First, read this chapter, <a href="#about-manual">About this manual</a>, from the beginning and ending with the <a href="#terms">Terms</a> section. Next, skip to the three tutorials at the front of the <a href="#examples">Examples</a> section designed to teach you image building and customization basics. Read <a href="#using-the-examples">Using the examples</a> first, followed by <a href="#tutorial-1">Tutorial 1: A default image</a>, <a href="#tutorial-2">Tutorial 2: A web browser utility</a> and finally <a href="#tutorial-3">Tutorial 3: A personalized image</a>. By the end of these tutorials, you will have a taste of what can be done with live systems.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">11</label>
<p class="i0" id="11">
We encourage you to return to more in-depth study of the manual, perhaps next reading <a href="#the-basics">The basics</a>, skimming or skipping <a href="#building-netboot-image">Building a netboot image</a>, and finishing by reading the <a href="#customization-overview">Customization overview</a> and the chapters that follow it. By this point, we hope you are thoroughly excited by what can be done with live systems and motivated to read the rest of the manual, cover-to-cover.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">12</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="12"><a name="12"></a>
<a name="h1.2" ></a><a name="terms" ></a>1.2 Terms
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">13</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="13">
<b>Live system</b>: An operating system that can boot without installation to a hard drive. Live systems do not alter local operating system(s) or file(s) already installed on the computer hard drive unless instructed to do so. Live systems are typically booted from media such as CDs, DVDs or USB sticks. Some may also boot over the network (via netboot images, see <a href="#building-netboot-image">Building a netboot image</a>), and over the Internet (via the boot parameter <tt>fetch=URL</tt>, see <a href="#webbooting">Webbooting</a>).
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">14</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="14">
<b>Live medium</b>: As distinct from live system, the live medium refers to the CD, DVD or USB stick where the binary produced by <i>live-build</i> and used to boot the live system is written. More broadly, the term also refers to any place where this binary resides for the purposes of booting the live system, such as the location for the network boot files.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">15</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="15">
<b>Live Systems Project</b>: The project which maintains, among others, the <i>live-boot</i>, <i>live-build</i>, <i>live-config</i>, <i>live-tools</i> and <i>live-manual</i> packages.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">16</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="16">
<b>Host system</b>: The environment used to create the live system.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">17</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="17">
<b>Target system</b>: The environment used to run the live system.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">18</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="18">
<b><i>live-boot</i></b>: A collection of scripts used to boot live systems.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">19</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="19">
<b><i>live-build</i></b>: A collection of scripts used to build customized live systems.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">20</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="20">
<b><i>live-config</i></b>: A collection of scripts used to configure a live system during the boot process.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">21</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="21">
<b><i>live-tools</i></b>: A collection of additional scripts used to perform useful tasks within a running live system.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">22</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="22">
<b><i>live-manual</i></b>: This document is maintained in a package called <i>live-manual</i>.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">23</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="23">
<b>Debian Installer (d-i)</b>: The official installation system for the Debian distribution.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">24</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="24">
<b>Boot parameters</b>: Parameters that can be entered at the bootloader prompt to influence the kernel or <i>live-config</i>.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">25</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="25">
<b>chroot</b>: The <i>chroot</i> program, <tt>chroot(8)</tt>, enables us to run different instances of the GNU/Linux environment on a single system simultaneously without rebooting.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">26</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="26">
<b>Binary image</b>: A file containing the live system, such as live-image-i386.hybrid.iso or live-image-i386.img.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">27</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="27">
<b>Target distribution</b>: The distribution upon which your live system will be based. This can differ from the distribution of your host system.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">28</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="28">
<b>stable/testing/unstable</b>: The <b>stable</b> distribution, currently codenamed <b>wheezy</b>, contains the latest officially released distribution of Debian. The <b>testing</b> distribution, temporarily codenamed <b>jessie</b>, is the staging area for the next <b>stable</b> release. A major advantage of using this distribution is that it has more recent versions of software relative to the <b>stable</b> release. The <b>unstable</b> distribution, permanently codenamed <b>sid</b>, is where active development of Debian occurs. Generally, this distribution is run by developers and those who like to live on the edge. Throughout the manual, we tend to use codenames for the releases, such as <b>jessie</b> or <b>sid</b>, as that is what is supported by the tools themselves.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">29</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="29"><a name="29"></a>
<a name="c1.3" ></a><a name="h1.3" ></a>1.3 Authors
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">30</label>
<p class="i0" id="30">
A list of authors (in alphabetical order):
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">31</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="31">
Ben Armstrong
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">32</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="32">
Brendan Sleight
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">33</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="33">
Carlos Zuferri
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">34</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="34">
Chris Lamb
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">35</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="35">
Daniel Baumann
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">36</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="36">
Franklin Piat
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">37</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="37">
Jonas Stein
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">38</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="38">
Kai Hendry
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">39</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="39">
Marco Amadori
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">40</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="40">
Mathieu Geli
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">41</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="41">
Matthias Kirschner
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">42</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="42">
Richard Nelson
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">43</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="43">
Trent W. Buck
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">44</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="44"><a name="44"></a>
<a name="h1.4" ></a><a name="how-to-contribute" ></a>1.4 Contributing to this document
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">45</label>
<p class="i0" id="45">
This manual is intended as a community project and all proposals for improvements and contributions are extremely welcome. Please see the section <a href="#contributing-to-project">Contributing to the project</a> for detailed information on how to fetch the commit key and make good commits.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">46</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="46"><a name="46"></a>
<a name="h1.4.1" ></a><a name="applying-changes" ></a>1.4.1 Applying changes
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">47</label>
<p class="i0" id="47">
In order to make changes to the English manual you have to edit the right files in <tt>manual/en/</tt> but prior to the submission of your contribution, please preview your work. To preview the <i>live-manual</i>, ensure the packages needed for building it are installed by executing:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">48</label>
<p class="code" id="48">
# apt-get install make po4a ruby ruby-nokogiri sisu-complete<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">49</label>
<p class="i0" id="49">
You may build the <i>live-manual</i> from the top level directory of your Git checkout by executing:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">50</label>
<p class="code" id="50">
$ make build<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">51</label>
<p class="i0" id="51">
Since it takes a while to build the manual in all supported languages, authors may find it convenient to use one of the fast proofing shortcuts when reviewing the new documentation they have added to the English manual. Using <tt>PROOF=1</tt> builds <i>live-manual</i> in html format, but without the segmented html files, and using <tt>PROOF=2</tt> builds <i>live-manual</i> in pdf format, but only the A4 and letter portraits. That is why using either of the <tt>PROOF=</tt> possibilities can save up a considerable amount of time, e.g:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">52</label>
<p class="code" id="52">
$ make build PROOF=1<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">53</label>
<p class="i0" id="53">
When proofing one of the translations it is possible to build only one language by executing, e.g:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">54</label>
<p class="code" id="54">
$ make build LANGUAGES=de<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">55</label>
<p class="i0" id="55">
It is also possible to build by document type, e.g:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">56</label>
<p class="code" id="56">
$ make build FORMATS=pdf<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">57</label>
<p class="i0" id="57">
Or combine both, e.g:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">58</label>
<p class="code" id="58">
$ make build LANGUAGES=de FORMATS=html<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">59</label>
<p class="i0" id="59">
After revising your work and making sure that everything is fine, do not use <tt>make commit</tt> unless you are updating translations in the commit, and in that case, do not mix changes to the English manual and translations in the same commit, but use separate commits for each. See the <a href="#translation">Translation</a> section for more details.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">60</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="60"><a name="60"></a>
<a name="h1.4.2" ></a><a name="translation" ></a>1.4.2 Translation
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">61</label>
<p class="i0" id="61">
In order to translate <i>live-manual</i>, follow these steps depending on whether you are starting a translation from scratch or continue working on an already existing one:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">62</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="62">
Start a new translation from scratch
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">63</label>
<ul>
<li class="i2" id="63">
Translate the <b>about_manual.ssi.pot</b>, <b>about_project.ssi.pot</b> and <b>index.html.in.pot</b> files in <tt>manual/pot/</tt> to your language with your favourite editor (such as <i>poedit</i>) and send the translated <tt>.po</tt> files to the mailing list to check their integrity. <i>live-manual</i>' s integrity check not only ensures that the <tt>.po</tt> files are 100% translated but it also detects possible errors.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">64</label>
<ul>
<li class="i2" id="64">
Once checked, to enable a new language in the autobuild it is enough to add the initial translated files to <tt>manual/po/${LANGUAGE}/</tt> and run <tt>make commit</tt>. And then, edit <tt>manual/_sisu/home/index.html</tt> adding the name of the language and its name in English between brackets.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">65</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="65">
Continue with an already started translation
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">66</label>
<ul>
<li class="i2" id="66">
If your target language has already been added, you can randomly continue translating the remaining .po files in <tt>manual/po/${LANGUAGE}/</tt> using your favourite editor (such as <i>poedit</i>) .
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">67</label>
<ul>
<li class="i2" id="67">
Do not forget that you need to run <tt>make commit</tt> to ensure that the translated manuals are updated from the .po files and then you can review your changes launching <tt>make build</tt> before <tt>git add .</tt>, <tt>git commit -m "Translating..."</tt> and <tt>git push</tt>. Remember that since <tt>make build</tt> can take a considerable amount of time, you can proofread languages individually as explained in <a href="#applying-changes">Applying changes</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">68</label>
<p class="i0" id="68">
After running <tt>make commit</tt> you will see some text scroll by. These are basically informative messages about the processing status and also some hints about what can be done in order to improve <i>live-manual</i>. Unless you see a fatal error, you usually can proceed and submit your contribution.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">69</label>
<p class="i0" id="69">
<i>live-manual</i> comes with two utilities that can greatly help translators to find untranslated and changed strings. The first one is "make translate". It launches an script that tells you in detail how many untranslated strings there are in each .po file. The second one, the "make fixfuzzy" target, only acts upon changed strings but it helps you to find and fix them one by one.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">70</label>
<p class="i0" id="70">
Keep in mind that even though these utilities might be really helpful to do translation work on the command line, the use of an specialized tool like <i>poedit</i> is the recommended way to do the task. It is also a good idea to read the Debian localization (l10n) documentation and, specifically to <i>live-manual</i>, the <a href="#guidelines-translators">Guidelines for translators</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">71</label>
<p class="i0" id="71">
<b>Note:</b> You can use <tt>make clean</tt> to clean your git tree before pushing. This step is not compulsory thanks to the .gitignore file but it is a good practice to avoid committing files involuntarily.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">72</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="72"><a name="72"></a>
About the Live Systems Project
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">73</label>
<h4 class="norm" id="73"><a name="73"></a>
<a name="h2" ></a><a name="about_the_live_systems_project" ></a><a name="about-project" ></a>2. About the Live Systems Project
</h4>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">74</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="74"><a name="74"></a>
<a name="c2.1" ></a><a name="h2.1" ></a>2.1 Motivation
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">75</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="75"><a name="75"></a>
<a name="c2.1.1" ></a><a name="h2.1.1" ></a>2.1.1 What is wrong with current live systems
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">76</label>
<p class="i0" id="76">
When Live Systems Project was initiated, there were already several Debian based live systems available and they are doing a great job. From the Debian perspective most of them have one or more of the following disadvantages:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">77</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="77">
They are not Debian projects and therefore lack support from within Debian.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">78</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="78">
They mix different distributions, e.g. <b>testing</b> and <b>unstable</b>.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">79</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="79">
They support i386 only.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">80</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="80">
They modify the behaviour and/or appearance of packages by stripping them down to save space.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">81</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="81">
They include packages from outside of the Debian archive.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">82</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="82">
They ship custom kernels with additional patches that are not part of Debian.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">83</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="83">
They are large and slow due to their sheer size and thus not suitable for rescue issues.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">84</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="84">
They are not available in different flavours, e.g. CDs, DVDs, USB-stick and netboot images.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">85</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="85"><a name="85"></a>
<a name="c2.1.2" ></a><a name="h2.1.2" ></a>2.1.2 Why create our own live system?
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">86</label>
<p class="i0" id="86">
Debian is the Universal Operating System: Debian has a live system to show around and to accurately represent the Debian system with the following main advantages:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">87</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="87">
It is a subproject of Debian.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">88</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="88">
It reflects the (current) state of one distribution.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">89</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="89">
It runs on as many architectures as possible.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">90</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="90">
It consists of unchanged Debian packages only.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">91</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="91">
It does not contain any packages that are not in the Debian archive.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">92</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="92">
It uses an unaltered Debian kernel with no additional patches.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">93</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="93"><a name="93"></a>
<a name="c2.2" ></a><a name="h2.2" ></a>2.2 Philosophy
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">94</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="94"><a name="94"></a>
<a name="c2.2.1" ></a><a name="h2.2.1" ></a>2.2.1 Only unchanged packages from Debian "main"
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">95</label>
<p class="i0" id="95">
We will only use packages from the Debian repository in the "main" section. The non-free section is not part of Debian and therefore cannot be used for official live system images.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">96</label>
<p class="i0" id="96">
We will not change any packages. Whenever we need to change something, we will do that in coordination with its package maintainer in Debian.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">97</label>
<p class="i0" id="97">
As an exception, our own packages such as <i>live-boot</i>, <i>live-build</i> or <i>live-config</i> may temporarily be used from our own repository for development reasons (e.g. to create development snapshots). They will be uploaded to Debian on a regular basis.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">98</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="98"><a name="98"></a>
<a name="c2.2.2" ></a><a name="h2.2.2" ></a>2.2.2 No package configuration of the live system
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">99</label>
<p class="i0" id="99">
In this phase we will not ship or install sample or alternative configurations. All packages are used in their default configuration as they are after a regular installation of Debian.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">100</label>
<p class="i0" id="100">
Whenever we need a different default configuration, we will do that in coordination with its package maintainer in Debian.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">101</label>
<p class="i0" id="101">
A system for configuring packages is provided using debconf allowing custom configured packages to be installed in your custom produced live system images, but for the <a href="#downloading-prebuilt-images">prebuilt live images</a> we choose to leave packages in their default configuration, unless absolutely necessary in order to work in the live environment. Wherever possible, we prefer to adapt packages within the Debian archive to work better in a live system versus making changes to the live toolchain or <a href="#clone-configuration-via-git">prebuilt image configurations</a>. For more information, please see <a href="#customization-overview">Customization overview</a>.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">102</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="102"><a name="102"></a>
<a name="h2.3" ></a><a name="contact" ></a>2.3 Contact
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">103</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="103">
<b>Mailing list</b>: The primary contact for the project is the mailing list at ‹<a href="https://lists.debian.org/debian-live/" target="_top">https://lists.debian.org/debian-live/</a>›. You can email the list directly by addressing your mail to ‹<a href="mailto:debian-live@lists.debian.org.">debian-live@lists.debian.org.</a>› The list archives are available at ‹<a href="https://lists.debian.org/debian-live/" target="_top">https://lists.debian.org/debian-live/</a>›.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">104</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="104">
<b>IRC</b>: A number of users and developers are present in the #debian-live channel on irc.debian.org (OFTC). When asking a question on IRC, please be patient for an answer. If no answer is forthcoming, please email the mailing list.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">105</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="105">
<b>BTS</b> : The <a href="https://www.debian.org/Bugs/">Debian Bug Tracking System</a> (BTS) contains details of bugs reported by users and developers. Each bug is given a number, and is kept on file until it is marked as having been dealt with. For more information, please see <a href="#bugs">Reporting bugs</a>.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">106</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="106"><a name="106"></a>
User
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">107</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="107"><a name="107"></a>
Installation
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">108</label>
<h4 class="norm" id="108"><a name="108"></a>
<a name="h3" ></a><a name="installation" ></a>3. Installation
</h4>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">109</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="109"><a name="109"></a>
<a name="h3.1" ></a><a name="requirements" ></a>3.1 Requirements
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">110</label>
<p class="i0" id="110">
Building live system images has very few system requirements:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">111</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="111">
Superuser (root) access
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">112</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="112">
An up-to-date version of <i>live-build</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">113</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="113">
A POSIX-compliant shell, such as <i>bash</i> or <i>dash</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">114</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="114">
<i>debootstrap</i> or <i>cdebootstrap</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">115</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="115">
Linux 2.6 or newer.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">116</label>
<p class="i0" id="116">
Note that using Debian or a Debian-derived distribution is not required - <i>live-build</i> will run on almost any distribution with the above requirements.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">117</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="117"><a name="117"></a>
<a name="h3.2" ></a><a name="installing-live-build" ></a>3.2 Installing live-build
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">118</label>
<p class="i0" id="118">
You can install <i>live-build</i> in a number of different ways:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">119</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="119">
From the Debian repository
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">120</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="120">
From source
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">121</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="121">
From snapshots
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">122</label>
<p class="i0" id="122">
If you are using Debian, the recommended way is to install <i>live-build</i> via the Debian repository.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">123</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="123"><a name="123"></a>
<a name="c3.2.1" ></a><a name="h3.2.1" ></a>3.2.1 From the Debian repository
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">124</label>
<p class="i0" id="124">
Simply install <i>live-build</i> like any other package:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">125</label>
<p class="code" id="125">
# apt-get install live-build<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">126</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="126"><a name="126"></a>
<a name="c3.2.2" ></a><a name="h3.2.2" ></a>3.2.2 From source
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">127</label>
<p class="i0" id="127">
<i>live-build</i> is developed using the Git version control system. On Debian based systems, this is provided by the <i>git</i> package. To check out the latest code, execute:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">128</label>
<p class="code" id="128">
$ git clone git://live-systems.org/git/live-build.git<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">129</label>
<p class="i0" id="129">
You can build and install your own Debian package by executing:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">130</label>
<p class="code" id="130">
$ cd live-build<br>
$ dpkg-buildpackage -b -uc -us<br>
$ cd ..<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">131</label>
<p class="i0" id="131">
Now install whichever of the freshly built <tt>.deb</tt> files you were interested in, e.g.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">132</label>
<p class="code" id="132">
# dpkg -i live-build_3.0-1_all.deb<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">133</label>
<p class="i0" id="133">
You can also install <i>live-build</i> directly to your system by executing:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">134</label>
<p class="code" id="134">
# make install<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">135</label>
<p class="i0" id="135">
and uninstall it with:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">136</label>
<p class="code" id="136">
# make uninstall<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">137</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="137"><a name="137"></a>
<a name="c3.2.3" ></a><a name="h3.2.3" ></a>3.2.3 From 'snapshots'
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">138</label>
<p class="i0" id="138">
If you do not wish to build or install <i>live-build</i> from source, you can use snapshots. These are built automatically from the latest version in Git and are available on ‹<a href="http://live-systems.org/debian/" target="_top">http://live-systems.org/debian/</a>›.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">139</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="139"><a name="139"></a>
<a name="c3.3" ></a><a name="h3.3" ></a>3.3 Installing live-boot and live-config
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">140</label>
<p class="i0" id="140">
<b>Note:</b> You do not need to install <i>live-boot</i> or <i>live-config</i> on your system to create customized live systems. However, doing so will do no harm and is useful for reference purposes. If you only want the documentation, you may now install the <i>live-boot-doc</i> and <i>live-config-doc</i> packages separately.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">141</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="141"><a name="141"></a>
<a name="c3.3.1" ></a><a name="h3.3.1" ></a>3.3.1 From the Debian repository
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">142</label>
<p class="i0" id="142">
Both <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i> are available from the Debian repository as per <a href="#installing-live-build">Installing live-build</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">143</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="143"><a name="143"></a>
<a name="c3.3.2" ></a><a name="h3.3.2" ></a>3.3.2 From source
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">144</label>
<p class="i0" id="144">
To use the latest source from git, you can follow the process below. Please ensure you are familiar with the terms mentioned in <a href="#terms">Terms</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">145</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="145">
Checkout the <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i> sources
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">146</label>
<p class="code" id="146">
$ git clone git://live-systems.org/git/live-boot.git<br>
$ git clone git://live-systems.org/git/live-config.git<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">147</label>
<p class="i0" id="147">
Consult the <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i> man pages for details on customizing if that is your reason for building these packages from source.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">148</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="148">
Build <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i> .deb files
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">149</label>
<p class="i0" id="149">
You must build either on your target distribution or in a chroot containing your target platform: this means if your target is <b>jessie</b> then you should build against <b>jessie</b>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">150</label>
<p class="i0" id="150">
Use a personal builder such as <i>pbuilder</i> or <i>sbuild</i> if you need to build <i>live-boot</i> for a target distribution that differs from your build system. For example, for <b>jessie</b> live images, build <i>live-boot</i> in a <b>jessie</b> chroot. If your target distribution happens to match your build system distribution, you may build directly on the build system using <tt>dpkg-buildpackage</tt> (provided by the <i>dpkg-dev</i> package):
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">151</label>
<p class="code" id="151">
$ cd live-boot<br>
$ dpkg-buildpackage -b -uc -us<br>
$ cd ../live-config<br>
$ dpkg-buildpackage -b -uc -us<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">152</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="152">
Use applicable generated .deb files
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">153</label>
<p class="i0" id="153">
As <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i> are installed by <i>live-build</i> system, installing the packages in the host system is not sufficient: you should treat the generated .deb files like any other custom packages. Since your purpose for building from source is likely to test new things over the short term before the official release, follow <a href="#installing-modified-or-third-party-packages">Installing modified or third-party packages</a> to temporarily include the relevant files in your configuration. In particular, notice that both packages are divided into a generic part, a documentation part and one or more back-ends. Include the generic part, only one back-end matching your configuration, and optionally the documentation. Assuming you are building a live image in the current directory and have generated all .deb files for a single version of both packages in the directory above, these bash commands would copy all of the relevant packages including default back-ends:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">154</label>
<p class="code" id="154">
$ cp ../live-boot{_,-initramfs-tools,-doc}*.deb config/packages.chroot/<br>
$ cp ../live-config{_,-sysvinit,-doc}*.deb config/packages.chroot/<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">155</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="155"><a name="155"></a>
<a name="c3.3.3" ></a><a name="h3.3.3" ></a>3.3.3 From 'snapshots'
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">156</label>
<p class="i0" id="156">
You can let <i>live-build</i> automatically use the latest snapshots of <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i> by configuring the package repository on live-systems.org as a third-party repository in your <i>live-build</i> configuration directory.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">157</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="157"><a name="157"></a>
The basics
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">158</label>
<h4 class="norm" id="158"><a name="158"></a>
<a name="h4" ></a><a name="the_basics" ></a><a name="the-basics" ></a>4. The basics
</h4>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">159</label>
<p class="i0" id="159">
This chapter contains a brief overview of the build process and instructions for using the three most commonly used image types. The most versatile image type, <tt>iso-hybrid</tt>, may be used on a virtual machine, optical medium or USB portable storage device. In certain special cases, as explained later, the <tt>hdd</tt> type may be more suitable. The chapter includes detailed instructions for building and using a <tt>netboot</tt> type image, which is a bit more involved due to the setup required on the server. This is an slightly advanced topic for anyone who is not already familiar with netbooting, but it is included here because once the setup is done, it is a very convenient way to test and deploy images for booting on the local network without the hassle of dealing with image media.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">160</label>
<p class="i0" id="160">
The section finishes with a quick introduction to <a href="#webbooting">webbooting</a> which is, perhaps, the easiest way of using different images for different purposes, switching from one to the other as needed using the internet as a means.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">161</label>
<p class="i0" id="161">
Throughout the chapter, we will often refer to the default filenames produced by <i>live-build</i>. If you are <a href="#downloading-prebuilt-images">downloading a prebuilt image</a> instead, the actual filenames may vary.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">162</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="162"><a name="162"></a>
<a name="h4.1" ></a><a name="what-is-live" ></a>4.1 What is a live system?
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">163</label>
<p class="i0" id="163">
A live system usually means an operating system booted on a computer from a removable medium, such as a CD-ROM or USB stick, or from a network, ready to use without any installation on the usual drive(s), with auto-configuration done at run time (see <a href="#terms">Terms</a>).
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">164</label>
<p class="i0" id="164">
With live systems, it's an operating system, built for one of the supported architectures (currently amd64 and i386). It is made from the following parts:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">165</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="165">
<b>Linux kernel image</b>, usually named <tt>vmlinuz*</tt>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">166</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="166">
<b>Initial RAM disk image (initrd)</b>: a RAM disk set up for the Linux boot, containing modules possibly needed to mount the System image and some scripts to do it.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">167</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="167">
<b>System image</b>: The operating system's filesystem image. Usually, a SquashFS compressed filesystem is used to minimize the live system image size. Note that it is read-only. So, during boot the live system will use a RAM disk and 'union' mechanism to enable writing files within the running system. However, all modifications will be lost upon shutdown unless optional persistence is used (see <a href="#persistence">Persistence</a>).
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">168</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="168">
<b>Bootloader</b>: A small piece of code crafted to boot from the chosen medium, possibly presenting a prompt or menu to allow selection of options/configuration. It loads the Linux kernel and its initrd to run with an associated system filesystem. Different solutions can be used, depending on the target medium and format of the filesystem containing the previously mentioned components: isolinux to boot from a CD or DVD in ISO9660 format, syslinux for HDD or USB drive booting from a VFAT partition, extlinux for ext2/3/4 and btrfs partitions, pxelinux for PXE netboot, GRUB for ext2/3/4 partitions, etc.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">169</label>
<p class="i0" id="169">
You can use <i>live-build</i> to build the system image from your specifications, set up a Linux kernel, its initrd, and a bootloader to run them, all in one medium-dependant format (ISO9660 image, disk image, etc.).
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">170</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="170"><a name="170"></a>
<a name="h4.2" ></a><a name="downloading-prebuilt-images" ></a>4.2 Downloading prebuilt images
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">171</label>
<p class="i0" id="171">
While the focus of this manual is developing and building your own live images, you may simply wish to try one of our prebuilt images, either as an introduction to their use or instead of building your own. These images are built using our <a href="#clone-configuration-via-git"><i>live-images</i> git repository</a> and official stable releases are published at ‹<a href="https://www.debian.org/CD/live/" target="_top">https://www.debian.org/CD/live/</a>›. In addition, older and upcoming releases, and unofficial images containing non-free firmware and drivers are available at ‹<a href="http://live-systems.org/cdimage/release/" target="_top">http://live-systems.org/cdimage/release/</a>›.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">172</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="172"><a name="172"></a>
<a name="h4.3" ></a><a name="using-web-builder" ></a>4.3 Using the web live image builder
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">173</label>
<p class="i0" id="173">
As a service to the community, we run a web-based live image builder service at ‹<a href="http://live-build.debian.net/" target="_top">http://live-build.debian.net/</a>›. This site is maintained on a best effort basis. That is, although we strive to keep it up-to-date and operational at all times, and do issue notices for significant operational outages, we cannot guarantee 100% availability or fast image building, and the service may occasionally have issues that take some time to resolve. If you have problems or questions about the service, please <a href="#contact">contact us</a>, providing us with the link to your build.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">174</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="174"><a name="174"></a>
<a name="c4.3.1" ></a><a name="h4.3.1" ></a>4.3.1 Web builder usage and caveats
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">175</label>
<p class="i0" id="175">
The web interface currently makes no provision to prevent the use of invalid combinations of options, and in particular, where changing an option would normally (i.e. using <i>live-build</i> directly) change defaults of other options listed in the web form, the web builder does not change these defaults. Most notably, if you change <tt>--architectures</tt> from the default <tt>i386</tt> to <tt>amd64</tt>, you must change the corresponding option <tt>--linux-flavours</tt> from the default <tt>486</tt> to <tt>amd64</tt>. See the <tt>lb_config</tt> man page for the version of <i>live-build</i> installed on the web builder for more details. The version number of <i>live-build</i> is listed at the bottom of the web builder page.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">176</label>
<p class="i0" id="176">
The time estimate given by the web builder is a crude estimate only and may not reflect how long your build actually takes. Nor is the estimate updated once it is displayed. Please be patient. Do not refresh the page you land on after submitting the build, as this will resubmit a new build with the same parameters. You should <a href="#contact">contact us</a> if you don't receive notification of your build only once you are certain you've waited long enough and verified the notification e-mail did not get caught by your own e-mail spam filter.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">177</label>
<p class="i0" id="177">
The web builder is limited in the kinds of images it can build. This keeps it simple and efficient to use and maintain. If you would like to make customizations that are not provided for by the web interface, the rest of this manual explains how to build your own images using <i>live-build</i>.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">178</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="178"><a name="178"></a>
<a name="h4.4" ></a><a name="building-iso-hybrid" ></a>4.4 First steps: building an ISO hybrid image
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">179</label>
<p class="i0" id="179">
Regardless of the image type, you will need to perform the same basic steps to build an image each time. As a first example, create a build directory, change to that directory and then execute the following sequence of <i>live-build</i> commands to create a basic ISO hybrid image containing a default live system without X.org. It is suitable for burning to CD or DVD media, and also to copy onto a USB stick.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">180</label>
<p class="i0" id="180">
The name of the working directory is absolutely up to you, but if you take a look at the examples used throughout <i>live-manual</i>, it is a good idea to use a name that helps you identify the image you are working with in each directory, especially if you are working or experimenting with different image types. In this case you are going to build a default system so let's call it, for example, live-default.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">181</label>
<p class="code" id="181">
$ mkdir live-default && cd live-default<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">182</label>
<p class="i0" id="182">
Then, run the <tt>lb config</tt> command. This will create a "config/" hierarchy in the current directory for use by other commands:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">183</label>
<p class="code" id="183">
$ lb config<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">184</label>
<p class="i0" id="184">
No parameters are passed to these commands, so defaults for all of their various options will be used. See <a href="#lb-config">The lb config command</a> for more details.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">185</label>
<p class="i0" id="185">
Now that the "config/" hierarchy exists, build the image with the <tt>lb build</tt> command:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">186</label>
<p class="code" id="186">
# lb build<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">187</label>
<p class="i0" id="187">
This process can take a while, depending on the speed of your computer and your network connection. When it is complete, there should be a <tt>live-image-i386.hybrid.iso</tt> image file, ready to use, in the current directory.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">188</label>
<p class="i0" id="188">
<b>Note:</b> If you are building on an amd64 system the name of the resulting image will be <tt>live-image-amd64.hybrid.iso</tt>. Keep in mind this naming convention throughout the manual.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">189</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="189"><a name="189"></a>
<a name="h4.5" ></a><a name="using-iso-hybrid" ></a>4.5 Using an ISO hybrid live image
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">190</label>
<p class="i0" id="190">
After either building or downloading an ISO hybrid image, which can be obtained at ‹<a href="https://www.debian.org/CD/live/" target="_top">https://www.debian.org/CD/live/</a>›, the usual next step is to prepare your medium for booting, either CD-R(W) or DVD-R(W) optical media or a USB stick.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">191</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="191"><a name="191"></a>
<a name="h4.5.1" ></a><a name="burning-iso-image" ></a>4.5.1 Burning an ISO image to a physical medium
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">192</label>
<p class="i0" id="192">
Burning an ISO image is easy. Just install <i>xorriso</i> and use it from the command-line to burn the image. For instance:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">193</label>
<p class="code" id="193">
# apt-get install xorriso<br>
$ xorriso -as cdrecord -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=as_needed live-image-i386.hybrid.iso<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">194</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="194"><a name="194"></a>
<a name="h4.5.2" ></a><a name="copying-iso-hybrid-to-usb" ></a>4.5.2 Copying an ISO hybrid image to a USB stick
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">195</label>
<p class="i0" id="195">
ISO images prepared with <tt>xorriso</tt>, can be simply copied to a USB stick with the <tt>cp</tt> program or an equivalent. Plug in a USB stick with a size large enough for your image file and determine which device it is, which we hereafter refer to as <tt>${USBSTICK}</tt>. This is the device file of your key, such as <tt>/dev/sdb</tt>, not a partition, such as <tt>/dev/sdb1</tt>! You can find the right device name by looking in <tt>dmesg</tt>'s output after plugging in the stick, or better yet, <tt>ls -l /dev/disk/by-id</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">196</label>
<p class="i0" id="196">
Once you are certain you have the correct device name, use the <tt>cp</tt> command to copy the image to the stick. <b>This will definitely overwrite any previous contents on your stick!</b>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">197</label>
<p class="code" id="197">
$ cp live-image-i386.hybrid.iso ${USBSTICK}<br>
$ sync<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">198</label>
<p class="i0" id="198">
<b>Note:</b> The <i>sync</i> command is useful to ensure that all the data, which is stored in memory by the kernel while copying the image, is written to the USB stick.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">199</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="199"><a name="199"></a>
<a name="h4.5.3" ></a><a name="using-usb-extra-space" ></a>4.5.3 Using the space left on a USB stick
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">200</label>
<p class="i0" id="200">
After copying the <tt>live-image-i386.hybrid.iso</tt> to a USB stick, the first partition on the device will be filled up by the live system. To use the remaining free space, use a partitioning tool such as <i>gparted</i> or <i>parted</i> to create a new partition on the stick.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">201</label>
<p class="code" id="201">
# gparted ${USBSTICK}<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">202</label>
<p class="i0" id="202">
After the partition is created, where <tt>${PARTITION}</tt> is the name of the partition, such as <tt>/dev/sdb2</tt>, you have to create a filesystem on it. One possible choice would be ext4.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">203</label>
<p class="code" id="203">
# mkfs.ext4 ${PARTITION}<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">204</label>
<p class="i0" id="204">
<b>Note:</b> If you want to use the extra space with Windows, apparently that OS cannot normally access any partitions but the first. Some solutions to this problem have been discussed on our <a href="#contact">mailing list</a>, but it seems there are no easy answers.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">205</label>
<p class="i0" id="205">
<b>Remember: Every time you install a new live-image-i386.hybrid.iso on the stick, all data on the stick will be lost because the partition table is overwritten by the contents of the image, so back up your extra partition first to restore again after updating the live image.</b>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">206</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="206"><a name="206"></a>
<a name="h4.5.4" ></a><a name="booting-live-medium" ></a>4.5.4 Booting the live medium
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">207</label>
<p class="i0" id="207">
The first time you boot your live medium, whether CD, DVD, USB key, or PXE boot, some setup in your computer's BIOS may be needed first. Since BIOSes vary greatly in features and key bindings, we cannot get into the topic in depth here. Some BIOSes provide a key to bring up a menu of boot devices at boot time, which is the easiest way if it is available on your system. Otherwise, you need to enter the BIOS configuration menu and change the boot order to place the boot device for the live system before your normal boot device.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">208</label>
<p class="i0" id="208">
Once you've booted the medium, you are presented with a boot menu. If you just press enter here, the system will boot using the default entry, <tt>Live</tt> and default options. For more information about boot options, see the "help" entry in the menu and also the <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i> man pages found within the live system.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">209</label>
<p class="i0" id="209">
Assuming you've selected <tt>Live</tt> and booted a default desktop live image, after the boot messages scroll by, you should be automatically logged into the <tt>user</tt> account and see a desktop, ready to use. If you have booted a console-only image, such as <tt>standard</tt> or <tt>rescue</tt> flavour <a href="#downloading-prebuilt-images">prebuilt images</a>, you should be automatically logged in on the console to the <tt>user</tt> account and see a shell prompt, ready to use.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">210</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="210"><a name="210"></a>
<a name="h4.6" ></a><a name="using-virtual-machine" ></a>4.6 Using a virtual machine for testing
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">211</label>
<p class="i0" id="211">
It can be a great time-saver for the development of live images to run them in a virtual machine (VM). This is not without its caveats:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">212</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="212">
Running a VM requires enough RAM for both the guest OS and the host and a CPU with hardware support for virtualization is recommended.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">213</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="213">
There are some inherent limitations to running on a VM, e.g. poor video performance, limited choice of emulated hardware.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">214</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="214">
When developing for specific hardware, there is no substitute for running on the hardware itself.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">215</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="215">
Occasionally there are bugs that relate only to running in a VM. When in doubt, test your image directly on the hardware.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">216</label>
<p class="i0" id="216">
Provided you can work within these constraints, survey the available VM software and choose one that is suitable for your needs.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">217</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="217"><a name="217"></a>
<a name="h4.6.1" ></a><a name="testing-iso-with-qemu" ></a>4.6.1 Testing an ISO image with QEMU
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">218</label>
<p class="i0" id="218">
The most versatile VM in Debian is QEMU. If your processor has hardware support for virtualization, use the <i>qemu-kvm</i> package; the <i>qemu-kvm</i> package description briefly lists the requirements.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">219</label>
<p class="i0" id="219">
First, install <i>qemu-kvm</i> if your processor supports it. If not, install <i>qemu</i>, in which case the program name is <tt>qemu</tt> instead of <tt>kvm</tt> in the following examples. The <i>qemu-utils</i> package is also valuable for creating virtual disk images with <tt>qemu-img</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">220</label>
<p class="code" id="220">
# apt-get install qemu-kvm qemu-utils<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">221</label>
<p class="i0" id="221">
Booting an ISO image is simple:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">222</label>
<p class="code" id="222">
$ kvm -cdrom live-image-i386.hybrid.iso<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">223</label>
<p class="i0" id="223">
See the man pages for more details.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">224</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="224"><a name="224"></a>
<a name="h4.6.2" ></a><a name="testing-iso-with-virtualbox" ></a>4.6.2 Testing an ISO image with VirtualBox
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">225</label>
<p class="i0" id="225">
In order to test the ISO with <i>virtualbox</i>:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">226</label>
<p class="code" id="226">
# apt-get install virtualbox virtualbox-qt virtualbox-dkms<br>
$ virtualbox<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">227</label>
<p class="i0" id="227">
Create a new virtual machine, change the storage settings to use <tt>live-image-i386.hybrid.iso</tt> as the CD/DVD device, and start the machine.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">228</label>
<p class="i0" id="228">
<b>Note:</b> For live systems containing X.org that you want to test with <i>virtualbox</i>, you may wish to include the VirtualBox X.org driver package, <i>virtualbox-guest-dkms</i> and <i>virtualbox-guest-x11</i>, in your <i>live-build</i> configuration. Otherwise, the resolution is limited to 800x600.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">229</label>
<p class="code" id="229">
$ echo "virtualbox-guest-dkms virtualbox-guest-x11" >> config/package-lists/my.list.chroot<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">230</label>
<p class="i0" id="230">
In order to make the dkms package work, also the kernel headers for the kernel flavour used in your image need to be installed. Instead of manually listing the correct <i>linux-headers</i> package in above created package list, the selection of the right package can be done automatically by <i>live-build</i>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">231</label>
<p class="code" id="231">
$ lb config --linux-packages "linux-image linux-headers"<br>
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">232</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="232"><a name="232"></a>
<a name="h4.7" ></a><a name="using-hdd-image" ></a>4.7 Building and using an HDD image
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">233</label>
<p class="i0" id="233">
Building an HDD image is similar to an ISO hybrid one in all respects except you specify <tt>-b hdd</tt> and the resulting filename is <tt>live-image-i386.img</tt> which cannot be burnt to optical media. It is suitable for booting from USB sticks, USB hard drives, and various other portable storage devices. Normally, an ISO hybrid image can be used for this purpose instead, but if you have a BIOS which does not handle hybrid images properly, you need an HDD image.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">234</label>
<p class="i0" id="234">
<b>Note:</b> if you created an ISO hybrid image with the previous example, you will need to clean up your working directory with the <tt>lb clean</tt> command (see <a href="#lb-clean">The lb clean command</a>):
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">235</label>
<p class="code" id="235">
# lb clean --binary<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">236</label>
<p class="i0" id="236">
Run the <tt>lb config</tt> command as before, except this time specifying the HDD image type:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">237</label>
<p class="code" id="237">
$ lb config -b hdd<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">238</label>
<p class="i0" id="238">
Now build the image with the <tt>lb build</tt> command:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">239</label>
<p class="code" id="239">
# lb build<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">240</label>
<p class="i0" id="240">
When the build finishes, a <tt>live-image-i386.img</tt> file should be present in the current directory.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">241</label>
<p class="i0" id="241">
The generated binary image contains a VFAT partition and the syslinux bootloader, ready to be directly written on a USB device. Once again, using an HDD image is just like using an ISO hybrid one on USB. Follow the instructions in <a href="#using-iso-hybrid">Using an ISO hybrid live image</a>, except use the filename <tt>live-image-i386.img</tt> instead of <tt>live-image-i386.hybrid.iso</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">242</label>
<p class="i0" id="242">
Likewise, to test an HDD image with Qemu, install <i>qemu</i> as described above in <a href="#testing-iso-with-qemu">Testing an ISO image with QEMU</a>. Then run <tt>kvm</tt> or <tt>qemu</tt>, depending on which version your host system needs, specifying <tt>live-image-i386.img</tt> as the first hard drive.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">243</label>
<p class="code" id="243">
$ kvm -hda live-image-i386.img<br>
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">244</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="244"><a name="244"></a>
<a name="h4.8" ></a><a name="building-netboot-image" ></a>4.8 Building a netboot image
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">245</label>
<p class="i0" id="245">
The following sequence of commands will create a basic netboot image containing a default live system without X.org. It is suitable for booting over the network.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">246</label>
<p class="i0" id="246">
<b>Note:</b> if you performed any previous examples, you will need to clean up your working directory with the <tt>lb clean</tt> command:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">247</label>
<p class="code" id="247">
# lb clean<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">248</label>
<p class="i0" id="248">
In this specific case, a <tt>lb clean --binary</tt> would not be enough to clean up the necessary stages. The cause for this is that in netboot setups, a different initramfs configuration needs to be used which <i>live-build</i> performs automatically when building netboot images. Since the initramfs creation belongs to the chroot stage, switching to netboot in an existing build directory means to rebuild the chroot stage too. Therefore, <tt>lb clean</tt> (which will remove the chroot stage, too) needs to be used.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">249</label>
<p class="i0" id="249">
Run the <tt>lb config</tt> command as follows to configure your image for netbooting:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">250</label>
<p class="code" id="250">
$ lb config -b netboot --net-root-path "/srv/debian-live" --net-root-server "192.168.0.2"<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">251</label>
<p class="i0" id="251">
In contrast with the ISO and HDD images, netbooting does not, itself, serve the filesystem image to the client, so the files must be served via NFS. Different network filesystems can be chosen through lb config. The <tt>--net-root-path</tt> and <tt>--net-root-server</tt> options specify the location and server, respectively, of the NFS server where the filesystem image will be located at boot time. Make sure these are set to suitable values for your network and server.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">252</label>
<p class="i0" id="252">
Now build the image with the <tt>lb build</tt> command:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">253</label>
<p class="code" id="253">
# lb build<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">254</label>
<p class="i0" id="254">
In a network boot, the client runs a small piece of software which usually resides on the EPROM of the Ethernet card. This program sends a DHCP request to get an IP address and information about what to do next. Typically, the next step is getting a higher level bootloader via the TFTP protocol. That could be pxelinux, GRUB, or even boot directly to an operating system like Linux.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">255</label>
<p class="i0" id="255">
For example, if you unpack the generated <tt>live-image-i386.netboot.tar</tt> archive in the <tt>/srv/debian-live</tt> directory, you'll find the filesystem image in <tt>live/filesystem.squashfs</tt> and the kernel, initrd and pxelinux bootloader in <tt>tftpboot/</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">256</label>
<p class="i0" id="256">
We must now configure three services on the server to enable netbooting: the DHCP server, the TFTP server and the NFS server.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">257</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="257"><a name="257"></a>
<a name="c4.8.1" ></a><a name="h4.8.1" ></a>4.8.1 DHCP server
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">258</label>
<p class="i0" id="258">
We must configure our network's DHCP server to be sure to give an IP address to the netbooting client system, and to advertise the location of the PXE bootloader.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">259</label>
<p class="i0" id="259">
Here is an example for inspiration, written for the ISC DHCP server <tt>isc-dhcp-server</tt> in the <tt>/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf</tt> configuration file:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">260</label>
<p class="code" id="260">
# /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf - configuration file for isc-dhcp-server<br><br>
ddns-update-style none;<br><br>
option domain-name "example.org";<br>
option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;<br><br>
default-lease-time 600;<br>
max-lease-time 7200;<br><br>
log-facility local7;<br><br>
subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {<br>
range 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.254;<br>
filename "pxelinux.0";<br>
next-server 192.168.0.2;<br>
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;<br>
option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255;<br>
option routers 192.168.0.1;<br>
}<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">261</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="261"><a name="261"></a>
<a name="c4.8.2" ></a><a name="h4.8.2" ></a>4.8.2 TFTP server
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">262</label>
<p class="i0" id="262">
This serves the kernel and initial ramdisk to the system at run time.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">263</label>
<p class="i0" id="263">
You should install the <i>tftpd-hpa</i> package. It can serve all files contained inside a root directory, usually <tt>/srv/tftp</tt>. To let it serve files inside <tt>/srv/debian-live/tftpboot</tt>, run as root the following command:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">264</label>
<p class="code" id="264">
# dpkg-reconfigure -plow tftpd-hpa<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">265</label>
<p class="i0" id="265">
and fill in the new tftp server directory when being asked about it.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">266</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="266"><a name="266"></a>
<a name="c4.8.3" ></a><a name="h4.8.3" ></a>4.8.3 NFS server
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">267</label>
<p class="i0" id="267">
Once the guest computer has downloaded and booted a Linux kernel and loaded its initrd, it will try to mount the Live filesystem image through a NFS server.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">268</label>
<p class="i0" id="268">
You need to install the <i>nfs-kernel-server</i> package.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">269</label>
<p class="i0" id="269">
Then, make the filesystem image available through NFS by adding a line like the following to <tt>/etc/exports</tt>:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">270</label>
<p class="code" id="270">
/srv/debian-live *(ro,async,no_root_squash,no_subtree_check)<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">271</label>
<p class="i0" id="271">
and tell the NFS server about this new export with the following command:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">272</label>
<p class="code" id="272">
# exportfs -rv<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">273</label>
<p class="i0" id="273">
Setting up these three services can be a little tricky. You might need some patience to get all of them working together. For more information, see the syslinux wiki at ‹<a href="http://www.syslinux.org/wiki/index.php/PXELINUX" target="_top">http://www.syslinux.org/wiki/index.php/PXELINUX</a>› or the Debian Installer Manual's TFTP Net Booting section at ‹<a href="http://d-i.alioth.debian.org/manual/en.i386/ch04s05.html" target="_top">http://d-i.alioth.debian.org/manual/en.i386/ch04s05.html</a>›. They might help, as their processes are very similar.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">274</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="274"><a name="274"></a>
<a name="c4.8.4" ></a><a name="h4.8.4" ></a>4.8.4 Netboot testing HowTo
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">275</label>
<p class="i0" id="275">
Netboot image creation is made easy with <i>live-build</i>, but testing the images on physical machines can be really time consuming.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">276</label>
<p class="i0" id="276">
To make our life easier, we can use virtualization.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">277</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="277"><a name="277"></a>
<a name="c4.8.5" ></a><a name="h4.8.5" ></a>4.8.5 Qemu
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">278</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="278">
Install <i>qemu</i>, <i>bridge-utils</i>, <i>sudo</i>.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">279</label>
<p class="i0" id="279">
Edit <tt>/etc/qemu-ifup</tt>:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">280</label>
<p class="code" id="280">
#!/bin/sh<br>
sudo -p "Password for $0:" /sbin/ifconfig $1 172.20.0.1<br>
echo "Executing /etc/qemu-ifup"<br>
echo "Bringing up $1 for bridged mode..."<br>
sudo /sbin/ifconfig $1 0.0.0.0 promisc up<br>
echo "Adding $1 to br0..."<br>
sudo /usr/sbin/brctl addif br0 $1<br>
sleep 2<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">281</label>
<p class="i0" id="281">
Get, or build a <tt>grub-floppy-netboot</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">282</label>
<p class="i0" id="282">
Launch <tt>qemu</tt> with "<tt>-net nic,vlan=0 -net tap,vlan=0,ifname=tun0</tt>"
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">283</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="283"><a name="283"></a>
<a name="h4.9" ></a><a name="webbooting" ></a>4.9 Webbooting
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">284</label>
<p class="i0" id="284">
Webbooting is a convenient way of retrieving and booting live systems using the internet as a means. The requirements for webbooting are very few. On the one hand, you need a medium with a bootloader, an initial ramdisk and a kernel. On the other hand, a web server to store the squashfs files which contain the filesystem.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">285</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="285"><a name="285"></a>
<a name="c4.9.1" ></a><a name="h4.9.1" ></a>4.9.1 Getting the webboot files
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">286</label>
<p class="i0" id="286">
As usual, you can build the images yourself or use the prebuilt files, which are available on the project's homepage at ‹<a href="http://live-systems.org/" target="_top">http://live-systems.org/</a>›. Using prebuilt images would be handy for doing initial testing until one can fine tune their own needs. If you have built a live image you will find the files needed for webbooting in the build directory under <tt>binary/live/</tt>. The files are called <tt>vmlinuz</tt>, <tt>initrd.img</tt> and <tt>filesystem.squashfs</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">287</label>
<p class="i0" id="287">
It is also possible to extract those files from an already existing iso image. In order to achieve that, loopback mount the image as follows:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">288</label>
<p class="code" id="288">
# mount -o loop image.iso /mnt<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">289</label>
<p class="i0" id="289">
The files are to be found under the <tt>live/</tt> directory. In this specific case, it would be <tt>/mnt/live/</tt>. This method has the disadvantage that you need to be root to be able to mount the image. However, it has the advantage that it is easily scriptable and thus, easily automatized.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">290</label>
<p class="i0" id="290">
But undoubtedly, the easiest way of extracting the files from an iso image and uploading it to the web server at the same time, is using the midnight commander or <i>mc</i>. If you have the <i>genisoimage</i> package installed, the two-pane file manager allows you to browse the contents of an iso file in one pane and upload the files via ftp in the other pane. Even though this method requires manual work, it does not require root privileges.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">291</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="291"><a name="291"></a>
<a name="c4.9.2" ></a><a name="h4.9.2" ></a>4.9.2 Booting webboot images
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">292</label>
<p class="i0" id="292">
While some users will prefer virtualization to test webbooting, we refer to real hardware here to match the following possible use case which should only be considered as an example.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">293</label>
<p class="i0" id="293">
In order to boot a webboot image it is enough to have the components mentioned above, i.e. <tt>vmlinuz</tt> and <tt>initrd.img</tt> in a usb stick inside a directory named <tt>live/</tt> and install syslinux as bootloader. Then boot from the usb stick and type <tt>fetch=URL/PATH/TO/FILE</tt> at the boot options. <i>live-boot</i> will retrieve the squashfs file and store it into ram. This way, it is possible to use the downloaded compressed filesystem as a regular live system. For example:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">294</label>
<p class="code" id="294">
append boot=live components fetch=http://192.168.2.50/images/webboot/filesystem.squashfs<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">295</label>
<p class="i0" id="295">
<b>Use case:</b> You have a web server in which you have stored two squashfs files, one which contains a full desktop, like for example gnome, and a rescue one. If you need a graphical environment for one machine, you can plug your usb stick in and webboot the gnome image. If you need the rescue tools included in the second type of image, perhaps for another machine, you can webboot the rescue one.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">296</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="296"><a name="296"></a>
Overview of tools
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">297</label>
<h4 class="norm" id="297"><a name="297"></a>
<a name="h5" ></a><a name="overview_of_tools" ></a><a name="overview-of-tools" ></a>5. Overview of tools
</h4>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">298</label>
<p class="i0" id="298">
This chapter contains an overview of the three main tools used in building live systems: <i>live-build</i>, <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i>.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">299</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="299"><a name="299"></a>
<a name="h5.1" ></a><a name="live-build" ></a>5.1 The live-build package
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">300</label>
<p class="i0" id="300">
<i>live-build</i> is a collection of scripts to build live systems. These scripts are also referred to as "commands".
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">301</label>
<p class="i0" id="301">
The idea behind <i>live-build</i> is to be a framework that uses a configuration directory to completely automate and customize all aspects of building a Live image.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">302</label>
<p class="i0" id="302">
Many concepts are similar to those used to build Debian packages with <i>debhelper</i>:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">303</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="303">
The scripts have a central location for configuring their operation. In <i>debhelper</i>, this is the <tt>debian/</tt> subdirectory of a package tree. For example, dh_install will look, among others, for a file called <tt>debian/install</tt> to determine which files should exist in a particular binary package. In much the same way, <i>live-build</i> stores its configuration entirely under a <tt>config/</tt> subdirectory.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">304</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="304">
The scripts are independent - that is to say, it is always safe to run each command.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">305</label>
<p class="i0" id="305">
Unlike <i>debhelper</i>, <i>live-build</i> provides the tools to generate a skeleton configuration directory. This could be considered to be similar to tools such as <i>dh-make</i>. For more information about these tools, read on, since the remainder of this section discuses the four most important commands. Note that the preceding <tt>lb</tt> is a generic wrapper for <i>live-build</i> commands.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">306</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="306">
<b>lb config</b>: Responsible for initializing a Live system configuration directory. See <a href="#lb-config">The lb config command</a> for more information.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">307</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="307">
<b>lb build</b>: Responsible for starting a Live system build. See <a href="#lb-build">The lb build command</a> for more information.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">308</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="308">
<b>lb clean</b>: Responsible for removing parts of a Live system build. See <a href="#lb-clean">The lb clean command</a> for more information.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">309</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="309"><a name="309"></a>
<a name="h5.1.1" ></a><a name="lb-config" ></a>5.1.1 The <tt>lb config</tt> command
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">310</label>
<p class="i0" id="310">
As discussed in <a href="#live-build">live-build</a>, the scripts that make up <i>live-build</i> read their configuration with the <tt>source</tt> command from a single directory named <tt>config/</tt>. As constructing this directory by hand would be time-consuming and error-prone, the <tt>lb config</tt> command can be used to create the initial skeleton configuration tree.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">311</label>
<p class="i0" id="311">
Issuing <tt>lb config</tt> without any arguments creates the <tt>config/</tt> subdirectory which is populated with some default settings in configuration files, and two skeleton trees named <tt>auto/</tt> and <tt>local/</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">312</label>
<p class="code" id="312">
$ lb config<br>
[2014-04-25 17:14:34] lb config<br>
P: Updating config tree for a debian/wheezy/i386 system<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">313</label>
<p class="i0" id="313">
Using <tt>lb config</tt> without any arguments would be suitable for users who need a very basic image, or who intend to provide a more complete configuration via <tt>auto/config</tt> later (see <a href="#managing-a-configuration">Managing a configuration</a> for details).
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">314</label>
<p class="i0" id="314">
Normally, you will want to specify some options. For example, to specify which package manager to use while building the image:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">315</label>
<p class="code" id="315">
$ lb config --apt aptitude<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">316</label>
<p class="i0" id="316">
It is possible to specify many options, such as:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">317</label>
<p class="code" id="317">
$ lb config --binary-images netboot --bootappend-live "boot=live components hostname=live-host username=live-user" ...<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">318</label>
<p class="i0" id="318">
A full list of options is available in the <tt>lb_config</tt> man page.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">319</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="319"><a name="319"></a>
<a name="h5.1.2" ></a><a name="lb-build" ></a>5.1.2 The <tt>lb build</tt> command
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">320</label>
<p class="i0" id="320">
The <tt>lb build</tt> command reads in your configuration from the <tt>config/</tt> directory. It then runs the lower level commands needed to build your Live system.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">321</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="321"><a name="321"></a>
<a name="h5.1.3" ></a><a name="lb-clean" ></a>5.1.3 The <tt>lb clean</tt> command
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">322</label>
<p class="i0" id="322">
It is the job of the <tt>lb clean</tt> command to remove various parts of a build so subsequent builds can start from a clean state. By default, <tt>chroot</tt>, <tt>binary</tt> and <tt>source</tt> stages are cleaned, but the cache is left intact. Also, individual stages can be cleaned. For example, if you have made changes that only affect the binary stage, use <tt>lb clean --binary</tt> prior to building a new binary. If your changes invalidate the bootstrap and/or package caches, e.g. changes to <tt>--mode</tt>, <tt>--architecture</tt>, or <tt>--bootstrap</tt>, you must use <tt>lb clean --purge</tt>. See the <tt>lb_clean</tt> man page for a full list of options.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">323</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="323"><a name="323"></a>
<a name="h5.2" ></a><a name="live-boot" ></a>5.2 The live-boot package
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">324</label>
<p class="i0" id="324">
<i>live-boot</i> is a collection of scripts providing hooks for the <i>initramfs-tools</i>, used to generate an initramfs capable of booting live systems, such as those created by <i>live-build</i>. This includes the live system ISOs, netboot tarballs, and USB stick images.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">325</label>
<p class="i0" id="325">
At boot time it will look for read-only media containing a <tt>/live/</tt> directory where a root filesystem (often a compressed filesystem image like squashfs) is stored. If found, it will create a writable environment, using aufs, for Debian like systems to boot from.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">326</label>
<p class="i0" id="326">
More information on initial ramfs in Debian can be found in the Debian Linux Kernel Handbook at ‹<a href="http://kernel-handbook.alioth.debian.org/" target="_top">http://kernel-handbook.alioth.debian.org/</a>› in the chapter on initramfs.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">327</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="327"><a name="327"></a>
<a name="h5.3" ></a><a name="live-config" ></a>5.3 The live-config package
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">328</label>
<p class="i0" id="328">
<i>live-config</i> consists of the scripts that run at boot time after <i>live-boot</i> to configure the live system automatically. It handles such tasks as setting the hostname, locales and timezone, creating the live user, inhibiting cron jobs and performing autologin of the live user.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">329</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="329"><a name="329"></a>
Managing a configuration
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">330</label>
<h4 class="norm" id="330"><a name="330"></a>
<a name="h6" ></a><a name="managing_a_configuration" ></a><a name="managing-a-configuration" ></a>6. Managing a configuration
</h4>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">331</label>
<p class="i0" id="331">
This chapter explains how to manage a live configuration from initial creation, through successive revisions and successive releases of both the <i>live-build</i> software and the live image itself.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">332</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="332"><a name="332"></a>
<a name="c6.1" ></a><a name="h6.1" ></a>6.1 Dealing with configuration changes
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">333</label>
<p class="i0" id="333">
Live configurations rarely are perfect on the first try. It may be fine to pass <tt>lb config</tt> options from the command-line to perform a single build, but it is more typical to revise those options and build again until you are satisfied. To support these changes, you will need auto scripts which ensure your configuration is kept in a consistent state.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">334</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="334"><a name="334"></a>
<a name="c6.1.1" ></a><a name="h6.1.1" ></a>6.1.1 Why use auto scripts? What do they do?
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">335</label>
<p class="i0" id="335">
The <tt>lb config</tt> command stores the options you pass to it in <tt>config/*</tt> files along with many other options set to default values. If you run <tt>lb config</tt> again, it will not reset any option that was defaulted based on your initial options. So, for example, if you run <tt>lb config</tt> again with a new value for <tt>--binary-images</tt>, any dependent options that were defaulted for the old image type may no longer work with the new ones. Nor are these files intended to be read or edited. They store values for over a hundred options, so nobody, let alone yourself, will be able to see in these which options you actually specified. And finally, if you run <tt>lb config</tt>, then upgrade <i>live-build</i> and it happens to rename an option, <tt>config/*</tt> would still contain variables named after the old option that are no longer valid.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">336</label>
<p class="i0" id="336">
For all these reasons, <tt>auto/*</tt> scripts will make your life easier. They are simple wrappers to the <tt>lb config</tt>, <tt>lb build</tt> and <tt>lb clean</tt> commands that are designed to help you manage your configuration. The <tt>auto/config</tt> script stores your <tt>lb config</tt> command with all desired options, the <tt>auto/clean</tt> script removes the files containing configuration variable values, and the <tt>auto/build</tt> script keeps a <tt>build.log</tt> of each build. Each of these scripts is run automatically every time you run the corresponding <tt>lb</tt> command. By using these scripts, your configuration is easier to read and is kept internally consistent from one revision to the next. Also, it will be much easier for you identify and fix options which need to change when you upgrade <i>live-build</i> after reading the updated documentation.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">337</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="337"><a name="337"></a>
<a name="c6.1.2" ></a><a name="h6.1.2" ></a>6.1.2 Use example auto scripts
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">338</label>
<p class="i0" id="338">
For your convenience, <i>live-build</i> comes with example auto shell scripts to copy and edit. Start a new, default configuration, then copy the examples into it:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">339</label>
<p class="code" id="339">
$ mkdir mylive && cd mylive && lb config<br>
$ mkdir auto<br>
$ cp /usr/share/doc/live-build/examples/auto/* auto/<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">340</label>
<p class="i0" id="340">
Edit <tt>auto/config</tt>, adding any options as you see fit. For instance:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">341</label>
<p class="code" id="341">
#!/bin/sh<br>
lb config noauto \<br>
--architectures i386 \<br>
--linux-flavours 686-pae \<br>
--binary-images hdd \<br>
--mirror-bootstrap http://ftp.ch.debian.org/debian/ \<br>
--mirror-binary http://ftp.ch.debian.org/debian/ \<br>
"${@}"<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">342</label>
<p class="i0" id="342">
Now, each time you use <tt>lb config</tt>, <tt>auto/config</tt> will reset the configuration based on these options. When you want to make changes to them, edit the options in this file instead of passing them to <tt>lb config</tt>. When you use <tt>lb clean</tt>, <tt>auto/clean</tt> will clean up the <tt>config/*</tt> files along with any other build products. And finally, when you use <tt>lb build</tt>, a log of the build will be written by <tt>auto/build</tt> in <tt>build.log</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">343</label>
<p class="i0" id="343">
<b>Note:</b> A special <tt>noauto</tt> parameter is used here to suppress another call to <tt>auto/config</tt>, thereby preventing infinite recursion. Make sure you don't accidentally remove it when making edits. Also, take care to ensure when you split the <tt>lb config</tt> command across multiple lines for readability, as shown in the example above, that you don't forget the backslash (\) at the end of each line that continues to the next.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">344</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="344"><a name="344"></a>
<a name="h6.2" ></a><a name="clone-configuration-via-git" ></a>6.2 Clone a configuration published via Git
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">345</label>
<p class="i0" id="345">
Use the <tt>lb config --config</tt> option to clone a Git repository that contains a live system configuration. If you would like to base your configuration on one maintained by the Live Systems Project, look at ‹<a href="http://live-systems.org/gitweb/" target="_top">http://live-systems.org/gitweb/</a>› for the repository named <tt>live-images</tt> in the category <tt>Packages</tt>. This repository contains the configurations for the live systems <a href="#downloading-prebuilt-images">prebuilt images</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">346</label>
<p class="i0" id="346">
For example, to build a rescue image, use the <tt>live-images</tt> repository as follows:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">347</label>
<p class="code" id="347">
$ mkdir live-images && cd live-images<br>
$ lb config --config git://live-systems.org/git/live-images.git<br>
$ cd images/rescue<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">348</label>
<p class="i0" id="348">
Edit <tt>auto/config</tt> and any other things you need in the <tt>config</tt> tree to suit your needs. For example, the unofficial non-free prebuilt images are made by simply adding <tt>--archive-areas "main contrib non-free"</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">349</label>
<p class="i0" id="349">
You may optionally define a shortcut in your Git configuration by adding the following to your <tt>${HOME}/.gitconfig</tt>:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">350</label>
<p class="code" id="350">
[url "git://live-systems.org/git/"]<br>
insteadOf = lso:<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">351</label>
<p class="i0" id="351">
This enables you to use <tt>lso:</tt> anywhere you need to specify the address of a <tt>live-systems.org</tt> git repository. If you also drop the optional <tt>.git</tt> suffix, starting a new image using this configuration is as easy as:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">352</label>
<p class="code" id="352">
$ lb config --config lso:live-images<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">353</label>
<p class="i0" id="353">
Cloning the entire <tt>live-images</tt> repository pulls the configurations used for several images. If you feel like building a different image after you have finished with the first one, change to another directory and again and optionally, make any changes to suit your needs.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">354</label>
<p class="i0" id="354">
In any case, remember that every time you will have to build the image as superuser: <tt>lb build</tt>
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">355</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="355"><a name="355"></a>
Customizing contents
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">356</label>
<h4 class="norm" id="356"><a name="356"></a>
<a name="h7" ></a><a name="customization_overview" ></a><a name="customization-overview" ></a>7. Customization overview
</h4>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">357</label>
<p class="i0" id="357">
This chapter gives an overview of the various ways in which you may customize a live system.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">358</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="358"><a name="358"></a>
<a name="c7.1" ></a><a name="h7.1" ></a>7.1 Build time vs. boot time configuration
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">359</label>
<p class="i0" id="359">
Live system configuration options are divided into build-time options which are options that are applied at build time and boot-time options which are applied at boot time. Boot-time options are further divided into those occurring early in the boot, applied by the <i>live-boot</i> package, and those that happen later in the boot, applied by <i>live-config</i>. Any boot-time option may be modified by the user by specifying it at the boot prompt. The image may also be built with default boot parameters so users can normally just boot directly to the live system without specifying any options when all of the defaults are suitable. In particular, the argument to <tt>lb --bootappend-live</tt> consists of any default kernel command line options for the Live system, such as persistence, keyboard layouts, or timezone. See <a href="#customizing-locale-and-language">Customizing locale and language</a>, for example.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">360</label>
<p class="i0" id="360">
Build-time configuration options are described in the <tt>lb config</tt> man page. Boot-time options are described in the man pages for <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i>. Although the <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i> packages are installed within the live system you are building, it is recommended that you also install them on your build system for easy reference when you are working on your configuration. It is safe to do so, as none of the scripts contained within them are executed unless the system is configured as a live system.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">361</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="361"><a name="361"></a>
<a name="h7.2" ></a><a name="stages-of-the-build" ></a>7.2 Stages of the build
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">362</label>
<p class="i0" id="362">
The build process is divided into stages, with various customizations applied in sequence in each. The first stage to run is the <b>bootstrap</b> stage. This is the initial phase of populating the chroot directory with packages to make a barebones Debian system. This is followed by the <b>chroot</b> stage, which completes the construction of chroot directory, populating it with all of the packages listed in the configuration, along with any other materials. Most customization of content occurs in this stage. The final stage of preparing the live image is the <b>binary</b> stage, which builds a bootable image, using the contents of the chroot directory to construct the root filesystem for the Live system, and including the installer and any other additional material on the target medium outside of the Live system's filesystem. After the live image is built, if enabled, the source tarball is built in the <b>source</b> stage.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">363</label>
<p class="i0" id="363">
Within each of these stages, there is a particular sequence in which commands are applied. These are arranged in such a way as to ensure customizations can be layered in a reasonable fashion. For example, within the <b>chroot</b> stage, preseeds are applied before any packages are installed, packages are installed before any locally included files are copied, and hooks are run later, after all of the materials are in place.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">364</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="364"><a name="364"></a>
<a name="c7.3" ></a><a name="h7.3" ></a>7.3 Supplement lb config with files
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">365</label>
<p class="i0" id="365">
Although <tt>lb config</tt> creates a skeletal configuration in the <tt>config/</tt> directory, to accomplish your goals, you may need to provide additional files in subdirectories of <tt>config/</tt>. Depending on where the files are stored in the configuration, they may be copied into the live system's filesystem or into the binary image filesystem, or may provide build-time configurations of the system that would be cumbersome to pass as command-line options. You may include things such as custom lists of packages, custom artwork, or hook scripts to run either at build time or at boot time, boosting the already considerable flexibility of debian-live with code of your own.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">366</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="366"><a name="366"></a>
<a name="c7.4" ></a><a name="h7.4" ></a>7.4 Customization tasks
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">367</label>
<p class="i0" id="367">
The following chapters are organized by the kinds of customization task users typically perform: <a href="#customizing-package-installation">Customizing package installation</a>, <a href="#customizing-contents">Customizing contents</a> and <a href="#customizing-locale-and-language">Customizing locale and language</a> cover just a few of the things you might want to do.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">368</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="368"><a name="368"></a>
Customizing package installation
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">369</label>
<h4 class="norm" id="369"><a name="369"></a>
<a name="h8" ></a><a name="customizing_package_installation" ></a><a name="customizing-package-installation" ></a>8. Customizing package installation
</h4>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">370</label>
<p class="i0" id="370">
Perhaps the most basic customization of a live system is the selection of packages to be included in the image. This chapter guides you through the various build-time options to customize <i>live-build</i>' s installation of packages. The broadest choices influencing which packages are available to install in the image are the distribution and archive areas. To ensure decent download speeds, you should choose a nearby distribution mirror. You can also add your own repositories for backports, experimental or custom packages, or include packages directly as files. You can define lists of packages, including metapackages which will install many related packages at once, such as packages for a particular desktop or language. Finally, a number of options give some control over <i>apt</i>, or if you prefer, <i>aptitude</i>, at build time when packages are installed. You may find these handy if you use a proxy, want to disable installation of recommended packages to save space, or need to control which versions of packages are installed via APT pinning, to name a few possibilities.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">371</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="371"><a name="371"></a>
<a name="c8.1" ></a><a name="h8.1" ></a>8.1 Package sources
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">372</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="372"><a name="372"></a>
<a name="c8.1.1" ></a><a name="h8.1.1" ></a>8.1.1 Distribution, archive areas and mode
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">373</label>
<p class="i0" id="373">
The distribution you choose has the broadest impact on which packages are available to include in your live image. Specify the codename, which defaults to <b>jessie</b> for the <b>jessie</b> version of <i>live-build</i>. Any current distribution carried in the archive may be specified by its codename here. (See <a href="#terms">Terms</a> for more details.) The <tt>--distribution</tt> option not only influences the source of packages within the archive, but also instructs <i>live-build</i> to behave as needed to build each supported distribution. For example, to build against the <b>unstable</b> release, <b>sid</b>, specify:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">374</label>
<p class="code" id="374">
$ lb config --distribution sid<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">375</label>
<p class="i0" id="375">
Within the distribution archive, archive areas are major divisions of the archive. In Debian, these are <tt>main</tt>, <tt>contrib</tt> and <tt>non-free</tt>. Only <tt>main</tt> contains software that is part of the Debian distribution, hence that is the default. One or more values may be specified, e.g.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">376</label>
<p class="code" id="376">
$ lb config --archive-areas "main contrib non-free"<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">377</label>
<p class="i0" id="377">
Experimental support is available for some Debian derivatives through a <tt>--mode</tt> option. By default, this option is set to <tt>debian</tt> only if you are building on a Debian or on an unknown system. If <tt>lb config</tt> is invoked on any of the supported derivatives, it will default to create an image of that derivative. If <tt>lb config</tt> is run in e.g. <tt>ubuntu</tt> mode, the distribution names and archive areas for the specified derivative are supported instead of the ones for Debian. The mode also modifies <i>live-build</i> behaviour to suit the derivatives.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">378</label>
<p class="i0" id="378">
<b>Note:</b> The projects for whom these modes were added are primarily responsible for supporting users of these options. The Live Systems Project, in turn, provides development support on a best-effort basis only, based on feedback from the derivative projects as we do not develop or support these derivatives ourselves.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">379</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="379"><a name="379"></a>
<a name="c8.1.2" ></a><a name="h8.1.2" ></a>8.1.2 Distribution mirrors
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">380</label>
<p class="i0" id="380">
The Debian archive is replicated across a large network of mirrors around the world so that people in each region can choose a nearby mirror for best download speed. Each of the <tt>--mirror-*</tt> options governs which distribution mirror is used at various stages of the build. Recall from <a href="#stages-of-the-build">Stages of the build</a> that the <b>bootstrap</b> stage is when the chroot is initially populated by <i>debootstrap</i> with a minimal system, and the <b>chroot</b> stage is when the chroot used to construct the live system's filesystem is built. Thus, the corresponding mirror switches are used for those stages, and later, in the <b>binary</b> stage, the <tt>--mirror-binary</tt> and <tt>--mirror-binary-security</tt> values are used, superseding any mirrors used in an earlier stage.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">381</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="381"><a name="381"></a>
<a name="h8.1.3" ></a><a name="distribution-mirrors-build-time" ></a>8.1.3 Distribution mirrors used at build time
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">382</label>
<p class="i0" id="382">
To set the distribution mirrors used at build time to point at a local mirror, it is sufficient to set <tt>--mirror-bootstrap</tt>, <tt>--mirror-chroot-security</tt> and <tt>--mirror-chroot-backports</tt> as follows.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">383</label>
<p class="code" id="383">
$ lb config --mirror-bootstrap http://localhost/debian/ \<br>
--mirror-chroot-security http://localhost/debian-security/ \<br>
--mirror-chroot-backports http://localhost/debian-backports/<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">384</label>
<p class="i0" id="384">
The chroot mirror, specified by <tt>--mirror-chroot</tt>, defaults to the <tt>--mirror-bootstrap</tt> value.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">385</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="385"><a name="385"></a>
<a name="c8.1.4" ></a><a name="h8.1.4" ></a>8.1.4 Distribution mirrors used at run time
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">386</label>
<p class="i0" id="386">
The <tt>--mirror-binary*</tt> options govern the distribution mirrors placed in the binary image. These may be used to install additional packages while running the live system. The defaults employ <tt>http.debian.net</tt>, a service that chooses a geographically close mirror based, among other things, on the user's IP family and the availability of the mirrors. This is a suitable choice when you cannot predict which mirror will be best for all of your users. Or you may specify your own values as shown in the example below. An image built from this configuration would only be suitable for users on a network where "<tt>mirror</tt>" is reachable.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">387</label>
<p class="code" id="387">
$ lb config --mirror-binary http://mirror/debian/ \<br>
--mirror-binary-security http://mirror/debian-security/ \<br>
--mirror-binary-backports http://mirror/debian-backports/<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">388</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="388"><a name="388"></a>
<a name="h8.1.5" ></a><a name="additional-repositories" ></a>8.1.5 Additional repositories
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">389</label>
<p class="i0" id="389">
You may add more repositories, broadening your package choices beyond what is available in your target distribution. These may be, for example, for backports, experimental or custom packages. To configure additional repositories, create <tt>config/archives/your-repository.list.chroot</tt>, and/or <tt>config/archives/your-repository.list.binary</tt> files. As with the <tt>--mirror-*</tt> options, these govern the repositories used in the <b>chroot</b> stage when building the image, and in the <b>binary</b> stage, i.e. for use when running the live system.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">390</label>
<p class="i0" id="390">
For example, <tt>config/archives/live.list.chroot</tt> allows you to install packages from the debian-live snapshot repository at live system build time.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">391</label>
<p class="code" id="391">
deb http://live-systems.org/ sid-snapshots main contrib non-free<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">392</label>
<p class="i0" id="392">
If you add the same line to <tt>config/archives/live.list.binary</tt>, the repository will be added to your live system's <tt>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/</tt> directory.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">393</label>
<p class="i0" id="393">
If such files exist, they will be picked up automatically.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">394</label>
<p class="i0" id="394">
You should also put the GPG key used to sign the repository into <tt>config/archives/your-repository.key.{binary,chroot}</tt> files.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">395</label>
<p class="i0" id="395">
Should you need custom APT pinning, such APT preferences snippets can be placed in <tt>config/archives/your-repository.pref.{binary,chroot}</tt> files and will be automatically added to your live system's <tt>/etc/apt/preferences.d/</tt> directory.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">396</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="396"><a name="396"></a>
<a name="h8.2" ></a><a name="choosing-packages-to-install" ></a>8.2 Choosing packages to install
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">397</label>
<p class="i0" id="397">
There are a number of ways to choose which packages <i>live-build</i> will install in your image, covering a variety of different needs. You can simply name individual packages to install in a package list. You can also use metapackages in those lists, or select them using package control file fields. And finally, you may place package files in your <tt>config/</tt> tree, which is well suited to testing of new or experimental packages before they are available from a repository.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">398</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="398"><a name="398"></a>
<a name="h8.2.1" ></a><a name="package-lists" ></a>8.2.1 Package lists
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">399</label>
<p class="i0" id="399">
Package lists are a powerful way of expressing which packages should be installed. The list syntax supports conditional sections which makes it easy to build lists and adapt them for use in multiple configurations. Package names may also be injected into the list using shell helpers at build time.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">400</label>
<p class="i0" id="400">
<b>Note:</b> The behaviour of <i>live-build</i> when specifying a package that does not exist is determined by your choice of APT utility. See <a href="#choosing-apt-or-aptitude">Choosing apt or aptitude</a> for more details.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">401</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="401"><a name="401"></a>
<a name="h8.2.2" ></a><a name="using-metapackages" ></a>8.2.2 Using metapackages
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">402</label>
<p class="i0" id="402">
The simplest way to populate your package list is to use a task metapackage maintained by your distribution. For example:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">403</label>
<p class="code" id="403">
$ lb config<br>
$ echo task-gnome-desktop > config/package-lists/desktop.list.chroot<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">404</label>
<p class="i0" id="404">
This supercedes the older predefined list method supported in <tt>live-build</tt> 2.x. Unlike predefined lists, task metapackages are not specific to the Live System project. Instead, they are maintained by specialist working groups within the distribution and therefore reflect the consensus of each group about which packages best serve the needs of the intended users. They also cover a much broader range of use cases than the predefined lists they replace.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">405</label>
<p class="i0" id="405">
All task metapackages are prefixed <tt>task-</tt>, so a quick way to determine which are available (though it may contain a handful of false hits that match the name but aren't metapackages) is to match on the package name with:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">406</label>
<p class="code" id="406">
$ apt-cache search --names-only ^task-<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">407</label>
<p class="i0" id="407">
In addition to these, you will find other metapackages with various purposes. Some are subsets of broader task packages, like <tt>gnome-core</tt>, while others are individual specialized parts of a Debian Pure Blend, such as the <tt>education-*</tt> metapackages. To list all metapackages in the archive, install the <tt>debtags</tt> package and list all packages with the <tt>role::metapackage</tt> tag as follows:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">408</label>
<p class="code" id="408">
$ debtags search role::metapackage<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">409</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="409"><a name="409"></a>
<a name="c8.2.3" ></a><a name="h8.2.3" ></a>8.2.3 Local package lists
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">410</label>
<p class="i0" id="410">
Whether you list metapackages, individual packages, or a combination of both, all local package lists are stored in <tt>config/package-lists/</tt>. Since more than one list can be used, this lends itself well to modular designs. For example, you may decide to devote one list to a particular choice of desktop, another to a collection of related packages that might as easily be used on top of a different desktop. This allows you to experiment with different combinations of sets of packages with a minimum of fuss, sharing common lists between different live image projects.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">411</label>
<p class="i0" id="411">
Package lists that exist in this directory need to have a <tt>.list</tt> suffix in order to be processed, and then an additional stage suffix, <tt>.chroot</tt> or <tt>.binary</tt> to indicate which stage the list is for.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">412</label>
<p class="i0" id="412">
<b>Note:</b> If you don't specify the stage suffix, the list will be used for both stages. Normally, you want to specify <tt>.list.chroot</tt> so that the packages will only be installed in the live filesystem and not have an extra copy of the <tt>.deb</tt> placed on the medium.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">413</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="413"><a name="413"></a>
<a name="c8.2.4" ></a><a name="h8.2.4" ></a>8.2.4 Local binary package lists
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">414</label>
<p class="i0" id="414">
To make a binary stage list, place a file suffixed with <tt>.list.binary</tt> in <tt>config/package-lists/</tt>. These packages are not installed in the live filesystem, but are included on the live medium under <tt>pool/</tt>. You would typically use such a list with one of the non-live installer variants. As mentioned above, if you want this list to be the same as your chroot stage list, simply use the <tt>.list</tt> suffix by itself.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">415</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="415"><a name="415"></a>
<a name="h8.2.5" ></a><a name="generated-package-lists" ></a>8.2.5 Generated package lists
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">416</label>
<p class="i0" id="416">
It sometimes happens that the best way to compose a list is to generate it with a script. Any line starting with an exclamation point indicates a command to be executed within the chroot when the image is built. For example, one might include the line <tt>! grep-aptavail -n -sPackage -FPriority standard | sort</tt> in a package list to produce a sorted list of available packages with <tt>Priority: standard</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">417</label>
<p class="i0" id="417">
In fact, selecting packages with the <tt>grep-aptavail</tt> command (from the <tt>dctrl-tools</tt> package) is so useful that <tt>live-build</tt> provides a <tt>Packages</tt> helper script as a convenience. This script takes two arguments: <tt>field</tt> and <tt>pattern</tt>. Thus, you can create a list with the following contents:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">418</label>
<p class="code" id="418">
$ lb config<br>
$ echo '! Packages Priority standard' > config/package-lists/standard.list.chroot<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">419</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="419"><a name="419"></a>
<a name="c8.2.6" ></a><a name="h8.2.6" ></a>8.2.6 Using conditionals inside package lists
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">420</label>
<p class="i0" id="420">
Any of the <i>live-build</i> configuration variables stored in <tt>config/*</tt> (minus the <tt>LB_</tt> prefix) may be used in conditional statements in package lists. Generally, this means any <tt>lb config</tt> option uppercased and with dashes changed to underscores. But in practice, it is only the ones that influence package selection that make sense, such as <tt>DISTRIBUTION</tt>, <tt>ARCHITECTURES</tt> or <tt>ARCHIVE_AREAS</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">421</label>
<p class="i0" id="421">
For example, to install <tt>ia32-libs</tt> if the <tt>--architectures amd64</tt> is specified:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">422</label>
<p class="code" id="422">
#if ARCHITECTURES amd64<br>
ia32-libs<br>
#endif<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">423</label>
<p class="i0" id="423">
You may test for any one of a number of values, e.g. to install <i>memtest86+</i> if either <tt>--architectures i386</tt> or <tt>--architectures amd64</tt> is specified:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">424</label>
<p class="code" id="424">
#if ARCHITECTURES i386 amd64<br>
memtest86+<br>
#endif<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">425</label>
<p class="i0" id="425">
You may also test against variables that may contain more than one value, e.g. to install <i>vrms</i> if either <tt>contrib</tt> or <tt>non-free</tt> is specified via <tt>--archive-areas</tt>:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">426</label>
<p class="code" id="426">
#if ARCHIVE_AREAS contrib non-free<br>
vrms<br>
#endif<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">427</label>
<p class="i0" id="427">
The nesting of conditionals is not supported.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">428</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="428"><a name="428"></a>
<a name="c8.2.7" ></a><a name="h8.2.7" ></a>8.2.7 Removing packages at install time
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">429</label>
<p class="i0" id="429">
You can list packages in files with <tt>.list.chroot_live</tt> and <tt>.list.chroot_install</tt> suffixes inside the <tt>config/package-lists</tt> directory. If both a live and an install list exist, the packages in the <tt>.list.chroot_live</tt> list are removed with a hook after the installation (if the user uses the installer). The packages in the <tt>.list.chroot_install</tt> list are present both in the live system and in the installed system. This is a special tweak for the installer and may be useful if you have <tt>--debian-installer live</tt> set in your config, and wish to remove live system-specific packages at install time.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">430</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="430"><a name="430"></a>
<a name="h8.2.8" ></a><a name="desktop-and-language-tasks" ></a>8.2.8 Desktop and language tasks
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">431</label>
<p class="i0" id="431">
Desktop and language tasks are special cases that need some extra planning and configuration. Live images are different from Debian Installer images in this respect. In the Debian Installer, if the medium was prepared for a particular desktop environment flavour, the corresponding task will be automatically installed. Thus, there are internal <tt>gnome-desktop</tt>, <tt>kde-desktop</tt>, <tt>lxde-desktop</tt> and <tt>xfce-desktop</tt> tasks, none of which are offered in <tt>tasksel</tt>'s menu. Likewise, there are no menu entries for tasks for languages, but the user's language choice during the install influences the selection of corresponding language tasks.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">432</label>
<p class="i0" id="432">
When developing a desktop live image, the image typically boots directly to a working desktop, the choices of both desktop and default language having been made at build time, not at run time as in the case of the Debian Installer. That's not to say that a live image couldn't be built to support multiple desktops or multiple languages and offer the user a choice, but that is not <i>live-build</i>' s default behaviour.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">433</label>
<p class="i0" id="433">
Because there is no provision made automatically for language tasks, which include such things as language-specific fonts and input-method packages, if you want them, you need to specify them in your configuration. For example, a GNOME desktop image containing support for German might include these task metapackages:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">434</label>
<p class="code" id="434">
$ lb config<br>
$ echo "task-gnome-desktop task-laptop" >> config/package-lists/my.list.chroot<br>
$ echo "task-german task-german-desktop task-german-gnome-desktop" >> config/package-lists/my.list.chroot<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">435</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="435"><a name="435"></a>
<a name="h8.2.9" ></a><a name="kernel-flavour-and-version" ></a>8.2.9 Kernel flavour and version
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">436</label>
<p class="i0" id="436">
One or more kernel flavours will be included in your image by default, depending on the architecture. You can choose different flavours via the <tt>--linux-flavours</tt> option. Each flavour is suffixed to the default stub <tt>linux-image</tt> to form each metapackage name which in turn depends on an exact kernel package to be included in your image.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">437</label>
<p class="i0" id="437">
Thus by default, an <tt>amd64</tt> architecture image will include the <tt>linux-image-amd64</tt> flavour metapackage, and an <tt>i386</tt> architecture image will include the <tt>linux-image-486</tt> and <tt>linux-image-686-pae</tt> metapackages. At time of writing, these packages depend on <tt>linux-image-3.2.0-4-amd64</tt>, <tt>linux-image-3.2.0-4-486</tt> and <tt>linux-image-3.2.0-4-686-pae</tt>, respectively.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">438</label>
<p class="i0" id="438">
When more than one kernel package version is available in your configured archives, you can specify a different kernel package name stub with the <tt>--linux-packages</tt> option. For example, supposing you are building an <tt>amd64</tt> architecture image and add the experimental archive for testing purposes so you can install the <tt>linux-image-3.7-trunk-amd64</tt> kernel. You would configure that image as follows:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">439</label>
<p class="code" id="439">
$ lb config --linux-packages linux-image-3.7-trunk<br>
$ echo "deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ experimental main" > config/archives/experimental.list.chroot<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">440</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="440"><a name="440"></a>
<a name="h8.2.10" ></a><a name="custom-kernels" ></a>8.2.10 Custom kernels
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">441</label>
<p class="i0" id="441">
You can build and include your own custom kernels, so long as they are integrated within the Debian package management system. The <i>live-build</i> system does not support kernels not built as <tt>.deb</tt> packages.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">442</label>
<p class="i0" id="442">
The proper and recommended way to deploy your own kernel packages is to follow the instructions in the <tt>kernel-handbook</tt>. Remember to modify the ABI and flavour suffixes appropriately, then include a complete build of the <tt>linux</tt> and matching <tt>linux-latest</tt> packages in your repository.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">443</label>
<p class="i0" id="443">
If you opt to build the kernel packages without the matching metapackages, you need to specify an appropriate <tt>--linux-packages</tt> stub as discussed in <a href="#kernel-flavour-and-version">Kernel flavour and version</a>. As we explain in <a href="#installing-modified-or-third-party-packages">Installing modified or third-party packages</a>, it is best if you include your custom kernel packages in your own repository, though the alternatives discussed in that section work as well.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">444</label>
<p class="i0" id="444">
It is beyond the scope of this document to give advice on how to customize your kernel. However, you must at least ensure your configuration satisfies these minimum requirements:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">445</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="445">
Use an initial ramdisk.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">446</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="446">
Include the union filesystem module (i.e. usually <tt>aufs</tt>).
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">447</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="447">
Include any other filesystem modules required by your configuration (i.e. usually <tt>squashfs</tt>).
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">448</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="448"><a name="448"></a>
<a name="h8.3" ></a><a name="installing-modified-or-third-party-packages" ></a>8.3 Installing modified or third-party packages
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">449</label>
<p class="i0" id="449">
While it is against the philosophy of a live system, it may sometimes be necessary to build a live system with modified versions of packages that are in the Debian repository. This may be to modify or support additional features, languages and branding, or even to remove elements of existing packages that are undesirable. Similarly, "third-party" packages may be used to add bespoke and/or proprietary functionality.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">450</label>
<p class="i0" id="450">
This section does not cover advice regarding building or maintaining modified packages. Joachim Breitner's 'How to fork privately' method from ‹<a href="http://www.joachim-breitner.de/blog/archives/282-How-to-fork-privately.html" target="_top">http://www.joachim-breitner.de/blog/archives/282-How-to-fork-privately.html</a>› may be of interest, however. The creation of bespoke packages is covered in the Debian New Maintainers' Guide at ‹<a href="https://www.debian.org/doc/maint-guide/" target="_top">https://www.debian.org/doc/maint-guide/</a>› and elsewhere.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">451</label>
<p class="i0" id="451">
There are two ways of installing modified custom packages:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">452</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="452">
<tt>packages.chroot</tt>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">453</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="453">
Using a custom APT repository
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">454</label>
<p class="i0" id="454">
Using <tt>packages.chroot</tt> is simpler to achieve and useful for "one-off" customizations but has a number of drawbacks, while using a custom APT repository is more time-consuming to set up.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">455</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="455"><a name="455"></a>
<a name="c8.3.1" ></a><a name="h8.3.1" ></a>8.3.1 Using <tt>packages.chroot</tt> to install custom packages
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">456</label>
<p class="i0" id="456">
To install a custom package, simply copy it to the <tt>config/packages.chroot/</tt> directory. Packages that are inside this directory will be automatically installed into the live system during build - you do not need to specify them elsewhere.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">457</label>
<p class="i0" id="457">
Packages <b>must</b> be named in the prescribed way. One simple way to do this is to use <tt>dpkg-name</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">458</label>
<p class="i0" id="458">
Using <tt>packages.chroot</tt> for installation of custom packages has disadvantages:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">459</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="459">
It is not possible to use secure APT.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">460</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="460">
You must install all appropriate packages in the <tt>config/packages.chroot/</tt> directory.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">461</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="461">
It does not lend itself to storing live system configurations in revision control.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">462</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="462"><a name="462"></a>
<a name="c8.3.2" ></a><a name="h8.3.2" ></a>8.3.2 Using an APT repository to install custom packages
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">463</label>
<p class="i0" id="463">
Unlike using <tt>packages.chroot</tt>, when using a custom APT repository you must ensure that you specify the packages elsewhere. See <a href="#choosing-packages-to-install">Choosing packages to install</a> for details.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">464</label>
<p class="i0" id="464">
While it may seem unnecessary effort to create an APT repository to install custom packages, the infrastructure can be easily re-used at a later date to offer updates of the modified packages.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">465</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="465"><a name="465"></a>
<a name="c8.3.3" ></a><a name="h8.3.3" ></a>8.3.3 Custom packages and APT
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">466</label>
<p class="i0" id="466">
<i>live-build</i> uses APT to install all packages into the live system so will therefore inherit behaviours from this program. One relevant example is that (assuming a default configuration) given a package available in two different repositories with different version numbers, APT will elect to install the package with the higher version number.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">467</label>
<p class="i0" id="467">
Because of this, you may wish to increment the version number in your custom packages' <tt>debian/changelog</tt> files to ensure that your modified version is installed over one in the official Debian repositories. This may also be achieved by altering the live system's APT pinning preferences - see <a href="#apt-pinning">APT pinning</a> for more information.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">468</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="468"><a name="468"></a>
<a name="c8.4" ></a><a name="h8.4" ></a>8.4 Configuring APT at build time
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">469</label>
<p class="i0" id="469">
You can configure APT through a number of options applied only at build time. (APT configuration used in the running live system may be configured in the normal way for live system contents, that is, by including the appropriate configurations through <tt>config/includes.chroot/</tt>.) For a complete list, look for options starting with <tt>apt</tt> in the <tt>lb_config</tt> man page.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">470</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="470"><a name="470"></a>
<a name="h8.4.1" ></a><a name="choosing-apt-or-aptitude" ></a>8.4.1 Choosing apt or aptitude
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">471</label>
<p class="i0" id="471">
You can elect to use either <i>apt</i> or <i>aptitude</i> when installing packages at build time. Which utility is used is governed by the <tt>--apt</tt> argument to <tt>lb config</tt>. Choose the method implementing the preferred behaviour for package installation, the notable difference being how missing packages are handled.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">472</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="472">
<tt>apt</tt>: With this method, if a missing package is specified, the package installation will fail. This is the default setting.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">473</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="473">
<tt>aptitude</tt>: With this method, if a missing package is specified, the package installation will succeed.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">474</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="474"><a name="474"></a>
<a name="c8.4.2" ></a><a name="h8.4.2" ></a>8.4.2 Using a proxy with APT
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">475</label>
<p class="i0" id="475">
One commonly required APT configuration is to deal with building an image behind a proxy. You may specify your APT proxy with the <tt>--apt-ftp-proxy</tt> or <tt>--apt-http-proxy</tt> options as needed, e.g.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">476</label>
<p class="code" id="476">
$ lb config --apt-http-proxy http://proxy/<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">477</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="477"><a name="477"></a>
<a name="h8.4.3" ></a><a name="tweaking-apt-to-save-space" ></a>8.4.3 Tweaking APT to save space
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">478</label>
<p class="i0" id="478">
You may find yourself needing to save some space on the image medium, in which case one or the other or both of the following options may be of interest.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">479</label>
<p class="i0" id="479">
If you don't want to include APT indices in the image, you can omit those with:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">480</label>
<p class="code" id="480">
$ lb config --apt-indices false<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">481</label>
<p class="i0" id="481">
This will not influence the entries in <tt>/etc/apt/sources.list</tt>, but merely whether <tt>/var/lib/apt</tt> contains the indices files or not. The tradeoff is that APT needs those indices in order to operate in the live system, so before performing <tt>apt-cache search</tt> or <tt>apt-get install</tt>, for instance, the user must <tt>apt-get update</tt> first to create those indices.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">482</label>
<p class="i0" id="482">
If you find the installation of recommended packages bloats your image too much, provided you are prepared to deal with the consequences discussed below, you may disable that default option of APT with:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">483</label>
<p class="code" id="483">
$ lb config --apt-recommends false<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">484</label>
<p class="i0" id="484">
The most important consequence of turning off recommends is that <tt>live-boot</tt> and <tt>live-config</tt> themselves recommend some packages that provide important functionality used by most Live configurations, such as <tt>user-setup</tt> which <tt>live-config</tt> recommends and is used to create the live user. In all but the most exceptional circumstances you need to add back at least some of these recommends to your package lists or else your image will not work as expected, if at all. Look at the recommended packages for each of the <tt>live-*</tt> packages included in your build and if you are not certain you can omit them, add them back into your package lists.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">485</label>
<p class="i0" id="485">
The more general consequence is that if you don't install recommended packages for any given package, that is, "packages that would be found together with this one in all but unusual installations" (Debian Policy Manual, section 7.2), some packages that users of your Live system actually need may be omitted. Therefore, we suggest you review the difference turning off recommends makes to your packages list (see the <tt>binary.packages</tt> file generated by <tt>lb build</tt>) and re-include in your list any missing packages that you still want installed. Alternatively, if you find you only want a small number of recommended packages left out, leave recommends enabled and set a negative APT pin priority on selected packages to prevent them from being installed, as explained in <a href="#apt-pinning">APT pinning</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">486</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="486"><a name="486"></a>
<a name="c8.4.4" ></a><a name="h8.4.4" ></a>8.4.4 Passing options to apt or aptitude
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">487</label>
<p class="i0" id="487">
If there is not a <tt>lb config</tt> option to alter APT's behaviour in the way you need, use <tt>--apt-options</tt> or <tt>--aptitude-options</tt> to pass any options through to your configured APT tool. See the man pages for <tt>apt</tt> and <tt>aptitude</tt> for details. Note that both options have default values that you will need to retain in addition to any overrides you may provide. So, for example, suppose you have included something from <tt>snapshot.debian.org</tt> for testing purposes and want to specify <tt>Acquire::Check-Valid-Until=false</tt> to make APT happy with the stale <tt>Release</tt> file, you would do so as per the following example, appending the new option after the default value <tt>--yes</tt>:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">488</label>
<p class="code" id="488">
$ lb config --apt-options "--yes -oAcquire::Check-Valid-Until=false"<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">489</label>
<p class="i0" id="489">
Please check the man pages to fully understand these options and when to use them. This is an example only and should not be construed as advice to configure your image this way. This option would not be appropriate for, say, a final release of a live image.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">490</label>
<p class="i0" id="490">
For more complicated APT configurations involving <tt>apt.conf</tt> options you might want to create a <tt>config/apt/apt.conf</tt> file instead. See also the other <tt>apt-*</tt> options for a few convenient shortcuts for frequently needed options.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">491</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="491"><a name="491"></a>
<a name="h8.4.5" ></a><a name="apt-pinning" ></a>8.4.5 APT pinning
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">492</label>
<p class="i0" id="492">
For background, please first read the <tt>apt_preferences(5)</tt> man page. APT pinning can be configured either for build time, or else for run time. For the former, create <tt>config/archives/*.pref</tt>, <tt>config/archives/*.pref.chroot</tt>, and <tt>config/apt/preferences</tt>. For the latter, create <tt>config/includes.chroot/etc/apt/preferences</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">493</label>
<p class="i0" id="493">
Let's say you are building a <b>jessie</b> live system but need all the live packages that end up in the binary image to be installed from <b>sid</b> at build time. You need to add <b>sid</b> to your APT sources and pin the live packages from it higher, but all other packages from it lower, than the default priority. Thus, only the packages you want are installed from <b>sid</b> at build time and all others are taken from the target system distribution, <b>jessie</b>. The following will accomplish this:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">494</label>
<p class="code" id="494">
$ echo "deb http://mirror/debian/ sid main" > config/archives/sid.list.chroot<br>
$ cat >> config/archives/sid.pref.chroot << EOF<br>
Package: live-*<br>
Pin: release n=sid<br>
Pin-Priority: 600<br><br>
Package: *<br>
Pin: release n=sid<br>
Pin-Priority: 1<br>
EOF<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">495</label>
<p class="i0" id="495">
Negative pin priorities will prevent a package from being installed, as in the case where you do not want a package that is recommended by another package. Suppose you are building an LXDE image using <tt>task-lxde-desktop</tt> in <tt>config/package-lists/desktop.list.chroot</tt>, but don't want the user prompted to store wifi passwords in the keyring. This metapackage depends on <i>lxde-core</i>, which recommends <i>gksu</i>, which in turn recommends <i>gnome-keyring</i>. So you want to omit the recommended <i>gnome-keyring</i> package. This can be done by adding the following stanza to <tt>config/apt/preferences</tt>:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">496</label>
<p class="code" id="496">
Package: gnome-keyring<br>
Pin: version *<br>
Pin-Priority: -1<br>
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">497</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="497"><a name="497"></a>
Customizing contents
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">498</label>
<h4 class="norm" id="498"><a name="498"></a>
<a name="h9" ></a><a name="customizing_contents" ></a><a name="customizing-contents" ></a>9. Customizing contents
</h4>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">499</label>
<p class="i0" id="499">
This chapter discusses fine-tuning customization of the live system contents beyond merely choosing which packages to include. Includes allow you to add or replace arbitrary files in your live system image, hooks allow you to execute arbitrary commands at different stages of the build and at boot time, and preseeding allows you to configure packages when they are installed by supplying answers to debconf questions.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">500</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="500"><a name="500"></a>
<a name="h9.1" ></a><a name="includes" ></a>9.1 Includes
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">501</label>
<p class="i0" id="501">
While ideally a live system would include files entirely provided by unmodified packages, it is sometimes convenient to provide or modify some content by means of files. Using includes, it is possible to add (or replace) arbitrary files in your live system image. <i>live-build</i> provides two mechanisms for using them:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">502</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="502">
Chroot local includes: These allow you to add or replace files to the chroot/Live filesystem. Please see <a href="#live-chroot-local-includes">Live/chroot local includes</a> for more information.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">503</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="503">
Binary local includes: These allow you to add or replace files in the binary image. Please see <a href="#binary-local-includes">Binary local includes</a> for more information.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">504</label>
<p class="i0" id="504">
Please see <a href="#terms">Terms</a> for more information about the distinction between the "Live" and "binary" images.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">505</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="505"><a name="505"></a>
<a name="h9.1.1" ></a><a name="live-chroot-local-includes" ></a>9.1.1 Live/chroot local includes
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">506</label>
<p class="i0" id="506">
Chroot local includes can be used to add or replace files in the chroot/Live filesystem so that they may be used in the Live system. A typical use is to populate the skeleton user directory (<tt>/etc/skel</tt>) used by the Live system to create the live user's home directory. Another is to supply configuration files that can be simply added or replaced in the image without processing; see <a href="#live-chroot-local-hooks">Live/chroot local hooks</a> if processing is needed.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">507</label>
<p class="i0" id="507">
To include files, simply add them to your <tt>config/includes.chroot</tt> directory. This directory corresponds to the root directory <tt>/</tt> of the live system. For example, to add a file <tt>/var/www/index.html</tt> in the live system, use:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">508</label>
<p class="code" id="508">
$ mkdir -p config/includes.chroot/var/www<br>
$ cp /path/to/my/index.html config/includes.chroot/var/www<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">509</label>
<p class="i0" id="509">
Your configuration will then have the following layout:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">510</label>
<p class="code" id="510">
-- config<br>
[...]<br>
|-- includes.chroot<br>
| `-- var<br>
| `-- www<br>
| `-- index.html<br>
[...]<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">511</label>
<p class="i0" id="511">
Chroot local includes are installed after package installation so that files installed by packages are overwritten.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">512</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="512"><a name="512"></a>
<a name="h9.1.2" ></a><a name="binary-local-includes" ></a>9.1.2 Binary local includes
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">513</label>
<p class="i0" id="513">
To include material such as documentation or videos on the medium filesystem so that it is accessible immediately upon insertion of the medium without booting the Live system, you can use binary local includes. This works in a similar fashion to chroot local includes. For example, suppose the files <tt>~/video_demo.*</tt> are demo videos of the live system described by and linked to by an HTML index page. Simply copy the material to <tt>config/includes.binary/</tt> as follows:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">514</label>
<p class="code" id="514">
$ cp ~/video_demo.* config/includes.binary/<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">515</label>
<p class="i0" id="515">
These files will now appear in the root directory of the live medium.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">516</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="516"><a name="516"></a>
<a name="h9.2" ></a><a name="hooks" ></a>9.2 Hooks
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">517</label>
<p class="i0" id="517">
Hooks allow commands to be performed in the chroot and binary stages of the build in order to customize the image.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">518</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="518"><a name="518"></a>
<a name="h9.2.1" ></a><a name="live-chroot-local-hooks" ></a>9.2.1 Live/chroot local hooks
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">519</label>
<p class="i0" id="519">
To run commands in the chroot stage, create a hook script with a <tt>.hook.chroot</tt> suffix containing the commands in the <tt>config/hooks/</tt> directory. The hook will run in the chroot after the rest of your chroot configuration has been applied, so remember to ensure your configuration includes all packages and files your hook needs in order to run. See the example chroot hook scripts for various common chroot customization tasks provided in <tt>/usr/share/doc/live-build/examples/hooks</tt> which you can copy or symlink to use them in your own configuration.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">520</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="520"><a name="520"></a>
<a name="h9.2.2" ></a><a name="boot-time-hooks" ></a>9.2.2 Boot-time hooks
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">521</label>
<p class="i0" id="521">
To execute commands at boot time, you can supply <i>live-config</i> hooks as explained in the "Customization" section of its man page. Examine <i>live-config</i>' s own hooks provided in <tt>/lib/live/config/</tt>, noting the sequence numbers. Then provide your own hook prefixed with an appropriate sequence number, either as a chroot local include in <tt>config/includes.chroot/lib/live/config/</tt>, or as a custom package as discussed in <a href="#installing-modified-or-third-party-packages">Installing modified or third-party packages</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">522</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="522"><a name="522"></a>
<a name="c9.2.3" ></a><a name="h9.2.3" ></a>9.2.3 Binary local hooks
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">523</label>
<p class="i0" id="523">
To run commands in the binary stage, create a hook script with a <tt>.hook.binary</tt> suffix containing the commands in the <tt>config/hooks/</tt> directory. The hook will run after all other binary commands are run, but before binary_checksums, the very last binary command. The commands in your hook do not run in the chroot, so take care to not modify any files outside of the build tree, or you may damage your build system! See the example binary hook scripts for various common binary customization tasks provided in <tt>/usr/share/doc/live-build/examples/hooks</tt> which you can copy or symlink to use them in your own configuration.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">524</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="524"><a name="524"></a>
<a name="c9.3" ></a><a name="h9.3" ></a>9.3 Preseeding Debconf questions
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">525</label>
<p class="i0" id="525">
Files in the <tt>config/preseed/</tt> directory suffixed with <tt>.cfg</tt> followed by the stage (<tt>.chroot</tt> or <tt>.binary</tt>) are considered to be debconf preseed files and are installed by <i>live-build</i> using <tt>debconf-set-selections</tt> during the corresponding stage.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">526</label>
<p class="i0" id="526">
For more information about debconf, please see <tt>debconf(7)</tt> in the <i>debconf</i> package.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">527</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="527"><a name="527"></a>
Customizing run time behaviours
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">528</label>
<h4 class="norm" id="528"><a name="528"></a>
<a name="h10" ></a><a name="customizing_run_time_behaviours" ></a><a name="customizing-run-time-behaviours" ></a>10. Customizing run time behaviours
</h4>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">529</label>
<p class="i0" id="529">
All configuration that is done during run time is done by <i>live-config</i>. Here are some of the most common options of <i>live-config</i> that users are interested in. A full list of all possibilities can be found in the man page of <i>live-config</i>.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">530</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="530"><a name="530"></a>
<a name="c10.1" ></a><a name="h10.1" ></a>10.1 Customizing the live user
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">531</label>
<p class="i0" id="531">
One important consideration is that the live user is created by <i>live-boot</i> at boot time, not by <i>live-build</i> at build time. This not only influences where materials relating to the live user are introduced in your build, as discussed in <a href="#live-chroot-local-includes">Live/chroot local includes</a>, but also any groups and permissions associated with the live user.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">532</label>
<p class="i0" id="532">
You can specify additional groups that the live user will belong to by using any of the possibilities to configure <i>live-config</i>. For example, to add the live user to the <tt>fuse</tt> group, you can either add the following file in <tt>config/includes.chroot/etc/live/config/user-setup.conf</tt>:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">533</label>
<p class="code" id="533">
LIVE_USER_DEFAULT_GROUPS="audio cdrom dip floppy video plugdev netdev powerdev scanner bluetooth fuse"<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">534</label>
<p class="i0" id="534">
or use <tt>live-config.user-default-groups=audio,cdrom,dip,floppy,video,plugdev,netdev,powerdev,scanner,bluetooth,fuse</tt> as a boot parameter.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">535</label>
<p class="i0" id="535">
It is also possible to change the default username "user" and the default password "live". If you want to do that for any reason, you can easily achieve it as follows:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">536</label>
<p class="i0" id="536">
To change the default username you can simply specify it in your config:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">537</label>
<p class="code" id="537">
$ lb config --bootappend-live "boot=live components username=live-user"<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">538</label>
<p class="i0" id="538">
One possible way of changing the default password is by means of a hook as described in <a href="#boot-time-hooks">Boot-time hooks</a>. In order to do that you can use the "passwd" hook from <tt>/usr/share/doc/live-config/examples/hooks</tt>, prefix it accordingly (e.g. 2000-passwd) and add it to <tt>config/includes.chroot/lib/live/config/</tt>
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">539</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="539"><a name="539"></a>
<a name="h10.2" ></a><a name="customizing-locale-and-language" ></a>10.2 Customizing locale and language
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">540</label>
<p class="i0" id="540">
When the live system boots, language is involved in two steps:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">541</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="541">
the locale generation
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">542</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="542">
setting the keyboard configuration
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">543</label>
<p class="i0" id="543">
The default locale when building a Live system is <tt>locales=en_US.UTF-8</tt>. To define the locale that should be generated, use the <tt>locales</tt> parameter in the <tt>--bootappend-live</tt> option of <tt>lb config</tt>, e.g.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">544</label>
<p class="code" id="544">
$ lb config --bootappend-live "boot=live components locales=de_CH.UTF-8"<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">545</label>
<p class="i0" id="545">
Multiple locales may be specified as a comma-delimited list.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">546</label>
<p class="i0" id="546">
This parameter, as well as the keyboard configuration parameters indicated below, can also be used at the kernel command line. You can specify a locale by <tt>language_country</tt> (in which case the default encoding is used) or the full <tt>language_country.encoding</tt> word. A list of supported locales and the encoding for each can be found in <tt>/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">547</label>
<p class="i0" id="547">
Both the console and X keyboard configuration are performed by <tt>live-config</tt> using the <tt>console-setup</tt> package. To configure them, use the <tt>keyboard-layouts</tt>, <tt>keyboard-variants</tt>, <tt>keyboard-options</tt> and <tt>keyboard-model</tt> boot parameters via the <tt>--bootappend-live</tt> option. Valid options for these can be found in <tt>/usr/share/X11/xkb/rules/base.lst</tt>. To find layouts and variants for a given language, try searching for the English name of the language and/or the country where the language is spoken, e.g:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">548</label>
<p class="code" id="548">
$ egrep -i '(^!|german.*switzerland)' /usr/share/X11/xkb/rules/base.lst<br>
! model<br>
! layout<br>
ch German (Switzerland)<br>
! variant<br>
legacy ch: German (Switzerland, legacy)<br>
de_nodeadkeys ch: German (Switzerland, eliminate dead keys)<br>
de_sundeadkeys ch: German (Switzerland, Sun dead keys)<br>
de_mac ch: German (Switzerland, Macintosh)<br>
! option<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">549</label>
<p class="i0" id="549">
Note that each variant lists the layout to which it applies in the description.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">550</label>
<p class="i0" id="550">
Often, only the layout needs to be configured. For example, to get the locale files for German and Swiss German keyboard layout in X use:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">551</label>
<p class="code" id="551">
$ lb config --bootappend-live "boot=live components locales=de_CH.UTF-8 keyboard-layouts=ch"<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">552</label>
<p class="i0" id="552">
However, for very specific use cases, you may wish to include other parameters. For example, to set up a French system with a French-Dvorak layout (called Bepo) on a TypeMatrix EZ-Reach 2030 USB keyboard, use:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">553</label>
<p class="code" id="553">
$ lb config --bootappend-live \<br>
"boot=live components locales=fr_FR.UTF-8 keyboard-layouts=fr keyboard-variants=bepo keyboard-model=tm2030usb"<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">554</label>
<p class="i0" id="554">
Multiple values may be specified as comma-delimited lists for each of the <tt>keyboard-*</tt> options, with the exception of <tt>keyboard-model</tt>, which accepts only one value. Please see the <tt>keyboard(5)</tt> man page for details and examples of <tt>XKBMODEL</tt>, <tt>XKBLAYOUT</tt>, <tt>XKBVARIANT</tt> and <tt>XKBOPTIONS</tt> variables. If multiple <tt>keyboard-variants</tt> values are given, they will be matched one-to-one with <tt>keyboard-layouts</tt> values (see <tt>setxkbmap(1)</tt> <tt>-variant</tt> option). Empty values are allowed; e.g. to define two layouts, the default being US QWERTY and the other being US Dvorak, use:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">555</label>
<p class="code" id="555">
$ lb config --bootappend-live \<br>
"boot=live components keyboard-layouts=us,us keyboard-variants=,dvorak"<br>
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">556</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="556"><a name="556"></a>
<a name="h10.3" ></a><a name="persistence" ></a>10.3 Persistence
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">557</label>
<p class="i0" id="557">
A live cd paradigm is a pre-installed system which runs from read-only media, like a cdrom, where writes and modifications do not survive reboots of the host hardware which runs it.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">558</label>
<p class="i0" id="558">
A live system is a generalization of this paradigm and thus supports other media in addition to CDs; but still, in its default behaviour, it should be considered read-only and all the run-time evolutions of the system are lost at shutdown.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">559</label>
<p class="i0" id="559">
'Persistence' is a common name for different kinds of solutions for saving across reboots some, or all, of this run-time evolution of the system. To understand how it works it would be handy to know that even if the system is booted and run from read-only media, modifications to the files and directories are written on writable media, typically a ram disk (tmpfs) and ram disks' data do not survive reboots.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">560</label>
<p class="i0" id="560">
The data stored on this ramdisk should be saved on a writable persistent medium like local storage media, a network share or even a session of a multisession (re)writable CD/DVD. All these media are supported in live systems in different ways, and all but the last one require a special boot parameter to be specified at boot time: <tt>persistence</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">561</label>
<p class="i0" id="561">
If the boot parameter <tt>persistence</tt> is set (and <tt>nopersistence</tt> is not set), local storage media (e.g. hard disks, USB drives) will be probed for persistence volumes during boot. It is possible to restrict which types of persistence volumes to use by specifying certain boot parameters described in the <i>live-boot</i>(7) man page. A persistence volume is any of the following:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">562</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="562">
a partition, identified by its GPT name.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">563</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="563">
a filesystem, identified by its filesystem label.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">564</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="564">
an image file located on the root of any readable filesystem (even an NTFS partition of a foreign OS), identified by its filename.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">565</label>
<p class="i0" id="565">
The volume label for overlays must be <tt>persistence</tt> but it will be ignored unless it contains in its root a file named <tt>persistence.conf</tt> which is used to fully customize the volume's persistence, this is to say, specifying the directories that you want to save in your persistence volume after a reboot. See <a href="#persistence-conf">The persistence.conf file</a> for more details.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">566</label>
<p class="i0" id="566">
Here are some examples of how to prepare a volume to be used for persistence. It can be, for instance, an ext4 partition on a hard disk or on a usb key created with, e.g.:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">567</label>
<p class="code" id="567">
# mkfs.ext4 -L persistence /dev/sdb1<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">568</label>
<p class="i0" id="568">
See also <a href="#using-usb-extra-space">Using the space left on a USB stick</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">569</label>
<p class="i0" id="569">
If you already have a partition on your device, you could just change the label with one of the following:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">570</label>
<p class="code" id="570">
# tune2fs -L persistence /dev/sdb1 # for ext2,3,4 filesystems<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">571</label>
<p class="i0" id="571">
Here's an example of how to create an ext4-based image file to be used for persistence:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">572</label>
<p class="code" id="572">
$ dd if=/dev/null of=persistence bs=1 count=0 seek=1G # for a 1GB sized image file<br>
$ /sbin/mkfs.ext4 -F persistence<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">573</label>
<p class="i0" id="573">
Once the image file is created, as an example, to make <tt>/usr</tt> persistent but only saving the changes you make to that directory and not all the contents of <tt>/usr</tt>, you can use the "union" option. If the image file is located in your home directory, copy it to the root of your hard drive's filesystem and mount it in <tt>/mnt</tt> as follows:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">574</label>
<p class="code" id="574">
# cp persistence /<br>
# mount -t ext4 /persistence /mnt<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">575</label>
<p class="i0" id="575">
Then, create the <tt>persistence.conf</tt> file adding content and unmount the image file.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">576</label>
<p class="code" id="576">
# echo "/usr union" >> /mnt/persistence.conf<br>
# umount /mnt<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">577</label>
<p class="i0" id="577">
Now, reboot into your live medium with the boot parameter "persistence".
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">578</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="578"><a name="578"></a>
<a name="h10.3.1" ></a><a name="persistence-conf" ></a>10.3.1 The persistence.conf file
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">579</label>
<p class="i0" id="579">
A volume with the label <tt>persistence</tt> must be configured by means of the <tt>persistence.conf</tt> file to make arbitrary directories persistent. That file, located on the volume's filesystem root, controls which directories it makes persistent, and in which way.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">580</label>
<p class="i0" id="580">
How custom overlay mounts are configured is described in full detail in the persistence.conf(5) man page, but a simple example should be sufficient for most uses. Let's say we want to make our home directory and APT cache persistent in an ext4 filesystem on the /dev/sdb1 partition:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">581</label>
<p class="code" id="581">
# mkfs.ext4 -L persistence /dev/sdb1<br>
# mount -t ext4 /dev/sdb1 /mnt<br>
# echo "/home" >> /mnt/persistence.conf<br>
# echo "/var/cache/apt" >> /mnt/persistence.conf<br>
# umount /mnt<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">582</label>
<p class="i0" id="582">
Then we reboot. During the first boot the contents of <tt>/home</tt> and <tt>/var/cache/apt</tt> will be copied into the persistence volume, and from then on all changes to these directories will live in the persistence volume. Please note that any paths listed in the <tt>persistence.conf</tt> file cannot contain white spaces or the special <tt>.</tt> and <tt>..</tt> path components. Also, neither <tt>/lib</tt>, <tt>/lib/live</tt> (or any of their sub-directories) nor <tt>/</tt> can be made persistent using custom mounts. As a workaround for this limitation you can add <tt>/ union</tt> to your <tt>persistence.conf</tt> file to achieve full persistence.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">583</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="583"><a name="583"></a>
<a name="c10.3.2" ></a><a name="h10.3.2" ></a>10.3.2 Using more than one persistence store
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">584</label>
<p class="i0" id="584">
There are different methods of using multiple persistence store for different use cases. For instance, using several volumes at the same time or selecting only one, among various, for very specific purposes.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">585</label>
<p class="i0" id="585">
Several different custom overlay volumes (with their own <tt>persistence.conf</tt> files) can be used at the same time, but if several volumes make the same directory persistent, only one of them will be used. If any two mounts are "nested" (i.e. one is a sub-directory of the other) the parent will be mounted before the child so no mount will be hidden by the other. Nested custom mounts are problematic if they are listed in the same <tt>persistence.conf</tt> file. See the persistence.conf(5) man page for how to handle that case if you really need it (hint: you usually don't).
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">586</label>
<p class="i0" id="586">
One possible use case: If you wish to store the user data i.e. <tt>/home</tt> and the superuser data i.e. <tt>/root</tt> in different partitions, create two partitions with the <tt>persistence</tt> label and add a <tt>persistence.conf</tt> file in each one like this, <tt># echo "/home" > persistence.conf</tt> for the first partition that will save the user's files and <tt># echo "/root" > persistence.conf</tt> for the second partition which will store the superuser's files. Finally, use the <tt>persistence</tt> boot parameter.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">587</label>
<p class="i0" id="587">
If a user would need multiple persistence store of the same type for different locations or testing, such as <tt>private</tt> and <tt>work</tt>, the boot parameter <tt>persistence-label</tt> used in conjunction with the boot parameter <tt>persistence</tt> will allow for multiple but unique persistence media. An example would be if a user wanted to use a persistence partition labeled <tt>private</tt> for personal data like browser bookmarks or other types, they would use the boot parameters: <tt>persistence</tt> <tt>persistence-label=private</tt>. And to store work related data, like documents, research projects or other types, they would use the boot parameters: <tt>persistence</tt> <tt>persistence-label=work</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">588</label>
<p class="i0" id="588">
It is important to remember that each of these volumes, <tt>private</tt> and <tt>work</tt>, also needs a <tt>persistence.conf</tt> file in its root. The <i>live-boot</i> man page contains more information about how to use these labels with legacy names.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">589</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="589"><a name="589"></a>
<a name="c10.4" ></a><a name="h10.4" ></a>10.4 Using persistence with encryption
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">590</label>
<p class="i0" id="590">
Using the persistence feature means that some sensible data might get exposed to risk. Especially if the persistent data is stored on a portable device such as a usb stick or an external hard drive. That is when encryption comes in handy. Even if the entire procedure might seem complicated because of the number of steps to be taken, it is really easy to handle encrypted partitions with <i>live-boot</i>. In order to use <b>luks</b>, which is the supported encryption type, you need to install <i>cryptsetup</i> both on the machine you are creating the encrypted partition with and also in the live system you are going to use the encrypted persistent partition with.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">591</label>
<p class="i0" id="591">
To install <i>cryptsetup</i> on your machine:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">592</label>
<p class="code" id="592">
# apt-get install cryptsetup<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">593</label>
<p class="i0" id="593">
To install <i>cryptsetup</i> in your live system, add it to your package-lists:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">594</label>
<p class="code" id="594">
$ lb config<br>
$ echo "cryptsetup" > config/package-lists/encryption.list.chroot<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">595</label>
<p class="i0" id="595">
Once you have your live system with <i>cryptsetup</i>, you basically only need to create a new partition, encrypt it and boot with the <tt>persistence</tt> and <tt>persistence-encryption=luks</tt> parameters. We could have already anticipated this step and added the boot parameters following the usual procedure:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">596</label>
<p class="code" id="596">
$ lb config --bootappend-live "boot=live components persistence persistence-encryption=luks"<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">597</label>
<p class="i0" id="597">
Let's go into the details for all of those who are not familiar with encryption. In the following example we are going to use a partition on a usb stick which corresponds to <tt>/dev/sdc2</tt>. Please be warned that you need to determine which partition is the one you are going to use in your specific case.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">598</label>
<p class="i0" id="598">
The first step is plugging in your usb stick and determine which device it is. The recommended method of listing devices in <i>live-manual</i> is using <tt>ls -l /dev/disk/by-id</tt>. After that, create a new partition and then, encrypt it with a passphrase as follows:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">599</label>
<p class="code" id="599">
# cryptsetup --verify-passphrase luksFormat /dev/sdc2<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">600</label>
<p class="i0" id="600">
Then open the luks partition in the virtual device mapper. Use any name you like. We use <b>live</b> here as an example:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">601</label>
<p class="code" id="601">
# cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdc2 live<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">602</label>
<p class="i0" id="602">
The next step is filling the device with zeros before creating the filesystem:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">603</label>
<p class="code" id="603">
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/mapper/live<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">604</label>
<p class="i0" id="604">
Now, we are ready to create the filesystem. Notice that we are adding the label <tt>persistence</tt> so that the device is mounted as persistence store at boot time.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">605</label>
<p class="code" id="605">
# mkfs.ext4 -L persistence /dev/mapper/live<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">606</label>
<p class="i0" id="606">
To continue with our setup, we need to mount the device, for example in <tt>/mnt</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">607</label>
<p class="code" id="607">
# mount /dev/mapper/live /mnt<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">608</label>
<p class="i0" id="608">
And create the <tt>persistence.conf</tt> file in the root of the partition. This is, as explained before, strictly necessary. See <a href="#persistence-conf">The persistence.conf file</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">609</label>
<p class="code" id="609">
# echo "/ union" > /mnt/persistence.conf<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">610</label>
<p class="i0" id="610">
Then unmount the mount point:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">611</label>
<p class="code" id="611">
# umount /mnt<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">612</label>
<p class="i0" id="612">
And optionally, although it might be a good way of securing the data we have just added to the partition, we can close the device:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">613</label>
<p class="code" id="613">
# cryptsetup luksClose live<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">614</label>
<p class="i0" id="614">
Let's summarize the process. So far, we have created an encryption capable live system, which can be copied to a usb stick as explained in <a href="#copying-iso-hybrid-to-usb">Copying an ISO hybrid image to a USB stick</a>. We have also created an encrypted partition, which can be located in the same usb stick to carry it around and we have configured the encrypted partition to be used as persistence store. So now, we only need to boot the live system. At boot time, <i>live-boot</i> will prompt us for the passphrase and will mount the encrypted partition to be used for persistence.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">615</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="615"><a name="615"></a>
Customizing the binary image
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">616</label>
<h4 class="norm" id="616"><a name="616"></a>
<a name="h11" ></a><a name="customizing_the_binary_image" ></a><a name="customizing-binary" ></a>11. Customizing the binary image
</h4>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">617</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="617"><a name="617"></a>
<a name="c11.1" ></a><a name="h11.1" ></a>11.1 Bootloaders
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">618</label>
<p class="i0" id="618">
<i>live-build</i> uses <i>syslinux</i> and some of its derivatives (depending on the image type) as bootloaders by default. They can be easily customized to suit your needs.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">619</label>
<p class="i0" id="619">
In order to use a full theme, copy <tt>/usr/share/live/build/bootloaders</tt> into <tt>config/bootloaders</tt> and edit the files in there. If you do not want to bother modifying all supported bootloader configurations, only providing a local customized copy of one of the bootloaders, e.g. <b>isolinux</b> in <tt>config/bootloaders/isolinux</tt> is enough too, depending on your use case.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">620</label>
<p class="i0" id="620">
When modifying one of the default themes, if you want to use a personalized background image that will be displayed together with the boot menu, add a splash.png picture of 640x480 pixels. Then, remove the splash.svg file.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">621</label>
<p class="i0" id="621">
There are many possibilities when it comes to making changes. For instance, syslinux derivatives are configured by default with a timeout of 0 (zero) which means that they will pause indefinitely at their splash screen until you press a key.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">622</label>
<p class="i0" id="622">
To modify the boot timeout of a default <tt>iso-hybrid</tt> image just edit a default <b>isolinux.cfg</b> file specifying the timeout in units of 1/10 seconds. A modified <b>isolinux.cfg</b> to boot after five seconds would be similar to this:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">623</label>
<p class="code" id="623">
include menu.cfg<br>
default vesamenu.c32<br>
prompt 0<br>
timeout 50<br>
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">624</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="624"><a name="624"></a>
<a name="c11.2" ></a><a name="h11.2" ></a>11.2 ISO metadata
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">625</label>
<p class="i0" id="625">
When creating an ISO9660 binary image, you can use the following options to add various textual metadata for your image. This can help you easily identify the version or configuration of an image without booting it.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">626</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="626">
<tt>LB_ISO_APPLICATION/--iso-application NAME</tt>: This should describe the application that will be on the image. The maximum length for this field is 128 characters.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">627</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="627">
<tt>LB_ISO_PREPARER/--iso-preparer NAME</tt>: This should describe the preparer of the image, usually with some contact details. The default for this option is the <i>live-build</i> version you are using, which may help with debugging later. The maximum length for this field is 128 characters.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">628</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="628">
<tt>LB_ISO_PUBLISHER/--iso-publisher NAME</tt>: This should describe the publisher of the image, usually with some contact details. The maximum length for this field is 128 characters.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">629</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="629">
<tt>LB_ISO_VOLUME/--iso-volume NAME</tt>: This should specify the volume ID of the image. This is used as a user-visible label on some platforms such as Windows and Apple Mac OS. The maximum length for this field is 32 characters.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">630</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="630"><a name="630"></a>
Customizing Debian Installer
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">631</label>
<h4 class="norm" id="631"><a name="631"></a>
<a name="h12" ></a><a name="customizing_debian_installer" ></a><a name="customizing-installer" ></a>12. Customizing Debian Installer
</h4>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">632</label>
<p class="i0" id="632">
Live system images can be integrated with Debian Installer. There are a number of different types of installation, varying in what is included and how the installer operates.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">633</label>
<p class="i0" id="633">
Please note the careful use of capital letters when referring to the "Debian Installer" in this section - when used like this we refer explicitly to the official installer for the Debian system, not anything else. It is often seen abbreviated to "d-i".
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">634</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="634"><a name="634"></a>
<a name="c12.1" ></a><a name="h12.1" ></a>12.1 Types of Debian Installer
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">635</label>
<p class="i0" id="635">
The three main types of installer are:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">636</label>
<p class="i0" id="636">
<b>"Normal" Debian Installer</b>: This is a normal live system image with a separate kernel and initrd which (when selected from the appropriate bootloader) launches into a standard Debian Installer instance, just as if you had downloaded a CD image of Debian and booted it. Images containing a live system and such an otherwise independent installer are often referred to as "combined images".
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">637</label>
<p class="i0" id="637">
On such images, Debian is installed by fetching and installing .deb packages using <i>debootstrap</i>, from local media or some network-based network, resulting in a default Debian system being installed to the hard disk.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">638</label>
<p class="i0" id="638">
This whole process can be preseeded and customized in a number of ways; see the relevant pages in the Debian Installer manual for more information. Once you have a working preseeding file, <i>live-build</i> can automatically put it in the image and enable it for you.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">639</label>
<p class="i0" id="639">
<b>"Live" Debian Installer</b>: This is a live system image with a separate kernel and initrd which (when selected from the appropriate bootloader) launches into an instance of the Debian Installer.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">640</label>
<p class="i0" id="640">
Installation will proceed in an identical fashion to the "normal" installation described above, but at the actual package installation stage, instead of using <i>debootstrap</i> to fetch and install packages, the live filesystem image is copied to the target. This is achieved with a special udeb called <i>live-installer</i>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">641</label>
<p class="i0" id="641">
After this stage, the Debian Installer continues as normal, installing and configuring items such as bootloaders and local users, etc.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">642</label>
<p class="i0" id="642">
<b>Note:</b> to support both normal and live installer entries in the bootloader of the same live medium, you must disable <i>live-installer</i> by preseeding <tt>live-installer/enable=false</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">643</label>
<p class="i0" id="643">
<b>"Desktop" Debian Installer</b>: Regardless of the type of Debian Installer included, <tt>d-i</tt> can be launched from the Desktop by clicking on an icon. This is user friendlier in some situations. In order to make use of this, the <i>debian-installer-launcher</i> package needs to be included.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">644</label>
<p class="i0" id="644">
Note that by default, <i>live-build</i> does not include Debian Installer images in the images, it needs to be specifically enabled with <tt>lb config</tt>. Also, please note that for the "Desktop" installer to work, the kernel of the live system must match the kernel <tt>d-i</tt> uses for the specified architecture. For example:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">645</label>
<p class="code" id="645">
$ lb config --architectures i386 --linux-flavours 486 \<br>
--debian-installer live<br>
$ echo debian-installer-launcher >> config/package-lists/my.list.chroot<br>
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">646</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="646"><a name="646"></a>
<a name="c12.2" ></a><a name="h12.2" ></a>12.2 Customizing Debian Installer by preseeding
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">647</label>
<p class="i0" id="647">
As described in the Debian Installer Manual, Appendix B at ‹<a href="https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/i386/apb.html" target="_top">https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/i386/apb.html</a>›, "Preseeding provides a way to set answers to questions asked during the installation process, without having to manually enter the answers while the installation is running. This makes it possible to fully automate most types of installation and even offers some features not available during normal installations." This kind of customization is best accomplished with <i>live-build</i> by placing the configuration in a <tt>preseed.cfg</tt> file included in <tt>config/includes.installer/</tt>. For example, to preseed setting the locale to <tt>en_US</tt>:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">648</label>
<p class="code" id="648">
$ echo "d-i debian-installer/locale string en_US" \<br>
>> config/includes.installer/preseed.cfg<br>
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">649</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="649"><a name="649"></a>
<a name="c12.3" ></a><a name="h12.3" ></a>12.3 Customizing Debian Installer content
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">650</label>
<p class="i0" id="650">
For experimental or debugging purposes, you might want to include locally built <tt>d-i</tt> component udeb packages. Place these in <tt>config/packages.binary/</tt> to include them in the image. Additional or replacement files and directories may be included in the installer initrd as well, in a similar fashion to <a href="#live-chroot-local-includes">Live/chroot local includes</a>, by placing the material in <tt>config/includes.installer/</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">651</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="651"><a name="651"></a>
Project
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">652</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="652"><a name="652"></a>
Contributing to the project
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">653</label>
<h4 class="norm" id="653"><a name="653"></a>
<a name="h13" ></a><a name="contributing_to_the_project" ></a><a name="contributing-to-project" ></a>13. Contributing to the project
</h4>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">654</label>
<p class="i0" id="654">
When submitting a contribution, please clearly identify its copyright holder and include any applicable licensing statement. Note that to be accepted, the contribution must be licensed under the same license as the rest of the documents, namely, GPL version 3 or later.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">655</label>
<p class="i0" id="655">
Contributions to the project, such as translations and patches, are greatly welcome. Anyone can directly commit to the repositories, however, we ask you to send bigger changes to the mailing list to discuss them first. See the section <a href="#contact">Contact</a> for more information.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">656</label>
<p class="i0" id="656">
The Live Systems Project uses Git as version control system and source code management. As explained in <a href="#git-repositories">Git repositories</a> there are two main development branches: <b>debian</b> and <b>debian-next</b>. Everybody can commit to the debian-next branches of the <i>live-boot</i>, <i>live-build</i>, <i>live-config</i>, <i>live-images</i>, <i>live-manual</i> and <i>live-tools</i> repositories.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">657</label>
<p class="i0" id="657">
However, there are certain restrictions. The server will reject:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">658</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="658">
Non fast-forward pushes.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">659</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="659">
Merge commits.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">660</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="660">
Adding or removing tags or branches.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">661</label>
<p class="i0" id="661">
Even though all commits might be revised, we ask you to use your common sense and make good commits with good commit messages.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">662</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="662">
Write commit messages that consist of complete, meaningful sentences in English, starting with a capital letter and ending with a full stop. Usually, these will start with the form "Fixing/Adding/Removing/Correcting/Translating/...".
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">663</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="663">
Write good commit messages. The first line must be an accurate summary of the contents of the commit which will be included in the changelog. If you need to make some further explanations, write them below leaving a blank line after the first one and then another blank line after each paragraph. Lines of paragraphs should not exceed 80 characters in length.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">664</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="664">
Commit atomically, this is to say, do not mix unrelated things in the same commit. Make one different commit for each change you make.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">665</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="665"><a name="665"></a>
<a name="c13.1" ></a><a name="h13.1" ></a>13.1 Making changes
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">666</label>
<p class="i0" id="666">
In order to push to the repositories, you must follow the following procedure. Here we use <i>live-manual</i> as an example so replace it with the name of the repository you want to work with. For detailed information on how to edit <i>live-manual</i> see <a href="#how-to-contribute">Contributing to this document</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">667</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="667">
Fetch the public commit key:
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">668</label>
<p class="code" id="668">
$ mkdir -p ~/.ssh/keys<br>
$ wget http://live-systems.org/other/keys/git@live-systems.org -O ~/.ssh/keys/git@live-systems.org<br>
$ wget http://live-systems.org/other/keys/git@live-systems.org.pub -O ~/.ssh/keys/git@live-systems.org.pub<br>
$ chmod 0600 ~/.ssh/keys/git@live-systems.org*<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">669</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="669">
Add the following section to your openssh-client config:
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">670</label>
<p class="code" id="670">
$ cat >> ~/.ssh/config << EOF<br>
Host live-systems.org<br>
Hostname live-systems.org<br>
User git<br>
IdentitiesOnly yes<br>
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/keys/git@live-systems.org<br>
EOF<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">671</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="671">
Check out a clone of <i>live-manual</i> through ssh:
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">672</label>
<p class="code" id="672">
$ git clone git@live-systems.org:/live-manual.git<br>
$ cd live-manual && git checkout debian-next<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">673</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="673">
Make sure you have Git author and email set:
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">674</label>
<p class="code" id="674">
$ git config user.name "John Doe"<br>
$ git config user.email john@example.org<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">675</label>
<p class="i0" id="675">
<b>Important:</b> Remember that you should commit any changes on the <b>debian-next</b> branch.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">676</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="676">
Make your changes. In this example you would first write a new section dealing with applying patches and then prepare to commit adding the files and writing your commit message like this:
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">677</label>
<p class="code" id="677">
$ git commit -a -m "Adding a section on applying patches."<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">678</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="678">
Push the commit to the server:
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">679</label>
<p class="code" id="679">
$ git push<br>
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">680</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="680"><a name="680"></a>
Reporting bugs
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">681</label>
<h4 class="norm" id="681"><a name="681"></a>
<a name="h14" ></a><a name="reporting_bugs" ></a><a name="bugs" ></a>14. Reporting bugs
</h4>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">682</label>
<p class="i0" id="682">
Live systems are far from being perfect, but we want to make it as close as possible to perfect - with your help. Do not hesitate to report a bug. It is better to fill a report twice than never. However, this chapter includes recommendations on how to file good bug reports.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">683</label>
<p class="i0" id="683">
For the impatient:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">684</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="684">
Always check first the image status updates on our homepage at ‹<a href="http://live-systems.org/" target="_top">http://live-systems.org/</a>› for known issues.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">685</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="685">
Before submitting a bug report always try to reproduce the bug with the <b>most recent versions</b> of the branch of <i>live-build</i>, <i>live-boot</i>, <i>live-config</i> and <i>live-tools</i> that you're using (like the newest 4.x version of <i>live-build</i> if you're using <i>live-build</i> 4).
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">686</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="686">
Try to give <b>as specific information as possible</b> about the bug. This includes (at least) the version of <i>live-build</i>, <i>live-boot</i>, <i>live-config</i>, and <i>live-tools</i> used and the distribution of the live system you are building.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">687</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="687"><a name="687"></a>
<a name="c14.1" ></a><a name="h14.1" ></a>14.1 Known issues
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">688</label>
<p class="i0" id="688">
Since Debian <b>testing</b> and Debian <b>unstable</b> distributions are moving targets, when you specify either of them as the target system distribution, a successful build may not always be possible.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">689</label>
<p class="i0" id="689">
If this causes too much difficulty for you, do not build a system based on <b>testing</b> or <b>unstable</b>, but rather, use <b>stable</b>. <i>live-build</i> always defaults to the <b>stable</b> release.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">690</label>
<p class="i0" id="690">
Currently known issues are listed under the section 'status' on our homepage at ‹<a href="http://live-systems.org/" target="_top">http://live-systems.org/</a>›.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">691</label>
<p class="i0" id="691">
It is out of the scope of this manual to train you to correctly identify and fix problems in packages of the development distributions, however, there are two things you can always try: If a build fails when the target distribution is <b>testing</b>, try <b>unstable</b>. If <b>unstable</b> does not work either, revert to <b>testing</b> and pin the newer version of the failing package from <b>unstable</b> (see <a href="#apt-pinning">APT pinning</a> for details).
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">692</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="692"><a name="692"></a>
<a name="c14.2" ></a><a name="h14.2" ></a>14.2 Rebuild from scratch
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">693</label>
<p class="i0" id="693">
To ensure that a particular bug is not caused by an uncleanly built system, please always rebuild the whole live system from scratch to see if the bug is reproducible.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">694</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="694"><a name="694"></a>
<a name="c14.3" ></a><a name="h14.3" ></a>14.3 Use up-to-date packages
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">695</label>
<p class="i0" id="695">
Using outdated packages can cause significant problems when trying to reproduce (and ultimately fix) your problem. Make sure your build system is up-to-date and any packages included in your image are up-to-date as well.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">696</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="696"><a name="696"></a>
<a name="h14.4" ></a><a name="collect-information" ></a>14.4 Collect information
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">697</label>
<p class="i0" id="697">
Please provide enough information with your report. Include, at least, the exact version of <i>live-build</i> where the bug is encountered and the steps to reproduce it. Please use your common sense and provide any other relevant information if you think that it might help in solving the problem.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">698</label>
<p class="i0" id="698">
To make the most out of your bug report, we require at least the following information:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">699</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="699">
Architecture of the host system
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">700</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="700">
Distribution of the host system
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">701</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="701">
Version of <i>live-build</i> on the host system
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">702</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="702">
Version of Python on the host system
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">703</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="703">
Version of <i>debootstrap</i> and/or <i>cdebootstrap</i> on the host system
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">704</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="704">
Architecture of the live system
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">705</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="705">
Distribution of the live system
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">706</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="706">
Version of <i>live-boot</i> on the live system
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">707</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="707">
Version of <i>live-config</i> on the live system
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">708</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="708">
Version of <i>live-tools</i> on the live system
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">709</label>
<p class="i0" id="709">
You can generate a log of the build process by using the <tt>tee</tt> command. We recommend doing this automatically with an <tt>auto/build</tt> script (see <a href="#managing-a-configuration">Managing a configuration</a> for details).
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">710</label>
<p class="code" id="710">
# lb build 2>&1 | tee build.log<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">711</label>
<p class="i0" id="711">
At boot time, <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i> store their logfiles in <tt>/var/log/live/</tt>. Check them for error messages.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">712</label>
<p class="i0" id="712">
Additionally, to rule out other errors, it is always a good idea to tar up your <tt>config/</tt> directory and upload it somewhere (do <b>not</b> send it as an attachment to the mailing list), so that we can try to reproduce the errors you encountered. If this is difficult (e.g. due to size) you can use the output of <tt>lb config --dump</tt> which produces a summary of your config tree (i.e. lists files in subdirectories of <tt>config/</tt> but does not include them).
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">713</label>
<p class="i0" id="713">
Remember to send in any logs that were produced with English locale settings, e.g. run your <i>live-build</i> commands with a leading <tt>LC_ALL=C</tt> or <tt>LC_ALL=en_US</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">714</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="714"><a name="714"></a>
<a name="c14.5" ></a><a name="h14.5" ></a>14.5 Isolate the failing case if possible
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">715</label>
<p class="i0" id="715">
If possible, isolate the failing case to the smallest possible change that breaks. It is not always easy to do this so if you cannot manage it for your report, do not worry. However, if you plan your development cycle well, using small enough change sets per iteration, you may be able to isolate the problem by constructing a simpler 'base' configuration that closely matches your actual configuration plus just the broken change set added to it. If you have a hard time sorting out which of your changes broke, it may be that you are including too much in each change set and should develop in smaller increments.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">716</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="716"><a name="716"></a>
<a name="c14.6" ></a><a name="h14.6" ></a>14.6 Use the correct package to report the bug against
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">717</label>
<p class="i0" id="717">
If you do not know what component is responsible for the bug or if the bug is a general bug concerning live systems, you can fill a bug against the debian-live pseudo-package.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">718</label>
<p class="i0" id="718">
However, we would appreciate it if you try to narrow it down according to where the bug appears.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">719</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="719"><a name="719"></a>
<a name="c14.6.1" ></a><a name="h14.6.1" ></a>14.6.1 At build time while bootstrapping
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">720</label>
<p class="i0" id="720">
<i>live-build</i> first bootstraps a basic Debian system with <i>debootstrap</i> or <i>cdebootstrap</i>. Depending on the bootstrapping tool used and the Debian distribution it is bootstrapping, it may fail. If a bug appears here, check if the error is related to a specific Debian package (most likely), or if it is related to the bootstrapping tool itself.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">721</label>
<p class="i0" id="721">
In both cases, this is not a bug in the live system, but rather in Debian itself and probably we cannot fix it directly. Please report such a bug against the bootstrapping tool or the failing package.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">722</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="722"><a name="722"></a>
<a name="c14.6.2" ></a><a name="h14.6.2" ></a>14.6.2 At build time while installing packages
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">723</label>
<p class="i0" id="723">
<i>live-build</i> installs additional packages from the Debian archive and depending on the Debian distribution used and the daily archive state, it can fail. If a bug appears here, check if the error is also reproducible on a normal system.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">724</label>
<p class="i0" id="724">
If this is the case, this is not a bug in the live system, but rather in Debian - please report it against the failing package. Running <i>debootstrap</i> separately from the Live system build or running <tt>lb bootstrap --debug</tt> will give you more information.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">725</label>
<p class="i0" id="725">
Also, if you are using a local mirror and/or any sort of proxy and you are experiencing a problem, please always reproduce it first by bootstrapping from an official mirror.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">726</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="726"><a name="726"></a>
<a name="c14.6.3" ></a><a name="h14.6.3" ></a>14.6.3 At boot time
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">727</label>
<p class="i0" id="727">
If your image does not boot, please report it to the mailing list together with the information requested in <a href="#collect-information">Collect information</a>. Do not forget to mention, how/when the image failed exactly, whether using virtualization or real hardware. If you are using a virtualization technology of any kind, please always run it on real hardware before reporting a bug. Providing a screenshot of the failure is also very helpful.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">728</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="728"><a name="728"></a>
<a name="c14.6.4" ></a><a name="h14.6.4" ></a>14.6.4 At run time
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">729</label>
<p class="i0" id="729">
If a package was successfully installed, but fails while actually running the Live system, this is probably a bug in the live system. However:
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">730</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="730"><a name="730"></a>
<a name="c14.7" ></a><a name="h14.7" ></a>14.7 Do the research
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">731</label>
<p class="i0" id="731">
Before filing the bug, please search the web for the particular error message or symptom you are getting. As it is highly unlikely that you are the only person experiencing a particular problem. There is always a chance that it has been discussed elsewhere and a possible solution, patch, or workaround has been proposed.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">732</label>
<p class="i0" id="732">
You should pay particular attention to the live systems mailing list, as well as the homepage, as these are likely to contain the most up-to-date information. If such information exists, always include the references to it in your bug report.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">733</label>
<p class="i0" id="733">
In addition, you should check the current bug lists for <i>live-build</i>, <i>live-boot</i>, <i>live-config</i> and <i>live-tools</i> to see whether something similar has already been reported.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">734</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="734"><a name="734"></a>
<a name="c14.8" ></a><a name="h14.8" ></a>14.8 Where to report bugs
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">735</label>
<p class="i0" id="735">
The Live Systems Project keeps track of all bugs in the Bug Tracking System (BTS). For information on how to use the system, please see ‹<a href="https://bugs.debian.org/" target="_top">https://bugs.debian.org/</a>›. You can also submit the bugs by using the <tt>reportbug</tt> command from the package with the same name.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">736</label>
<p class="i0" id="736">
In general, you should report build time errors against the <i>live-build</i> package, boot time errors against <i>live-boot</i>, and run time errors against <i>live-config</i>. If you are unsure of which package is appropriate or need more help before submitting a bug report, please report it against the debian-live pseudo-package. We will then take care about it and reassign it where appropriate.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">737</label>
<p class="i0" id="737">
Please note that bugs found in distributions derived from Debian (such as Ubuntu and others) should <b>not</b> be reported to the Debian BTS unless they can be also reproduced on a Debian system using official Debian packages.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">738</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="738"><a name="738"></a>
Coding Style
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">739</label>
<h4 class="norm" id="739"><a name="739"></a>
<a name="h15" ></a><a name="coding_style" ></a><a name="coding-style" ></a>15. Coding Style
</h4>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">740</label>
<p class="i0" id="740">
This chapter documents the coding style used in live systems.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">741</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="741"><a name="741"></a>
<a name="c15.1" ></a><a name="h15.1" ></a>15.1 Compatibility
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">742</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="742">
Don't use syntax or semantics that are unique to the Bash shell. For example, the use of array constructs.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">743</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="743">
Only use the POSIX subset - for example, use $(foo) over `foo`.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">744</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="744">
You can check your scripts with 'sh -n' and 'checkbashisms'.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">745</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="745">
Make sure all shell code runs with 'set -e'.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">746</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="746"><a name="746"></a>
<a name="c15.2" ></a><a name="h15.2" ></a>15.2 Indenting
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">747</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="747">
Always use tabs over spaces.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">748</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="748"><a name="748"></a>
<a name="c15.3" ></a><a name="h15.3" ></a>15.3 Wrapping
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">749</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="749">
Generally, lines are 80 chars at maximum.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">750</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="750">
Use the "Linux style" of line breaks:
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">751</label>
<p class="i0" id="751">
Bad:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">752</label>
<p class="code" id="752">
if foo; then<br>
bar<br>
fi<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">753</label>
<p class="i0" id="753">
Good:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">754</label>
<p class="code" id="754">
if foo<br>
then<br>
bar<br>
fi<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">755</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="755">
The same holds for functions:
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">756</label>
<p class="i0" id="756">
Bad:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">757</label>
<p class="code" id="757">
Foo () {<br>
bar<br>
}<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">758</label>
<p class="i0" id="758">
Good:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">759</label>
<p class="code" id="759">
Foo ()<br>
{<br>
bar<br>
}<br>
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">760</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="760"><a name="760"></a>
<a name="c15.4" ></a><a name="h15.4" ></a>15.4 Variables
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">761</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="761">
Variables are always in capital letters.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">762</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="762">
Variables used in <i>live-build</i> always start with <tt>LB_</tt> prefix.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">763</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="763">
Internal temporary variables in <i>live-build</i> should start with the <tt>_LB_</tt> prefix.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">764</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="764">
Local variables start with <i>live-build</i> <tt>__LB_</tt> prefix.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">765</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="765">
Variables in connection to a boot parameter in <i>live-config</i> start with <tt>LIVE_</tt>.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">766</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="766">
All other variables in <i>live-config</i> start with <tt>_</tt> prefix.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">767</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="767">
Use braces around variables; e.g. write <tt>${FOO}</tt> instead of <tt>$FOO</tt>.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">768</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="768">
Always protect variables with quotes to respect potential whitespaces: write <tt>"${FOO}"</tt> not <tt>${FOO}</tt>.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">769</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="769">
For consistency reasons, always use quotes when assigning values to variables:
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">770</label>
<p class="i0" id="770">
Bad:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">771</label>
<p class="code" id="771">
FOO=bar<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">772</label>
<p class="i0" id="772">
Good:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">773</label>
<p class="code" id="773">
FOO="bar"<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">774</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="774">
If multiple variables are used, quote the full expression:
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">775</label>
<p class="i0" id="775">
Bad:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">776</label>
<p class="code" id="776">
if [ -f "${FOO}"/foo/"${BAR}"/bar ]<br>
then<br>
foobar<br>
fi<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">777</label>
<p class="i0" id="777">
Good:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">778</label>
<p class="code" id="778">
if [ -f "${FOO}/foo/${BAR}/bar" ]<br>
then<br>
foobar<br>
fi<br>
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">779</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="779"><a name="779"></a>
<a name="c15.5" ></a><a name="h15.5" ></a>15.5 Miscellaneous
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">780</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="780">
Use "<tt>|</tt>" (without the surround quotes) as a separator in calls to sed, e.g. "<tt>sed -e 's|foo|bar|'</tt>" (without "").
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">781</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="781">
Don't use the <tt>test</tt> command for comparisons or tests, use "<tt>[</tt>" "<tt>]</tt>" (without ""); e.g. "<tt>if [ -x /bin/foo ]; ...</tt>" and not "<tt>if test -x /bin/foo; ...</tt>".
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">782</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="782">
Use <tt>case</tt> wherever possible over <tt>test</tt>, as it's easier to read and faster in execution.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">783</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="783">
Use capitalized names for functions to limit messing with the users environment.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">784</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="784"><a name="784"></a>
Procedures
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">785</label>
<h4 class="norm" id="785"><a name="785"></a>
<a name="h16" ></a><a name="procedures" ></a>16. Procedures
</h4>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">786</label>
<p class="i0" id="786">
This chapter documents the procedures within the Live Systems Project for various tasks that need cooperation with other teams in Debian.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">787</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="787"><a name="787"></a>
<a name="c16.1" ></a><a name="h16.1" ></a>16.1 Major Releases
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">788</label>
<p class="i0" id="788">
Releasing a new stable major version of Debian includes a lot of different teams working together to make it happen. At some point, the Live team comes in and builds live system images. The requirements to do this are:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">789</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="789">
A mirror containing the released versions for the debian and debian-security archives which the debian-live buildd can access.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">790</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="790">
The names of the image need to be known (e.g. debian-live-VERSION-ARCH-FLAVOUR.iso).
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">791</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="791">
The data from debian-cd needs to be synced (udeb exclude lists).
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">792</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="792">
Images are built and mirrored on cdimage.debian.org.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">793</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="793"><a name="793"></a>
<a name="c16.2" ></a><a name="h16.2" ></a>16.2 Point Releases
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">794</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="794">
Again, we need updated mirrors of debian and debian-security.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">795</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="795">
Images are built and mirrored on cdimage.debian.org.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">796</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="796">
Send announcement mail.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">797</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="797"><a name="797"></a>
<a name="c16.2.1" ></a><a name="h16.2.1" ></a>16.2.1 Last Point Release of a Debian Release
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">798</label>
<p class="i0" id="798">
Remember to adjust both chroot and binary mirrors when building the last set of images for a Debian release after it has been moved away from ftp.debian.org to archive.debian.org. That way, old prebuilt live images are still useful without user modifications.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">799</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="799"><a name="799"></a>
<a name="c16.2.2" ></a><a name="h16.2.2" ></a>16.2.2 Point release announcement template
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">800</label>
<p class="i0" id="800">
An announcement mail for point releases can be generated using the template below and the following command:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">801</label>
<p class="code" id="801">
$ sed \<br>
-e 's|@MAJOR@|7.0|g' \<br>
-e 's|@MINOR@|7.0.1|g' \<br>
-e 's|@CODENAME@|wheezy|g' \<br>
-e 's|@ANNOUNCE@|2013/msgXXXXX.html|g'<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">802</label>
<p class="i0" id="802">
Please check the mail carefully before sending and pass it to others for proof-reading.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">803</label>
<p class="code" id="803">
Updated Live @MAJOR@: @MINOR@ released<br><br>
The Live Systems Project is pleased to announce the @MINOR@ update of the<br>
Live images for the stable distribution Debian @MAJOR@ (codename "@CODENAME@").<br><br>
The images are available for download at:<br><br>
<http://live-systems.org/cdimage/release/current/><br> <br>
and later at:<br><br>
<http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/release/current-live/><br> <br>
This update includes the changes of the Debian @MINOR@ release:<br><br>
<https://lists.debian.org/debian-announce/@ANNOUNCE@><br> <br>
Additionally it includes the following Live-specific changes:<br><br>
* [INSERT LIVE-SPECIFIC CHANGE HERE]<br>
* [INSERT LIVE-SPECIFIC CHANGE HERE]<br>
* [LARGER ISSUES MAY DESERVE THEIR OWN SECTION]<br><br>
About Live Systems<br>
------------------<br>
The Live Systems Project produces the tools used to build official<br>
live systems and the official live images themselves for Debian.<br><br>
About Debian<br>
------------<br>
The Debian Project is an association of Free Software developers who<br>
volunteer their time and effort in order to produce the completely free<br>
operating system Debian.<br><br>
Contact Information<br>
-------------------<br>
For further information, please visit the Live Systems web pages at<br>
<http://live-systems.org/>, or contact the Live Systems team at<br>
<debian-live@lists.debian.org>.<br>
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">804</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="804"><a name="804"></a>
Git repositories
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">805</label>
<h4 class="norm" id="805"><a name="805"></a>
<a name="h17" ></a><a name="git_repositories" ></a><a name="git-repositories" ></a>17. Git repositories
</h4>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">806</label>
<p class="i0" id="806">
The list of all the available repositories of the Live Systems Project can be found at ‹<a href="http://live-systems.org/gitweb/" target="_top">http://live-systems.org/gitweb/</a>›. The project's git URLs have the form: <tt>protocol://live-systems.org/git/repository</tt>. Thus, in order to clone <i>live-manual</i> read-only, launch:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">807</label>
<p class="code" id="807">
$ git clone git://live-systems.org/git/live-manual.git<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">808</label>
<p class="i0" id="808">
Or,
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">809</label>
<p class="code" id="809">
$ git clone https://live-systems.org/git/live-manual.git<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">810</label>
<p class="i0" id="810">
Or,
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">811</label>
<p class="code" id="811">
$ git clone http://live-systems.org/git/live-manual.git<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">812</label>
<p class="i0" id="812">
The cloning addresses with write permission have the form: <tt>git@live-systems.org:/repository</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">813</label>
<p class="i0" id="813">
So, again, to clone <i>live-manual</i> over ssh you must type:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">814</label>
<p class="code" id="814">
$ git clone git@live-systems.org:live-manual.git<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">815</label>
<p class="i0" id="815">
The git tree is made up of several different branches. The <b>debian</b> and the <b>debian-next</b> branches are particularly noteworthy because they contain the actual work that will eventually be included in each new release.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">816</label>
<p class="i0" id="816">
After cloning any of the existing repositories, you will be on the <b>debian</b> branch. This is appropriate to take a look at the state of the project's latest release but before starting work it is crucial to switch to the <b>debian-next</b> branch. To do so:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">817</label>
<p class="code" id="817">
$ git checkout debian-next<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">818</label>
<p class="i0" id="818">
The <b>debian-next</b> branch, which is not always fast-forward, is where all the changes are committed first before being merged into the <b>debian</b> branch. To make an analogy, it is like a testing ground. If you are working on this branch and need to pull, you will have to do a <tt>git pull --rebase</tt> so that your local modifications are staged while pulling from the server and then your changes will be put on top of it all.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">819</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="819"><a name="819"></a>
<a name="c17.1" ></a><a name="h17.1" ></a>17.1 Handling multiple repositories
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">820</label>
<p class="i0" id="820">
If you intend to clone several of the live systems repositories and want to switch to the <b>debian-next</b> branch right away to check the latest code, write a patch or contribute with a translation you ought to know that the git server provides a <tt>mrconfig</tt> file to ease the handling of multiple repositories. In order to use it you need to install the <i>mr</i> package and after that, launch:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">821</label>
<p class="code" id="821">
$ mr bootstrap http://live-systems.org/other/mr/mrconfig<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">822</label>
<p class="i0" id="822">
This command will automatically clone and checkout to the <b>debian-next</b> branch the development repositories of the Debian packages produced by the project. These include, among others, the <i>live-images</i> repository, which contains the configurations used for the prebuilt images that the project publishes for general use. For more information on how to use this repository, see <a href="#clone-configuration-via-git">Clone a configuration published via Git</a>
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">823</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="823"><a name="823"></a>
Examples
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">824</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="824"><a name="824"></a>
Examples
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">825</label>
<h4 class="norm" id="825"><a name="825"></a>
<a name="h18" ></a><a name="examples" ></a>18. Examples
</h4>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">826</label>
<p class="i0" id="826">
This chapter covers example builds for specific use cases with live systems. If you are new to building your own live system images, we recommend you first look at the three tutorials in sequence, as each one teaches new techniques that will help you use and understand the remaining examples.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">827</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="827"><a name="827"></a>
<a name="h18.1" ></a><a name="using-the-examples" ></a>18.1 Using the examples
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">828</label>
<p class="i0" id="828">
To use these examples you need a system to build them on that meets the requirements listed in <a href="#requirements">Requirements</a> and has <i>live-build</i> installed as described in <a href="#installing-live-build">Installing live-build</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">829</label>
<p class="i0" id="829">
Note that, for the sake of brevity, in these examples we do not specify a local mirror to use for the build. You can speed up downloads considerably if you use a local mirror. You may specify the options when you use <tt>lb config</tt>, as described in <a href="#distribution-mirrors-build-time">Distribution mirrors used at build time</a>, or for more convenience, set the default for your build system in <tt>/etc/live/build.conf</tt>. Simply create this file and in it, set the corresponding <tt>LB_MIRROR_*</tt> variables to your preferred mirror. All other mirrors used in the build will be defaulted from these values. For example:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">830</label>
<p class="code" id="830">
LB_MIRROR_BOOTSTRAP="http://mirror/debian/" <br>
LB_MIRROR_CHROOT_SECURITY="http://mirror/debian-security/" <br>
LB_MIRROR_CHROOT_BACKPORTS="http://mirror/debian-backports/"<br>
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">831</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="831"><a name="831"></a>
<a name="h18.2" ></a><a name="tutorial-1" ></a>18.2 Tutorial 1: A default image
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">832</label>
<p class="i0" id="832">
<b>Use case:</b> Create a simple first image, learning the basics of <i>live-build</i>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">833</label>
<p class="i0" id="833">
In this tutorial, we will build a default ISO hybrid live system image containing only base packages (no Xorg) and some live system support packages, as a first exercise in using <i>live-build</i>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">834</label>
<p class="i0" id="834">
You can't get much simpler than this:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">835</label>
<p class="code" id="835">
$ mkdir tutorial1 ; cd tutorial1 ; lb config<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">836</label>
<p class="i0" id="836">
Examine the contents of the <tt>config/</tt> directory if you wish. You will see stored here a skeletal configuration, ready to customize or, in this case, use immediately to build a default image.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">837</label>
<p class="i0" id="837">
Now, as superuser, build the image, saving a log as you build with <tt>tee</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">838</label>
<p class="code" id="838">
# lb build 2>&1 | tee build.log<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">839</label>
<p class="i0" id="839">
Assuming all goes well, after a while, the current directory will contain <tt>live-image-i386.hybrid.iso</tt>. This ISO hybrid image can be booted directly in a virtual machine as described in <a href="#testing-iso-with-qemu">Testing an ISO image with Qemu</a> and <a href="#testing-iso-with-virtualbox">Testing an ISO image with VirtualBox</a>, or else imaged onto optical media or a USB flash device as described in <a href="#burning-iso-image">Burning an ISO image to a physical medium</a> and <a href="#copying-iso-hybrid-to-usb">Copying an ISO hybrid image to a USB stick</a>, respectively.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">840</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="840"><a name="840"></a>
<a name="h18.3" ></a><a name="tutorial-2" ></a>18.3 Tutorial 2: A web browser utility
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">841</label>
<p class="i0" id="841">
<b>Use case:</b> Create a web browser utility image, learning how to apply customizations.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">842</label>
<p class="i0" id="842">
In this tutorial, we will create an image suitable for use as a web browser utility, serving as an introduction to customizing live system images.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">843</label>
<p class="code" id="843">
$ mkdir tutorial2<br>
$ cd tutorial2<br>
$ lb config<br>
$ echo "task-lxde-desktop iceweasel" >> config/package-lists/my.list.chroot<br>
$ lb config<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">844</label>
<p class="i0" id="844">
Our choice of LXDE for this example reflects our desire to provide a minimal desktop environment, since the focus of the image is the single use we have in mind, the web browser. We could go even further and provide a default configuration for the web browser in <tt>config/includes.chroot/etc/iceweasel/profile/</tt>, or additional support packages for viewing various kinds of web content, but we leave this as an exercise for the reader.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">845</label>
<p class="i0" id="845">
Build the image, again as superuser, keeping a log as in <a href="#tutorial-1">Tutorial 1</a>:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">846</label>
<p class="code" id="846">
# lb build 2>&1 | tee build.log<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">847</label>
<p class="i0" id="847">
Again, verify the image is OK and test, as in <a href="#tutorial-1">Tutorial 1</a>.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">848</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="848"><a name="848"></a>
<a name="h18.4" ></a><a name="tutorial-3" ></a>18.4 Tutorial 3: A personalized image
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">849</label>
<p class="i0" id="849">
<b>Use case:</b> Create a project to build a personalized image, containing your favourite software to take with you on a USB stick wherever you go, and evolving in successive revisions as your needs and preferences change.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">850</label>
<p class="i0" id="850">
Since we will be changing our personalized image over a number of revisions, and we want to track those changes, trying things experimentally and possibly reverting them if things don't work out, we will keep our configuration in the popular <tt>git</tt> version control system. We will also use the best practice of autoconfiguration via <tt>auto</tt> scripts as described in <a href="#managing-a-configuration">Managing a configuration</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">851</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="851"><a name="851"></a>
<a name="c18.4.1" ></a><a name="h18.4.1" ></a>18.4.1 First revision
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">852</label>
<p class="code" id="852">
$ mkdir -p tutorial3/auto<br>
$ cp /usr/share/doc/live-build/examples/auto/* tutorial3/auto/<br>
$ cd tutorial3<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">853</label>
<p class="i0" id="853">
Edit <tt>auto/config</tt> to read as follows:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">854</label>
<p class="code" id="854">
#!/bin/sh<br><br>
lb config noauto \<br>
--architectures i386 \<br>
--linux-flavours 686-pae \<br>
"${@}"<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">855</label>
<p class="i0" id="855">
Perform <tt>lb config</tt> to generate the config tree, using the <tt>auto/config</tt> script you just created:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">856</label>
<p class="code" id="856">
$ lb config<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">857</label>
<p class="i0" id="857">
Now populate your local package list:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">858</label>
<p class="code" id="858">
$ echo "task-lxde-desktop iceweasel xchat" >> config/package-lists/my.list.chroot<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">859</label>
<p class="i0" id="859">
First, <tt>--architectures i386</tt> ensures that on our <tt>amd64</tt> build system, we build a 32-bit version suitable for use on most machines. Second, we use <tt>--linux-flavours 686-pae</tt> because we don't anticipate using this image on much older systems. Third, we have chosen the <i>lxde</i> task metapackage to give us a minimal desktop. And finally, we have added two initial favourite packages: <i>iceweasel</i> and <i>xchat</i>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">860</label>
<p class="i0" id="860">
Now, build the image:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">861</label>
<p class="code" id="861">
# lb build<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">862</label>
<p class="i0" id="862">
Note that unlike in the first two tutorials, we no longer have to type <tt>2>&1 | tee build.log</tt> as that is now included in <tt>auto/build</tt>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">863</label>
<p class="i0" id="863">
Once you've tested the image (as in <a href="#tutorial-1">Tutorial 1</a>) and are satisfied it works, it's time to initialize our <tt>git</tt> repository, adding only the auto scripts we just created, and then make the first commit:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">864</label>
<p class="code" id="864">
$ git init<br>
$ cp /usr/share/doc/live-build/examples/gitignore .gitignore<br>
$ git add .<br>
$ git commit -m "Initial import."<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">865</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="865"><a name="865"></a>
<a name="c18.4.2" ></a><a name="h18.4.2" ></a>18.4.2 Second revision
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">866</label>
<p class="i0" id="866">
In this revision, we're going to clean up from the first build, add the <i>vlc</i> package to our configuration, rebuild, test and commit.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">867</label>
<p class="i0" id="867">
The <tt>lb clean</tt> command will clean up all generated files from the previous build except for the cache, which saves having to re-download packages. This ensures that the subsequent <tt>lb build</tt> will re-run all stages to regenerate the files from our new configuration.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">868</label>
<p class="code" id="868">
# lb clean<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">869</label>
<p class="i0" id="869">
Now append the <i>vlc</i> package to our local package list in <tt>config/package-lists/my.list.chroot</tt>:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">870</label>
<p class="code" id="870">
$ echo vlc >> config/package-lists/my.list.chroot<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">871</label>
<p class="i0" id="871">
Build again:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">872</label>
<p class="code" id="872">
# lb build<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">873</label>
<p class="i0" id="873">
Test, and when you're satisfied, commit the next revision:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">874</label>
<p class="code" id="874">
$ git commit -a -m "Adding vlc media player."<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">875</label>
<p class="i0" id="875">
Of course, more complicated changes to the configuration are possible, perhaps adding files in subdirectories of <tt>config/</tt>. When you commit new revisions, just take care not to hand edit or commit the top-level files in <tt>config</tt> containing <tt>LB_*</tt> variables, as these are build products, too, and are always cleaned up by <tt>lb clean</tt> and re-created with <tt>lb config</tt> via their respective <tt>auto</tt> scripts.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">876</label>
<p class="i0" id="876">
We've come to the end of our tutorial series. While many more kinds of customization are possible, even just using the few features explored in these simple examples, an almost infinite variety of different images can be created. The remaining examples in this section cover several other use cases drawn from the collected experiences of users of live systems.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">877</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="877"><a name="877"></a>
<a name="c18.5" ></a><a name="h18.5" ></a>18.5 A VNC Kiosk Client
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">878</label>
<p class="i0" id="878">
<b>Use case:</b> Create an image with <i>live-build</i> to boot directly to a VNC server.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">879</label>
<p class="i0" id="879">
Make a build directory and create an skeletal configuration inside it, disabling recommends to make a minimal system. And then create two initial package lists: the first one generated with a script provided by <i>live-build</i> named <tt>Packages</tt> (see <a href="#generated-package-lists">Generated package lists</a>), and the second one including <i>xorg</i>, <i>gdm3</i>, <i>metacity</i> and <i>xvnc4viewer</i>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">880</label>
<p class="code" id="880">
$ mkdir vnc-kiosk-client<br>
$ cd vnc-kiosk-client<br>
$ lb config -a i386 -k 686-pae --apt-recommends false<br>
$ echo '! Packages Priority standard' > config/package-lists/standard.list.chroot<br>
$ echo "xorg gdm3 metacity xvnc4viewer" > config/package-lists/my.list.chroot<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">881</label>
<p class="i0" id="881">
As explained in <a href="#tweaking-apt-to-save-space">Tweaking APT to save space</a> you may need to re-add some recommended packages to make your image work properly.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">882</label>
<p class="i0" id="882">
An easy way to list recommends is using <i>apt-cache</i>. For example:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">883</label>
<p class="code" id="883">
$ apt-cache depends live-config live-boot<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">884</label>
<p class="i0" id="884">
In this example we found out that we had to re-include several packages recommended by <i>live-config</i> and <i>live-boot</i>: <tt>user-setup</tt> to make autologin work and <tt>sudo</tt> as an essential program to shutdown the system. Besides, it could be handy to add <tt>live-tools</tt> to be able to copy the image to RAM and <tt>eject</tt> to eventually eject the live medium. So:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">885</label>
<p class="code" id="885">
$ echo "live-tools user-setup sudo eject" > config/package-lists/recommends.list.chroot<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">886</label>
<p class="i0" id="886">
After that, create the directory <tt>/etc/skel</tt> in <tt>config/includes.chroot</tt> and put a custom <tt>.xsession</tt> in it for the default user that will launch <i>metacity</i> and start <i>xvncviewer</i>, connecting to port <tt>5901</tt> on a server at <tt>192.168.1.2</tt>:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">887</label>
<p class="code" id="887">
$ mkdir -p config/includes.chroot/etc/skel<br>
$ cat > config/includes.chroot/etc/skel/.xsession << EOF<br>
#!/bin/sh<br><br>
/usr/bin/metacity &<br>
/usr/bin/xvncviewer 192.168.1.2:1<br><br>
exit<br>
EOF<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">888</label>
<p class="i0" id="888">
Build the image:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">889</label>
<p class="code" id="889">
# lb build<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">890</label>
<p class="i0" id="890">
Enjoy.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">891</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="891"><a name="891"></a>
<a name="c18.6" ></a><a name="h18.6" ></a>18.6 A base image for a 128MB USB key
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">892</label>
<p class="i0" id="892">
<b>Use case:</b> Create a default image with some components removed in order to fit on a 128MB USB key with a little space left over to use as you see fit.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">893</label>
<p class="i0" id="893">
When optimizing an image to fit a certain media size, you need to understand the tradeoffs you are making between size and functionality. In this example, we trim only so much as to make room for additional material within a 128MB media size, but without doing anything to destroy the integrity of the packages contained within, such as the purging of locale data via the <i>localepurge</i> package, or other such "intrusive" optimizations. Of particular note, we use <tt>--debootstrap-options</tt> to create a minimal system from scratch.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">894</label>
<p class="code" id="894">
$ lb config -k 486 --apt-indices false --apt-recommends false --debootstrap-options "--variant=minbase" --firmware-chroot false --memtest none<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">895</label>
<p class="i0" id="895">
To make the image work properly, we must re-add, at least, two recommended packages which are left out by the <tt>--apt-recommends false</tt> option. See <a href="#tweaking-apt-to-save-space">Tweaking APT to save space</a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">896</label>
<p class="code" id="896">
$ echo "user-setup sudo" > config/package-lists/recommends.list.chroot<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">897</label>
<p class="i0" id="897">
Now, build the image in the usual way:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">898</label>
<p class="code" id="898">
# lb build 2>&1 | tee build.log<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">899</label>
<p class="i0" id="899">
On the author's system at the time of writing this, the above configuration produced a 77MB image. This compares favourably with the 177MB image produced by the default configuration in <a href="#tutorial-1">Tutorial 1</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">900</label>
<p class="i0" id="900">
The biggest space-saver here, compared to building a default image on an <tt>i386</tt> architecture system, is to select only the <tt>486</tt> kernel flavour instead of the default <tt>-k "486 686-pae"</tt>. Leaving off APT's indices with <tt>--apt-indices false</tt> also saves a fair amount of space, the tradeoff being that you need to do an <tt>apt-get update</tt> before using <i>apt</i> in the live system. Dropping recommended packages with <tt>--apt-recommends false</tt> saves some additional space, at the expense of omitting some packages you might otherwise expect to be there. <tt>--debootstrap-options "--variant=minbase"</tt> bootstraps a minimal system from the start. Not automatically including firmware packages with <tt>--firmware-chroot false</tt> saves some space too. And finally, <tt>--memtest none</tt> prevents the installation of a memory tester.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">901</label>
<p class="i0" id="901">
<b>Note:</b> A minimal system can also be achieved using hooks, like for example the <tt>stripped.hook.chroot</tt> hook found in <tt>/usr/share/doc/live-build/examples/hooks</tt>. It may shave off additional small amounts of space and produce an image of 62MB. However, it does so by removal of documentation and other files from packages installed on the system. This violates the integrity of those packages and that, as the comment header warns, may have unforeseen consequences. That is why using a minimal <i>debootstrap</i> is the recommended way of achieving this goal.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">902</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="902"><a name="902"></a>
<a name="c18.7" ></a><a name="h18.7" ></a>18.7 A localized GNOME desktop and installer
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">903</label>
<p class="i0" id="903">
<b>Use case:</b> Create a GNOME desktop image, localized for Switzerland and including an installer.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">904</label>
<p class="i0" id="904">
We want to make an iso-hybrid image for i386 architecture using our preferred desktop, in this case GNOME, containing all of the same packages that would be installed by the standard Debian installer for GNOME.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">905</label>
<p class="i0" id="905">
Our initial problem is the discovery of the names of the appropriate language tasks. Currently, <i>live-build</i> cannot help with this. While we might get lucky and find this by trial-and-error, there is a tool, <tt>grep-dctrl</tt>, which can be used to dig it out of the task descriptions in tasksel-data, so to prepare, make sure you have both of those things:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">906</label>
<p class="code" id="906">
# apt-get install dctrl-tools tasksel-data<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">907</label>
<p class="i0" id="907">
Now we can search for the appropriate tasks, first with:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">908</label>
<p class="code" id="908">
$ grep-dctrl -FTest-lang de /usr/share/tasksel/descs/debian-tasks.desc -sTask<br>
Task: german<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">909</label>
<p class="i0" id="909">
By this command, we discover the task is called, plainly enough, german. Now to find the related tasks:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">910</label>
<p class="code" id="910">
$ grep-dctrl -FEnhances german /usr/share/tasksel/descs/debian-tasks.desc -sTask<br>
Task: german-desktop<br>
Task: german-kde-desktop<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">911</label>
<p class="i0" id="911">
At boot time we will generate the <b>de_CH.UTF-8</b> locale and select the <b>ch</b> keyboard layout. Now let's put the pieces together. Recalling from <a href="#using-metapackages">Using metapackages</a> that task metapackages are prefixed <tt>task-</tt>, we just specify these language boot parameters, then add standard priority packages and all our discovered task metapackages to our package list as follows:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">912</label>
<p class="code" id="912">
$ mkdir live-gnome-ch<br>
$ cd live-gnome-ch<br>
$ lb config \<br>
-a i386 \<br>
-k 486 \<br>
--bootappend-live "boot=live components locales=de_CH.UTF-8 keyboard-layouts=ch" \<br>
--debian-installer live<br>
$ echo '! Packages Priority standard' > config/package-lists/standard.list.chroot<br>
$ echo task-gnome-desktop task-german task-german-desktop >> config/package-lists/desktop.list.chroot<br>
$ echo debian-installer-launcher >> config/package-lists/installer.list.chroot<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">913</label>
<p class="i0" id="913">
Note that we have included the <i>debian-installer-launcher</i> package to launch the installer from the live desktop, and have also specified the 486 flavour kernel, as it is currently necessary to make the installer and live system kernels match for the launcher to work properly.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">914</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="914"><a name="914"></a>
Appendix
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">915</label>
<h1 class="norm" id="915"><a name="915"></a>
Style guide
</h1>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">916</label>
<h4 class="norm" id="916"><a name="916"></a>
<a name="h19" ></a><a name="style_guide" ></a><a name="style-guide" ></a>19. Style guide
</h4>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">917</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="917"><a name="917"></a>
<a name="c19.1" ></a><a name="h19.1" ></a>19.1 Guidelines for authors
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">918</label>
<p class="i0" id="918">
This section deals with some general considerations to be taken into account when writing technical documentation for <i>live-manual</i>. They are divided into linguistic features and recommended procedures.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">919</label>
<p class="i0" id="919">
<b>Note:</b> Authors should first read <a href="#how-to-contribute">Contributing to this document</a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">920</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="920"><a name="920"></a>
<a name="c19.1.1" ></a><a name="h19.1.1" ></a>19.1.1 Linguistic features
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">921</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="921">
<i>Use plain English</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">922</label>
<p class="i0" id="922">
Keep in mind that a high percentage of your readers are not native speakers of English. So as a general rule try to use short, meaningful sentences, followed by a full stop.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">923</label>
<p class="i0" id="923">
This does not mean that you have to use a simplistic, naive style. It is a suggestion to try to avoid, as much as possible, complex subordinate sentences that make the text difficult to understand for non-native speakers of English.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">924</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="924">
<i>Variety of English</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">925</label>
<p class="i0" id="925">
The most widely spread varieties of English are British and American so it is very likely that most authors will use either one or the other. In a collaborative environment, the ideal variety would be "International English" but it is very difficult, not to say impossible, to decide on which variety among all the existing ones, is the best to use.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">926</label>
<p class="i0" id="926">
We expect that different varieties may mix without creating misunderstandings but in general terms you should try to be coherent and before deciding on using British, American or any other English flavour at your discretion, please take a look at how other people write and try to imitate them.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">927</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="927">
<i>Be balanced</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">928</label>
<p class="i0" id="928">
Do not be biased. Avoid including references to ideologies completely unrelated to <i>live-manual</i>. Technical writing should be as neutral as possible. It is in the very nature of scientific writing.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">929</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="929">
<i>Be politically correct</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">930</label>
<p class="i0" id="930">
Try to avoid sexist language as much as possible. If you need to make references to the third person singular preferably use "they" rather than "he" or "she" or awkward inventions such as "s/he", "s(he)" and the like.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">931</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="931">
<i>Be concise</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">932</label>
<p class="i0" id="932">
Go straight to the point and do not wander around aimlessly. Give as much information as necessary but do not give more information than necessary, this is to say, do not explain unnecessary details. Your readers are intelligent. Presume some previous knowledge on their part.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">933</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="933">
<i>Minimize translation work</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">934</label>
<p class="i0" id="934">
Keep in mind that whatever you write will have to be translated into several other languages. This implies that a number of people will have to do an extra work if you add useless or redundant information.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">935</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="935">
<i>Be coherent</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">936</label>
<p class="i0" id="936">
As suggested before, it is almost impossible to standardize a collaborative document into a perfectly unified whole. However, every effort on your side to write in a coherent way with the rest of the authors will be appreciated.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">937</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="937">
<i>Be cohesive</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">938</label>
<p class="i0" id="938">
Use as many text-forming devices as necessary to make your text cohesive and unambiguous. (Text-forming devices are linguistic markers such as connectors).
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">939</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="939">
<i>Be descriptive</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">940</label>
<p class="i0" id="940">
It is preferable to describe the point in one or several paragraphs than merely using a number of sentences in a typical "changelog" style. Describe it! Your readers will appreciate it.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">941</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="941">
<i>Dictionary</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">942</label>
<p class="i0" id="942">
Look up the meaning of words in a dictionary or encyclopedia if you do not know how to express certain concepts in English. But keep in mind that a dictionary can either be your best friend or can turn into your worst enemy if you do not know how to use it correctly.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">943</label>
<p class="i0" id="943">
English has the largest vocabulary that exists (with over one million words). Many of these words are borrowings from other languages. When looking up the meaning of words in a bilingual dictionary the tendency of a non-native speaker of English is to choose the one that sounds more similar in their mother tongue. This often turns into an excessively formal discourse which does not sound quite natural in English.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">944</label>
<p class="i0" id="944">
As a general rule, if a concept can be expressed using different synonyms, it is a good advice to choose the first word proposed by the dictionary. If in doubt, choosing words of Germanic origin (Usually monosyllabic words) is often the right thing to do. Be warned that these two techniques might produce a rather informal discourse but at least your choice of words will be of wide use and generally accepted.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">945</label>
<p class="i0" id="945">
Using a dictionary of collocations is recommended. They are extremely helpful when it comes to know which words usually occur together.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">946</label>
<p class="i0" id="946">
Again it is a good practice to learn from the work of others. Using a search engine to check how other authors use certain expressions may help a lot.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">947</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="947">
<i>False friends, idioms and other idiomatic expressions</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">948</label>
<p class="i0" id="948">
Watch out for false friends. No matter how proficient you are in a foreign language you cannot help falling from time to time in the trap of the so called "false friends", words that look similar in two languages but whose meanings or uses might be completely different.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">949</label>
<p class="i0" id="949">
Try to avoid idioms as much as possible. "Idioms" are expressions that may convey a completely different meaning from what their individual words seem to mean. Sometimes, idioms might be difficult to understand even for native speakers of English!
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">950</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="950">
<i>Avoid slang, abbreviations, contractions...</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">951</label>
<p class="i0" id="951">
Even though you are encouraged to use plain, everyday English, technical writing belongs to the formal register of the language.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">952</label>
<p class="i0" id="952">
Try to avoid slang, unusual abbreviations that are difficult to understand and above all contractions that try to imitate the spoken language. Not to mention typical irc and family friendly expressions.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">953</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="953"><a name="953"></a>
<a name="c19.1.2" ></a><a name="h19.1.2" ></a>19.1.2 Procedures
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">954</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="954">
<i>Test before write</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">955</label>
<p class="i0" id="955">
It is important that authors test their examples before adding them to <i>live-manual</i> to ensure that everything works as described. Testing on a clean chroot or VM can be a good starting point. Besides, it would be ideal if the tests were then carried out on different machines with different hardware to spot possible problems that may arise.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">956</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="956">
<i>Examples</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">957</label>
<p class="i0" id="957">
When providing an example try to be as specific as you can. An example is, after all, just an example.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">958</label>
<p class="i0" id="958">
It is often better to use a line that only applies to a specific case than using abstractions that may confuse your readers. In this case you can provide a brief explanation of the effects of the proposed example.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">959</label>
<p class="i0" id="959">
There may be some exceptions when the example suggests using some potentially dangerous commands that, if misused, may cause data loss or other similar undesirable effects. In this case you should provide a thorough explanation of the possible side effects.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">960</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="960">
<i>External links</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">961</label>
<p class="i0" id="961">
Links to external sites should only be used when the information on those sites is crucial when it comes to understanding a special point. Even so, try to use links to external sites as sparsely as possible. Internet links are likely to change from time to time resulting in broken links and leaving your arguments in an incomplete state.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">962</label>
<p class="i0" id="962">
Besides, people who read the manual offline will not have the chance to follow those links.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">963</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="963">
<i>Avoid branding and things that violate the license under which the manual is published</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">964</label>
<p class="i0" id="964">
Try to avoid branding as much as possible. Keep in mind that other downstream projects might make use of the documentation you write. So you are complicating things for them if you add certain specific material.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">965</label>
<p class="i0" id="965">
<i>live-manual</i> is licensed under the GNU GPL. This has a number of implications that apply to the distribution of the material (of any kind, including copyrighted graphics or logos) that is published with it.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">966</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="966">
<i>Write a first draft, revise, edit, improve, redo if necessary</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">967</label>
<p class="i0" id="967">
- Brainstorm!. You need to organize your ideas first in a logical sequence of events.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">968</label>
<p class="i0" id="968">
- Once you have somehow organized those ideas in your mind write a first draft.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">969</label>
<p class="i0" id="969">
- Revise grammar, syntax and spelling. Keep in mind that the proper names of the releases, such as <b>jessie</b> or <b>sid</b>, should not be capitalized when referred to as code names. In order to check the spelling you can run the "spell" target. i.e. <tt>make spell</tt>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">970</label>
<p class="i0" id="970">
- Improve your statements and redo any part if necessary.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">971</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="971">
<i>Chapters</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">972</label>
<p class="i0" id="972">
Use the conventional numbering system for chapters and subtitles. e.g. 1, 1.1, 1.1.1, 1.1.2 ... 1.2, 1.2.1, 1.2.2 ... 2, 2.1 ... and so on. See markup below.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">973</label>
<p class="i0" id="973">
If you have to enumerate a series of steps or stages in your description, you can also use ordinal numbers: First, second, third ... or First, Then, After that, Finally ... Alternatively you can use bulleted items.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">974</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="974">
<i>Markup</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">975</label>
<p class="i0" id="975">
And last but not least, <i>live-manual</i> uses <a href="http://www.sisudoc.org/">SiSU</a> to process the text files and produce a multiple format output. It is recommended to take a look at <a href="http://www.sisudoc.org/sisu/en/html/sisu_manual/markup.html">SiSU's manual</a> to get familiar with its markup, or else type:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">976</label>
<p class="code" id="976">
$ sisu --help markup<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">977</label>
<p class="i0" id="977">
Here are some markup examples that may prove useful:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">978</label>
<p class="i0" id="978">
- For emphasis/bold text:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">979</label>
<p class="code" id="979">
*{foo}* or !{foo}!<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">980</label>
<p class="i0" id="980">
produces: <b>foo</b> or <b>foo</b>. Use it to emphasize certain key words.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">981</label>
<p class="i0" id="981">
- For italics:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">982</label>
<p class="code" id="982">
/{foo}/<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">983</label>
<p class="i0" id="983">
produces: <i>foo</i>. Use them e.g. for the names of Debian packages.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">984</label>
<p class="i0" id="984">
- For monospace:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">985</label>
<p class="code" id="985">
#{foo}#<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">986</label>
<p class="i0" id="986">
produces: <tt>foo</tt>. Use it e.g. for the names of commands. And also to highlight some key words or things like paths.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">987</label>
<p class="i0" id="987">
- For code blocks:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">988</label>
<p class="code" id="988">
code{<br><br>
$ foo<br>
# bar<br><br>
}code<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">989</label>
<p class="i0" id="989">
produces:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">990</label>
<p class="code" id="990">
$ foo<br>
# bar<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">991</label>
<p class="i0" id="991">
Use <tt>code{</tt> to open and <tt>}code</tt> to close the tags. It is important to remember to leave a space at the beginning of each line of code.
</p>
</div>
<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">992</label>
<h5 class="norm" id="992"><a name="992"></a>
<a name="h19.2" ></a><a name="guidelines-translators" ></a>19.2 Guidelines for translators
</h5>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">993</label>
<p class="i0" id="993">
This section deals with some general considerations to be taken into account when translating the contents of <i>live-manual</i>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">994</label>
<p class="i0" id="994">
As a general recommendation, translators should have read and understood the translation rules that apply to their specific languages. Usually, translation groups and mailing lists provide information on how to produce translated work that complies with Debian quality standards.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">995</label>
<p class="i0" id="995">
<b>Note:</b> Translators should also read <a href="#how-to-contribute">Contributing to this document</a>. In particular the section <a href="#translation">Translation</a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">996</label>
<h6 class="norm" id="996"><a name="996"></a>
<a name="c19.2.1" ></a><a name="h19.2.1" ></a>19.2.1 Translation hints
</h6>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">997</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="997">
<i>Comments</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">998</label>
<p class="i0" id="998">
The role of the translator is to convey as faithfully as possible the meaning of words, sentences, paragraphs and texts as written by the original authors into their target language.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">999</label>
<p class="i0" id="999">
So they should refrain from adding personal comments or extra bits of information of their own. If they want to add a comment for other translators working on the same documents, they can leave it in the space reserved for that. That is, the header of the strings in the <b>po</b> files preceded by a number sign <b>#</b>. Most graphical translation programs can automatically handle those types of comments.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1000</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="1000">
<i>TN, Translator's Note</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1001</label>
<p class="i0" id="1001">
It is perfectly acceptable however, to include a word or an expression in brackets in the translated text if, and only if, that makes the meaning of a difficult word or expression clearer to the reader. Inside the brackets the translator should make evident that the addition was theirs using the abbreviation "TN" or "Translator's Note".
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1002</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="1002">
<i>Impersonal sentences</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1003</label>
<p class="i0" id="1003">
Documents written in English make an extensive use of the impersonal form "you". In some other languages that do not share this characteristic, this might give the false impression that the original texts are directly addressing the reader when they are actually not doing so. Translators must be aware of that fact and reflect it in their language as accurately as possible.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1004</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="1004">
<i>False friends</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1005</label>
<p class="i0" id="1005">
The trap of "false friends" explained before especially applies to translators. Double check the meaning of suspicious false friends if in doubt.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1006</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="1006">
<i>Markup</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1007</label>
<p class="i0" id="1007">
Translators working initially with <b>pot</b> files and later on with <b>po</b> files will find many markup features in the strings. They can translate the text anyway, as long as it is translatable, but it is extremely important that they use exactly the same markup as the original English version.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1008</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="1008">
<i>Code blocks</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1009</label>
<p class="i0" id="1009">
Even though the code blocks are usually untranslatable, including them in the translation is the only way to score a 100% complete translation. And even though it means more work at first because it might require the intervention of the translators if the code changes, it is the best way, in the long run, to identify what has already been translated and what has not when checking the integrity of the .po files.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1010</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="1010">
<i>Newlines</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1011</label>
<p class="i0" id="1011">
The translated texts need to have the exact same newlines as the original texts. Be careful to press the "Enter" key or type <b>\n</b> if they appear in the original files. These newlines often appear, for instance, in the code blocks.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1012</label>
<p class="i0" id="1012">
Make no mistake, this does not mean that the translated text needs to have the same length as the English version. That is nearly impossible.
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1013</label>
<ul>
<li class="bullet" id="1013">
<i>Untranslatable strings</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1014</label>
<p class="i0" id="1014">
Translators should never translate:
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1015</label>
<p class="i0" id="1015">
- The code names of releases (which should be written in lowercase)
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1016</label>
<p class="i0" id="1016">
- The names of programs
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1017</label>
<p class="i0" id="1017">
- The commands given as examples
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1018</label>
<p class="i0" id="1018">
- Metadata (often between colons <b>:metadata:</b>)
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1019</label>
<p class="i0" id="1019">
- Links
</p>
</div>
<div class="substance">
<label class="ocn">1020</label>
<p class="i0" id="1020">
- Paths
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="main_column">
<table summary="table of contents scroll navigation band" id="toc" width="100%" bgcolor="#ffffff">
<tr><td width="20%">
<table summary="home button / home information" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" bgcolor="#ffffff">
<p class="tiny_left"><a href="http://live.debian.net/manual" target="_top">
Live manual
</a></p>
<p class="tiny_left"><a href="http://live.debian.net" target="_top">
Live Systems
</a></p>
</td></tr>
</table>
</td>
<td width="75%" align="center">
<table summary="segment navigation available documents types: toc,doc,pdf,concordance" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff">
<!-- SiSU Search -->
<td align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff">
<a name="search"></a>
<form method="get" action="http://live-systems.org/manual/git/search.cgi" target="_top">
<font size="2">
<input type="text" name="s1" size="24" maxlength="255" />
<input type="hidden" name="db" value="SiSUv5c_manual" />
<input type="hidden" name="ltd" value="1000" />
<input type="hidden" name="off" value="0" />
<input type="hidden" name="doc" value="live-manual" /><br />
<input type="submit" name="search" value="search doc" />
<input type="submit" name="search" value="search db" />
</font></form>
</td>
<!-- SiSU Search -->
</tr></table>
</td>
<td width="20%">
</td></tr>
</table>
<p>
<a name="bottom" id="bottom"></a>
<a name="end" id="end"></a>
</div>
</body>
</html>
|