python-fdb 1.4.1+dfsg1-4 / usr / lib / python2.7 / dist-packages / fdb / schema.py

#!/usr/bin/python
#
#   PROGRAM:     fdb
#   MODULE:      schema.py
#   DESCRIPTION: Database schema
#   CREATED:     10.5.2013
#
#  Software distributed under the License is distributed AS IS,
#  WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
#  See the License for the specific language governing rights
#  and limitations under the License.
#
#  The Original Code was created by Pavel Cisar
#
#  Copyright (c) 2013 Pavel Cisar <pcisar@users.sourceforge.net>
#  and all contributors signed below.
#
#  All Rights Reserved.
#  Contributor(s): ______________________________________.

import sys
import os
import fdb
#from . import fbcore as fdb
from fdb.utils import LateBindingProperty
import string
import weakref
from itertools import groupby

# Firebird Field Types

FBT_SMALLINT = 7
FBT_INTEGER = 8
FBT_QUAD = 9
FBT_FLOAT = 10
FBT_CHAR = 14
FBT_DOUBLE_PRECISION = 27
FBT_DATE = 35
FBT_VARCHAR = 37
FBT_CSTRING = 40
FBT_BLOB_ID = 45
FBT_BLOB = 261
FBT_SQL_DATE = 12
FBT_SQL_TIME = 13
FBT_SQL_TIMESTAMP = 35
FBT_BIGINT = 16

MAX_INTSUBTYPES = 2
MAX_BLOBSUBTYPES = 8

TRIGGER_TYPE_SHIFT = 13
TRIGGER_TYPE_MASK = (0x3 << TRIGGER_TYPE_SHIFT)
TRIGGER_TYPE_DML = (0 << TRIGGER_TYPE_SHIFT)
TRIGGER_TYPE_DB	= (1 << TRIGGER_TYPE_SHIFT)

COLUMN_TYPES =  {FBT_SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT',
                 FBT_INTEGER: 'INTEGER',
                 FBT_QUAD: 'QUAD',
                 FBT_FLOAT: 'FLOAT',
                 FBT_CHAR: 'CHAR',
                 FBT_DOUBLE_PRECISION: 'DOUBLE PRECISION',
                 FBT_VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR',
                 FBT_CSTRING: 'CSTRING',
                 FBT_BLOB_ID: 'BLOB_ID',
                 FBT_BLOB: 'BLOB',
                 FBT_SQL_TIME: 'TIME',
                 FBT_SQL_DATE: 'DATE',
                 FBT_SQL_TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP',
                 FBT_BIGINT: 'BIGINT'
                }
INTEGRAL_SUBTYPES = ('UNKNOWN','NUMERIC','DECIMAL')
BLOB_SUBTYPES = ('BINARY','TEXT','BLR','ACL','RANGES','SUMMARY',
                 'FORMAT','TRANSACTION_DESCRIPTION','EXTERNAL_FILE_DESCRIPTION')

TRIGGER_PREFIX_TYPES = ['BEFORE','AFTER']
TRIGGER_SUFFIX_TYPES = ['','INSERT','UPDATE','DELETE']
TRIGGER_DB_TYPES = ['CONNECT','DISCONNECT','TRANSACTION START',
                    'TRANSACTION COMMIT','TRANSACTION ROLLBACK']

COLLATION_PAD_SPACE = 1
COLLATION_CASE_INSENSITIVE = 2
COLLATION_ACCENT_INSENSITIVE = 4

INDEX_TYPE_ASCENDING  = 'ASCENDING'
INDEX_TYPE_DESCENDING = 'DESCENDING'
INDEX_TYPES = [INDEX_TYPE_ASCENDING,INDEX_TYPE_DESCENDING]

RELATION_TYPE_TABLE = 0
RELATION_TYPE_VIEW = 1
RELATION_TYPE_GTT = 5
RELATION_TYPE_GTT_PRESERVE = 4

PROCPAR_DATATYPE = 0
PROCPAR_DOMAIN = 1
PROCPAR_TYPE_OF_DOMAIN = 2
PROCPAR_TYPE_OF_COLUMN = 3

#--- Functions
def get_grants(privileges,grantors=None):
    """Get list of minimal set of SQL GRANT statamenets necessary to grant
    specified privileges.
    
    :param list privileges: List of :class:`Privilege` instances.
    :param list grantors: List of standard grantor names. Generates GRANTED BY
        clause for privileges granted by user that's not in list.
    """
    tp = {'S':'SELECT','I':'INSERT','U':'UPDATE','D':'DELETE','R':'REFERENCES'}

    def skey(item):
        return (item.user_name,item.user_type,item.grantor_name,
                item.subject_name,item.subject_type,item.has_grant(),
                item.privilege in tp,item.privilege, str(item.field_name),)
    def gkey(item):
        return (item.user_name,item.user_type,item.grantor_name,
                item.subject_name,item.subject_type,item.has_grant(),
                item.privilege in tp,)
    def gkey2(item):
        return item.privilege

    grants = []
    p = list(privileges)
    p.sort(key=skey)
    for k, g in groupby(p,gkey):
        g = list(g)
        item = g[0]
        if item.has_grant():
            admin_option = ' WITH %s OPTION' % ('ADMIN' if item.privilege == 'M' 
                                                else 'GRANT')
        else: 
            admin_option = ''
        uname = item.user_name
        user = item.user
        if isinstance(user,Procedure):
            utype = 'PROCEDURE '
        elif isinstance(user,Trigger):
            utype = 'TRIGGER '
        elif isinstance(user,View):
            utype = 'VIEW '
        else:
            utype = ''
        sname = item.subject_name
        if (grantors is not None) and (item.grantor_name not in grantors):
            granted_by = ' GRANTED BY %s' % item.grantor_name
        else:
            granted_by = ''
        priv_list = []
        for k,items in groupby(g,gkey2):
            items = list(items)
            item = items[0]
            if item.privilege in tp:
                privilege = tp[item.privilege]
                if len(items) > 1:
                    privilege += '(%s)' % ','.join(i.field_name for i in items if i.field_name)
                elif item.field_name is not None:
                    privilege += '(%s)' % item.field_name
                priv_list.append(privilege)
            elif item.privilege == 'X': # procedure
                privilege = 'EXECUTE ON PROCEDURE '
            else: # role membership
                privilege = ''
        if priv_list:
            privilege = ', '.join(priv_list)
            privilege +=  ' ON '
        grants.append('GRANT %s%s TO %s%s%s%s' % (privilege,sname,utype,
                                           uname,admin_option,granted_by))
    return grants
def isKeyword(ident):
    "Returns True if `ident` is Firebird keyword."
    return ident in ['ABS','ACCENT','ACOS','ACTION','ACTIVE','ADD','ADMIN',
                     'AFTER','ALL','ALTER','ALWAYS','AND','ANY','AS','ASC',
                     'ASCENDING','ASCII_CHAR','ASCII_VAL','ASIN','AT','ATAN',
                     'ATAN2','AUTO','AUTONOMOUS','AVG','BACKUP','BEFORE',
                     'BEGIN','BETWEEN','BIGINT','BIN_AND','BIN_NOT','BIN_OR',
                     'BIN_SHL','BIN_SHR','BIN_XOR','BIT_LENGTH','BLOB','BLOCK',
                     'BOTH','BREAK','BY','CALLER','CASCADE','CASE','CAST',
                     'CEIL','CEILING','CHAR','CHAR_LENGTH','CHAR_TO_UUID',
                     'CHARACTER','CHARACTER_LENGTH','CHECK','CLOSE','COALESCE',
                     'COLLATE','COLLATION','COLUMN','COMMENT','COMMIT',
                     'COMMITTED','COMMON','COMPUTED','CONDITIONAL','CONNECT',
                     'CONSTRAINT','CONTAINING','COS','COSH','COT','COUNT',
                     'CREATE','CROSS','CSTRING','CURRENT','CURRENT_CONNECTION',
                     'CURRENT_DATE','CURRENT_ROLE','CURRENT_TIME',
                     'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP','CURRENT_TRANSACTION','CURRENT_USER',
                     'CURSOR','DATA','DATABASE','DATE','DATEADD','DATEDIFF',
                     'DAY','DEC','DECIMAL','DECLARE','DECODE','DEFAULT',
                     'DELETE','DELETING','DESC','DESCENDING','DESCRIPTOR',
                     'DIFFERENCE','DISCONNECT','DISTINCT','DO','DOMAIN',
                     'DOUBLE','DROP','ELSE','END','ENTRY_POINT','ESCAPE',
                     'EXCEPTION','EXECUTE','EXISTS','EXIT','EXP','EXTERNAL',
                     'EXTRACT','FETCH','FILE','FILTER','FIRST','FIRSTNAME',
                     'FLOAT','FLOOR','FOR','FOREIGN','FREE_IT','FROM','FULL',
                     'FUNCTION','GDSCODE','GEN_ID','GEN_UUID','GENERATED',
                     'GENERATOR','GLOBAL','GRANT','GRANTED','GROUP','HASH',
                     'HAVING','HOUR','IF','IGNORE','IIF','IN','INACTIVE',
                     'INDEX','INNER','INPUT_TYPE','INSENSITIVE','INSERT',
                     'INSERTING','INT','INTEGER','INTO','IS','ISOLATION','JOIN',
                     'KEY','LAST','LASTNAME','LEADING','LEAVE','LEFT','LENGTH',
                     'LEVEL','LIKE','LIMBO','LIST','LN','LOCK','LOG','LOG10',
                     'LONG','LOWER','LPAD','MANUAL','MAPPING','MATCHED',
                     'MATCHING','MAX','MAXIMUM_SEGMENT','MAXVALUE','MERGE',
                     'MIDDLENAME','MILLISECOND','MIN','MINUTE','MINVALUE','MOD',
                     'MODULE_NAME','MONTH','NAMES','NATIONAL','NATURAL','NCHAR',
                     'NEXT','NO','NOT','NULL','NULLIF','NULLS','NUMERIC',
                     'OCTET_LENGTH','OF','ON','ONLY','OPEN','OPTION','OR',
                     'ORDER','OS_NAME','OUTER','OUTPUT_TYPE','OVERFLOW',
                     'OVERLAY','PAD','PAGE','PAGE_SIZE','PAGES','PARAMETER',
                     'PASSWORD','PI','PLACING','PLAN','POSITION','POST_EVENT',
                     'POWER','PRECISION','PRESERVE','PRIMARY','PRIVILEGES',
                     'PROCEDURE','PROTECTED','RAND','RDB$DB_KEY','READ','REAL',
                     'RECORD_VERSION','RECREATE','RECURSIVE','REFERENCES',
                     'RELEASE','REPLACE','REQUESTS','RESERV','RESERVING',
                     'RESTART','RESTRICT','RETAIN','RETURNING','RETURNING_VALUES',
                     'RETURNS','REVERSE','REVOKE','RIGHT','ROLE','ROLLBACK',
                     'ROUND','ROW_COUNT','ROWS','RPAD','SAVEPOINT','SCALAR_ARRAY',
                     'SCHEMA','SECOND','SEGMENT','SELECT','SENSITIVE','SEQUENCE',
                     'SET','SHADOW','SHARED','SIGN','SIMILAR','SIN','SINGULAR',
                     'SINH','SIZE','SKIP','SMALLINT','SNAPSHOT','SOME','SORT',
                     'SOURCE','SPACE','SQLCODE','SQLSTATE','SQRT','STABILITY',
                     'START','STARTING','STARTS','STATEMENT','STATISTICS',
                     'SUB_TYPE','SUBSTRING','SUM','SUSPEND','TABLE','TAN','TANH',
                     'TEMPORARY','THEN','TIME','TIMEOUT','TIMESTAMP','TO',
                     'TRAILING','TRANSACTION','TRIGGER','TRIM','TRUNC','TWO_PHASE',
                     'TYPE','UNCOMMITTED','UNDO','UNION','UNIQUE','UPDATE',
                     'UPDATING','UPPER','USER','USING','UUID_TO_CHAR','VALUE',
                     'VALUES','VARCHAR','VARIABLE','VARYING','VIEW','WAIT','WEEK',
                     'WEEKDAY','WHEN','WHERE','WHILE','WITH','WORK','WRITE',
                     'YEAR','YEARDAY']
def escape_single_quotes(text):
    return text.replace("'","''")

#--- Exceptions

#--- Classes

class Schema(object):
    """This class represents database schema.
    """
    
    #: Datatype declaration methods for procedure parameters: key = numID, value = name
    enum_param_type_from = {PROCPAR_DATATYPE: 'DATATYPE', 
                            PROCPAR_DOMAIN: 'DOMAIN', 
                            PROCPAR_TYPE_OF_DOMAIN: 'TYPE OF DOMAIN', 
                            PROCPAR_TYPE_OF_COLUMN: 'TYPE OF COLUMN'}
    #: Object types: key = numID, value = type_name
    enum_object_types = dict()
    #: Object type codes: key = type_name, value = numID
    enum_object_type_codes = dict()
    #: Character set names: key = numID, value = charset_name
    enum_character_set_names = dict()
    #: Field types: key = numID, value = type_name
    enum_field_types = dict()
    #: Field sub types: key = numID, value = type_name
    enum_field_subtypes = dict()
    #: Function types: key = numID, value = type_name
    enum_function_types = dict()
    #: Mechanism Types: key = numID, value = type_name
    enum_mechanism_types = dict()
    #: Parameter Mechanism Types: key = numID, value = type_name
    enum_parameter_mechanism_types = dict()
    #: Procedure Types: key = numID, value = type_name
    enum_procedure_types = dict()
    #: Relation Types: key = numID, value = type_name
    enum_relation_types = dict()
    #: System Flag Types: key = numID, value = type_name
    enum_system_flag_types = dict()
    #: Transaction State Types: key = numID, value = type_name
    enum_transaction_state_types = dict()
    #: Trigger Types: key = numID, value = type_name
    enum_trigger_types = dict()
    #: option switch: Always quote db object names on output
    opt_always_quote = False
    
    def __init__(self):
        self._con = None
        self._ic = None
        self.__internal = False
    def __del__(self):
        if not self.closed:
            self._close()
    def __get_closed(self):
        return self._con is None
    def __fail_if_closed(self):
        if self.closed:
            raise fdb.ProgrammingError("Schema is not binded to connection.")
    def _close(self):
        self._ic.close()
        self._con = None
        self._ic = None
    def _set_as_internal(self):
        """Mark this instance as `internal` (embedded). This blocks calls to 
        :meth:`bind` and :meth:`close`."""
        self.__internal = True
        self._con = weakref.proxy(self._con)
    def __object_by_name(self,list,name):
        if name is None: return None
        for o in list:
            if o.name == name:
                return o
        return None

    def __clear(self,data=None):
        if data:
            data = data.lower()
            if data not in ['tables','view','domains','indices','dependencies',
                            'generators','sequences','triggers','procedures',
                            'constraints','collations','character sets',
                            'exceptions','roles','functions','files','shadows',
                            'privileges','users']:
                raise fdb.ProgrammingError("Unknown metadata category '%s'" % data)
        if (not data or data == 'tables'):
            self.__tables = None
        if (not data or data == 'views'):
            self.__views = None
        if (not data or data == 'domains'):
            self.__domains = None
        if (not data or data == 'indices'):
            self.__indices = None
            self.__constraint_indices = None
        if (not data or data == 'dependencies'):
            self.__dependencies = None
        if (not data or data in ['generators','sequences']):
            self.__generators = None
        if (not data or data == 'triggers'):
            self.__triggers = None
        if (not data or data == 'procedures'):
            self.__procedures = None
        if (not data or data == 'constraints'):
            self.__constraints = None
        if (not data or data == 'collations'):
            self.__collations = None
        if (not data or data == 'character sets'):
            self.__character_sets = None
        if (not data or data == 'exceptions'):
            self.__exceptions = None
        if (not data or data == 'roles'):
            self.__roles = None
        if (not data or data == 'functions'):
            self.__functions = None
        if (not data or data == 'files'):
            self.__files = None
        if (not data or data == 'shadows'):
            self.__shadows = None
        if (not data or data == 'privileges'):
            self.__privileges = None
        if (not data or data == 'users'):
            self.__users = None

    #--- protected

    def _select_row(self,cmd,params=None):
        if params:
            self._ic.execute(cmd,params)
        else:
            self._ic.execute(cmd)
        return self._ic.fetchonemap()
    def _select(self,cmd,params=None):
        if params:
            self._ic.execute(cmd,params)
        else:
            self._ic.execute(cmd)
        return self._ic.itermap()
    def _get_field_dimensions(self,field):
        return [(r[0],r[1]) for r in 
                self._ic.execute("""SELECT r.RDB$LOWER_BOUND, r.RDB$UPPER_BOUND
FROM RDB$FIELD_DIMENSIONS r
where r.RDB$FIELD_NAME = '%s'
order by r.RDB$DIMENSION""" % field.name)]
    def _get_item(self,name,itype,subname=None):
        if itype == 0: # Relation
            return self.get_table(name)
        elif itype == 1: # View
            return self.get_view(name)
        elif itype == 2: # Trigger
            return self.get_trigger(name)
        elif itype == 5: # Procedure
            return self.get_procedure(name)
        elif itype == 8: # User
            result = self.__object_by_name(self._get_users(),name)
            if not result:
                result = fdb.services.User(name)
                self.__users.append(result)
            return result
        elif itype == 9: # Field
            return self.get_table(name).get_column(subname)
        elif itype == 10: # Index
            return self.get_index(name)
        elif itype == 13: # Role
            return self.get_role(name)
        elif itype == 14: # Generator
            return self.get_sequence(name)
        elif itype == 15: # UDF
            return self.get_function(name)
        elif itype == 17: # Collation
            return self.get_collation(name)
        else:
            raise fdb.ProgrammingError('Unsupported subject type')

    #--- special attribute access methods

    def _get_description(self):
        return self.__description
    def _get_default_character_set(self):
        return self.get_character_set(self._default_charset_name)
    def _get_owner_name(self):
        return self.__owner
    def _get_security_class(self):
        return self.__security_class
    def _get_collations(self):
        if self.__collations is None:
            self.__fail_if_closed()
            self._ic.execute("select * from rdb$collations")
            self.__collations = [Collation(self,row) for row in self._ic.itermap()]
        return self.__collations
    def _get_character_sets(self):
        if self.__character_sets is None:
            self.__fail_if_closed()
            self._ic.execute("select * from rdb$character_sets")
            self.__character_sets = [CharacterSet(self,row) for row in self._ic.itermap()]
        return self.__character_sets
    def _get_exceptions(self):
        if self.__exceptions is None:
            self.__fail_if_closed()
            self._ic.execute("select * from rdb$exceptions")
            self.__exceptions = [DatabaseException(self,row) for row in self._ic.itermap()]
        return self.__exceptions
    def _get_all_domains(self):
        if self.__domains is None:
            self.__fail_if_closed()
            self._ic.execute("""select RDB$FIELD_NAME, RDB$VALIDATION_SOURCE, 
RDB$COMPUTED_SOURCE, RDB$DEFAULT_SOURCE, RDB$FIELD_LENGTH, RDB$FIELD_SCALE, 
RDB$FIELD_TYPE, RDB$FIELD_SUB_TYPE, RDB$DESCRIPTION, RDB$SYSTEM_FLAG, 
RDB$SEGMENT_LENGTH, RDB$EXTERNAL_LENGTH, RDB$EXTERNAL_SCALE, RDB$EXTERNAL_TYPE, 
RDB$DIMENSIONS, RDB$NULL_FLAG, RDB$CHARACTER_LENGTH, RDB$COLLATION_ID, 
RDB$CHARACTER_SET_ID, RDB$FIELD_PRECISION from RDB$FIELDS""")
            self.__domains = [Domain(self,row) for row in self._ic.itermap()]
        return self.__domains
    def _get_domains(self):
        return [d for d in self._get_all_domains() if not d.issystemobject()]
    def _get_sysdomains(self):
        return [d for d in self._get_all_domains() if d.issystemobject()]
    def _get_all_tables(self):
        if self.__tables is None:
            self.__fail_if_closed()
            self._ic.execute("select * from rdb$relations where rdb$view_blr is null")
            self.__tables = [Table(self,row) for row in self._ic.itermap()]
        return self.__tables
    def _get_tables(self):
        return [t for t in self._get_all_tables() if not t.issystemobject()]
    def _get_systables(self):
        return [t for t in self._get_all_tables() if t.issystemobject()]
    def _get_all_views(self):
        if self.__views is None:
            self.__fail_if_closed()
            self._ic.execute("select * from rdb$relations where rdb$view_blr is not null")
            self.__views = [View(self,row) for row in self._ic.itermap()]
        return self.__views
    def _get_views(self):
        return [v for v in self._get_all_views() if not v.issystemobject()]
    def _get_sysviews(self):
        return [v for v in self._get_all_views() if v.issystemobject()]
    def _get_constraint_indices(self):
        if self.__constraint_indices is None:
            self.__fail_if_closed()
            self._ic.execute("""select RDB$INDEX_NAME, RDB$CONSTRAINT_NAME 
from RDB$RELATION_CONSTRAINTS where RDB$INDEX_NAME is not null""")
            self.__constraint_indices = dict([(key.strip(),value.strip()) for key, value in self._ic])
        return self.__constraint_indices
    def _get_all_indices(self):
        if self.__indices is None:
            self.__fail_if_closed()
            # Dummy call to _get_constraint_indices() is necessary as 
            # Index.issystemobject() that is called in Index.__init__() will 
            # drop result from internal cursor and we'll not load all indices.
            self._get_constraint_indices()
            self._ic.execute("""select RDB$INDEX_NAME, RDB$RELATION_NAME, 
RDB$INDEX_ID, RDB$UNIQUE_FLAG, RDB$DESCRIPTION, RDB$SEGMENT_COUNT, 
RDB$INDEX_INACTIVE, RDB$INDEX_TYPE, RDB$FOREIGN_KEY, RDB$SYSTEM_FLAG, 
RDB$EXPRESSION_SOURCE, RDB$STATISTICS from RDB$INDICES""")
            self.__indices = [Index(self,row) for row in self._ic.itermap()]
        return self.__indices
    def _get_indices(self):
        return [i for i in self._get_all_indices() if not i.issystemobject()]
    def _get_sysindices(self):
        return [i for i in self._get_all_indices() if i.issystemobject()]
    def _get_all_generators(self):
        if self.__generators is None:
            self.__fail_if_closed()
            self._ic.execute("select * from rdb$generators")
            self.__generators = [Sequence(self,row) for row in self._ic.itermap()]
        return self.__generators
    def _get_generators(self):
        return [g for g in self._get_all_generators() if not g.issystemobject()]
    def _get_sysgenerators(self):
        return [g for g in self._get_all_generators() if g.issystemobject()]
    def _get_all_triggers(self):
        if self.__triggers is None:
            self.__fail_if_closed()
            self._ic.execute("""select RDB$TRIGGER_NAME, RDB$RELATION_NAME, 
RDB$TRIGGER_SEQUENCE, RDB$TRIGGER_TYPE, RDB$TRIGGER_SOURCE, RDB$DESCRIPTION, 
RDB$TRIGGER_INACTIVE, RDB$SYSTEM_FLAG, RDB$FLAGS from RDB$TRIGGERS""")
            self.__triggers = [Trigger(self,row) for row in self._ic.itermap()]
        return self.__triggers
    def _get_triggers(self):
        return [g for g in self._get_all_triggers() if not g.issystemobject()]
    def _get_systriggers(self):
        return [g for g in self._get_all_triggers() if g.issystemobject()]
    def _get_all_procedures(self):
        if self.__procedures is None:
            self.__fail_if_closed()
            cols = ['RDB$PROCEDURE_NAME', 'RDB$PROCEDURE_ID', 'RDB$PROCEDURE_INPUTS', 
                    'RDB$PROCEDURE_OUTPUTS', 'RDB$DESCRIPTION', 'RDB$PROCEDURE_SOURCE', 
                    'RDB$SECURITY_CLASS', 'RDB$OWNER_NAME', 'RDB$SYSTEM_FLAG']
            if self._con.ods >= fdb.ODS_FB_21:
                cols.extend(['RDB$PROCEDURE_TYPE','RDB$VALID_BLR'])
            self._ic.execute("select %s from rdb$procedures" % ','.join(cols))
            self.__procedures = [Procedure(self,row) for row in self._ic.itermap()]
        return self.__procedures
    def _get_procedures(self):
        return [p for p in self._get_all_procedures() if not p.issystemobject()]
    def _get_sysprocedures(self):
        return [p for p in self._get_all_procedures() if p.issystemobject()]
    def _get_constraints(self):
        if self.__constraints is None:
            self.__fail_if_closed()
            # Dummy call to _get_all_tables() is necessary as 
            # Constraint.issystemobject() that is called in Constraint.__init__() 
            # will drop result from internal cursor and we'll not load all constraints.
            self._get_all_tables()
            self._ic.execute("""select * from rdb$relation_constraints C
left outer join rdb$ref_constraints R on C.rdb$constraint_name = R.rdb$constraint_name
left outer join rdb$check_constraints K on C.rdb$constraint_name = K.rdb$constraint_name""")
            self.__constraints = [Constraint(self,row) for row in self._ic.itermap()]
            # Check constrains need special care because they're doubled
            # (select above returns two records for them with different trigger names)
            checks = [c for c in self.__constraints if c.ischeck()]
            self.__constraints = [c for c in self.__constraints if not c.ischeck()]
            dchecks = {}
            for check in checks:
                dchecks.setdefault(check.name,list()).append(check)
            for checklist in dchecks.values():
                names = [c._attributes['RDB$TRIGGER_NAME'] for c in checklist]
                check = checklist[0]
                check._attributes['RDB$TRIGGER_NAME'] = names
                self.__constraints.append(check)
        return self.__constraints
    def _get_roles(self):
        if self.__roles is None:
            self.__fail_if_closed()
            self._ic.execute("select * from rdb$roles")
            self.__roles = [Role(self,row) for row in self._ic.itermap()]
        return self.__roles
    def _get_dependencies(self):
        if self.__dependencies is None:
            self.__fail_if_closed()
            self._ic.execute("select * from rdb$dependencies")
            self.__dependencies = [Dependency(self,row) for row in self._ic.itermap()]
        return self.__dependencies
    def _get_all_functions(self):
        if self.__functions is None:
            self.__fail_if_closed()
            self._ic.execute("""select RDB$FUNCTION_NAME, RDB$FUNCTION_TYPE, 
RDB$DESCRIPTION, RDB$MODULE_NAME, RDB$ENTRYPOINT, RDB$RETURN_ARGUMENT, 
RDB$SYSTEM_FLAG from rdb$functions""")
            self.__functions = [Function(self,row) for row in self._ic.itermap()]
        return self.__functions
    def _get_functions(self):
        return [p for p in self._get_all_functions() if not p.issystemobject()]
    def _get_sysfunctions(self):
        return [p for p in self._get_all_functions() if p.issystemobject()]
    def _get_files(self):
        if self.__files is None:
            self.__fail_if_closed()
            self._ic.execute("""select RDB$FILE_NAME, RDB$FILE_SEQUENCE, 
RDB$FILE_START, RDB$FILE_LENGTH from RDB$FILES
where RDB$SHADOW_NUMBER = 0
order by RDB$FILE_SEQUENCE""")
            self.__files = [DatabaseFile(self,row) for row in self._ic.itermap()]
        return self.__files
    def _get_shadows(self):
        if self.__shadows is None:
            self.__fail_if_closed()
            self._ic.execute("""select RDB$FILE_FLAGS, RDB$SHADOW_NUMBER
from RDB$FILES
where RDB$SHADOW_NUMBER > 0 AND RDB$FILE_SEQUENCE = 0
order by RDB$SHADOW_NUMBER""")
            self.__shadows = [Shadow(self,row) for row in self._ic.itermap()]
        return self.__shadows
    def _get_privileges(self):
        if self.__privileges is None:
            self.__fail_if_closed()
            self._ic.execute("""select RDB$USER, RDB$GRANTOR, RDB$PRIVILEGE, 
RDB$GRANT_OPTION, RDB$RELATION_NAME, RDB$FIELD_NAME, RDB$USER_TYPE, RDB$OBJECT_TYPE
FROM RDB$USER_PRIVILEGES""")
            self.__privileges = [Privilege(self,row) for row in self._ic.itermap()]
        return self.__privileges
    def _get_users(self):
        if self.__users is None:
            self.__fail_if_closed()
            self._ic.execute("select distinct(RDB$USER) FROM RDB$USER_PRIVILEGES")
            self.__users = [fdb.services.User(row[0].strip()) for row in self._ic]
        return self.__users

    #--- Properties

    #: True if link to :class:`~fdb.Connection` is closed.
    closed = property(__get_closed)
    description = LateBindingProperty(_get_description,None,None,
        "Database description or None if it doesn't have a description.")
    owner_name = LateBindingProperty(_get_owner_name,None,None,
                                     "Database owner name.")
    default_character_set = LateBindingProperty(_get_default_character_set,None,None,
        "Default :class:`CharacterSet` for database")
    security_class = LateBindingProperty(_get_security_class,None,None,
        "Can refer to the security class applied as databasewide access control limits.")
    collations = LateBindingProperty(_get_collations,None,None,
        "List of all collations in database.\nItems are :class:`Collation` objects.")
    character_sets = LateBindingProperty(_get_character_sets,None,None,
        "List of all character sets in database.\nItems are :class:`CharacterSet` objects.")
    exceptions = LateBindingProperty(_get_exceptions,None,None,
        "List of all exceptions in database.\nItems are :class:`DatabaseException` objects.")
    generators = LateBindingProperty(_get_generators,None,None,
        "List of all user generators in database.\nItems are :class:`Sequence` objects.")
    sysgenerators = LateBindingProperty(_get_sysgenerators,None,None,
        "List of all system generators in database.\nItems are :class:`Sequence` objects.")
    sequences = LateBindingProperty(_get_generators,None,None,
        "List of all user generators in database.\nItems are :class:`Sequence` objects.")
    syssequences = LateBindingProperty(_get_sysgenerators,None,None,
        "List of all system generators in database.\nItems are :class:`Sequence` objects.")
    domains = LateBindingProperty(_get_domains,None,None,
        "List of all user domains in database.\nItems are :class:`Domain` objects.")
    sysdomains = LateBindingProperty(_get_sysdomains,None,None,
        "List of all system domains in database.\nItems are :class:`Domain` objects.")
    indices = LateBindingProperty(_get_indices,None,None,
        "List of all user indices in database.\nItems are :class:`Index` objects.")
    sysindices = LateBindingProperty(_get_sysindices,None,None,
        "List of all system indices in database.\nItems are :class:`Index` objects.")
    tables = LateBindingProperty(_get_tables,None,None,
        "List of all user tables in database.\nItems are :class:`Table` objects.")
    systables = LateBindingProperty(_get_systables,None,None,
        "List of all system tables in database.\nItems are :class:`Table` objects.")
    views = LateBindingProperty(_get_views,None,None,
        "List of all user views in database.\nItems are :class:`View` objects.")
    sysviews = LateBindingProperty(_get_sysviews,None,None,
        "List of all system views in database.\nItems are :class:`View` objects.")
    triggers = LateBindingProperty(_get_triggers,None,None,
        "List of all user triggers in database.\nItems are :class:`Trigger` objects.")
    systriggers = LateBindingProperty(_get_systriggers,None,None,
        "List of all system triggers in database.\nItems are :class:`Trigger` objects.")
    procedures = LateBindingProperty(_get_procedures,None,None,
        "List of all user procedures in database.\nItems are :class:`Procedure` objects.")
    sysprocedures = LateBindingProperty(_get_sysprocedures,None,None,
        "List of all system procedures in database.\nItems are :class:`Procedure` objects.")
    constraints = LateBindingProperty(_get_constraints,None,None,
        "List of all constraints in database.\nItems are :class:`Constraint` objects.")
    roles = LateBindingProperty(_get_roles,None,None,
        "List of all roles in database.\nItems are :class:`Role` objects.")
    dependencies = LateBindingProperty(_get_dependencies,None,None,
        "List of all dependencies in database.\nItems are :class:`Dependency` objects.")
    functions = LateBindingProperty(_get_functions,None,None,
        "List of all user functions defined in database.\nItems are :class:`Function` objects.")
    sysfunctions = LateBindingProperty(_get_sysfunctions,None,None,
        "List of all system functions defined in database.\nItems are :class:`Function` objects.")
    files = LateBindingProperty(_get_files,None,None,
        "List of all extension files defined for database.\nItems are :class:`DatabaseFile` objects.")
    shadows = LateBindingProperty(_get_shadows,None,None,
        "List of all shadows defined for database.\nItems are :class:`Shadow` objects.")
    privileges = LateBindingProperty(_get_privileges,None,None,
        "List of all privileges defined for database.\nItems are :class:`Privilege` objects.")

    #--- Public

    def bind(self, connection):
        """Bind this instance to specified :class:`~fdb.Connection`.
        
        :param connection: :class:`~fdb.Connection` instance. 
        
        :raises ProgrammingError: If Schema object was set as internal (via 
            :meth:`_set_as_internal`).
        """
        if self.__internal:
            raise fdb.ProgrammingError("Call to 'bind' not allowed for embedded Schema.")
        if self._con:
            self.close()
        self._con = connection
        self._ic = self._con.query_transaction.cursor()

        self.__clear()
        
        self._ic.execute('select * from RDB$DATABASE')
        row = self._ic.fetchonemap()
        self.__description = row['RDB$DESCRIPTION']
        self._default_charset_name = row['RDB$CHARACTER_SET_NAME'].strip()
        self.__security_class = row['RDB$SECURITY_CLASS']
        if self.__security_class: self.__security_class = self.__security_class.strip()
        self._ic.execute("select RDB$OWNER_NAME from RDB$RELATIONS where RDB$RELATION_NAME = 'RDB$DATABASE'")
        self.__owner = self._ic.fetchone()[0].strip()
        # Load enumerate types defined in RDB$TYPES table
        enum_select = 'select RDB$TYPE, RDB$TYPE_NAME from RDB$TYPES where RDB$FIELD_NAME = ?'
        def enum_dict(enum_type):
            return dict((key,value.strip()) for key, value 
                        in self._ic.execute(enum_select,(enum_type,)))
        # Object types
        self.enum_object_types = enum_dict('RDB$OBJECT_TYPE')
        # Object type codes
        self.enum_object_type_codes = dict(((value,key) for key,value 
                                            in self.enum_object_types.items()))
        # Character set names
        self.enum_character_set_names = enum_dict('RDB$CHARACTER_SET_NAME')
        # Field types
        self.enum_field_types = enum_dict('RDB$FIELD_TYPE')
        # Field sub types
        self.enum_field_subtypes = enum_dict('RDB$FIELD_SUB_TYPE')
        # Function types
        self.enum_function_types = enum_dict('RDB$FUNCTION_TYPE')
        # Mechanism Types
        self.enum_mechanism_types = enum_dict('RDB$MECHANISM')
        # Parameter Mechanism Types
        self.enum_parameter_mechanism_types = enum_dict('RDB$PARAMETER_MECHANISM')
        # Procedure Types
        self.enum_procedure_types = enum_dict('RDB$PROCEDURE_TYPE')
        if not self.enum_procedure_types:
            self.enum_procedure_types = {0: 'LEGACY', 1: 'SELECTABLE', 2: 'EXECUTABLE'}
        # Relation Types
        self.enum_relation_types = enum_dict('RDB$RELATION_TYPE')
        # System Flag Types
        self.enum_system_flag_types = enum_dict('RDB$SYSTEM_FLAG')
        # Transaction State Types
        self.enum_transaction_state_types = enum_dict('RDB$TRANSACTION_STATE')
        # Trigger Types
        self.enum_trigger_types = enum_dict('RDB$TRIGGER_TYPE')
        
    def close(self):
        """Sever link to :class:`~fdb.Connection`.
        
        :raises ProgrammingError: If Schema object was set as internal (via 
            :meth:`_set_as_internal`).
        """
        if self.__internal:
            raise fdb.ProgrammingError("Call to 'close' not allowed for embedded Schema.")
        self._close()
        self.__clear()
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitSchema(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitSchema(self)
    
    #--- Basic Database manipulation routines

    def clear(self):
        "Drop all cached metadata objects."
        self.__clear()
    def reload(self,data=None):
        """Drop all or specified category of cached metadata objects, so they're 
        reloaded from database on next reference. 
        
        :param string data: `None` or name of metadata category.
        
        Recognized (case insensitive) names of metadata categories:
        
        - tables
        - views
        - domain
        - indices
        - dependencies
        - generators
        - sequences
        - triggers
        - procedures
        - constraints
        - collations
        - character sets
        - exceptions
        - roles
        - functions
        - files
        - shadows
        - privileges
        - users
        
        :raises ProgrammingError: For undefined metadata category.
        
        .. note:: Also commits query transaction.
        """
        self.__clear(data)
        if not self.closed:
            self._ic.transaction.commit()


    def ismultifile(self):
        "Returns true if database has multiple files."
        return len(self.files) > 0
    def get_collation(self,name):
        """Get :class:`Collation` by name.
        
        :param string name: Collation name.
        
        :returns: :class:`Collation` with specified name or `None`.
        """
        return self.__object_by_name(self._get_collations(),name)
    def get_character_set(self,name):
        """Get :class:`CharacterSet` by name.
        
        :param string name: Character set name.
        
        :returns: :class:`CharacterSet` with specified name or `None`.
        """
        return self.__object_by_name(self._get_character_sets(),name)
    def get_exception(self,name):
        """Get :class:`DatabaseException` by name.
        
        :param string name: Exception name.
        
        :returns: :class:`DatabaseException` with specified name or `None`.
        """
        return self.__object_by_name(self._get_exceptions(),name)
    def get_generator(self,name):
        """Get :class:`Sequence` by name.
        
        :param string name: Sequence name.
        
        :returns: :class:`Sequence` with specified name or `None`.
        """
        return self.__object_by_name(self._get_all_generators(),name)
    get_sequence = get_generator
    def get_index(self,name):
        """Get :class:`Index` by name.
        
        :param string name: Index name.
        
        :returns: :class:`Index` with specified name or `None`.
        """
        return self.__object_by_name(self._get_all_indices(),name)
    def get_domain(self,name):
        """Get :class:`Domain` by name.
        
        :param string name: Domain name.
        
        :returns: :class:`Domain` with specified name or `None`.
        """
        return self.__object_by_name(self._get_all_domains(),name)
    def get_table(self,name):
        """Get :class:`Table` by name.
        
        :param string name: Table name.
        
        :returns: :class:`Table` with specified name or `None`.
        """
        return self.__object_by_name(self._get_all_tables(),name)
    def get_view(self,name):
        """Get :class:`View` by name.
        
        :param string name: View name.
        
        :returns: :class:`View` with specified name or `None`.
        """
        return self.__object_by_name(self._get_all_views(),name)
    def get_trigger(self,name):
        """Get :class:`Trigger` by name.
        
        :param string name: Trigger name.
        
        :returns: :class:`Trigger` with specified name or `None`.
        """
        return self.__object_by_name(self._get_all_triggers(),name)
    def get_procedure(self,name):
        """Get :class:`Procedure` by name.
        
        :param string name: Procedure name.
        
        :returns: :class:`Procedure` with specified name or `None`.
        """
        return self.__object_by_name(self._get_all_procedures(),name)
    def get_constraint(self,name):
        """Get :class:`Constraint` by name.
        
        :param string name: Constraint name.
        
        :returns: :class:`Constraint` with specified name or `None`.
        """
        return self.__object_by_name(self._get_constraints(),name)
    def get_role(self,name):
        """Get :class:`Role` by name.
        
        :param string name: Role name.
        
        :returns: :class:`Role` with specified name or `None`.
        """
        return self.__object_by_name(self._get_roles(),name)
    def get_function(self,name):
        """Get :class:`Function` by name.
        
        :param string name: Function name.
        
        :returns: :class:`Function` with specified name or `None`.
        """
        return self.__object_by_name(self._get_all_functions(),name)
    def get_collation_by_id(self,charset_id,collation_id):
        """Get :class:`Collation` by ID.
        
        :param integer charset_id: Character set ID.
        :param integer collation_id: Collation ID.
        
        :returns: :class:`Collation` with specified ID or `None`.
        """
        for collation in self._get_collations():
            if (collation._attributes['RDB$CHARACTER_SET_ID'] == charset_id) and (collation.id == collation_id):
                return collation
        else:
            return None
    def get_character_set_by_id(self,id):
        """Get :class:`CharacterSet` by ID.
        
        :param integer name: CharacterSet ID.
        
        :returns: :class:`CharacterSet` with specified ID or `None`.
        """
        for charset in self._get_character_sets():
            if charset.id == id:
                return charset
        else:
            return None
    def get_privileges_of(self,user, user_type=None):
        """Get list of all privileges granted to user/database object. 
        
        :param user: User name or instance of class that represents possible user.
            Allowed classes are :class:`~fdb.services.User`, :class:`Table`, 
            :class:`View`, :class:`Procedure`, :class:`Trigger` or :class:`Role`.
        :param int user_type: **Required if** `user` is provided as string name.
            Numeric code for user type, see :attr:`Schema.enum_object_types`.
        :returns: List of :class:`Privilege` objects.
        
        :raises ProgrammingError: For unknown `user_type` code.
        """
        if isinstance(user,(fdb.StringType,fdb.UnicodeType)):
            if (user_type is None) or (user_type not in self.enum_object_types):
                raise fdb.ProgrammingError("Unknown user_type code.")
            else:
                uname = user
                utype = [user_type]
        elif isinstance(user,(Table,View,Procedure,Trigger,Role)):
            uname = user.name
            utype = user._type_code 
        elif isinstance(user,fdb.services.User):
            uname = user.name
            utype = [8]
        return [p for p in self.privileges
                if ((p.user_name == uname) and (p.user_type in utype))]

class BaseSchemaItem(object):
    """Base class for all database schema objects.
    """
    #: Weak reference to parent :class:`Schema` instance.
    schema = None
    def __init__(self,schema,attributes):
        self.schema = schema if type(schema) == weakref.ProxyType else weakref.proxy(schema)
        self._type_code = []
        self._attributes = dict(attributes)
        self._actions = []

    #--- protected

    def _strip_attribute(self,attr):
        if self._attributes.get(attr):
            self._attributes[attr] = self._attributes[attr].strip()
    def _check_params(self,params,param_names):
        p = set(params.keys())
        n = set(param_names)
        if not p.issubset(n):
            raise fdb.ProgrammingError("Unsupported parameter(s) '%s'" % 
                                       ','.join(p.difference(n)))
    def _needs_quoting(self,ident):
        if not ident:
            return False
        if self.schema.opt_always_quote:
            return True
        if len(ident) >= 1 and ident[0] not in string.ascii_uppercase:
            return True
        for char in ident:
            if char not in string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits + '$_':
                return True
        return isKeyword(ident)
    def _get_quoted_ident(self,ident):
        if self._needs_quoting(ident):
            return '"%s"' % ident
        else:
            return ident
    def _get_name(self):
        return None
    def _get_description(self):
        return self._attributes.get('RDB$DESCRIPTION')
    def _get_actions(self):
        return self._actions
    def _get_recreate_sql(self,**params):
        return 'RE'+self._get_create_sql(**params)
    def _get_create_or_alter_sql(self,**params):
        return 'CREATE OR ALTER' + self._get_create_sql(**params)[6:]

    #--- properties

    name = LateBindingProperty(_get_name,None,None,
        "Database object name or None if object doesn't have a name.")
    description = LateBindingProperty(_get_description,None,None,
        "Database object description or None if object doesn't have a description.")
    actions = LateBindingProperty(_get_actions,None,None,
        "List of supported SQL operations on metadata object instance.")

    #--- Public
    
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitMetadatItem(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitMetadataItem(self)
    def issystemobject(self):
        "Returns True if this database object is system object." 
        return True if self._attributes.get('RDB$SYSTEM_FLAG',False) else False
    def get_quoted_name(self):
        "Returns quoted (if necessary) name."
        if self._needs_quoting(self.name):
            return '"%s"' % self.name
        else:
            return self.name
    def get_dependents(self):
        "Returns list of all database objects that depend on this one."
        return [d for d in self.schema.dependencies if d.depended_on_name == self.name and 
            d.depended_on_type in self._type_code]
    def get_dependencies(self):
        "Returns list of database objects that this object depend on."
        return [d for d in self.schema.dependencies if d.dependent_name == self.name and 
            d.dependent_type in self._type_code]
    def get_sql_for(self,action,**params):
        """Returns SQL command for specified action on metadata object.
        
        Supported actions are defined by :attr:`actions` list.
        
        :raises ProgrammingError: For unsupported action or wrong parameters passed.
        """
        _action = action.lower() 
        if _action in self._actions:
            _call = getattr(self,'_get_%s_sql' % _action)
            return _call(**params)
        else:
            raise fdb.ProgrammingError("Unsupported action '%s'" % action)

class Collation(BaseSchemaItem):
    """Represents collation.
    
    Supported SQL actions: 
    
    - User collation: create, drop
    - System collation: none
    """
    def __init__(self,schema,attributes):
        super(Collation,self).__init__(schema,attributes)

        self._strip_attribute('RDB$COLLATION_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$BASE_COLLATION_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$FUNCTION_NAME')
        
        if not self.issystemobject():
            self._actions = ['create','drop']

    #--- Protected

    def _get_drop_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return 'DROP COLLATION %s' % self.get_quoted_name()
    def _get_create_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        base_sql = """CREATE COLLATION %s
   FOR %s
   %s
   %s
   %s
   %s
   %s""" % (self.get_quoted_name(),
            self.character_set.get_quoted_name(),
            ("FROM EXTERNAL ('%s')" % self._attributes['RDB$BASE_COLLATION_NAME'] 
             if self.isbasedonexternal() 
             else "FROM %s" % self.base_collation.get_quoted_name()),
            'PAD SPACE' if self.ispadded() else 'NO PAD',
            'CASE INSENSITIVE' if self.iscaseinsensitive() else 'CASE SENSITIVE',
            'ACCENT INSENSITIVE' if self.isaccentinsensitive() else 'ACCENT SENSITIVE',
            "'%s'" % self.specific_attributes if self.specific_attributes else '')
        return base_sql.strip()
    def _get_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$COLLATION_NAME']
    def _get_id(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$COLLATION_ID']
    def _get_character_set(self):
        """Return :class:`CharacterSet` object to which this collation belongs.
        """
        return self.schema.get_character_set_by_id(self._attributes['RDB$CHARACTER_SET_ID'])
    def _get_base_collation(self):
        base_name = self._attributes['RDB$BASE_COLLATION_NAME']
        return self.schema.get_collation(base_name) if base_name else None
    def _get_attributes(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$COLLATION_ATTRIBUTES']
    def _get_specific_attributes(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$SPECIFIC_ATTRIBUTES']
    def _get_function_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FUNCTION_NAME']
    
    #--- Properties
    
    id = LateBindingProperty(_get_id,None,None,"Collation ID.")
    character_set = LateBindingProperty(_get_character_set,None,None,
        "Character set object associated with collation.")
    base_collation = LateBindingProperty(_get_base_collation,None,None,
        "Base Collation object that's extended by this one or None.")
    attributes = LateBindingProperty(_get_attributes,None,None,
        "Collation attributes.")
    specific_attributes = LateBindingProperty(_get_specific_attributes,None,None,
        "Collation specific attributes.")
    function_name = LateBindingProperty(_get_function_name,None,None,
        "Not currently used.")
    
    #--- Public
    
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitCollation(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitCollation(self)
    def ispadded(self):
        """Returns True if collation has PAD SPACE attribute."""
        return bool(self.attributes & COLLATION_PAD_SPACE)
    def iscaseinsensitive(self):
        "Returns True if collation has CASE INSENSITIVE attribute."
        return bool(self.attributes & COLLATION_CASE_INSENSITIVE)
    def isaccentinsensitive(self):
        "Returns True if collation has ACCENT INSENSITIVE attribute."
        return bool(self.attributes & COLLATION_ACCENT_INSENSITIVE)
    def isbasedonexternal(self):
        "Returns True if collation is based on external collation definition."
        return (self._attributes['RDB$BASE_COLLATION_NAME'] and not self.base_collation)

class CharacterSet(BaseSchemaItem):
    """Represents character set.

    Supported SQL actions: alter(collation=Collation instance or collation name)
    """
    def __init__(self,schema,attributes):
        super(CharacterSet,self).__init__(schema,attributes)

        self._strip_attribute('RDB$CHARACTER_SET_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$DEFAULT_COLLATE_NAME')
        
        self._actions = ['alter']

    #--- protected

    def _get_alter_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,['collation'])
        collation = params.get('collation')
        if collation:
            return ('ALTER CHARACTER SET %s SET DEFAULT COLLATION %s' % (self.name,
                    collation.name if isinstance(collation,Collation) else collation))
        else:
            raise fdb.ProgrammingError("Missing required parameter: 'collation'.")
    def _get_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$CHARACTER_SET_NAME']
    def _get_id(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$CHARACTER_SET_ID']
    def _get_bytes_per_character(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$BYTES_PER_CHARACTER']
    def _get_default_collate(self):
        return self.get_collation(self._attributes['RDB$DEFAULT_COLLATE_NAME'])
    def _get_collations(self):
        r = [c for c in self.schema.collations 
             if c._attributes['RDB$CHARACTER_SET_ID'] == self.id]
        return r

    #--- properties

    id = LateBindingProperty(_get_id,None,None,"Character set ID.")
    bytes_per_character = LateBindingProperty(_get_bytes_per_character,None,None,
                            "Size of characters in bytes.")
    default_collate = LateBindingProperty(_get_default_collate,None,None,
                            "Collate object of default collate.")
    collations = LateBindingProperty(_get_collations,None,None,
                            "List of Collations associated with character set.")

    #--- Public
    
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitCharacterSet(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitCharacterSet(self)
    def get_collation(self,name):
        """Return :class:`Collation` object with specified name that belongs to
this character set.
        """
        for col in self.collations:
            if col.name == name:
                return col
        return None
    def get_collation_by_id(self,id):
        """Return :class:`Collation` object with specified id that belongs to
this character set.
        """
        for col in self.collations:
            if col.id == id:
                return col
        return None

class DatabaseException(BaseSchemaItem):
    """Represents database exception.

    Supported SQL actions: 
    
    - User exception: create, recreate, alter(message=string), create_or_alter, drop
    - System exception: none
    """
    def __init__(self,schema,attributes):
        super(DatabaseException,self).__init__(schema,attributes)
        self._type_code = [7,]

        self._strip_attribute('RDB$EXCEPTION_NAME')
        
        if not self.issystemobject():
            self._actions = ['create','recreate','alter','create_or_alter','drop']

    #--- Protected

    def _get_create_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return "CREATE EXCEPTION %s '%s'" % (self.get_quoted_name(),
                                             escape_single_quotes(self.message))
    def _get_alter_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,['message'])
        message = params.get('message')
        if message:
            return "ALTER EXCEPTION %s '%s'" % (self.get_quoted_name(),
                                                 escape_single_quotes(message))
        else:
            raise fdb.ProgrammingError("Missing required parameter: 'message'.")
    def _get_drop_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return 'DROP EXCEPTION %s' % self.get_quoted_name()
    def _get_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$EXCEPTION_NAME']
    def _get_id(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$EXCEPTION_NUMBER']
    def _get_message(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$MESSAGE']
    
    #--- Properties

    id = LateBindingProperty(_get_id,None,None,
                             "System-assigned unique exception number.")
    message = LateBindingProperty(_get_message,None,None,"Custom message text.")

    #--- Public
    
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitException(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitException(self)

class Sequence(BaseSchemaItem):
    """Represents database generator/sequence.

    Supported SQL actions: 
    
    - User sequence: create, alter(value=number), drop
    - System sequence: none
    """
    def __init__(self,schema,attributes):
        super(Sequence,self).__init__(schema,attributes)
        self._type_code = [14,]

        self._strip_attribute('RDB$GENERATOR_NAME')
        
        if not self.issystemobject():
            self._actions = ['create','alter','drop']

    #--- protected

    def _get_create_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return 'CREATE SEQUENCE %s' % self.get_quoted_name()
    def _get_alter_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,['value'])
        value = params.get('value')
        if value is not None:
            return "ALTER SEQUENCE %s RESTART WITH %d" % (self.get_quoted_name(),value)
        else:
            raise fdb.ProgrammingError("Missing required parameter: 'value'.")
    def _get_drop_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return 'DROP SEQUENCE %s' % self.get_quoted_name()
    def _get_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$GENERATOR_NAME']
    def _get_id(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$GENERATOR_ID']
    def _get_value(self):
        return self.schema._select_row("select GEN_ID(%s,0) from RDB$DATABASE" % self.name)['GEN_ID']

    #--- Properties

    id = LateBindingProperty(_get_id,None,None,"Internal ID number of the sequence.")
    value = LateBindingProperty(_get_value,None,None,"Current sequence value.")

    #--- Public
    
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitGenerator(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitGenerator(self)

class TableColumn(BaseSchemaItem):
    """Represents table column.

    Supported SQL actions: 
    
    - User column: alter(name=string,datatype=string_SQLTypeDef,position=number,
                         expression=computed_by_expr), drop
    - System column: none
    """
    def __init__(self,schema,table,attributes):
        super(TableColumn,self).__init__(schema,attributes)
        self._type_code = [3,9]
        
        self.__table = weakref.proxy(table)
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$FIELD_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$RELATION_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$FIELD_SOURCE')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$SECURITY_CLASS')
        
        if not self.issystemobject():
            self._actions = ['alter','drop']

    #--- Protected
    
    def _get_alter_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,['expression','datatype','name','position'])
        new_expr = params.get('expression')
        new_type = params.get('datatype')
        new_name = params.get('name')
        new_position = params.get('position')
        if new_expr and not self.iscomputed():
            raise fdb.ProgrammingError("Change from persistent column to computed"
                                       " is not allowed.")
        elif self.iscomputed() and (new_type and not new_expr):
            raise fdb.ProgrammingError("Change from computed column to persistent"
                                       " is not allowed.")
        sql = 'ALTER TABLE %s ALTER COLUMN %s' % (self.table.get_quoted_name(),
                                                  self.get_quoted_name())
        if new_name:
            return '%s TO %s' % (sql,self._get_quoted_ident(new_name))
        elif new_position:
            return '%s POSITION %d' % (sql,new_position)
        elif new_type or new_expr:
            result = sql
            if new_type:
                result += ' TYPE %s' % new_type
            if new_expr:
                result += ' COMPUTED BY %s' % new_expr
            return result
        else:
            raise fdb.ProgrammingError("Parameter required.")
    def _get_drop_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return 'ALTER TABLE %s DROP %s' % (self.table.get_quoted_name(),
                                           self.get_quoted_name())
    def _get_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FIELD_NAME']
    def _get_table(self):
        return self.__table
    def _get_domain(self):
        return self.schema.get_domain(self._attributes['RDB$FIELD_SOURCE'])
    def _get_position(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FIELD_POSITION']
    def _get_security_class(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$SECURITY_CLASS']
    def _get_default(self):
        result = self._attributes.get('RDB$DEFAULT_SOURCE')
        if result:
            if result.upper().startswith('DEFAULT '):
                result = result[8:]
        return result
    def _get_collation(self):
        return self.schema.get_collation_by_id(self.domain._attributes['RDB$CHARACTER_SET_ID'],
                                               self._attributes['RDB$COLLATION_ID'])
    def _get_datatype(self):
        return self.domain.datatype
    def _get_privileges(self):
        return [p for p in self.schema.privileges
                if (p.subject_name == self.table.name and 
                    p.field_name == self.name and 
                    p.subject_type in self.table._type_code)]

    #--- Properties

    table = LateBindingProperty(_get_table,None,None,
                                "The Table object this column belongs to.")
    domain = LateBindingProperty(_get_domain,None,None,
                                "Domain object this column is based on.")
    position = LateBindingProperty(_get_position,None,None,
                                "Column's sequence number in row.")
    security_class = LateBindingProperty(_get_security_class,None,None,
                                "Security class name or None.")
    default = LateBindingProperty(_get_default,None,None,
                                "Default value for column or None.")
    collation = LateBindingProperty(_get_collation,None,None,
                                "Collation object or None.")
    datatype = LateBindingProperty(_get_datatype,None,None,
                                "Comlete SQL datatype definition.")
    privileges = LateBindingProperty(_get_privileges,None,None,
        "List of :class:`Privilege` objects granted to this object.")
    
    #--- Public
    
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitTableColumn(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitTableColumn(self)
    def get_dependents(self):
        "Return list of all database objects that depend on this one."
        return [d for d in self.schema.dependencies 
                if d.depended_on_name == self._attributes['RDB$RELATION_NAME'] 
                and d.depended_on_type == 0 and d.field_name == self.name]
    def get_dependencies(self):
        "Return list of database objects that this object depend on."
        return [d for d in self.schema.dependencies 
                if d.dependent_name == self._attributes['RDB$RELATION_NAME'] 
                and d.dependent_type == 0 and d.field_name == self.name]
    def get_computedby(self):
        "Returns (string) extression for column computation or None."
        return self.domain.expression
    def iscomputed(self):
        "Returns True if column is computed."
        return bool(self.domain.expression)
    def isdomainbased(self):
        "Returns True if column is based on user domain."
        return not self.domain.issystemobject()
    def isnullable(self):
        "Returns True if column can accept NULL values."
        return not self._attributes['RDB$NULL_FLAG']
    def iswritable(self):
        "Returns True if column is writable (i.e. it's not computed etc.)."
        return bool(self._attributes['RDB$UPDATE_FLAG'])
    def has_default(self):
        "Returns True if column has default value."
        return bool(self._attributes.get('RDB$DEFAULT_SOURCE'))

class Index(BaseSchemaItem):
    """Represents database index.
    
    Supported SQL actions: 
    
    - User index: create, activate, deactivate, recompute, drop
    - System index: recompute
    """
    def __init__(self,schema,attributes):
        super(Index,self).__init__(schema,attributes)
        self._type_code = [6,10]

        self.__segment_names = None
        self.__segment_statistics = None
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$INDEX_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$RELATION_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$FOREIGN_KEY')
        
        if self.issystemobject():
            self._actions = ['recompute']
        else:
            self._actions = ['create','activate','deactivate','recompute','drop']

    #--- Protected

    def _get_create_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return """CREATE %s%s INDEX %s
   ON %s %s""" % ('UNIQUE ' if self.isunique() else '',
                  self.index_type, self.get_quoted_name(),self.table.name,
                  'COMPUTED BY %s' % self.expression if self.isexpression() 
                  else '(%s)' % ','.join(self.segment_names))
    def _get_activate_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return 'ALTER INDEX %s ACTIVE' % self.get_quoted_name()
    def _get_deactivate_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return 'ALTER INDEX %s INACTIVE' % self.get_quoted_name()
    def _get_recompute_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return 'SET STATISTICS INDEX %s' % self.get_quoted_name()
    def _get_drop_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return 'DROP INDEX %s' % self.get_quoted_name()
    def _get_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$INDEX_NAME']
    def _get_table(self):
        return self.schema.get_table(self._attributes['RDB$RELATION_NAME'])
    def _get_id(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$INDEX_ID']
    def _get_index_type(self):
        return (INDEX_TYPE_DESCENDING if self._attributes['RDB$INDEX_TYPE'] == 1 
                else INDEX_TYPE_ASCENDING)
    def _get_partner_index(self):
        pname = self._attributes['RDB$FOREIGN_KEY']
        return self.schema.get_index(pname) if pname else None
    def _get_expression(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$EXPRESSION_SOURCE']
    def _get_statistics(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$STATISTICS']
    def _get_segments(self):
        return [self.table.get_column(colname) for colname in self.segment_names]
    def _get_segment_names(self):
        if self.__segment_names is None:
            if self._attributes['RDB$SEGMENT_COUNT'] > 0:
                self.__segment_names = [r['RDB$FIELD_NAME'].strip() for r
                                        in self.schema._select("""select rdb$field_name 
from rdb$index_segments where rdb$index_name = ? order by rdb$field_position""",(self.name,))]
            else:
                self.__segment_names = []
        return self.__segment_names
    def _get_segment_statistics(self):
        if self.__segment_statistics is None:
            if self._attributes['RDB$SEGMENT_COUNT'] > 0:
                if self.schema._con.ods >= fdb.ODS_FB_21:
                    self.__segment_statistics = [r['RDB$STATISTICS'] for r
                                            in self.schema._select("""select RDB$STATISTICS 
from rdb$index_segments where rdb$index_name = ? order by rdb$field_position""",(self.name,))]
                else:
                    self.__segment_statistics = [None for x in range(self._attributes['RDB$SEGMENT_COUNT'])]
            else:
                self.__segment_statistics = []
        return self.__segment_statistics
    def _get_constraint(self):
        const_name = self.schema._get_constraint_indices().get(self.name)
        if const_name:
            return self.schema.get_constraint(const_name)
        else:
            return None

    #--- Properties

    table = LateBindingProperty(_get_table,None,None,
                "The :class:`Table` instance the index applies to.")
    id = LateBindingProperty(_get_id,None,None,
                "Internal number ID of the index.")
    index_type = LateBindingProperty(_get_index_type,None,None,
                "ASCENDING or DESCENDING.")
    partner_index = LateBindingProperty(_get_partner_index,None,None,
                "Associated unique/primary key :class:`Index` instance, or None.")
    expression = LateBindingProperty(_get_expression,None,None,
                "Source of an expression or None.")
    statistics = LateBindingProperty(_get_statistics,None,None,
                "Latest selectivity of the index.")
    segment_names = LateBindingProperty(_get_segment_names,None,None,
                "List of index segment names.")
    segment_statistics = LateBindingProperty(_get_segment_statistics,None,None,
                "List of index segment statistics (for ODS 11.1 and higher).")
    segments = LateBindingProperty(_get_segments,None,None,
                "List of index segments as :class:`TableColumn` instances.")
    constraint = LateBindingProperty(_get_constraint,None,None,
                ":class:`Constraint` instance that uses this index or None.")
    
    #--- Public
    
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitIndex(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitIndex(self)
    def issystemobject(self):
        "Returns True if this database object is system object."
        return bool(self._attributes['RDB$SYSTEM_FLAG'] 
                    or (self.isenforcer() and self.name.startswith('RDB$')))
    def isexpression(self):
        "Returns True if index is expression index."
        return not self.segments
    def isunique(self):
        "Returns True if index is UNIQUE."
        return self._attributes['RDB$UNIQUE_FLAG'] == 1
    def isinactive(self):
        "Returns True if index is INACTIVE."
        return self._attributes['RDB$INDEX_INACTIVE'] == 1
    def isenforcer(self):
        "Returns True if index is used to enforce a constraint."
        return self.name in self.schema._get_constraint_indices()

class ViewColumn(BaseSchemaItem):
    """Represents view column.

    Supported SQL actions: none
    """
    def __init__(self,schema,view,attributes):
        super(ViewColumn,self).__init__(schema,attributes)
        self._type_code = [3,9]
        
        self.__view = weakref.proxy(view)
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$FIELD_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$BASE_FIELD')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$RELATION_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$FIELD_SOURCE')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$SECURITY_CLASS')
        self._strip_attribute('BASE_RELATION')
        
    #--- Protected
    
    def _get_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FIELD_NAME']
    def _get_base_field(self):
        bfield = self._attributes['RDB$BASE_FIELD']
        if bfield:
            brel = self._attributes['BASE_RELATION']
            relation = self.schema.get_table(brel)
            if relation:
                return relation.get_column(bfield)
            relation = self.schema.get_view(brel)
            if relation:
                return relation.get_column(bfield)
            relation = self.schema.get_procedure(brel)
            if relation:
                return relation.get_outparam(bfield)
            raise fdb.OperationalError("Can't locate base relation.")
        return None
    def _get_view(self):
        return self.__view
    def _get_domain(self):
        return self.schema.get_domain(self._attributes['RDB$FIELD_SOURCE'])
    def _get_position(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FIELD_POSITION']
    def _get_security_class(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$SECURITY_CLASS']
    def _get_collation(self):
        return self.schema.get_collation_by_id(self.domain._attributes['RDB$CHARACTER_SET_ID'],
                                               self._attributes['RDB$COLLATION_ID'])
    def _get_datatype(self):
        return self.domain.datatype
    def _get_privileges(self):
        return [p for p in self.schema.privileges
                if (p.subject_name == self.view.name and 
                    p.field_name == self.name and 
                    p.subject_type == 0)] # Views are logged as Tables in RDB$USER_PRIVILEGES

    #--- Properties

    base_field = LateBindingProperty(_get_base_field,None,None,
        "The source column from the base relation. Result could be either "
        ":class:`TableColumn`, :class:`ViewColumn` or :class:`ProcedureParameter` "
        "instance or None.")
    view = LateBindingProperty(_get_view,None,None,
                                "View object this column belongs to.")
    domain = LateBindingProperty(_get_domain,None,None,
                                "Domain object this column is based on.")
    position = LateBindingProperty(_get_position,None,None,
                                "Column's sequence number in row.")
    security_class = LateBindingProperty(_get_security_class,None,None,
                                "Security class name or None.")
    collation = LateBindingProperty(_get_collation,None,None,
                                "Collation object or None.")
    datatype = LateBindingProperty(_get_datatype,None,None,
                                "Comlete SQL datatype definition.")
    privileges = LateBindingProperty(_get_privileges,None,None,
        "List of :class:`Privilege` objects granted to this object.")
    
    #--- Public
    
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitViewColumn(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitViewColumn(self)
    def get_dependents(self):
        "Return list of all database objects that depend on this one."
        return [d for d in self.schema.dependencies 
                if d.depended_on_name == self._attributes['RDB$RELATION_NAME'] 
                and d.depended_on_type == 1 and d.field_name == self.name]
    def get_dependencies(self):
        "Return list of database objects that this object depend on."
        return [d for d in self.schema.dependencies 
                if d.dependent_name == self._attributes['RDB$RELATION_NAME'] 
                and d.dependent_type == 1 and d.field_name == self.name]
    def isnullable(self):
        "Returns True if column is NULLABLE."
        return not self._attributes['RDB$NULL_FLAG']
    def iswritable(self):
        "Returns True if column is writable."
        return bool(self._attributes['RDB$UPDATE_FLAG'])

class Domain(BaseSchemaItem):
    """Represents SQl Domain.
    
    Supported SQL actions: 
    
    - User domain: create, alter(name=string,default=string_definition_or_None,
      check=string_definition_or_None,datatype=string_SQLTypeDef), drop
    - System domain: none
    """
    def __init__(self,schema,attributes):
        super(Domain,self).__init__(schema,attributes)
        self._type_code = [9]

        self._strip_attribute('RDB$FIELD_NAME')
        
        if not self.issystemobject():
            self._actions = ['create','alter','drop']

    #--- Protected

    def _get_create_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        sql = 'CREATE DOMAIN %s AS %s' % (self.get_quoted_name(),self.datatype)
        if self.has_default():
            sql += ' DEFAULT %s' % self.default
        if self.isvalidated():
            sql += ' ' + self.validation
        if self._attributes['RDB$COLLATION_ID']:
            sql += 'COLLATE %s' % self._attributes['RDB$COLLATION_ID']
        return sql
    def _get_alter_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,['name','default','check','datatype'])
        new_name = params.get('name')
        new_default = params.get('default','')
        new_constraint = params.get('check','')
        new_type = params.get('datatype')
        sql = 'ALTER DOMAIN %s' % self.get_quoted_name()
        if len(params) > 1:
            raise fdb.ProgrammingError("Only one parameter allowed.")
        if new_name:
            return '%s TO %s' % (sql,self._get_quoted_ident(new_name))
        elif new_default != '':
            return ('%s SET DEFAULT %s' % (sql,new_default) if new_default 
                    else '%s DROP DEFAULT' % sql)
        elif new_constraint != '':
            return ('%s ADD CHECK (%s)' % (sql,new_constraint) if new_constraint
                    else '%s DROP CONSTRAINT' % sql)
        elif new_type:
            return '%s TYPE %s' % (sql,new_type)
        else:
            raise fdb.ProgrammingError("Parameter required.")
    def _get_drop_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return 'DROP DOMAIN %s' % self.get_quoted_name()
    def _get_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FIELD_NAME']
    def _get_expression(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$COMPUTED_SOURCE']
    def _get_validation(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$VALIDATION_SOURCE']
    def _get_default(self):
        result = self._attributes.get('RDB$DEFAULT_SOURCE')
        if result:
            if result.upper().startswith('DEFAULT '):
                result = result[8:]
        return result
    def _get_length(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FIELD_LENGTH']
    def _get_scale(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FIELD_SCALE']
    def _get_field_type(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FIELD_TYPE']
    def _get_sub_type(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FIELD_SUB_TYPE']
    def _get_segment_length(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$SEGMENT_LENGTH']
    def _get_external_length(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$EXTERNAL_LENGTH']
    def _get_external_scale(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$EXTERNAL_SCALE']
    def _get_external_type(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$EXTERNAL_TYPE']
    def _get_dimensions(self):
        if self._attributes['RDB$DIMENSIONS']:
            return self.schema._get_field_dimensions(self)
        else:
            return []
    def _get_character_length(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$CHARACTER_LENGTH']
    def _get_collation(self):
        return self.schema.get_collation_by_id(self._attributes['RDB$CHARACTER_SET_ID'],
                                               self._attributes['RDB$COLLATION_ID'])
    def _get_character_set(self):
        return self.schema.get_character_set_by_id(self._attributes['RDB$CHARACTER_SET_ID'])
    def _get_precision(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FIELD_PRECISION']
    def _get_datatype(self):
        l = []
        precision_known = False
        if self.field_type in (FBT_SMALLINT,FBT_INTEGER,FBT_BIGINT):
            if self.precision != None:
                if (self.sub_type > 0) and (self.sub_type < MAX_INTSUBTYPES):
                    l.append('%s(%d, %d)' % \
                      (INTEGRAL_SUBTYPES[self.sub_type],self.precision,-self.scale))
                    precision_known = True
        if not precision_known:
            if (self.field_type == FBT_SMALLINT) and (self.scale < 0):
                l.append('NUMERIC(4, %d)' % -self.scale)
            elif (self.field_type == FBT_INTEGER) and (self.scale < 0):
                l.append('NUMERIC(9, %d)' % -self.scale)
            elif (self.field_type == FBT_DOUBLE_PRECISION) and (self.scale < 0):
                l.append('NUMERIC(15, %d)' % -self.scale)
            else:
                l.append(COLUMN_TYPES[self.field_type])
        if self.field_type in (FBT_CHAR,FBT_VARCHAR):
            l.append('(%d)' % (self.length if self.character_length == None else self.character_length))
        if self._attributes['RDB$DIMENSIONS'] != None:
            l.append('[%s]' % ', '.join('%d' % u if l == 1 
                                        else '%d:%d' % (l,u) 
                                        for l,u in self.dimensions))
        if self.field_type == FBT_BLOB:
            if self.sub_type >= 0 and self.sub_type <= MAX_BLOBSUBTYPES:
                l.append(' SUB_TYPE %s' % BLOB_SUBTYPES[self.sub_type])
            else:
                l.append(' SUB_TYPE %d' % self.sub_type)
            l.append(' SEGMENT SIZE %d' % self.segment_length)
        if self.field_type in (FBT_CHAR,FBT_VARCHAR,FBT_BLOB):
            if self._attributes['RDB$CHARACTER_SET_ID'] is not None and \
              (self.character_set.name != self.schema.default_character_set.name) or \
              self._attributes['RDB$COLLATION_ID']:
                if (self._attributes['RDB$CHARACTER_SET_ID'] is not None):
                    l.append(' CHARACTER SET %s' % self.character_set.name)
                if self._attributes['RDB$COLLATION_ID'] is not None:
                    cname = self.collation.name
                    if self.character_set._attributes['RDB$DEFAULT_COLLATE_NAME'] != cname:
                        l.append(' COLLATE %s' % cname)
        return ''.join(l)

    #--- Properties

    expression = LateBindingProperty(_get_expression,None,None,
        "Expression that defines the COMPUTED BY column or None.")
    validation = LateBindingProperty(_get_validation,None,None,
        "CHECK constraint for the domain or None.")
    default = LateBindingProperty(_get_default,None,None,
        "Expression that defines the default value or None.")
    length = LateBindingProperty(_get_length,None,None,
        "Length of the column in bytes.")
    scale = LateBindingProperty(_get_scale,None,None,
        "Negative number representing the scale of NUMBER and DECIMAL column.")
    field_type = LateBindingProperty(_get_field_type,None,None,
        "Number code of the data type defined for the column.")
    sub_type = LateBindingProperty(_get_sub_type,None,None,"BLOB subtype.")
    segment_length = LateBindingProperty(_get_segment_length,None,None,
        "For BLOB columns, a suggested length for BLOB buffers.")
    external_length = LateBindingProperty(_get_external_length,None,None,
        "Length of field as it is in an external table. Always 0 for regular tables.")
    external_scale = LateBindingProperty(_get_external_scale,None,None,
        "Scale factor of an integer field as it is in an external table.")
    external_type = LateBindingProperty(_get_external_type,None,None,
        "Data type of the field as it is in an external table.")
    dimensions = LateBindingProperty(_get_dimensions,None,None,
        "List of dimension definition pairs if column is an array type. Always empty for non-array columns.")
    character_length = LateBindingProperty(_get_character_length,None,None,
        "Length of CHAR and VARCHAR column, in characters (not bytes).")
    collation = LateBindingProperty(_get_collation,None,None,
        "Collation object for a character column or None.")
    character_set = LateBindingProperty(_get_character_set,None,None,
        "CharacterSet object for a character or text BLOB column, or None.")
    precision = LateBindingProperty(_get_precision,None,None,
        "Indicates the number of digits of precision available to the data type of the column.")
    datatype = LateBindingProperty(_get_datatype,None,None,
        "Comlete SQL datatype definition.")

    #--- Public
    
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitDomain(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitDomain(self)
    def issystemobject(self):
        "Return True if this database object is system object."
        return (self._attributes['RDB$SYSTEM_FLAG'] == 1) or self.name.startswith('RDB$')
    def isnullable(self):
        "Returns True if domain is not defined with NOT NULL."
        return not self._attributes['RDB$NULL_FLAG']
    def iscomputed(self):
        "Returns True if domain is computed."
        return bool(self._attributes['RDB$COMPUTED_SOURCE'])
    def isvalidated(self):
        "Returns True if domain has validation constraint."
        return bool(self._attributes['RDB$VALIDATION_SOURCE'])
    def isarray(self):
        "Returns True if domain defines an array."
        return bool(self._attributes['RDB$DIMENSIONS'])
    def has_default(self):
        "Returns True if domain has default value."
        return bool(self._attributes['RDB$DEFAULT_SOURCE'])

class Dependency(BaseSchemaItem):
    """Maps dependency between database objects.

    Supported SQL actions: none
    """
    def __init__(self,schema,attributes):
        super(Dependency,self).__init__(schema,attributes)
        
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$DEPENDENT_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$DEPENDED_ON_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$FIELD_NAME')

    #--- Protected
    
    def _get_dependent_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$DEPENDENT_NAME']
    def _get_dependent_type(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$DEPENDENT_TYPE']
    def _get_field_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FIELD_NAME']
    def _get_depended_on_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$DEPENDED_ON_NAME']
    def _get_depended_on_type(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$DEPENDED_ON_TYPE']
    def _get_dependent(self):
        if self.dependent_type == 0: # TABLE
            t = self.schema.get_table(self.dependent_name)
        elif self.dependent_type == 1: # VIEW
            return self.schema.get_view(self.dependent_name)
        elif self.dependent_type == 2: # TRIGGER
            return self.schema.get_trigger(self.dependent_name)
        elif self.dependent_type == 3: # COMPUTED FIELD (i.e. DOMAIN)
            return self.schema.get_domain(self.dependent_name)
        elif self.dependent_type == 4: 
            ## ToDo: Implement handler for VALIDATION if necessary
            return None
        elif self.dependent_type == 5: #PROCEDURE
            return self.schema.get_procedure(self.dependent_name)
        elif self.dependent_type == 6: # EXPRESSION INDEX
            return self.schema.get_index(self.dependent_name)
        elif self.dependent_type == 7: # EXCEPTION
            return self.schema.get_exception(self.dependent_name)
        elif self.dependent_type == 8:
            ## ToDo: Implement handler for USER if necessary
            return None
        elif self.dependent_type == 9: # FIELD (i.e. DOMAIN)
            return self.schema.get_domain(self.dependent_name)
        elif self.dependent_type == 10: # INDEX
            return self.schema.get_index(self.dependent_name)
        elif self.dependent_type == 11:
            ## ToDo: Implement handler for DEPENDENT COUNT if necessary
            return None
        elif self.dependent_type == 12:
            ## ToDo: Implement handler for USER GROUP if necessary
            return None
        elif self.dependent_type == 13: # ROLE
            return self.schema.get_role(self.dependent_name)
        elif self.dependent_type == 14: # GENERATOR
            return self.schema.get_generator(self.dependent_name)
        elif self.dependent_type == 15: # UDF
            return self.schema.get_function(self.dependent_name)
        elif self.dependent_type == 16:
            ## ToDo: Implement handler for BLOB_FILTER
            return None
        return None
    def _get_depended_on(self):
        if self.depended_on_type == 0: # TABLE
            t = self.schema.get_table(self.depended_on_name)
            if self.field_name:
                return t.get_column(self.field_name)
            else:
                return t
        elif self.depended_on_type == 1: # VIEW
            return self.schema.get_view(self.depended_on_name)
        elif self.depended_on_type == 2: # TRIGGER
            return self.schema.get_trigger(self.depended_on_name)
        elif self.depended_on_type == 3: # COMPUTED FIELD (i.e. DOMAIN)
            return self.schema.get_domain(self.depended_on_name)
        elif self.depended_on_type == 4:
            ## ToDo: Implement handler for VALIDATION if necessary
            return None
        elif self.depended_on_type == 5: #PROCEDURE
            return self.schema.get_procedure(self.depended_on_name)
        elif self.depended_on_type == 6: # EXPRESSION INDEX
            return self.schema.get_index(self.depended_on_name)
        elif self.depended_on_type == 7: # EXCEPTION
            return self.schema.get_exception(self.depended_on_name)
        elif self.depended_on_type == 8:
            ## ToDo: Implement handler for USER if necessary
            return None
        elif self.depended_on_type == 9: # FIELD (i.e. DOMAIN)
            return self.schema.get_domain(self.depended_on_name)
        elif self.depended_on_type == 10: # INDEX
            return self.schema.get_index(self.depended_on_name)
        elif self.depended_on_type == 11:
            ## ToDo: Implement handler for DEPENDENT COUNT if necessary
            return None
        elif self.depended_on_type == 12:
            ## ToDo: Implement handler for USER GROUP if necessary
            return None
        elif self.depended_on_type == 13: # ROLE
            return self.schema.get_role(self.depended_on_name)
        elif self.depended_on_type == 14: # GENERATOR
            return self.schema.get_generator(self.depended_on_name)
        elif self.depended_on_type == 15: # UDF
            return self.schema.get_function(self.depended_on_name)
        elif self.depended_on_type == 16:
            ## ToDo: Implement handler for BLOB_FILTER
            return None
        return None
    
    #--- Properties
    
    dependent = LateBindingProperty(_get_dependent,None,None,
                                    "Dependent database object.")
    dependent_name = LateBindingProperty(_get_dependent_name,None,None,
                                    "Dependent database object name.")
    dependent_type = LateBindingProperty(_get_dependent_type,None,None,
                                    "Dependent database object type.")
    field_name = LateBindingProperty(_get_field_name,None,None,
                                    "Name of one column in `depended on` object.")
    depended_on = LateBindingProperty(_get_depended_on,None,None,
                                    "Database object on which dependent depends.")
    depended_on_name = LateBindingProperty(_get_depended_on_name,None,None,
                                    "Name of db object on which dependent depends.")
    depended_on_type = LateBindingProperty(_get_depended_on_type,None,None,
                                    "Type of db object on which dependent depends.")
    
    #--- Public
    
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitDependency(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitDependency(self)
    def issystemobject(self):
        "Returns True as dependency entries are considered as system objects." 
        return True
    def get_dependents(self):
        "Returns empty list because Dependency object never has dependents."
        return []
    def get_dependencies(self):
        "Returns empty list because Dependency object never has dependencies."
        return []
    
class Constraint(BaseSchemaItem):
    """Represents table or column constraint.

    Supported SQL actions: 
    
    - Constraint on user table except NOT NULL constraint: create, drop
    - Constraint on system table: none
    """
    def __init__(self,schema,attributes):
        super(Constraint,self).__init__(schema,attributes)

        self._strip_attribute('RDB$CONSTRAINT_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$CONSTRAINT_TYPE')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$RELATION_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$DEFERRABLE')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$INITIALLY_DEFERRED')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$INDEX_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$TRIGGER_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$CONST_NAME_UQ')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$MATCH_OPTION')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$UPDATE_RULE')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$DELETE_RULE')

        if not (self.issystemobject() or self.isnotnull()):
            self._actions = ['create','drop']

    #--- Protected

    def _get_create_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        const_def = 'ALTER TABLE %s ADD ' % self.table.get_quoted_name()
        if not self.name.startswith('INTEG_'):
            const_def += 'CONSTRAINT %s\n  ' % self.get_quoted_name()
        if self.ischeck():
            const_def += self.triggers[0].source
        elif self.ispkey() or self.isunique():
            const_def += 'PRIMARY KEY' if self.ispkey() else 'UNIQUE'
            i = self.index
            const_def +=  ' (%s)' % ','.join(i.segment_names)
            if not i.issystemobject():
                const_def += '\n  USING %s INDEX %s' % (i.index_type,i.get_quoted_name())
        elif self.isfkey():
            const_def += 'FOREIGN KEY (%s)\n  ' % ','.join(self.index.segment_names)
            p = self.partner_constraint
            const_def += 'REFERENCES %s (%s)' % (p.table.get_quoted_name(),
                                                 ','.join(p.index.segment_names))
            if self.delete_rule != 'RESTRICT':
                const_def += '\n  ON DELETE %s' % self.delete_rule
            if self.update_rule != 'RESTRICT':
                const_def += '\n  ON UPDATE %s' % self.update_rule
            i = self.index
            if not i.issystemobject():
                const_def += '\n  USING %s INDEX %s' % (i.index_type,i.get_quoted_name())
        else:
            raise fdb.OperationalError("Unrecognized constraint type '%s'" % self.constraint_type)
        return const_def
    def _get_drop_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return 'ALTER TABLE %s DROP CONSTRAINT %s' % (self.table.get_quoted_name(),
                                                      self.get_quoted_name())
    def _get_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$CONSTRAINT_NAME']
    def _get_constraint_type(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$CONSTRAINT_TYPE']
    def _get_table(self):
        return self.schema.get_table(self._attributes['RDB$RELATION_NAME'])
    def _get_index(self):
        return self.schema.get_index(self._attributes['RDB$INDEX_NAME'])
    def _get_trigger_names(self):
        if self.ischeck():
            return self._attributes['RDB$TRIGGER_NAME']
        else:
            return []
    def _get_triggers(self):
        return [self.schema.get_trigger(tname) for tname in self.trigger_names]
    def _get_column_name(self):
        if self.isnotnull():
            return self._attributes['RDB$TRIGGER_NAME']
        else:
            return None
    def _get_partner_constraint(self):
        return self.schema.get_constraint(self._attributes['RDB$CONST_NAME_UQ'])
    def _get_match_option(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$MATCH_OPTION']
    def _get_update_rule(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$UPDATE_RULE']
    def _get_delete_rule(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$DELETE_RULE']

    #--- Properties

    constraint_type = LateBindingProperty(_get_constraint_type,None,None,
        "primary key/unique/foreign key/check/not null.")
    table = LateBindingProperty(_get_table,None,None,
        ":class:`Table` instance this constraint applies to.")
    index = LateBindingProperty(_get_index,None,None,
        ":class:`Index` instance that enforces the constraint.\n`None` if constraint is not primary key/unique or foreign key.")
    trigger_names = LateBindingProperty(_get_trigger_names,None,None,
        "For a CHECK constraint contains trigger names that enforce the constraint.")
    triggers = LateBindingProperty(_get_triggers,None,None,
        "For a CHECK constraint contains :class:`Trigger` instances that enforce the constraint.")
    column_name = LateBindingProperty(_get_column_name,None,None,
        "For a NOT NULL constraint, this is the name of the column to which the constraint applies.")
    partner_constraint = LateBindingProperty(_get_partner_constraint,None,None,
        "For a FOREIGN KEY constraint, this is the unique or primary key :class:`Constraint` referred.")
    match_option = LateBindingProperty(_get_match_option,None,None,
        "For a FOREIGN KEY constraint only. Current value is FULL in all cases.")
    update_rule = LateBindingProperty(_get_update_rule,None,None,
        "For a FOREIGN KEY constraint, this is the action applicable to when primary key is updated.")
    delete_rule = LateBindingProperty(_get_delete_rule,None,None,
        "For a FOREIGN KEY constraint, this is the action applicable to when primary key is deleted.")

    #--- Public
    
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitConstraint(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitConstraint(self)
    def issystemobject(self):
        "Returns True if this database object is system object."
        return self.schema.get_table(self._attributes['RDB$RELATION_NAME']).issystemobject()
    def isnotnull(self):
        "Returns True if it's NOT NULL constraint."
        return self.constraint_type == 'NOT NULL'
    def ispkey(self):
        "Returns True if it's PRIMARY KEY constraint."
        return self.constraint_type == 'PRIMARY KEY'
    def isfkey(self):
        "Returns True if it's FOREIGN KEY constraint."
        return self.constraint_type == 'FOREIGN KEY'
    def isunique(self):
        "Returns True if it's UNIQUE constraint."
        return self.constraint_type == 'UNIQUE'
    def ischeck(self):
        "Returns True if it's CHECK constraint."
        return self.constraint_type == 'CHECK'
    def isdeferrable(self):
        "Returns True if it's DEFERRABLE constraint."
        return self._attributes['RDB$DEFERRABLE'] != 'NO'
    def isdeferred(self):
        "Returns True if it's INITIALLY DEFERRED constraint."
        return self._attributes['RDB$INITIALLY_DEFERRED'] != 'NO'

class Table(BaseSchemaItem):
    """Represents Table in database.

    Supported SQL actions: 
    
    - User table: create, recreate, drop
    - System table: none
    """
    def __init__(self,schema,attributes):
        super(Table,self).__init__(schema,attributes)
        self._type_code = [0,]

        self.__columns = None

        self._strip_attribute('RDB$RELATION_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$OWNER_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$SECURITY_CLASS')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$DEFAULT_CLASS')

        if not self.issystemobject():
            self._actions = ['create','recreate','drop']
            
    #--- Protected

    def _get_create_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        tabdef = 'CREATE %sTABLE %s' % ('GLOBAL TEMPORARY ' if self.isgtt() else '',
                                        self.get_quoted_name())
        if self.isexternal():
            tabdef += "  EXTERNAL FILE '%s'\n" % self.external_file
        tabdef += '\n('
        partdefs = []
        for col in self.columns:
            coldef = '\n  %s ' % col.get_quoted_name()
            collate = ''
            if col.isdomainbased():
                coldef += '%s' % col.domain.get_quoted_name()
            elif col.iscomputed():
                coldef += 'COMPUTED BY %s' % col.get_computedby()
            else:
                datatype = col.datatype
                if datatype.rfind(' COLLATE ') > 0:
                    datatype, collate = datatype.split(' COLLATE ')
                coldef += '%s' % datatype
            if col.has_default():
                coldef += ' DEFAULT %s' % col.default
            if not col.isnullable():
                coldef += ' NOT NULL'
            if col._attributes['RDB$COLLATION_ID'] is not None:
                cname = col.collation.name
                if col.domain.character_set._attributes['RDB$DEFAULT_COLLATE_NAME'] != cname:
                    collate = cname
            if collate:
                coldef += ' COLLATE %s' % collate
            partdefs.append(coldef)
        if self.has_pkey():
            pk = self.primary_key
            pkdef = '\n  '
            if not pk.name.startswith('INTEG_'):
                pkdef += 'CONSTRAINT %s\n  ' % pk.get_quoted_name()
            i = pk.index
            pkdef +=  'PRIMARY KEY (%s)' % ','.join(i.segment_names)
            if not i.issystemobject():
                pkdef += '\n    USING %s INDEX %s' % (i.index_type,i.get_quoted_name())
            partdefs.append(pkdef)
        for uq in self.constraints:
            if uq.isunique():
                uqdef = '\n  '
                if not uq.name.startswith('INTEG_'):
                    uqdef += 'CONSTRAINT %s\n  ' % uq.get_quoted_name()
                i = uq.index
                uqdef +=  'UNIQUE (%s)' % ','.join(i.segment_names)
                if not i.issystemobject():
                    uqdef += '\n    USING %s INDEX %s' % (i.index_type,i.get_quoted_name())
                partdefs.append(uqdef)
        tabdef += ','.join(partdefs)
        tabdef += '\n)'
        return tabdef
    def _get_drop_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return 'DROP TABLE %s' % self.get_quoted_name()
    def _get_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$RELATION_NAME']
    def _get_id(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$RELATION_ID']
    def _get_dbkey_length(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$DBKEY_LENGTH']
    def _get_format(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FORMAT']
    def _get_table_type(self):
        return self.schema.enum_relation_types.get(self._attributes.get('RDB$RELATION_TYPE'),
                                                   'PERSISTENT')
    def _get_security_class(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$SECURITY_CLASS']
    def _get_external_file(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$EXTERNAL_FILE']
    def _get_owner_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$OWNER_NAME']
    def _get_default_class(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$DEFAULT_CLASS']
    def _get_flags(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FLAGS']
    def _get_indices(self):
        return [i for i in self.schema._get_all_indices() 
                if i._attributes['RDB$RELATION_NAME'] == self.name]
    def _get_triggers(self):
        return [t for t in self.schema.triggers 
                if t._attributes['RDB$RELATION_NAME'] == self.name]
    def _get_constraints(self):
        return [c for c in self.schema.constraints 
                if c._attributes['RDB$RELATION_NAME'] == self.name]
    def _get_columns(self):
        if self.__columns is None:
            self.__columns = [TableColumn(self.schema,self,row) for row in 
                self.schema._select("""select RDB$FIELD_NAME, RDB$RELATION_NAME,
RDB$FIELD_SOURCE, RDB$FIELD_POSITION, RDB$UPDATE_FLAG, RDB$FIELD_ID, RDB$DESCRIPTION, 
RDB$SYSTEM_FLAG, RDB$SECURITY_CLASS, RDB$NULL_FLAG, RDB$DEFAULT_SOURCE, RDB$COLLATION_ID 
from RDB$RELATION_FIELDS where RDB$RELATION_NAME = ? order by RDB$FIELD_POSITION""",(self.name,))]
        return self.__columns
    def _get_primary_key(self):
        for const in self.constraints:
            if const.ispkey():
                return const
        return None
    def _get_foreign_keys(self):
        return [c for c in self.constraints if c.isfkey()]
    def _get_privileges(self):
        return [p for p in self.schema.privileges
                if ((p.subject_name == self.name) and 
                    (p.subject_type in self._type_code))]

    #--- Properties

    id = LateBindingProperty(_get_id,None,None,"Internam number ID for the table.")
    dbkey_length = LateBindingProperty(_get_dbkey_length,None,None,
            "Length of the RDB$DB_KEY column in bytes.")
    format = LateBindingProperty(_get_format,None,None,
            "Internal format ID for the table.")
    table_type = LateBindingProperty(_get_table_type,None,None,"Table type.")
    security_class = LateBindingProperty(_get_security_class,None,None,
            "Security class that define access limits to the table.")
    external_file = LateBindingProperty(_get_external_file,None,None,
            "Full path to the external data file, if any.")
    owner_name = LateBindingProperty(_get_owner_name,None,None,
            "User name of table's creator.")
    default_class = LateBindingProperty(_get_default_class,None,None,
            "Default security class.")
    flags = LateBindingProperty(_get_flags,None,None,"Internal flags.")
    primary_key = LateBindingProperty(_get_primary_key,None,None,
            "PRIMARY KEY :class:`Constraint` for this table or None.")
    foreign_keys = LateBindingProperty(_get_foreign_keys,None,None,
            "List of FOREIGN KEY :class:`Constraint` instances for this table.")

    columns = LateBindingProperty(_get_columns,None,None,
        "Returns list of columns defined for table.\nItems are :class:`TableColumn` objects.")
    constraints = LateBindingProperty(_get_constraints,None,None,
        "Returns list of constraints defined for table.\nItems are :class:`Constraint` objects.")
    indices = LateBindingProperty(_get_indices,None,None,
        "Returns list of indices defined for table.\nItems are :class:`Index` objects.")
    triggers = LateBindingProperty(_get_triggers,None,None,
        "Returns list of triggers defined for table.\nItems are :class:`Trigger` objects.")
    privileges = LateBindingProperty(_get_privileges,None,None,
        "List of :class:`Privilege` objects granted to this object.")

    #--- Public
    
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitTable(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitTable(self)
    def get_column(self,name):
        "Return :class:`TableColumn` object with specified name."
        for col in self.columns:
            if col.name == name:
                return col
        return None
    def isgtt(self):
        "Returns True if table is GLOBAL TEMPORARY table."
        return self.table_type.startswith('GLOBAL_TEMPORARY')
    def ispersistent(self):
        "Returns True if table is persistent one."
        return self.table_type in ['PERSISTENT','EXTERNAL']
    def isexternal(self):
        "Returns True if table is external table."
        return bool(self.external_file)
    def has_pkey(self):
        "Returns True if table has PRIMARY KEY defined."
        for const in self.constraints:
            if const.ispkey():
                return True
        return False
    def has_fkey(self):
        "Returns True if table has any FOREIGN KEY constraint."
        for const in self.constraints:
            if const.isfkey():
                return True
        return False
    
class View(BaseSchemaItem):
    """Represents database View.

    Supported SQL actions: 
    
    - User views: create, recreate, alter(columns=string_or_list,query=string,check=bool), 
      create_or_alter, drop
    - System views: none
    """
    def __init__(self,schema,attributes):
        super(View,self).__init__(schema,attributes)
        self._type_code = [1,]

        self.__columns = None

        self._strip_attribute('RDB$RELATION_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$VIEW_SOURCE')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$OWNER_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$SECURITY_CLASS')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$DEFAULT_CLASS')

        if not self.issystemobject():
            self._actions = ['create','recreate','alter','create_or_alter','drop']
            
    #--- Protected

    def _get_create_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return "CREATE VIEW %s (%s)\n   AS\n     %s" % (self.get_quoted_name(),
                        ','.join([col.get_quoted_name() for col in self.columns]),self.sql)
    def _get_alter_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,['columns','query','check'])
        columns = params.get('columns')
        if isinstance(columns,(list,tuple)):
            columns = ','.join(columns)
        query = params.get('query')
        check = params.get('check',False)
        if query:
            return "ALTER VIEW %s %s\n   AS\n     %s" % (self.get_quoted_name(),
                    '(%s)' % columns if columns else '',
                    '%s\n     WITH CHECK OPTION' % query if check else query)
        else:
            raise fdb.ProgrammingError("Missing required parameter: 'query'.")
    def _get_drop_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return 'DROP VIEW %s' % self.get_quoted_name()
    def _get_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$RELATION_NAME']
    def _get_sql(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$VIEW_SOURCE']
    def _get_id(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$RELATION_ID']
    def _get_dbkey_length(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$DBKEY_LENGTH']
    def _get_format(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FORMAT']
    def _get_security_class(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$SECURITY_CLASS']
    def _get_owner_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$OWNER_NAME']
    def _get_default_class(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$DEFAULT_CLASS']
    def _get_flags(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FLAGS']
    def _get_triggers(self):
        return [t for t in self.schema.triggers 
                if t._attributes['RDB$RELATION_NAME'] == self.name]
    def _get_columns(self):
        if self.__columns is None:
            self.__columns = [ViewColumn(self.schema,self,row) for row in 
                self.schema._select("""select r.RDB$FIELD_NAME, r.RDB$RELATION_NAME, 
r.RDB$FIELD_SOURCE, r.RDB$FIELD_POSITION, r.RDB$UPDATE_FLAG, r.RDB$FIELD_ID, 
r.RDB$DESCRIPTION, r.RDB$SYSTEM_FLAG, r.RDB$SECURITY_CLASS, r.RDB$NULL_FLAG, 
r.RDB$DEFAULT_SOURCE, r.RDB$COLLATION_ID, r.RDB$BASE_FIELD, 
v.RDB$RELATION_NAME as BASE_RELATION 
    from RDB$RELATION_FIELDS r
    left join RDB$VIEW_RELATIONS v on r.RDB$VIEW_CONTEXT = v.RDB$VIEW_CONTEXT
    where r.RDB$RELATION_NAME = ? 
    order by RDB$FIELD_POSITION""",(self.name,))]
        return self.__columns
    def _get_privileges(self):
        return [p for p in self.schema.privileges
                if ((p.subject_name == self.name) and 
                    (p.subject_type == 0))] # Views are logged as Tables in RDB$USER_PRIVILEGES

    #--- Properties

    id = LateBindingProperty(_get_id,None,None,"Internal number ID for the view.")
    sql= LateBindingProperty(_get_sql,None,None,"The query specification.")
    dbkey_length = LateBindingProperty(_get_dbkey_length,None,None,
        "Length of the RDB$DB_KEY column in bytes.")
    format = LateBindingProperty(_get_format,None,None,"Internal format ID for the view.")
    security_class = LateBindingProperty(_get_security_class,None,None,
        "Security class that define access limits to the view.")
    owner_name = LateBindingProperty(_get_owner_name,None,None,"User name of view's creator.")
    default_class = LateBindingProperty(_get_default_class,None,None,"Default security class.")
    flags = LateBindingProperty(_get_flags,None,None,"Internal flags.")

    columns = LateBindingProperty(_get_columns,None,None,
        "Returns list of columns defined for view.\nItems are :class:`ViewColumn` objects.")
    triggers = LateBindingProperty(_get_triggers,None,None,
        "Returns list of triggers defined for view.\nItems are :class:`Trigger` objects.")
    privileges = LateBindingProperty(_get_privileges,None,None,
        "List of :class:`Privilege` objects granted to this object.")

    #--- Public
    
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitView(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitView(self)
    def get_column(self,name):
        "Return :class:`TableColumn` object with specified name."
        for col in self.columns:
            if col.name == name:
                return col
        return None
    def get_trigger(self,name):
        "Return :class:`Trigger` object with specified name."
        for t in self.triggers:
            if t.name == name:
                return t
        return None
    def has_checkoption(self):
        "Returns True if View has WITH CHECK OPTION defined."
        return "WITH CHECK OPTION" in self.sql.upper()
    
class Trigger(BaseSchemaItem):
    """Represents trigger.

    Supported SQL actions: 
    
    - User trigger: create, recreate, create_or_alter, drop,
      alter(fire_on=string,active=bool,sequence=int,declare=string_or_list,
      code=string_or_list)
    - System trigger: none
    """
    def __init__(self,schema,attributes):
        super(Trigger,self).__init__(schema,attributes)
        self._type_code = [2,]

        self._strip_attribute('RDB$TRIGGER_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$RELATION_NAME')

        if not self.issystemobject():
            self._actions = ['create','recreate','alter','create_or_alter','drop']

    #--- Protected

    def _get_create_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        result = 'CREATE TRIGGER %s' % self.get_quoted_name()
        if self._attributes['RDB$RELATION_NAME']:
            result += ' FOR %s' % self.relation.get_quoted_name()
        result += ' %s\n%s POSITION %d\n%s' % ('ACTIVE' if self.isactive() else 'INACTIVE',
                                               self.get_type_as_string(),
                                               self.sequence,self.source)
        return result
    def _get_alter_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,['fire_on','active','sequence','declare','code'])
        action = params.get('fire_on')
        active = params.get('active')
        sequence = params.get('sequence')
        declare = params.get('declare')
        code = params.get('code')
        #
        header = ''
        if active is not None:
            header += ' ACTIVE' if active else ' INACTIVE'
        if action is not None:
            dbaction = action.upper().startswith('ON ')
            if ((dbaction and not self.isdbtrigger()) 
                or (not dbaction and self.isdbtrigger())):
                raise fdb.ProgrammingError("Trigger type change is not allowed.")
            header += '\n  %s' % action
        if sequence is not None:
            header += '\n  POSITION %d' % sequence
        #
        if code is not None:
            if declare is None:
                d = ''
            elif isinstance(declare,(list,tuple)):
                d = ''
                for x in declare:
                    d += '  %s\n' % x
            else:
                d = '%s\n' % declare
            if isinstance(code,(list,tuple)):
                c = ''
                for x in code:
                    c += '  %s\n' % x
            else:
                c = '%s\n' % code
            body = '\nAS\n%sBEGIN\n%sEND' % (d,c)
        else:
            body = ''
        #
        if not (header or body):
            raise fdb.ProgrammingError("Header or body definition required.")
        return 'ALTER TRIGGER %s%s%s' % (self.get_quoted_name(),header,body)
    def _get_drop_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return 'DROP TRIGGER %s' % self.get_quoted_name()
    def _get_action_time(self):
        return (self.trigger_type + 1) & 1
    def _get_action_type(self,slot):
        return ((self.trigger_type + 1) >> (slot * 2 - 1)) & 3
    def _get_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$TRIGGER_NAME']
    def _get_relation(self):
        relname = self._attributes['RDB$RELATION_NAME']
        rel = self.schema.get_table(relname)
        if not rel:
            rel = self.schema.get_view(relname)
        return rel
    def _get_sequence(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$TRIGGER_SEQUENCE']
    def _get_trigger_type(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$TRIGGER_TYPE']
    def _get_source(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$TRIGGER_SOURCE']
    def _get_flags(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FLAGS']
    def _istype(self,type_code):
        atype = self._get_action_type(1)
        if atype == type_code:
            return True
        atype = self._get_action_type(2)
        if atype and atype == type_code:
            return True
        atype = self._get_action_type(3)
        if atype and atype == type_code:
            return True
        return False

    #--- Properties

    relation = LateBindingProperty(_get_relation,None,None,
        ":class:`Table` or :class:`View` that the trigger is for, or None for database triggers")
    sequence = LateBindingProperty(_get_sequence,None,None,
        "Sequence (position) of trigger. Zero usually means no sequence defined.")
    trigger_type = LateBindingProperty(_get_trigger_type,None,None,
        "Numeric code for trigger type that define what event and when are covered by trigger.")
    source = LateBindingProperty(_get_source,None,None,"PSQL source code.")
    flags = LateBindingProperty(_get_flags,None,None,"Internal flags.")

    #--- Public
    
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitTrigger(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitTrigger(self)
    def isactive(self):
        "Returns True if this trigger is active."
        return self._attributes['RDB$TRIGGER_INACTIVE'] == 0
    def isbefore(self):
        "Returns True if this trigger is set for BEFORE action."
        return self._get_action_time() == 0
    def isafter(self):
        "Returns True if this trigger is set for AFTER action."
        return self._get_action_time() == 1
    def isdbtrigger(self):
        "Returns True if this trigger is database trigger."
        return (self.trigger_type & TRIGGER_TYPE_MASK) == TRIGGER_TYPE_DB
    def isinsert(self):
        "Returns True if this trigger is set for INSERT operation."
        return self._istype(1)
    def isupdate(self):
        "Returns True if this trigger is set for UPDATE operation."
        return self._istype(2)
    def isdelete(self):
        "Returns True if this trigger is set for DELETE operation."
        return self._istype(3)
    def get_type_as_string(self):
        "Return string with action and operation specification."
        l = []
        if self.isdbtrigger():
            l.append('ON '+TRIGGER_DB_TYPES[self.trigger_type & ~TRIGGER_TYPE_DB])
        else:
            l.append(TRIGGER_PREFIX_TYPES[self._get_action_time()])
            l.append(TRIGGER_SUFFIX_TYPES[self._get_action_type(1)])
            sufix = self._get_action_type(2)
            if sufix:
                l.append('OR')
                l.append(TRIGGER_SUFFIX_TYPES[sufix])
            sufix = self._get_action_type(3)
            if sufix:
                l.append('OR')
                l.append(TRIGGER_SUFFIX_TYPES[sufix])
        return ' '.join(l)

class ProcedureParameter(BaseSchemaItem):
    """Represents procedure parameter.

    Supported SQL actions: none.
    """
    def __init__(self,schema,proc,attributes):
        super(ProcedureParameter,self).__init__(schema,attributes)

        self.__proc = proc
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$PARAMETER_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$PROCEDURE_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$FIELD_SOURCE')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$RELATION_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$FIELD_NAME')

    #--- Protected

    def _get_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$PARAMETER_NAME']
    def _get_procedure(self):
        return self.schema.get_procedure(self._attributes['RDB$PROCEDURE_NAME'])
    def _get_sequence(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$PARAMETER_NUMBER']
    def _get_domain(self):
        return self.schema.get_domain(self._attributes['RDB$FIELD_SOURCE'])
    def _get_datatype(self):
        return self.domain.datatype
    def _get_type_from(self):
        m = self.mechanism
        if m is None:
            return PROCPAR_DATATYPE
        elif m == 0:
            return PROCPAR_DATATYPE if self.domain.issystemobject() else PROCPAR_DOMAIN
        elif m == 1:
            if self._attributes.get('RDB$RELATION_NAME') is None:
                return PROCPAR_TYPE_OF_DOMAIN
            else:
                return PROCPAR_TYPE_OF_COLUMN
        else:
            raise fdb.InternalError("Unknown parameter mechanism code: %d" % m)
    def _get_default(self):
        result = self._attributes.get('RDB$DEFAULT_SOURCE')
        if result:
            if result.upper().startswith('= '):
                result = result[2:]
            elif result.upper().startswith('DEFAULT '):
                result = result[8:]
        return result
    def _get_collation(self):
        cid = self._attributes.get('RDB$COLLATION_ID')
        return (None if cid is None 
                else self.schema.get_collation_by_id(self.domain._attributes['RDB$CHARACTER_SET_ID'],cid))
    def _get_mechanism(self):
        return self._attributes.get('RDB$PARAMETER_MECHANISM')
    def _get_column(self):
        rname = self._attributes.get('RDB$RELATION_NAME')
        return (None if rname is None 
                else self.schema.get_table(rname).get_column(self._attributes['RDB$FIELD_NAME']))

    #--- Properties

    procedure = LateBindingProperty(_get_procedure,None,None,
                                "Name of the stored procedure.")
    sequence = LateBindingProperty(_get_sequence,None,None,
                                "Sequence (position) of parameter.")
    domain = LateBindingProperty(_get_domain,None,None,
                                ":class:`Domain` for this parameter.")
    datatype = LateBindingProperty(_get_datatype,None,None,
                                "Comlete SQL datatype definition.")
    type_from = LateBindingProperty(_get_type_from,None,None,
                                "Numeric code. See :attr:`Schema.enum_param_type_from`.`")
    
    # FB 2.1
    default = LateBindingProperty(_get_default,None,None,"Default value.")
    collation = LateBindingProperty(_get_collation,None,None,
                                ":class:`collation` for this parameter.")
    mechanism = LateBindingProperty(_get_mechanism,None,None,
                                "Parameter mechanism code.")
    # FB 2.5
    column = LateBindingProperty(_get_column,None,None,
                                ":class:`TableColumn` for this parameter.")

    #--- Public
    
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitProcedureParameter(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitProcedureParameter(self)
    def get_sql_definition(self):
        "Returns SQL definition for parameter."
        typedef = self.datatype
        if self.type_from == PROCPAR_DOMAIN:
            typedef = self.domain.get_quoted_name()
        elif self.type_from == PROCPAR_TYPE_OF_DOMAIN:
            typedef = 'TYPE OF %s' % self.domain.get_quoted_name()
        elif self.type_from == PROCPAR_TYPE_OF_COLUMN:
            typedef = 'TYPE OF COLUMN %s.%s' % (self.column.table.get_quoted_name(),
                                                self.column.get_quoted_name())
        result = '%s %s%s' % (self.get_quoted_name(),typedef,
                               '' if self.isnullable() else ' NOT NULL')
        c = self.collation
        if c is not None:
            result += ' COLLATE %s' % c.get_quoted_name()
        if self.isinput() and self.has_default():
            result += ' = %s' % self.default
        return result
    def isinput(self):
        "Returns True if parameter is INPUT parameter."
        return self._attributes['RDB$PARAMETER_TYPE'] == 0
    def isnullable(self):
        "Returns True if parameter allows NULL."
        return not bool(self._attributes.get('RDB$NULL_FLAG'))
    def has_default(self):
        "Returns True if parameter has default value."
        return bool(self._attributes.get('RDB$DEFAULT_SOURCE'))
    
class Procedure(BaseSchemaItem):
    """Represents stored procedure.

    Supported SQL actions: 
    
    - User procedure: create(no_code=bool), recreate(no_code=bool), 
      create_or_alter(no_code=bool), drop,
      alter(input=string_or_list,output=string_or_list,declare=string_or_list,
      code=string_or_list)
    - System procedure: none
    """
    def __init__(self,schema,attributes):
        super(Procedure,self).__init__(schema,attributes)
        self._type_code = [5,]

        self.__inputParams = self.__outputParams = None
        
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$PROCEDURE_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$OWNER_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$SECURITY_CLASS')
        self.__ods = schema._con.ods

        if not self.issystemobject():
            self._actions = ['create','recreate','alter','create_or_alter','drop']

    #--- Protected

    def _get_create_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,['no_code'])
        no_code = params.get('no_code')
        result = 'CREATE PROCEDURE %s' % self.get_quoted_name()
        if self.has_input():
            if self._attributes['RDB$PROCEDURE_INPUTS'] == 1:
                result += ' (%s)\n' % self.input_params[0].get_sql_definition()
            else:
                result += ' (\n'
                for p in self.input_params:
                    result += '  %s%s\n' % (p.get_sql_definition(),
                                            '' if p.sequence+1 == self._attributes['RDB$PROCEDURE_INPUTS']
                                            else ',')
                result += ')\n'
        else:
            result += '\n'
        if self.has_output():
            if self._attributes['RDB$PROCEDURE_OUTPUTS'] == 1:
                result += 'RETURNS (%s)\n' % self.output_params[0].get_sql_definition()
            else:
                result += 'RETURNS (\n'
                for p in self.input_params:
                    result += '  %s%s\n' % (p.get_sql_definition(),
                                            '' if p.sequence+1 == self._attributes['RDB$PROCEDURE_OUTPUTS']
                                            else ',')
                result += ')\n'
        return result+'AS\n'+('BEGIN\nEND' if no_code else self.source)
    def _get_alter_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,['input','output','declare','code'])
        inpars = params.get('input')
        outpars = params.get('output')
        declare = params.get('declare')
        code = params.get('code')
        if code is None:
            raise fdb.ProgrammingError("Missing required parameter: 'code'.")
        #
        header = ''
        if inpars is not None:
            if isinstance(inpars,(list,tuple)):
                numpars = len(inpars)
                if numpars == 1:
                    header = ' (%s)\n' % inpars
                else:
                    header = ' (\n'
                    i = 1
                    for p in inpars:
                        header += '  %s%s\n' % (p,'' if i == numpars else ',')
                        i += 1
                    header += ')\n'
            else:
                header = ' (%s)\n' % inpars
        #
        if outpars is not None:
            if not header:
                header += '\n'
            if isinstance(outpars,(list,tuple)):
                numpars = len(outpars)
                if numpars == 1:
                    header += 'RETURNS (%s)\n' % outpars
                else:
                    header += 'RETURNS (\n'
                    i = 1
                    for p in outpars:
                        header += '  %s%s\n' % (p,'' if i == numpars else ',')
                        i += 1
                    header += ')\n'
            else:
                header += 'RETURNS (%s)\n' % outpars
        #
        if code:
            if declare is None:
                d = ''
            elif isinstance(declare,(list,tuple)):
                d = ''
                for x in declare:
                    d += '  %s\n' % x
            else:
                d = '%s\n' % declare
            if isinstance(code,(list,tuple)):
                c = ''
                for x in code:
                    c += '  %s\n' % x
            else:
                c = '%s\n' % code
            body = '%sAS\n%sBEGIN\n%sEND' % ('' if header else '\n',d,c)
        else:
            body = '%sAS\nBEGIN\nEND' % ('' if header else '\n')
        #
        return 'ALTER PROCEDURE %s%s%s' % (self.get_quoted_name(),header,body)
    def _get_drop_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return 'DROP PROCEDURE %s' % self.get_quoted_name()
    def __param_columns(self):
        cols = ['RDB$PARAMETER_NAME','RDB$PROCEDURE_NAME','RDB$PARAMETER_NUMBER',
                'RDB$PARAMETER_TYPE','RDB$FIELD_SOURCE','RDB$DESCRIPTION', 
                'RDB$SYSTEM_FLAG']
        if self.__ods >= fdb.ODS_FB_21:
            cols.extend(['RDB$DEFAULT_SOURCE','RDB$COLLATION_ID','RDB$NULL_FLAG',
                         'RDB$PARAMETER_MECHANISM'])
        if self.__ods >= fdb.ODS_FB_25:
            cols.extend(['RDB$FIELD_NAME','RDB$RELATION_NAME'])
        return ','.join(cols)
    def _get_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$PROCEDURE_NAME']
    def _get_id(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$PROCEDURE_ID']
    def _get_source(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$PROCEDURE_SOURCE']
    def _get_security_class(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$SECURITY_CLASS']
    def _get_owner_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$OWNER_NAME']
    def _get_input_params(self):
        if self.__inputParams is None:
            if self.has_input():
                self.__inputParams = [ProcedureParameter(self.schema,self,row) for row in 
                    self.schema._select("""select %s from rdb$procedure_parameters 
where rdb$procedure_name = ? 
and rdb$parameter_type = 0 
order by rdb$parameter_number""" % self.__param_columns(),(self.name,))]
            else:
                self.__inputParams = []
        return self.__inputParams
    def _get_output_params(self):
        if self.__outputParams is None:
            if self.has_output():
                self.__outputParams = [ProcedureParameter(self.schema,self,row) for row in 
                    self.schema._select("""select %s from rdb$procedure_parameters 
where rdb$procedure_name = ? 
and rdb$parameter_type = 1 
order by rdb$parameter_number""" % self.__param_columns(),(self.name,))]
            else:
                self.__outputParams = []
        return self.__outputParams
    def _get_proc_type(self):
        return self._attributes.get('RDB$PROCEDURE_TYPE',0)
    def _get_valid_blr(self):
        result = self._attributes.get('RDB$VALID_BLR')
        return bool(result) if result is not None else None
    def _get_privileges(self):
        return [p for p in self.schema.privileges
                if ((p.subject_name == self.name) and 
                    (p.subject_type in self._type_code))]
    
    #--- Properties

    id = LateBindingProperty(_get_id,None,None,"Internal unique ID number.")
    source = LateBindingProperty(_get_source,None,None,"PSQL source code.")
    security_class  = LateBindingProperty(_get_security_class,None,None,
        "Security class that define access limits to the procedure.")
    owner_name = LateBindingProperty(_get_owner_name,None,None,
        "User name of procedure's creator.")
    input_params = LateBindingProperty(_get_input_params,None,None,
        "List of input parameters.\nInstances are :class:`ProcedureParameter` instances.")
    output_params = LateBindingProperty(_get_output_params,None,None,
        "List of output parameters.\nInstances are :class:`ProcedureParameter` instances.")
    privileges = LateBindingProperty(_get_privileges,None,None,
        "List of :class:`Privilege` objects granted to this object.")
    # FB 2.1
    proc_type = LateBindingProperty(_get_proc_type,None,None,
        "Procedure type code. See :attr:`fdb.Connection.enum_procedure_types`.")
    valid_blr = LateBindingProperty(_get_valid_blr,None,None,
        "Procedure BLR invalidation flag. Coul be True/False or None.")
    

    #--- Public
    
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitProcedure(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitProcedure(self)
    def get_param(self,name):
        "Returns :class:`ProcedureParameter` with specified name or None"
        for p in self.output_params:
            if p.name == name:
                return p
        for p in self.input_params:
            if p.name == name:
                return p
        return None
    def has_input(self):
        "Returns True if procedure has any input parameters."
        return bool(self._attributes['RDB$PROCEDURE_INPUTS'])
    def has_output(self):
        "Returns True if procedure has any output parameters."
        return bool(self._attributes['RDB$PROCEDURE_OUTPUTS'])

class Role(BaseSchemaItem):
    """Represents user role.

    Supported SQL actions: 
    
    - User role: create, drop
    - System role: none
    """
    def __init__(self,schema,attributes):
        super(Role,self).__init__(schema,attributes)
        self._type_code = [13,]

        self._strip_attribute('RDB$ROLE_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$OWNER_NAME')

        if not self.issystemobject():
            self._actions = ['create','drop']

    #--- Protected

    def _get_create_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return 'CREATE ROLE %s' % self.get_quoted_name()
    def _get_drop_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return 'DROP ROLE %s' % self.get_quoted_name()
    def _get_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$ROLE_NAME']
    def _get_owner_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$OWNER_NAME']
    def _get_privileges(self):
        return [p for p in self.schema.privileges
                if ((p.subject_name == self.name) and 
                    (p.subject_type in self._type_code))]

    #--- Properties

    owner_name = LateBindingProperty(_get_owner_name,None,None,"User name of role owner.")
    privileges = LateBindingProperty(_get_privileges,None,None,
        "List of :class:`Privilege` objects granted to this object.")

    #--- Public
    
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitRole(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitRole(self)

class FunctionArgument(BaseSchemaItem):
    """Represets UDF argument.

    Supported SQL actions: none.
    """
    def __init__(self,schema,function,attributes):
        super(FunctionArgument,self).__init__(schema,attributes)
        self._type_code = [15,]
        self.__function = function

        self._strip_attribute('RDB$FUNCTION_NAME')

    #--- Protected

    def _get_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FUNCTION_NAME']+'_'+str(self._get_position())
    def _get_function(self):
        return self.__function
        #return self.schema.get_function(self._attributes['RDB$FUNCTION_NAME'])
    def _get_position(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$ARGUMENT_POSITION']
    def _get_mechanism(self):
        return abs(self._attributes['RDB$MECHANISM'])
    def _get_length(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FIELD_LENGTH']
    def _get_scale(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FIELD_SCALE']
    def _get_field_type(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FIELD_TYPE']
    def _get_sub_type(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FIELD_SUB_TYPE']
    def _get_character_length(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$CHARACTER_LENGTH']
    def _get_character_set(self):
        return self.schema.get_character_set_by_id(self._attributes['RDB$CHARACTER_SET_ID'])
    def _get_precision(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FIELD_PRECISION']
    def _get_datatype(self):
        l = []
        precision_known = False
        if self.field_type in (FBT_SMALLINT,FBT_INTEGER,FBT_BIGINT):
            if self.precision != None:
                if (self.sub_type > 0) and (self.sub_type < MAX_INTSUBTYPES):
                    l.append('%s(%d, %d)' % \
                      (INTEGRAL_SUBTYPES[self.sub_type],self.precision,-self.scale))
                    precision_known = True
        if not precision_known:
            if (self.field_type == FBT_SMALLINT) and (self.scale < 0):
                l.append('NUMERIC(4, %d)' % -self.scale)
            elif (self.field_type == FBT_INTEGER) and (self.scale < 0):
                l.append('NUMERIC(9, %d)' % -self.scale)
            elif (self.field_type == FBT_DOUBLE_PRECISION) and (self.scale < 0):
                l.append('NUMERIC(15, %d)' % -self.scale)
            else:
                l.append(COLUMN_TYPES[self.field_type])
        if self.field_type in (FBT_CHAR,FBT_VARCHAR,FBT_CSTRING):
            l.append('(%d)' % (self.length if (self.character_length is None) 
                               else self.character_length))
        if self.field_type == FBT_BLOB:
            if self.sub_type >= 0 and self.sub_type <= MAX_BLOBSUBTYPES:
                if self.sub_type > 0:
                    l.append(' SUB_TYPE %s' % BLOB_SUBTYPES[self.sub_type])
            else:
                l.append(' SUB_TYPE %d' % self.sub_type)
        if self.field_type in (FBT_CHAR,FBT_VARCHAR,FBT_CSTRING,FBT_BLOB):
            if self._attributes['RDB$CHARACTER_SET_ID'] is not None and \
              (self.character_set.name != self.schema.default_character_set.name):
                l.append(' CHARACTER SET %s' % self.character_set.name)
        return ''.join(l)

    #--- Properties

    function = LateBindingProperty(_get_function,None,None,
        ":class:`Function` to which this argument belongs.")
    position = LateBindingProperty(_get_position,None,None,"Argument position.")
    mechanism = LateBindingProperty(_get_mechanism,None,None,"How argument is passed.")
    field_type = LateBindingProperty(_get_field_type,None,None,
        "Number code of the data type defined for the argument.")
    length = LateBindingProperty(_get_length,None,None,
        "Length of the argument in bytes.")
    scale = LateBindingProperty(_get_scale,None,None,
        "Negative number representing the scale of NUMBER and DECIMAL argument.")
    precision = LateBindingProperty(_get_precision,None,None,
        "Indicates the number of digits of precision available to the data type of the argument.")
    sub_type = LateBindingProperty(_get_sub_type,None,None,"BLOB subtype.")
    character_length = LateBindingProperty(_get_character_length,None,None,
        "Length of CHAR and VARCHAR column, in characters (not bytes).")
    character_set = LateBindingProperty(_get_character_set,None,None,
        ":class:`CharacterSet` for a character/text BLOB argument, or None.")
    datatype = LateBindingProperty(_get_datatype,None,None,
        "Comlete SQL datatype definition.")

    #--- Public
    
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitFunctionArgument(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitFunctionArgument(self)
    def get_sql_definition(self):
        "Returns SQL definition for parameter."
        return '%s%s%s' % (self.datatype,
                           ' BY DESCRIPTOR' if self.isbydescriptor() else '',
                           ' BY VALUE' if self.isbyvalue() and self.isreturning() else '',
                         )
    def isbyvalue(self):
        "Returns True if argument is passed by value."
        return self.mechanism == 0
    def isbyreference(self):
        "Returns True if argument is passed by reference."
        return self.mechanism in [1,5]
    def isbydescriptor(self,any=False):
        """Returns True if argument is passed by descriptor.
        
        :param bool any: If True, method returns True if any kind of descriptor
          is used (including BLOB and ARRAY descriptors).
        """
        return self.mechanism in [2,3,4] if any else self.mechanism == 2
    def iswithnull(self):
        "Returns True if argument is passed by reference with NULL support."
        return self.mechanism == 5
    def isfreeit(self):
        "Returns True if (return) argument is declared as FREE_IT."
        return self._attributes['RDB$MECHANISM'] < 0
    def isreturning(self):
        "Returns True if argument represents return value for function."
        return self.position == self.function._attributes['RDB$RETURN_ARGUMENT']


class Function(BaseSchemaItem):
    """Represents user defined function.

    Supported SQL actions: 
    
    - User UDF: declare, drop
    - System UDF: none
    """
    def __init__(self,schema,attributes):
        super(Function,self).__init__(schema,attributes)
        self._type_code = [15,]
        self.__arguments = None
        self.__returns = None

        self._strip_attribute('RDB$FUNCTION_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$MODULE_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$ENTRYPOINT')

        if not self.issystemobject():
            self._actions = ['declare','drop']

    #--- Protected

    def _get_declare_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        fdef = 'DECLARE EXTERNAL FUNCTION %s\n' % self.get_quoted_name()
        for p in self.arguments:
            fdef += '  %s%s\n' % (p.get_sql_definition(),
                                  '' if p.position == len(self.arguments) else ',')
        if self.has_return():
            fdef += 'RETURNS %s%s\n' % ('PARAMETER %d' % self._attributes['RDB$RETURN_ARGUMENT']
                                    if self.has_return_argument() 
                                    else self.returns.get_sql_definition(),
                                    ' FREE_IT' if self.returns.isfreeit() else '')
        return "%sENTRY_POINT '%s'\nMODULE_NAME '%s'" % (fdef,self.entrypoint,
                                                          self.module_name)
    def _get_drop_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return 'DROP EXTERNAL FUNCTION %s' % self.get_quoted_name()
    def _load_arguments(self,mock=None):
        self.__arguments = [FunctionArgument(self.schema,self,row) for row in 
                            (mock if mock else
                            self.schema._select("""select * from rdb$function_arguments 
where rdb$function_name = ? order by rdb$argument_position""",(self.name,)))]
        rarg = self._attributes['RDB$RETURN_ARGUMENT']
        if rarg is not None:
            for a in self.__arguments:
                if a.position == rarg:
                    self.__returns = weakref.ref(a)
    def _get_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FUNCTION_NAME']
    def _get_module_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$MODULE_NAME']
    def _get_entrypoint(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$ENTRYPOINT']
    def _get_returns(self):
        if self.__arguments is None:
            self._load_arguments()
        return self.__returns if self.__returns is None else self.__returns()
    def _get_arguments(self):
        if self.__arguments is None:
            self._load_arguments()
        return [a for a in self.__arguments if a.position != 0]


    #--- Properties

    module_name = LateBindingProperty(_get_module_name,None,None,"Module name.")
    entrypoint = LateBindingProperty(_get_entrypoint,None,None,"Entrypoint in module.")
    returns = LateBindingProperty(_get_returns,None,None,
                                  "Returning :class:`FunctionArgument` or None.")
    arguments = LateBindingProperty(_get_arguments,None,None,
        "List of function arguments. Items are :class:`FunctionArgument` instances.")

    #--- Public
    
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitFunction(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitFunction(self)
    def has_arguments(self):
        "Returns True if function has input arguments."
        return bool(self.arguments)
    def has_return(self):
        "Returns True if function returns a value."
        return (self.returns is not None)
    def has_return_argument(self):
        "Returns True if function returns a value in input argument."
        return (self.returns.position != 0 if self.returns is not None else False)

class DatabaseFile(BaseSchemaItem):
    """Represents database extension file.

    Supported SQL actions:  create
    """
    def __init__(self,schema,attributes):
        super(DatabaseFile,self).__init__(schema,attributes)
        self._type_code = []

        self._strip_attribute('RDB$FILE_NAME')

    #--- Protected

    def _get_name(self):
        return 'FILE_%d' % self.sequence
    def _get_filename(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FILE_NAME']
    def _get_sequence(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FILE_SEQUENCE']
    def _get_start(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FILE_START']
    def _get_length(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FILE_LENGTH']

    #--- Properties

    filename = LateBindingProperty(_get_filename,None,None,"File name.")
    sequence = LateBindingProperty(_get_sequence,None,None,"File sequence number.")
    start = LateBindingProperty(_get_start,None,None,"File start page number.")
    length = LateBindingProperty(_get_length,None,None,"File length in pages.")

    #--- Public
    
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitDatabaseFile(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitDatabaseFile(self)
    def issystemobject(self):
        "Returns True."
        return True

class Shadow(BaseSchemaItem):
    """Represents database shadow.

    Supported SQL actions:  create, drop
    """
    SHADOW_INACTIVE = 2
    SHADOW_MANUAL = 4
    SHADOW_CONDITIONAL = 16

    def __init__(self,schema,attributes):
        super(Shadow,self).__init__(schema,attributes)
        self._type_code = []
        
        self.__files = None
        self._actions = ['create','drop']

    def _get_create_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        result = 'CREATE SHADOW %d %s%s' % (self.id,'MANUAL' if self.ismanual()
                                          else 'AUTO', 
                                          ' CONDITIONAL' if self.isconditional()
                                          else '')
        if len(self.files) == 1:
            result += " '%s'" % self.files[0].filename
        else:
            f = self.files[0]
            result += " '%s'%s\n" % (f.filename,
                                   ' LENGTH %d' % f.length if f.length > 0 else '')
            for f in self.files[1:]:
                result += "  FILE '%s'%s%s" % (f.filename,
                            ' STARTING AT %d' % f.start if f.start > 0 else '',
                            ' LENGTH %d' % f.length if f.length > 0 else '')
                if f.sequence < len(self.files)-1:
                    result += '\n'
        return result
    def _get_drop_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,[])
        return 'DROP SHADOW %d' % self.id
    def _get_name(self):
        return 'SHADOW_%d' % self.id
    def _get_id(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$SHADOW_NUMBER']
    def _get_flags(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FILE_FLAGS']
    def _get_files(self):
        if self.__files is None:
            self.__files = [DatabaseFile(self,row) for row 
                            in self.schema._select("""
select RDB$FILE_NAME, RDB$FILE_SEQUENCE, 
RDB$FILE_START, RDB$FILE_LENGTH from RDB$FILES
where RDB$SHADOW_NUMBER = ?
order by RDB$FILE_SEQUENCE""",(self._attributes['RDB$SHADOW_NUMBER'],))]
        return self.__files

    #--- Properties

    id = LateBindingProperty(_get_id,None,None,"Shadow ID number.")
    flags = LateBindingProperty(_get_flags,None,None,"Shadow flags.")
    files = LateBindingProperty(_get_files,None,None,
        "List of shadow files. Items are :class:`DatabaseFile` instances.")

    #--- Public
    
    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitShadow(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitShadow(self)
    def issystemobject(self):
        "Returns False."
        return False
    def ismanual(self):
        "Returns True if it's MANUAL shadow."
        return bool(self.flags & self.SHADOW_MANUAL)
    def isinactive(self):
        "Returns True if it's INACTIVE shadow."
        return bool(self.flags & self.SHADOW_INACTIVE)
    def isconditional(self):
        "Returns True if it's CONDITIONAL shadow."
        return bool(self.flags & self.SHADOW_CONDITIONAL)

class Privilege(BaseSchemaItem):
    """Represents priviledge to database object.

    Supported SQL actions: grant(grantors),revoke(grantors,grant_option)
    """
    def __init__(self,schema,attributes):
        super(Privilege,self).__init__(schema,attributes)
        self._type_code = []
        
        self._actions = ['grant','revoke']

        self._strip_attribute('RDB$USER')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$GRANTOR')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$PRIVILEGE')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$RELATION_NAME')
        self._strip_attribute('RDB$FIELD_NAME')
    def _get_grant_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,['grantors'])
        grantors = params.get('grantors')
        privileges = {'S':'SELECT','I':'INSERT','U':'UPDATE','D':'DELETE','R':'REFERENCES'}
        admin_option = ' WITH GRANT OPTION' if self.has_grant() else ''
        if self.privilege in privileges:
            privilege = privileges[self.privilege]
            if self.field_name is not None:
                privilege += '(%s)' % self.field_name
            privilege +=  ' ON '
        elif self.privilege == 'X': # procedure
            privilege = 'EXECUTE ON PROCEDURE '
        else: # role membership
            privilege = ''
            admin_option = ' WITH ADMIN OPTION' if self.has_grant() else ''
        user = self.user
        if isinstance(user,Procedure):
            utype = 'PROCEDURE '
        elif isinstance(user,Trigger):
            utype = 'TRIGGER '
        elif isinstance(user,View):
            utype = 'VIEW '
        else:
            utype = ''
        if (grantors is not None) and (self.grantor_name not in grantors):
            granted_by = ' GRANTED BY %s' % self.grantor_name
        else:
            granted_by = ''
        return 'GRANT %s%s TO %s%s%s%s' % (privilege,self.subject_name,utype,
                                       self.user_name,admin_option,granted_by)
    def _get_revoke_sql(self,**params):
        self._check_params(params,['grant_option','grantors'])
        grantors = params.get('grantors')
        option_only = params.get('grant_option',False)
        if option_only and not self.has_grant():
            raise fdb.ProgrammingError("Can't revoke grant option that wasn't granted.")
        privileges = {'S':'SELECT','I':'INSERT','U':'UPDATE','D':'DELETE','R':'REFERENCES'}
        admin_option = 'GRANT OPTION FOR ' if self.has_grant() and option_only else ''
        if self.privilege in privileges:
            privilege = privileges[self.privilege]
            if self.field_name is not None:
                privilege += '(%s)' % self.field_name
            privilege +=  ' ON '
        elif self.privilege == 'X': # procedure
            privilege = 'EXECUTE ON PROCEDURE '
        else: # role membership
            privilege = ''
            admin_option = 'ADMIN OPTION FOR' if self.has_grant() and option_only else ''
        user = self.user
        if isinstance(user,Procedure):
            utype = 'PROCEDURE '
        elif isinstance(user,Trigger):
            utype = 'TRIGGER '
        elif isinstance(user,View):
            utype = 'VIEW '
        else:
            utype = ''
        if (grantors is not None) and (self.grantor_name not in grantors):
            granted_by = ' GRANTED BY %s' % self.grantor_name
        else:
            granted_by = ''
        return 'REVOKE %s%s%s FROM %s%s%s' % (admin_option,privilege,
                                                self.subject_name,utype,
                                                self.user_name,granted_by)
    def _get_user(self):
        return self.schema._get_item(self._attributes['RDB$USER'],
                                     self._attributes['RDB$USER_TYPE'])
    def _get_grantor(self):
        return fdb.services.User(self._attributes['RDB$GRANTOR'])
    def _get_privilege(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$PRIVILEGE']
    def _get_subject(self):
        rname = self._attributes['RDB$RELATION_NAME']
        result = self.schema._get_item(rname, self.subject_type, self.field_name)
        if result is None and self.subject_type == 0:
            # Views are logged as tables, so try again for view code
            result = self.schema._get_item(rname, 1, self.field_name)
        return result
    def _get_user_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$USER']
    def _get_user_type(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$USER_TYPE']
    def _get_grantor_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$GRANTOR']
    def _get_subject_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$RELATION_NAME']
    def _get_subject_type(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$OBJECT_TYPE']
    def _get_field_name(self):
        return self._attributes['RDB$FIELD_NAME']

    #--- Properties

    user = LateBindingProperty(_get_user,None,None,
        "Grantee. Either :class:`~fdb.services.User`, :class:`Role`, " \
        ":class:`Procedure`, :class:`Trigger` or :class:`View` object.")
    grantor = LateBindingProperty(_get_grantor,None,None,
        "Grantor :class:`~fdb.services.User` object.")
    privilege = LateBindingProperty(_get_privilege,None,None,"Privilege code.")
    subject = LateBindingProperty(_get_subject,None,None,
        "Priviledge subject. Either :class:`Role`, :class:`Table`, :class:`View` " \
        "or :class:`Procedure` object.")
    user_name = LateBindingProperty(_get_user_name,None,None,"User name.")
    user_type = LateBindingProperty(_get_user_type,None,None,"User type.")
    grantor_name = LateBindingProperty(_get_grantor_name,None,None,"Grantor name.")
    subject_name = LateBindingProperty(_get_subject_name,None,None,"Subject name.")
    subject_type = LateBindingProperty(_get_subject_type,None,None,"Subject type.")
    field_name = LateBindingProperty(_get_field_name,None,None,"Field name.")

    def accept_visitor(self,visitor):
        """Visitor Pattern support. Calls `visitPrivilege(self)` on parameter object.
        
        :param visitor: Visitor object of Vistior Pattern.
        """
        visitor.visitPrivilege(self)
    def has_grant(self):
        "Returns True if privilege comes with GRANT OPTION."
        return bool(self._attributes['RDB$GRANT_OPTION'])
    def issystemobject(self):
        "Returns True."
        return True
    def isselect(self):
        "Returns True if this is SELECT privilege."
        return self.privilege == 'S'
    def isinsert(self):
        "Returns True if this is INSERT privilege."
        return self.privilege == 'I'
    def isupdate(self):
        "Returns True if this is UPDATE privilege."
        return self.privilege == 'U'
    def isdelete(self):
        "Returns True if this is DELETE privilege."
        return self.privilege == 'D'
    def isexecute(self):
        "Returns True if this is EXECUTE privilege."
        return self.privilege == 'X'
    def isreference(self):
        "Returns True if this is REFERENCE privilege."
        return self.privilege == 'R'
    def ismembership(self):
        "Returns True if this is ROLE membership privilege."
        return self.privilege == 'M'
        
    
class SchemaVisitor(object):
    """Helper class for implementation of schema Visitor.
    
    Implements all `visit*` methods supported by schema classes as calls to
    :meth:`default_action`.
    """
    def default_action(self,obj):
        "Does nothing."
        pass
    def visitSchema(self,schema):
        self.default_action(schema)
    def visitMetadataItem(self,item):
        self.default_action(item)
    def visitCollation(self,collation):
        self.default_action(collation)
    def visitCharacterSet(self,character_set):
        self.default_action(character_set)
    def visitException(self,exception):
        self.default_action(exception)
    def visitGenerator(self,generator):
        self.default_action(generator)
    def visitTableColumn(self,column):
        self.default_action(column)
    def visitIndex(self,index):
        self.default_action(index)
    def visitViewColumn(self,column):
        self.default_action(column)
    def visitDomain(self,domain):
        self.default_action(domain)
    def visitDependency(self,dependency):
        self.default_action(dependency)
    def visitConstraint(self,constraint):
        self.default_action(constraint)
    def visitTable(self,table):
        self.default_action(table)
    def visitView(self,view):
        self.default_action(view)
    def visitTrigger(self,trigger):
        self.default_action(trigger)
    def visitProcedureParameter(self,param):
        self.default_action(param)
    def visitProcedure(self,procedure):
        self.default_action(procedure)
    def visitRole(self,role):
        self.default_action(role)
    def visitFunctionArgument(self,arg):
        self.default_action(arg)
    def visitFunction(self,function):
        self.default_action(function)
    def visitDatabaseFile(self,dbfile):
        self.default_action(dbfile)
    def visitShadow(self,shadow):
        self.default_action(shadow)