This file is indexed.

/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/sqlobject/main.py is in python-sqlobject 1.6.0-1.

This file is owned by root:root, with mode 0o644.

The actual contents of the file can be viewed below.

   1
   2
   3
   4
   5
   6
   7
   8
   9
  10
  11
  12
  13
  14
  15
  16
  17
  18
  19
  20
  21
  22
  23
  24
  25
  26
  27
  28
  29
  30
  31
  32
  33
  34
  35
  36
  37
  38
  39
  40
  41
  42
  43
  44
  45
  46
  47
  48
  49
  50
  51
  52
  53
  54
  55
  56
  57
  58
  59
  60
  61
  62
  63
  64
  65
  66
  67
  68
  69
  70
  71
  72
  73
  74
  75
  76
  77
  78
  79
  80
  81
  82
  83
  84
  85
  86
  87
  88
  89
  90
  91
  92
  93
  94
  95
  96
  97
  98
  99
 100
 101
 102
 103
 104
 105
 106
 107
 108
 109
 110
 111
 112
 113
 114
 115
 116
 117
 118
 119
 120
 121
 122
 123
 124
 125
 126
 127
 128
 129
 130
 131
 132
 133
 134
 135
 136
 137
 138
 139
 140
 141
 142
 143
 144
 145
 146
 147
 148
 149
 150
 151
 152
 153
 154
 155
 156
 157
 158
 159
 160
 161
 162
 163
 164
 165
 166
 167
 168
 169
 170
 171
 172
 173
 174
 175
 176
 177
 178
 179
 180
 181
 182
 183
 184
 185
 186
 187
 188
 189
 190
 191
 192
 193
 194
 195
 196
 197
 198
 199
 200
 201
 202
 203
 204
 205
 206
 207
 208
 209
 210
 211
 212
 213
 214
 215
 216
 217
 218
 219
 220
 221
 222
 223
 224
 225
 226
 227
 228
 229
 230
 231
 232
 233
 234
 235
 236
 237
 238
 239
 240
 241
 242
 243
 244
 245
 246
 247
 248
 249
 250
 251
 252
 253
 254
 255
 256
 257
 258
 259
 260
 261
 262
 263
 264
 265
 266
 267
 268
 269
 270
 271
 272
 273
 274
 275
 276
 277
 278
 279
 280
 281
 282
 283
 284
 285
 286
 287
 288
 289
 290
 291
 292
 293
 294
 295
 296
 297
 298
 299
 300
 301
 302
 303
 304
 305
 306
 307
 308
 309
 310
 311
 312
 313
 314
 315
 316
 317
 318
 319
 320
 321
 322
 323
 324
 325
 326
 327
 328
 329
 330
 331
 332
 333
 334
 335
 336
 337
 338
 339
 340
 341
 342
 343
 344
 345
 346
 347
 348
 349
 350
 351
 352
 353
 354
 355
 356
 357
 358
 359
 360
 361
 362
 363
 364
 365
 366
 367
 368
 369
 370
 371
 372
 373
 374
 375
 376
 377
 378
 379
 380
 381
 382
 383
 384
 385
 386
 387
 388
 389
 390
 391
 392
 393
 394
 395
 396
 397
 398
 399
 400
 401
 402
 403
 404
 405
 406
 407
 408
 409
 410
 411
 412
 413
 414
 415
 416
 417
 418
 419
 420
 421
 422
 423
 424
 425
 426
 427
 428
 429
 430
 431
 432
 433
 434
 435
 436
 437
 438
 439
 440
 441
 442
 443
 444
 445
 446
 447
 448
 449
 450
 451
 452
 453
 454
 455
 456
 457
 458
 459
 460
 461
 462
 463
 464
 465
 466
 467
 468
 469
 470
 471
 472
 473
 474
 475
 476
 477
 478
 479
 480
 481
 482
 483
 484
 485
 486
 487
 488
 489
 490
 491
 492
 493
 494
 495
 496
 497
 498
 499
 500
 501
 502
 503
 504
 505
 506
 507
 508
 509
 510
 511
 512
 513
 514
 515
 516
 517
 518
 519
 520
 521
 522
 523
 524
 525
 526
 527
 528
 529
 530
 531
 532
 533
 534
 535
 536
 537
 538
 539
 540
 541
 542
 543
 544
 545
 546
 547
 548
 549
 550
 551
 552
 553
 554
 555
 556
 557
 558
 559
 560
 561
 562
 563
 564
 565
 566
 567
 568
 569
 570
 571
 572
 573
 574
 575
 576
 577
 578
 579
 580
 581
 582
 583
 584
 585
 586
 587
 588
 589
 590
 591
 592
 593
 594
 595
 596
 597
 598
 599
 600
 601
 602
 603
 604
 605
 606
 607
 608
 609
 610
 611
 612
 613
 614
 615
 616
 617
 618
 619
 620
 621
 622
 623
 624
 625
 626
 627
 628
 629
 630
 631
 632
 633
 634
 635
 636
 637
 638
 639
 640
 641
 642
 643
 644
 645
 646
 647
 648
 649
 650
 651
 652
 653
 654
 655
 656
 657
 658
 659
 660
 661
 662
 663
 664
 665
 666
 667
 668
 669
 670
 671
 672
 673
 674
 675
 676
 677
 678
 679
 680
 681
 682
 683
 684
 685
 686
 687
 688
 689
 690
 691
 692
 693
 694
 695
 696
 697
 698
 699
 700
 701
 702
 703
 704
 705
 706
 707
 708
 709
 710
 711
 712
 713
 714
 715
 716
 717
 718
 719
 720
 721
 722
 723
 724
 725
 726
 727
 728
 729
 730
 731
 732
 733
 734
 735
 736
 737
 738
 739
 740
 741
 742
 743
 744
 745
 746
 747
 748
 749
 750
 751
 752
 753
 754
 755
 756
 757
 758
 759
 760
 761
 762
 763
 764
 765
 766
 767
 768
 769
 770
 771
 772
 773
 774
 775
 776
 777
 778
 779
 780
 781
 782
 783
 784
 785
 786
 787
 788
 789
 790
 791
 792
 793
 794
 795
 796
 797
 798
 799
 800
 801
 802
 803
 804
 805
 806
 807
 808
 809
 810
 811
 812
 813
 814
 815
 816
 817
 818
 819
 820
 821
 822
 823
 824
 825
 826
 827
 828
 829
 830
 831
 832
 833
 834
 835
 836
 837
 838
 839
 840
 841
 842
 843
 844
 845
 846
 847
 848
 849
 850
 851
 852
 853
 854
 855
 856
 857
 858
 859
 860
 861
 862
 863
 864
 865
 866
 867
 868
 869
 870
 871
 872
 873
 874
 875
 876
 877
 878
 879
 880
 881
 882
 883
 884
 885
 886
 887
 888
 889
 890
 891
 892
 893
 894
 895
 896
 897
 898
 899
 900
 901
 902
 903
 904
 905
 906
 907
 908
 909
 910
 911
 912
 913
 914
 915
 916
 917
 918
 919
 920
 921
 922
 923
 924
 925
 926
 927
 928
 929
 930
 931
 932
 933
 934
 935
 936
 937
 938
 939
 940
 941
 942
 943
 944
 945
 946
 947
 948
 949
 950
 951
 952
 953
 954
 955
 956
 957
 958
 959
 960
 961
 962
 963
 964
 965
 966
 967
 968
 969
 970
 971
 972
 973
 974
 975
 976
 977
 978
 979
 980
 981
 982
 983
 984
 985
 986
 987
 988
 989
 990
 991
 992
 993
 994
 995
 996
 997
 998
 999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
"""
SQLObject
---------

:author: Ian Bicking <ianb@colorstudy.com>

SQLObject is a object-relational mapper.  See SQLObject.html or
SQLObject.txt for more.

With the help by Oleg Broytman and many other contributors.
See Authors.txt.

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as
published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the
License, or (at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301,
USA.
"""

import threading
import weakref
import sqlbuilder
import dbconnection
import col
import styles
import types
import warnings
import joins
import index
import classregistry
import declarative
import events
from sresults import SelectResults
from util.threadinglocal import local

import sys
if sys.version_info[:3] < (2, 5, 0):
    raise ImportError, "SQLObject requires Python 2.5.0 or later"

"""
This thread-local storage is needed for RowCreatedSignals. It gathers
code-blocks to execute _after_ the whole hierachy of inherited SQLObjects
is created. See SQLObject._create
"""

NoDefault = sqlbuilder.NoDefault

class SQLObjectNotFound(LookupError): pass
class SQLObjectIntegrityError(Exception): pass

def makeProperties(obj):
    """
    This function takes a dictionary of methods and finds
    methods named like:
    * _get_attr
    * _set_attr
    * _del_attr
    * _doc_attr
    Except for _doc_attr, these should be methods.  It
    then creates properties from these methods, like
    property(_get_attr, _set_attr, _del_attr, _doc_attr).
    Missing methods are okay.
    """

    if isinstance(obj, dict):
        def setFunc(var, value):
            obj[var] = value
        d = obj
    else:
        def setFunc(var, value):
            setattr(obj, var, value)
        d = obj.__dict__

    props = {}
    for var, value in d.items():
        if var.startswith('_set_'):
            props.setdefault(var[5:], {})['set'] = value
        elif var.startswith('_get_'):
            props.setdefault(var[5:], {})['get'] = value
        elif var.startswith('_del_'):
            props.setdefault(var[5:], {})['del'] = value
        elif var.startswith('_doc_'):
            props.setdefault(var[5:], {})['doc'] = value
    for var, setters in props.items():
        if len(setters) == 1 and 'doc' in setters:
            continue
        if var in d:
            if isinstance(d[var], (types.MethodType, types.FunctionType)):
                warnings.warn(
                    "I tried to set the property %r, but it was "
                    "already set, as a method (%r).  Methods have "
                    "significantly different semantics than properties, "
                    "and this may be a sign of a bug in your code."
                    % (var, d[var]))
            continue
        setFunc(var,
                property(setters.get('get'), setters.get('set'),
                         setters.get('del'), setters.get('doc')))

def unmakeProperties(obj):
    if isinstance(obj, dict):
        def delFunc(obj, var):
            del obj[var]
        d = obj
    else:
        delFunc = delattr
        d = obj.__dict__

    for var, value in d.items():
        if isinstance(value, property):
            for prop in [value.fget, value.fset, value.fdel]:
                if prop and not prop.__name__ in d:
                    delFunc(obj, var)
                    break

def findDependencies(name, registry=None):
    depends = []
    for klass in classregistry.registry(registry).allClasses():
        if findDependantColumns(name, klass):
            depends.append(klass)
        else:
            for join in klass.sqlmeta.joins:
                if isinstance(join, joins.SORelatedJoin) and join.otherClassName == name:
                    depends.append(klass)
                    break
    return depends

def findDependantColumns(name, klass):
    depends = []
    for col in klass.sqlmeta.columnList:
        if col.foreignKey == name and col.cascade is not None:
            depends.append(col)
    return depends

def _collectAttributes(cls, new_attrs, look_for_class):
    """Finds all attributes in `new_attrs` that are instances of
    `look_for_class`. The ``.name`` attribute is set for any matching objects.
    Returns them as a list.

    """
    result = []
    for attr, value in new_attrs.items():
        if isinstance(value, look_for_class):
            value.name = attr
            delattr(cls, attr)
            result.append(value)
    return result

class CreateNewSQLObject:
    """
    Dummy singleton to use in place of an ID, to signal we want
    a new object.
    """
    pass

class sqlmeta(object):

    """
    This object is the object we use to keep track of all sorts of
    information.  Subclasses are made for each SQLObject subclass
    (dynamically if necessary), and instances are created to go
    alongside every SQLObject instance.
    """

    table = None
    idName = None
    idSequence = None
    # This function is used to coerce IDs into the proper format,
    # so you should replace it with str, or another function, if you
    # aren't using integer IDs
    idType = int
    style = None
    lazyUpdate = False
    defaultOrder = None
    cacheValues = True
    registry = None
    fromDatabase = False
    # Default is false, but we set it to true for the *instance*
    # when necessary: (bad clever? maybe)
    expired = False

    # This is a mapping from column names to SOCol (or subclass)
    # instances:
    columns = {}
    columnList = []

    # This is a mapping from column names to Col (or subclass)
    # instances; these objects don't have the logic that the SOCol
    # objects do, and are not attached to this class closely.
    columnDefinitions = {}

    # These are lists of the join and index objects:
    indexes = []
    indexDefinitions = []
    joins = []
    joinDefinitions = []

    # These attributes shouldn't be shared with superclasses:
    _unshared_attributes = ['table', 'columns', 'childName']

    # These are internal bookkeeping attributes; the class-level
    # definition is a default for the instances, instances will
    # reset these values.

    # When an object is being created, it has an instance
    # variable _creating, which is true.  This way all the
    # setters can be captured until the object is complete,
    # and then the row is inserted into the database.  Once
    # that happens, _creating is deleted from the instance,
    # and only the class variable (which is always false) is
    # left.
    _creating = False
    _obsolete = False
    # Sometimes an intance is attached to a connection, not
    # globally available.  In that case, self.sqlmeta._perConnection
    # will be true.  It's false by default:
    _perConnection = False

    # Inheritance definitions:
    parentClass = None # A reference to the parent class
    childClasses = {} # References to child classes, keyed by childName
    childName = None # Class name for inheritance child object creation

    # Does the row require syncing?
    dirty = False

    # Default encoding for UnicodeCol's
    dbEncoding = None

    __metaclass__ = declarative.DeclarativeMeta

    def __classinit__(cls, new_attrs):
        for attr in cls._unshared_attributes:
            if attr not in new_attrs:
                setattr(cls, attr, None)
        declarative.setup_attributes(cls, new_attrs)

    def __init__(self, instance):
        self.instance = weakref.proxy(instance)

    @classmethod
    def send(cls, signal, *args, **kw):
        events.send(signal, cls.soClass, *args, **kw)

    @classmethod
    def setClass(cls, soClass):
        cls.soClass = soClass
        if not cls.style:
            cls.style = styles.defaultStyle
            try:
                if cls.soClass._connection and cls.soClass._connection.style:
                    cls.style = cls.soClass._connection.style
            except AttributeError:
                pass
        if cls.table is None:
            cls.table = cls.style.pythonClassToDBTable(cls.soClass.__name__)
        if cls.idName is None:
            cls.idName = cls.style.idForTable(cls.table)

        # plainSetters are columns that haven't been overridden by the
        # user, so we can contact the database directly to set them.
        # Note that these can't set these in the SQLObject class
        # itself, because they specific to this subclass of SQLObject,
        # and cannot be shared among classes.
        cls._plainSetters = {}
        cls._plainGetters = {}
        cls._plainForeignSetters = {}
        cls._plainForeignGetters = {}
        cls._plainJoinGetters = {}
        cls._plainJoinAdders = {}
        cls._plainJoinRemovers = {}

        # This is a dictionary of columnName: columnObject
        # None of these objects can be shared with superclasses
        cls.columns = {}
        cls.columnList = []
        # These, however, can be shared:
        cls.columnDefinitions = cls.columnDefinitions.copy()
        cls.indexes = []
        cls.indexDefinitions = cls.indexDefinitions[:]
        cls.joins = []
        cls.joinDefinitions = cls.joinDefinitions[:]

    ############################################################
    ## Adding special values, like columns and indexes
    ############################################################

    ########################################
    ## Column handling
    ########################################

    @classmethod
    def addColumn(cls, columnDef, changeSchema=False, connection=None):
        post_funcs = []
        cls.send(events.AddColumnSignal, cls.soClass, connection,
                 columnDef.name, columnDef, changeSchema, post_funcs)
        sqlmeta = cls
        soClass = cls.soClass
        del cls
        column = columnDef.withClass(soClass)
        name = column.name
        assert name != 'id', (
            "The 'id' column is implicit, and should not be defined as "
            "a column")
        assert name not in sqlmeta.columns, (
            "The class %s.%s already has a column %r (%r), you cannot "
            "add the column %r"
            % (soClass.__module__, soClass.__name__, name,
               sqlmeta.columnDefinitions[name], columnDef))
        # Collect columns from the parent classes to test
        # if the column is not in a parent class
        parent_columns = []
        for base in soClass.__bases__:
            if hasattr(base, "sqlmeta"):
                parent_columns.extend(base.sqlmeta.columns.keys())
        if hasattr(soClass, name):
            assert  (name in parent_columns) or (name == "childName"), (
                "The class %s.%s already has a variable or method %r, you cannot "
                "add the column %r"
                % (soClass.__module__, soClass.__name__, name, name))
        sqlmeta.columnDefinitions[name] = columnDef
        sqlmeta.columns[name] = column
        # A stable-ordered version of the list...
        sqlmeta.columnList.append(column)

        ###################################################
        # Create the getter function(s).  We'll start by
        # creating functions like _SO_get_columnName,
        # then if there's no function named _get_columnName
        # we'll alias that to _SO_get_columnName.  This
        # allows a sort of super call, even though there's
        # no superclass that defines the database access.
        if sqlmeta.cacheValues:
            # We create a method here, which is just a function
            # that takes "self" as the first argument.
            getter = eval('lambda self: self._SO_loadValue(%s)' % repr(instanceName(name)))

        else:
            # If we aren't caching values, we just call the
            # function _SO_getValue, which fetches from the
            # database.
            getter = eval('lambda self: self._SO_getValue(%s)' % repr(name))
        setattr(soClass, rawGetterName(name), getter)

        # Here if the _get_columnName method isn't in the
        # definition, we add it with the default
        # _SO_get_columnName definition.
        if not hasattr(soClass, getterName(name)) or (name == 'childName'):
            setattr(soClass, getterName(name), getter)
            sqlmeta._plainGetters[name] = 1

        #################################################
        # Create the setter function(s)
        # Much like creating the getters, we will create
        # _SO_set_columnName methods, and then alias them
        # to _set_columnName if the user hasn't defined
        # those methods themself.

        # @@: This is lame; immutable right now makes it unsettable,
        # making the table read-only
        if not column.immutable:
            # We start by just using the _SO_setValue method
            setter = eval('lambda self, val: self._SO_setValue(%s, val, self.%s, self.%s)' % (repr(name), '_SO_from_python_%s' % name, '_SO_to_python_%s' % name))
            setattr(soClass, '_SO_from_python_%s' % name, column.from_python)
            setattr(soClass, '_SO_to_python_%s' % name, column.to_python)
            setattr(soClass, rawSetterName(name), setter)
            # Then do the aliasing
            if not hasattr(soClass, setterName(name)) or (name == 'childName'):
                setattr(soClass, setterName(name), setter)
                # We keep track of setters that haven't been
                # overridden, because we can combine these
                # set columns into one SQL UPDATE query.
                sqlmeta._plainSetters[name] = 1

        ##################################################
        # Here we check if the column is a foreign key, in
        # which case we need to make another method that
        # fetches the key and constructs the sister
        # SQLObject instance.
        if column.foreignKey:

            # We go through the standard _SO_get_columnName deal
            # we're giving the object, not the ID of the
            # object this time:
            origName = column.origName
            if sqlmeta.cacheValues:
                # self._SO_class_className is a reference
                # to the class in question.
                getter = eval('lambda self: self._SO_foreignKey(self._SO_loadValue(%r), self._SO_class_%s, %s)' % (instanceName(name), column.foreignKey, column.refColumn and repr(column.refColumn)))
            else:
                # Same non-caching version as above.
                getter = eval('lambda self: self._SO_foreignKey(self._SO_getValue(%s), self._SO_class_%s, %s)' % (repr(name), column.foreignKey, column.refColumn and repr(column.refColumn)))
            setattr(soClass, rawGetterName(origName), getter)

            # And we set the _get_columnName version
            if not hasattr(soClass, getterName(origName)):
                setattr(soClass, getterName(origName), getter)
                sqlmeta._plainForeignGetters[origName] = 1

            if not column.immutable:
                # The setter just gets the ID of the object,
                # and then sets the real column.
                setter = eval('lambda self, val: setattr(self, %s, self._SO_getID(val, %s))' % (repr(name), column.refColumn and repr(column.refColumn)))
                setattr(soClass, rawSetterName(origName), setter)
                if not hasattr(soClass, setterName(origName)):
                    setattr(soClass, setterName(origName), setter)
                    sqlmeta._plainForeignSetters[origName] = 1

            classregistry.registry(sqlmeta.registry).addClassCallback(
                column.foreignKey,
                lambda foreign, me, attr: setattr(me, attr, foreign),
                soClass, '_SO_class_%s' % column.foreignKey)

        if column.alternateMethodName:
            func = eval('lambda cls, val, connection=None: cls._SO_fetchAlternateID(%s, %s, val, connection=connection)' % (repr(column.name), repr(column.dbName)))
            setattr(soClass, column.alternateMethodName, classmethod(func))

        if changeSchema:
            conn = connection or soClass._connection
            conn.addColumn(sqlmeta.table, column)

        if soClass._SO_finishedClassCreation:
            makeProperties(soClass)

        for func in post_funcs:
            func(soClass, column)

    @classmethod
    def addColumnsFromDatabase(sqlmeta, connection=None):
        soClass = sqlmeta.soClass
        conn = connection or soClass._connection
        for columnDef in conn.columnsFromSchema(sqlmeta.table, soClass):
            if columnDef.name not in sqlmeta.columnDefinitions:
                if isinstance(columnDef.name, unicode):
                    columnDef.name = columnDef.name.encode('ascii')
                sqlmeta.addColumn(columnDef)

    @classmethod
    def delColumn(cls, column, changeSchema=False, connection=None):
        sqlmeta = cls
        soClass = sqlmeta.soClass
        if isinstance(column, str):
            if column in sqlmeta.columns:
                column = sqlmeta.columns[column]
            elif column+'ID' in sqlmeta.columns:
                column = sqlmeta.columns[column+'ID']
            else:
                raise ValueError('Unknown column ' + column)
        if isinstance(column, col.Col):
            for c in sqlmeta.columns.values():
                if column is c.columnDef:
                    column = c
                    break
            else:
                raise IndexError(
                    "Column with definition %r not found" % column)
        post_funcs = []
        cls.send(events.DeleteColumnSignal, cls.soClass, connection,
                 column.name, column, post_funcs)
        name = column.name
        del sqlmeta.columns[name]
        del sqlmeta.columnDefinitions[name]
        sqlmeta.columnList.remove(column)
        delattr(soClass, rawGetterName(name))
        if name in sqlmeta._plainGetters:
            delattr(soClass, getterName(name))
        delattr(soClass, rawSetterName(name))
        if name in sqlmeta._plainSetters:
            delattr(soClass, setterName(name))
        if column.foreignKey:
            delattr(soClass, rawGetterName(soClass.sqlmeta.style.instanceIDAttrToAttr(name)))
            if name in sqlmeta._plainForeignGetters:
                delattr(soClass, getterName(name))
            delattr(soClass, rawSetterName(soClass.sqlmeta.style.instanceIDAttrToAttr(name)))
            if name in sqlmeta._plainForeignSetters:
                delattr(soClass, setterName(name))
        if column.alternateMethodName:
            delattr(soClass, column.alternateMethodName)

        if changeSchema:
            conn = connection or soClass._connection
            conn.delColumn(sqlmeta, column)

        if soClass._SO_finishedClassCreation:
            unmakeProperties(soClass)
            makeProperties(soClass)

        for func in post_funcs:
            func(soClass, column)

    ########################################
    ## Join handling
    ########################################

    @classmethod
    def addJoin(cls, joinDef):
        sqlmeta = cls
        soClass = cls.soClass
        # The name of the method we'll create.  If it's
        # automatically generated, it's generated by the
        # join class.
        join = joinDef.withClass(soClass)
        meth = join.joinMethodName

        sqlmeta.joins.append(join)
        index = len(sqlmeta.joins)-1
        if joinDef not in sqlmeta.joinDefinitions:
            sqlmeta.joinDefinitions.append(joinDef)

        # The function fetches the join by index, and
        # then lets the join object do the rest of the
        # work:
        func = eval('lambda self: self.sqlmeta.joins[%i].performJoin(self)' % index)

        # And we do the standard _SO_get_... _get_... deal
        setattr(soClass, rawGetterName(meth), func)
        if not hasattr(soClass, getterName(meth)):
            setattr(soClass, getterName(meth), func)
            sqlmeta._plainJoinGetters[meth] = 1

        # Some joins allow you to remove objects from the
        # join.
        if hasattr(join, 'remove'):
            # Again, we let it do the remove, and we do the
            # standard naming trick.
            func = eval('lambda self, obj: self.sqlmeta.joins[%i].remove(self, obj)' % index)
            setattr(soClass, '_SO_remove' + join.addRemoveName, func)
            if not hasattr(soClass, 'remove' + join.addRemoveName):
                setattr(soClass, 'remove' + join.addRemoveName, func)
                sqlmeta._plainJoinRemovers[meth] = 1

        # Some joins allow you to add objects.
        if hasattr(join, 'add'):
            # And again...
            func = eval('lambda self, obj: self.sqlmeta.joins[%i].add(self, obj)' % index)
            setattr(soClass, '_SO_add' + join.addRemoveName, func)
            if not hasattr(soClass, 'add' + join.addRemoveName):
                setattr(soClass, 'add' + join.addRemoveName, func)
                sqlmeta._plainJoinAdders[meth] = 1

        if soClass._SO_finishedClassCreation:
            makeProperties(soClass)

    @classmethod
    def delJoin(sqlmeta, joinDef):
        soClass = sqlmeta.soClass
        for join in sqlmeta.joins:
            # previously deleted joins will be None, so it must
            # be skipped or it'll error out on the next line.
            if join is None:
                continue
            if joinDef is join.joinDef:
                break
        else:
            raise IndexError(
                "Join %r not found in class %r (from %r)"
                % (joinDef, soClass, sqlmeta.joins))
        meth = join.joinMethodName
        sqlmeta.joinDefinitions.remove(joinDef)
        for i in range(len(sqlmeta.joins)):
            if sqlmeta.joins[i] is join:
                # Have to leave None, because we refer to joins
                # by index.
                sqlmeta.joins[i] = None
        delattr(soClass, rawGetterName(meth))
        if meth in sqlmeta._plainJoinGetters:
            delattr(soClass, getterName(meth))
        if hasattr(join, 'remove'):
            delattr(soClass, '_SO_remove' + join.addRemovePrefix)
            if meth in sqlmeta._plainJoinRemovers:
                delattr(soClass, 'remove' + join.addRemovePrefix)
        if hasattr(join, 'add'):
            delattr(soClass, '_SO_add' + join.addRemovePrefix)
            if meth in sqlmeta._plainJoinAdders:
                delattr(soClass, 'add' + join.addRemovePrefix)

        if soClass._SO_finishedClassCreation:
            unmakeProperties(soClass)
            makeProperties(soClass)

    ########################################
    ## Indexes
    ########################################

    @classmethod
    def addIndex(cls, indexDef):
        cls.indexDefinitions.append(indexDef)
        index = indexDef.withClass(cls.soClass)
        cls.indexes.append(index)
        setattr(cls.soClass, index.name, index)

    ########################################
    ## Utility methods
    ########################################

    @classmethod
    def getColumns(sqlmeta):
        return sqlmeta.columns.copy()

    def asDict(self):
        """
        Return the object as a dictionary of columns to values.
        """
        result = {}
        for key in self.getColumns():
            result[key] = getattr(self.instance, key)
        result['id'] = self.instance.id
        return result

    @classmethod
    def expireAll(sqlmeta, connection=None):
        """
        Expire all instances of this class.
        """
        soClass = sqlmeta.soClass
        connection = connection or soClass._connection
        cache_set = connection.cache
        cache_set.weakrefAll(soClass)
        for item in cache_set.getAll(soClass):
            item.expire()


sqlhub = dbconnection.ConnectionHub()


# Turning it on gives earlier warning about things
# that will be deprecated (having this off we won't flood people
# with warnings right away).
warnings_level = 1
exception_level = None
# Current levels:
#  1) Actively deprecated
#  2) Deprecated after 1
#  3) Deprecated after 2

def deprecated(message, level=1, stacklevel=2):
    if exception_level is not None and exception_level <= level:
        raise NotImplementedError(message)
    if warnings_level is not None and warnings_level <= level:
        warnings.warn(message, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=stacklevel)

#if sys.version_info[:3] < (2, 5, 0):
#    deprecated("Support for Python 2.4 has been declared obsolete and will be removed in the next release of SQLObject")

def setDeprecationLevel(warning=1, exception=None):
    """
    Set the deprecation level for SQLObject.  Low levels are more
    actively being deprecated.  Any warning at a level at or below
    ``warning`` will give a warning.  Any warning at a level at or
    below ``exception`` will give an exception.  You can use a higher
    ``exception`` level for tests to help upgrade your code.  ``None``
    for either value means never warn or raise exceptions.

    The levels currently mean:

      1) Deprecated in current version.  Will be removed in next version.

      2) Planned to deprecate in next version, remove later.

      3) Planned to deprecate sometime, remove sometime much later.

    As the SQLObject versions progress, the deprecation level of
    specific features will go down, indicating the advancing nature of
    the feature's doom.  We'll try to keep features at 1 for a major
    revision.

    As time continues there may be a level 0, which will give a useful
    error message (better than ``AttributeError``) but where the
    feature has been fully removed.
    """
    global warnings_level, exception_level
    warnings_level = warning
    exception_level = exception


class _sqlmeta_attr(object):

    def __init__(self, name, deprecation_level):
        self.name = name
        self.deprecation_level = deprecation_level

    def __get__(self, obj, type=None):
        if self.deprecation_level is not None:
            deprecated(
                'Use of this attribute should be replaced with '
                '.sqlmeta.%s' % self.name, level=self.deprecation_level)
        return getattr((type or obj).sqlmeta, self.name)


_postponed_local = local()

# SQLObject is the superclass for all SQLObject classes, of
# course.  All the deeper magic is done in MetaSQLObject, and
# only lesser magic is done here.  All the actual work is done
# here, though -- just automatic method generation (like
# methods and properties for each column) is done in
# MetaSQLObject.
class SQLObject(object):

    __metaclass__ = declarative.DeclarativeMeta

    _connection = sqlhub

    sqlmeta = sqlmeta

    #DSM: The _inheritable attribute controls wheter the class can by
    #DSM: inherited 'logically' with a foreignKey and a back reference.
    _inheritable = False # Is this class inheritable?
    _parent = None # A reference to the parent instance
    childName = None # Children name (to be able to get a subclass)

    # The law of Demeter: the class should not call another classes by name
    SelectResultsClass = SelectResults

    def __classinit__(cls, new_attrs):

        # This is true if we're initializing the SQLObject class,
        # instead of a subclass:
        is_base = cls.__bases__ == (object,)

        cls._SO_setupSqlmeta(new_attrs, is_base)

        implicitColumns = _collectAttributes(cls, new_attrs, col.Col)
        implicitJoins = _collectAttributes(cls, new_attrs, joins.Join)
        implicitIndexes = _collectAttributes(cls, new_attrs, index.DatabaseIndex)

        if not is_base:
            cls._SO_cleanDeprecatedAttrs(new_attrs)

        if '_connection' in new_attrs:
            connection = new_attrs['_connection']
            del cls._connection
            assert 'connection' not in new_attrs
        elif 'connection' in new_attrs:
            connection = new_attrs['connection']
            del cls.connection
        else:
            connection = None

        cls._SO_finishedClassCreation = False

        ######################################################
        # Set some attributes to their defaults, if necessary.
        # First we get the connection:
        if not connection and not getattr(cls, '_connection', None):
            mod = sys.modules[cls.__module__]
            # See if there's a __connection__ global in
            # the module, use it if there is.
            if hasattr(mod, '__connection__'):
                connection = mod.__connection__

        # Do not check hasattr(cls, '_connection') here - it is possible
        # SQLObject parent class has a connection attribute that came
        # from sqlhub, e.g.; check __dict__ only.
        if connection and ('_connection' not in cls.__dict__):
            cls.setConnection(connection)

        sqlmeta = cls.sqlmeta

        # We have to check if there are columns in the inherited
        # _columns where the attribute has been set to None in this
        # class.  If so, then we need to remove that column from
        # _columns.
        for key in sqlmeta.columnDefinitions.keys():
            if (key in new_attrs
                and new_attrs[key] is None):
                del sqlmeta.columnDefinitions[key]

        for column in sqlmeta.columnDefinitions.values():
            sqlmeta.addColumn(column)

        for column in implicitColumns:
            sqlmeta.addColumn(column)

        # Now the class is in an essentially OK-state, so we can
        # set up any magic attributes:
        declarative.setup_attributes(cls, new_attrs)

        if sqlmeta.fromDatabase:
            sqlmeta.addColumnsFromDatabase()

        for j in implicitJoins:
            sqlmeta.addJoin(j)
        for i in implicitIndexes:
            sqlmeta.addIndex(i)

        order_getter = lambda o: o.creationOrder
        sqlmeta.columnList.sort(key=order_getter)
        sqlmeta.indexes.sort(key=order_getter)
        sqlmeta.indexDefinitions.sort(key=order_getter)
        # Joins cannot be sorted because addJoin created accessors
        # that remember indexes.
        #sqlmeta.joins.sort(key=order_getter)
        sqlmeta.joinDefinitions.sort(key=order_getter)

        # We don't setup the properties until we're finished with the
        # batch adding of all the columns...
        cls._notifyFinishClassCreation()
        cls._SO_finishedClassCreation = True
        makeProperties(cls)

        # We use the magic "q" attribute for accessing lazy
        # SQL where-clause generation.  See the sql module for
        # more.
        if not is_base:
            cls.q = sqlbuilder.SQLObjectTable(cls)
            cls.j = sqlbuilder.SQLObjectTableWithJoins(cls)

        classregistry.registry(sqlmeta.registry).addClass(cls)

    @classmethod
    def _SO_setupSqlmeta(cls, new_attrs, is_base):
        """
        This fixes up the sqlmeta attribute.  It handles both the case
        where no sqlmeta was given (in which we need to create another
        subclass), or the sqlmeta given doesn't have the proper
        inheritance.  Lastly it calls sqlmeta.setClass, which handles
        much of the setup.
        """
        if ('sqlmeta' not in new_attrs
            and not is_base):
            # We have to create our own subclass, usually.
            # type(className, bases_tuple, attr_dict) creates a new subclass.
            cls.sqlmeta = type('sqlmeta', (cls.sqlmeta,), {})
        if not issubclass(cls.sqlmeta, sqlmeta):
            # We allow no superclass and an object superclass, instead
            # of inheriting from sqlmeta; but in that case we replace
            # the class and just move over its attributes:
            assert cls.sqlmeta.__bases__ in ((), (object,)), (
                "If you do not inherit your sqlmeta class from "
                "sqlobject.sqlmeta, it must not inherit from any other "
                "class (your sqlmeta inherits from: %s)"
                % cls.sqlmeta.__bases__)
            for base in cls.__bases__:
                superclass = getattr(base, 'sqlmeta', None)
                if superclass:
                    break
            else:
                assert 0, (
                    "No sqlmeta class could be found in any superclass "
                    "(while fixing up sqlmeta %r inheritance)"
                    % cls.sqlmeta)
            values = dict(cls.sqlmeta.__dict__)
            for key in values.keys():
                if key.startswith('__') and key.endswith('__'):
                    # Magic values shouldn't be passed through:
                    del values[key]
            cls.sqlmeta = type('sqlmeta', (superclass,), values)

        if not is_base: # Do not pollute the base sqlmeta class
            cls.sqlmeta.setClass(cls)

    @classmethod
    def _SO_cleanDeprecatedAttrs(cls, new_attrs):
        """
        This removes attributes on SQLObject subclasses that have
        been deprecated; they are moved to the sqlmeta class, and
        a deprecation warning is given.
        """
        for attr in ():
            if attr in new_attrs:
                deprecated("%r is deprecated and read-only; please do "
                           "not use it in your classes until it is fully "
                           "deprecated" % attr, level=1, stacklevel=5)

    @classmethod
    def get(cls, id, connection=None, selectResults=None):

        assert id is not None, 'None is not a possible id for %s' % cls.__name__

        id = cls.sqlmeta.idType(id)

        if connection is None:
            cache = cls._connection.cache
        else:
            cache = connection.cache

        # This whole sequence comes from Cache.CacheFactory's
        # behavior, where a None returned means a cache miss.
        val = cache.get(id, cls)
        if val is None:
            try:
                val = cls(_SO_fetch_no_create=1)
                val._SO_validatorState = sqlbuilder.SQLObjectState(val)
                val._init(id, connection, selectResults)
                cache.put(id, cls, val)
            finally:
                cache.finishPut(cls)
        elif selectResults and not val.sqlmeta.dirty:
            val._SO_writeLock.acquire()
            try:
                val._SO_selectInit(selectResults)
                val.sqlmeta.expired = False
            finally:
                val._SO_writeLock.release()
        return val

    @classmethod
    def _notifyFinishClassCreation(cls):
        pass

    def _init(self, id, connection=None, selectResults=None):
        assert id is not None
        # This function gets called only when the object is
        # created, unlike __init__ which would be called
        # anytime the object was returned from cache.
        self.id = id
        self._SO_writeLock = threading.Lock()

        # If no connection was given, we'll inherit the class
        # instance variable which should have a _connection
        # attribute.
        if (connection is not None) and \
                (getattr(self, '_connection', None) is not connection):
            self._connection = connection
            # Sometimes we need to know if this instance is
            # global or tied to a particular connection.
            # This flag tells us that:
            self.sqlmeta._perConnection = True

        if not selectResults:
            dbNames = [col.dbName for col in self.sqlmeta.columnList]
            selectResults = self._connection._SO_selectOne(self, dbNames)
            if not selectResults:
                raise SQLObjectNotFound, "The object %s by the ID %s does not exist" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.id)
        self._SO_selectInit(selectResults)
        self._SO_createValues = {}
        self.sqlmeta.dirty = False

    def _SO_loadValue(self, attrName):
        try:
            return getattr(self, attrName)
        except AttributeError:
            try:
                self._SO_writeLock.acquire()
                try:
                    # Maybe, just in the moment since we got the lock,
                    # some other thread did a _SO_loadValue and we
                    # have the attribute!  Let's try and find out!  We
                    # can keep trying this all day and still beat the
                    # performance on the database call (okay, we can
                    # keep trying this for a few msecs at least)...
                    result = getattr(self, attrName)
                except AttributeError:
                    pass
                else:
                    return result
                self.sqlmeta.expired = False
                dbNames = [col.dbName for col in self.sqlmeta.columnList]
                selectResults = self._connection._SO_selectOne(self, dbNames)
                if not selectResults:
                    raise SQLObjectNotFound, "The object %s by the ID %s has been deleted" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.id)
                self._SO_selectInit(selectResults)
                result = getattr(self, attrName)
                return result
            finally:
                self._SO_writeLock.release()

    def sync(self):
        if self.sqlmeta.lazyUpdate and self._SO_createValues:
            self.syncUpdate()
        self._SO_writeLock.acquire()
        try:
            dbNames = [col.dbName for col in self.sqlmeta.columnList]
            selectResults = self._connection._SO_selectOne(self, dbNames)
            if not selectResults:
                raise SQLObjectNotFound, "The object %s by the ID %s has been deleted" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.id)
            self._SO_selectInit(selectResults)
            self.sqlmeta.expired = False
        finally:
            self._SO_writeLock.release()

    def syncUpdate(self):
        if not self._SO_createValues:
            return
        self._SO_writeLock.acquire()
        try:
            if self.sqlmeta.columns:
                values = [(self.sqlmeta.columns[v[0]].dbName, v[1])
                          for v in self._SO_createValues.items()]
                self._connection._SO_update(self, values)
            self.sqlmeta.dirty = False
            self._SO_createValues = {}
        finally:
            self._SO_writeLock.release()

        post_funcs = []
        self.sqlmeta.send(events.RowUpdatedSignal, self, post_funcs)
        for func in post_funcs:
            func(self)

    def expire(self):
        if self.sqlmeta.expired:
            return
        self._SO_writeLock.acquire()
        try:
            if self.sqlmeta.expired:
                return
            for column in self.sqlmeta.columnList:
                delattr(self, instanceName(column.name))
            self.sqlmeta.expired = True
            self._connection.cache.expire(self.id, self.__class__)
            self._SO_createValues = {}
        finally:
            self._SO_writeLock.release()

    def _SO_setValue(self, name, value, from_python, to_python):
        # This is the place where we actually update the
        # database.

        # If we are _creating, the object doesn't yet exist
        # in the database, and we can't insert it until all
        # the parts are set.  So we just keep them in a
        # dictionary until later:
        d = {name: value}
        if not self.sqlmeta._creating and not getattr(self.sqlmeta, "row_update_sig_suppress", False):
            self.sqlmeta.send(events.RowUpdateSignal, self, d)
        if len(d) != 1 or name not in d:
            # Already called RowUpdateSignal, don't call it again
            # inside .set()
            self.sqlmeta.row_update_sig_suppress = True
            self.set(**d)
            del self.sqlmeta.row_update_sig_suppress
        value = d[name]
        if from_python:
            dbValue = from_python(value, self._SO_validatorState)
        else:
            dbValue = value
        if to_python:
            value = to_python(dbValue, self._SO_validatorState)
        if self.sqlmeta._creating or self.sqlmeta.lazyUpdate:
            self.sqlmeta.dirty = True
            self._SO_createValues[name] = dbValue
            setattr(self, instanceName(name), value)
            return

        self._connection._SO_update(
            self, [(self.sqlmeta.columns[name].dbName,
                    dbValue)])

        if self.sqlmeta.cacheValues:
            setattr(self, instanceName(name), value)

        post_funcs = []
        self.sqlmeta.send(events.RowUpdatedSignal, self, post_funcs)
        for func in post_funcs:
            func(self)

    def set(self, _suppress_set_sig=False, **kw):
        if not self.sqlmeta._creating and not getattr(self.sqlmeta, "row_update_sig_suppress", False) and not _suppress_set_sig:
            self.sqlmeta.send(events.RowUpdateSignal, self, kw)
        # set() is used to update multiple values at once,
        # potentially with one SQL statement if possible.

        # Filter out items that don't map to column names.
        # Those will be set directly on the object using
        # setattr(obj, name, value).
        is_column = lambda _c: _c in self.sqlmeta._plainSetters
        f_is_column = lambda item: is_column(item[0])
        f_not_column = lambda item: not is_column(item[0])
        items = kw.items()
        extra = dict(filter(f_not_column, items))
        kw = dict(filter(f_is_column, items))

        # _creating is special, see _SO_setValue
        if self.sqlmeta._creating or self.sqlmeta.lazyUpdate:
            for name, value in kw.items():
                from_python = getattr(self, '_SO_from_python_%s' % name, None)
                if from_python:
                    kw[name] = dbValue = from_python(value, self._SO_validatorState)
                else:
                    dbValue = value
                to_python = getattr(self, '_SO_to_python_%s' % name, None)
                if to_python:
                    value = to_python(dbValue, self._SO_validatorState)
                setattr(self, instanceName(name), value)

            self._SO_createValues.update(kw)

            for name, value in extra.items():
                try:
                    getattr(self.__class__, name)
                except AttributeError:
                    if name not in self.sqlmeta.columns:
                        raise TypeError, "%s.set() got an unexpected keyword argument %s" % (self.__class__.__name__, name)
                try:
                    setattr(self, name, value)
                except AttributeError, e:
                    raise AttributeError, '%s (with attribute %r)' % (e, name)

            self.sqlmeta.dirty = True
            return

        self._SO_writeLock.acquire()

        try:
            # We have to go through and see if the setters are
            # "plain", that is, if the user has changed their
            # definition in any way (put in something that
            # normalizes the value or checks for consistency,
            # for instance).  If so then we have to use plain
            # old setattr() to change the value, since we can't
            # read the user's mind.  We'll combine everything
            # else into a single UPDATE, if necessary.
            toUpdate = {}
            for name, value in kw.items():
                from_python = getattr(self, '_SO_from_python_%s' % name, None)
                if from_python:
                    dbValue = from_python(value, self._SO_validatorState)
                else:
                    dbValue = value
                to_python = getattr(self, '_SO_to_python_%s' % name, None)
                if to_python:
                    value = to_python(dbValue, self._SO_validatorState)
                if self.sqlmeta.cacheValues:
                    setattr(self, instanceName(name), value)
                toUpdate[name] = dbValue
            for name, value in extra.items():
                try:
                    getattr(self.__class__, name)
                except AttributeError:
                    if name not in self.sqlmeta.columns:
                        raise TypeError, "%s.set() got an unexpected keyword argument %s" % (self.__class__.__name__, name)
                try:
                    setattr(self, name, value)
                except AttributeError, e:
                    raise AttributeError, '%s (with attribute %r)' % (e, name)

            if toUpdate:
                args = [(self.sqlmeta.columns[name].dbName, value)
                        for name, value in toUpdate.items()]
                self._connection._SO_update(self, args)
        finally:
            self._SO_writeLock.release()

        post_funcs = []
        self.sqlmeta.send(events.RowUpdatedSignal, self, post_funcs)
        for func in post_funcs:
            func(self)

    def _SO_selectInit(self, row):
        for col, colValue in zip(self.sqlmeta.columnList, row):
            if col.to_python:
                colValue = col.to_python(colValue, self._SO_validatorState)
            setattr(self, instanceName(col.name), colValue)

    def _SO_getValue(self, name):
        # Retrieves a single value from the database.  Simple.
        assert not self.sqlmeta._obsolete, (
            "%s with id %s has become obsolete" \
            % (self.__class__.__name__, self.id))
        # @@: do we really need this lock?
        #self._SO_writeLock.acquire()
        column = self.sqlmeta.columns[name]
        results = self._connection._SO_selectOne(self, [column.dbName])
        #self._SO_writeLock.release()
        assert results != None, "%s with id %s is not in the database" \
               % (self.__class__.__name__, self.id)
        value = results[0]
        if column.to_python:
            value = column.to_python(value, self._SO_validatorState)
        return value

    def _SO_foreignKey(self, value, joinClass, idName=None):
        if value is None:
            return None
        if self.sqlmeta._perConnection:
            connection = self._connection
        else:
            connection = None
        if idName is None: # Get by id
            return joinClass.get(value, connection=connection)
        return joinClass.select(
            getattr(joinClass.q, idName)==value, connection=connection).getOne()

    def __init__(self, **kw):
        # If we are the outmost constructor of a hiearchy of
        # InheritableSQLObjects (or simlpy _the_ constructor of a "normal"
        # SQLObject), we create a threadlocal list that collects the
        # RowCreatedSignals, and executes them if this very constructor is left
        try:
            _postponed_local.postponed_calls
            postponed_created = False
        except AttributeError:
            _postponed_local.postponed_calls = []
            postponed_created = True

        try:
            # We shadow the sqlmeta class with an instance of sqlmeta
            # that points to us (our sqlmeta buddy object; where the
            # sqlmeta class is our class's buddy class)
            self.sqlmeta = self.__class__.sqlmeta(self)
            # The get() classmethod/constructor uses a magic keyword
            # argument when it wants an empty object, fetched from the
            # database.  So we have nothing more to do in that case:
            if '_SO_fetch_no_create' in kw:
                return

            post_funcs = []
            self.sqlmeta.send(events.RowCreateSignal, self, kw, post_funcs)

            # Pass the connection object along if we were given one.
            if 'connection' in kw:
                connection = kw.pop('connection')
                if getattr(self, '_connection', None) is not connection:
                    self._connection = connection
                    self.sqlmeta._perConnection = True

            self._SO_writeLock = threading.Lock()

            if 'id' in kw:
                id = self.sqlmeta.idType(kw['id'])
                del kw['id']
            else:
                id = None

            self._create(id, **kw)

            for func in post_funcs:
                func(self)
        finally:
            # if we are the creator of the tl-storage, we
            # have to exectute and under all circumstances
            # remove the tl-storage
            if postponed_created:
                try:
                    for func in _postponed_local.postponed_calls:
                        func()
                finally:
                    del _postponed_local.postponed_calls

    def _create(self, id, **kw):

        self.sqlmeta._creating = True
        self._SO_createValues = {}
        self._SO_validatorState = sqlbuilder.SQLObjectState(self)

        # First we do a little fix-up on the keywords we were
        # passed:
        for column in self.sqlmeta.columnList:

            # Then we check if the column wasn't passed in, and
            # if not we try to get the default.
            if column.name not in kw and column.foreignName not in kw:
                default = column.default

                # If we don't get it, it's an error:
                # If we specified an SQL DEFAULT, then we should use that
                if default is NoDefault:
                    if column.defaultSQL is None:
                        raise TypeError, "%s() did not get expected keyword argument '%s'" % (self.__class__.__name__, column.name)
                    else:
                        # There is defaultSQL for the column - do not put
                        # the column to kw so that the backend creates the value
                        continue

                # Otherwise we put it in as though they did pass
                # that keyword:

                kw[column.name] = default

        self.set(**kw)

        # Then we finalize the process:
        self._SO_finishCreate(id)

    def _SO_finishCreate(self, id=None):
        # Here's where an INSERT is finalized.
        # These are all the column values that were supposed
        # to be set, but were delayed until now:
        setters = self._SO_createValues.items()
        # Here's their database names:
        names = [self.sqlmeta.columns[v[0]].dbName for v in setters]
        values = [v[1] for v in setters]
        # Get rid of _SO_create*, we aren't creating anymore.
        # Doesn't have to be threadsafe because we're still in
        # new(), which doesn't need to be threadsafe.
        self.sqlmeta.dirty = False
        if not self.sqlmeta.lazyUpdate:
            del self._SO_createValues
        else:
            self._SO_createValues = {}
        del self.sqlmeta._creating

        # Do the insert -- most of the SQL in this case is left
        # up to DBConnection, since getting a new ID is
        # non-standard.
        id = self._connection.queryInsertID(self,
                                            id, names, values)
        cache = self._connection.cache
        cache.created(id, self.__class__, self)
        self._init(id)
        post_funcs = []
        kw = dict([('class', self.__class__), ('id', id)])
        def _send_RowCreatedSignal():
            self.sqlmeta.send(events.RowCreatedSignal, self, kw, post_funcs)
            for func in post_funcs:
                func(self)
        _postponed_local.postponed_calls.append(_send_RowCreatedSignal)

    def _SO_getID(self, obj, refColumn=None):
        return getID(obj, refColumn)

    @classmethod
    def _findAlternateID(cls, name, dbName, value, connection=None):
        if isinstance(name, str):
            name = (name,)
            value = (value,)
        if len(name) != len(value):
            raise ValueError, "'column' and 'value' tuples must be of the same size"
        new_value = []
        for n, v in zip(name, value):
            from_python = getattr(cls, '_SO_from_python_' + n)
            if from_python:
                v = from_python(v, sqlbuilder.SQLObjectState(cls, connection=connection))
            new_value.append(v)
        condition = sqlbuilder.AND(*[getattr(cls.q, n)==v for n,v in zip(name, new_value)])
        return (connection or cls._connection)._SO_selectOneAlt(
            cls,
            [cls.sqlmeta.idName] +
            [column.dbName for column in cls.sqlmeta.columnList],
            condition), None

    @classmethod
    def _SO_fetchAlternateID(cls, name, dbName, value, connection=None, idxName=None):
        result, obj = cls._findAlternateID(name, dbName, value, connection)
        if not result:
            if idxName is None:
                raise SQLObjectNotFound, "The %s by alternateID %s = %s does not exist" % (cls.__name__, name, repr(value))
            else:
                names = []
                for i in xrange(len(name)):
                    names.append("%s = %s" % (name[i], repr(value[i])))
                names = ', '.join(names)
                raise SQLObjectNotFound, "The %s by unique index %s(%s) does not exist" % (cls.__name__, idxName, names)
        if obj:
            return obj
        if connection:
            obj = cls.get(result[0], connection=connection, selectResults=result[1:])
        else:
            obj = cls.get(result[0], selectResults=result[1:])
        return obj

    @classmethod
    def _SO_depends(cls):
        return findDependencies(cls.__name__, cls.sqlmeta.registry)

    @classmethod
    def select(cls, clause=None, clauseTables=None,
               orderBy=NoDefault, limit=None,
               lazyColumns=False, reversed=False,
               distinct=False, connection=None,
               join=None, forUpdate=False):
        return cls.SelectResultsClass(cls, clause,
                             clauseTables=clauseTables,
                             orderBy=orderBy,
                             limit=limit,
                             lazyColumns=lazyColumns,
                             reversed=reversed,
                             distinct=distinct,
                             connection=connection,
                             join=join, forUpdate=forUpdate)

    @classmethod
    def selectBy(cls, connection=None, **kw):
        conn = connection or cls._connection
        return cls.SelectResultsClass(cls,
                             conn._SO_columnClause(cls, kw),
                             connection=conn)

    @classmethod
    def tableExists(cls, connection=None):
        conn = connection or cls._connection
        return conn.tableExists(cls.sqlmeta.table)

    @classmethod
    def dropTable(cls, ifExists=False, dropJoinTables=True, cascade=False,
                  connection=None):
        conn = connection or cls._connection
        if ifExists and not cls.tableExists(connection=conn):
            return
        extra_sql = []
        post_funcs = []
        cls.sqlmeta.send(events.DropTableSignal, cls, connection,
                         extra_sql, post_funcs)
        conn.dropTable(cls.sqlmeta.table, cascade)
        if dropJoinTables:
            cls.dropJoinTables(ifExists=ifExists, connection=conn)
        for sql in extra_sql:
            connection.query(sql)
        for func in post_funcs:
            func(cls, conn)

    @classmethod
    def createTable(cls, ifNotExists=False, createJoinTables=True,
                    createIndexes=True, applyConstraints=True,
                    connection=None):
        conn = connection or cls._connection
        if ifNotExists and cls.tableExists(connection=conn):
            return
        extra_sql = []
        post_funcs = []
        cls.sqlmeta.send(events.CreateTableSignal, cls, connection,
                         extra_sql, post_funcs)
        constraints = conn.createTable(cls)
        if applyConstraints:
            for constraint in constraints:
                conn.query(constraint)
        else:
            extra_sql.extend(constraints)
        if createJoinTables:
            cls.createJoinTables(ifNotExists=ifNotExists,
                                 connection=conn)
        if createIndexes:
            cls.createIndexes(ifNotExists=ifNotExists,
                              connection=conn)
        for func in post_funcs:
            func(cls, conn)
        return extra_sql

    @classmethod
    def createTableSQL(cls, createJoinTables=True, createIndexes=True,
                       connection=None):
        conn = connection or cls._connection
        sql, constraints = conn.createTableSQL(cls)
        if createJoinTables:
            join_sql = cls.createJoinTablesSQL(connection=conn)
            if join_sql:
                sql += ';\n' + join_sql
        if createIndexes:
            index_sql = cls.createIndexesSQL(connection=conn)
            if index_sql:
                sql += ';\n' + index_sql
        return sql, constraints

    @classmethod
    def createJoinTables(cls, ifNotExists=False, connection=None):
        conn = connection or cls._connection
        for join in cls._getJoinsToCreate():
            if (ifNotExists and
                conn.tableExists(join.intermediateTable)):
                continue
            conn._SO_createJoinTable(join)

    @classmethod
    def createJoinTablesSQL(cls, connection=None):
        conn = connection or cls._connection
        sql = []
        for join in cls._getJoinsToCreate():
            sql.append(conn._SO_createJoinTableSQL(join))
        return ';\n'.join(sql)

    @classmethod
    def createIndexes(cls, ifNotExists=False, connection=None):
        conn = connection or cls._connection
        for index in cls.sqlmeta.indexes:
            if not index:
                continue
            conn._SO_createIndex(cls, index)

    @classmethod
    def createIndexesSQL(cls, connection=None):
        conn = connection or cls._connection
        sql = []
        for index in cls.sqlmeta.indexes:
            if not index:
                continue
            sql.append(conn.createIndexSQL(cls, index))
        return ';\n'.join(sql)

    @classmethod
    def _getJoinsToCreate(cls):
        joins = []
        for join in cls.sqlmeta.joins:
            if not join:
                continue
            if not join.hasIntermediateTable() or not getattr(join, 'createRelatedTable', True):
                continue
            if join.soClass.__name__ > join.otherClass.__name__:
                continue
            joins.append(join)
        return joins

    @classmethod
    def dropJoinTables(cls, ifExists=False, connection=None):
        conn = connection or cls._connection
        for join in cls.sqlmeta.joins:
            if not join:
                continue
            if not join.hasIntermediateTable() or not getattr(join, 'createRelatedTable', True):
                continue
            if join.soClass.__name__ > join.otherClass.__name__:
                continue
            if ifExists and \
               not conn.tableExists(join.intermediateTable):
                continue
            conn._SO_dropJoinTable(join)

    @classmethod
    def clearTable(cls, connection=None, clearJoinTables=True):
        # 3-03 @@: Maybe this should check the cache... but it's
        # kind of crude anyway, so...
        conn = connection or cls._connection
        conn.clearTable(cls.sqlmeta.table)
        if clearJoinTables:
            for join in cls._getJoinsToCreate():
                conn.clearTable(join.intermediateTable)

    def destroySelf(self):
        post_funcs = []
        self.sqlmeta.send(events.RowDestroySignal, self, post_funcs)
        # Kills this object.  Kills it dead!

        klass = self.__class__

        # Free related joins on the base class
        for join in klass.sqlmeta.joins:
            if isinstance(join, joins.SORelatedJoin):
                q = "DELETE FROM %s WHERE %s=%d" % (join.intermediateTable, join.joinColumn, self.id)
                self._connection.query(q)

        depends = []
        depends = self._SO_depends()
        for k in depends:
            # Free related joins
            for join in k.sqlmeta.joins:
                if isinstance(join, joins.SORelatedJoin) and join.otherClassName == klass.__name__:
                    q = "DELETE FROM %s WHERE %s=%d" % (join.intermediateTable, join.otherColumn, self.id)
                    self._connection.query(q)

            cols = findDependantColumns(klass.__name__, k)

            # Don't confuse the rest of the process
            if len(cols) == 0:
                continue

            query = []
            delete = setnull = restrict = False
            for col in cols:
                if col.cascade == False:
                    # Found a restriction
                    restrict = True
                query.append(getattr(k.q, col.name) == self.id)
                if col.cascade == 'null':
                    setnull = col.name
                elif col.cascade:
                    delete = True
            assert delete or setnull or restrict, (
                "Class %s depends on %s accoriding to "
                "findDependantColumns, but this seems inaccurate"
                % (k, klass))
            query = sqlbuilder.OR(*query)
            results = k.select(query, connection=self._connection)
            if restrict:
                if results.count():
                    # Restrictions only apply if there are
                    # matching records on the related table
                    raise SQLObjectIntegrityError, (
                        "Tried to delete %s::%s but "
                        "table %s has a restriction against it" %
                        (klass.__name__, self.id, k.__name__))
            else:
                for row in results:
                    if delete:
                        row.destroySelf()
                    else:
                        row.set(**{setnull: None})

        self.sqlmeta._obsolete = True
        self._connection._SO_delete(self)
        self._connection.cache.expire(self.id, self.__class__)

        for func in post_funcs:
            func(self)

        post_funcs = []
        self.sqlmeta.send(events.RowDestroyedSignal, self, post_funcs)
        for func in post_funcs:
            func(self)

    @classmethod
    def delete(cls, id, connection=None):
        obj = cls.get(id, connection=connection)
        obj.destroySelf()

    @classmethod
    def deleteMany(cls, where=NoDefault, connection=None):
        conn = connection or cls._connection
        conn.query(conn.sqlrepr(sqlbuilder.Delete(cls.sqlmeta.table, where)))

    @classmethod
    def deleteBy(cls, connection=None, **kw):
        conn = connection or cls._connection
        conn.query(conn.sqlrepr(sqlbuilder.Delete(cls.sqlmeta.table,
            conn._SO_columnClause(cls, kw))))

    def __repr__(self):
        if not hasattr(self, 'id'):
            # Object initialization not finished.  No attributes can be read.
            return '<%s (not initialized)>' % self.__class__.__name__
        return '<%s %r %s>' \
               % (self.__class__.__name__,
                  self.id,
                  ' '.join(['%s=%s' % (name, repr(value)) for name, value in self._reprItems()]))

    def __sqlrepr__(self, db):
        return str(self.id)

    @classmethod
    def sqlrepr(cls, value, connection=None):
        return (connection or cls._connection).sqlrepr(value)

    @classmethod
    def coerceID(cls, value):
        if isinstance(value, cls):
            return value.id
        else:
            return cls.sqlmeta.idType(value)

    def _reprItems(self):
        items = []
        for col in self.sqlmeta.columnList:
            value = getattr(self, col.name)
            r = repr(value)
            if len(r) > 20:
                value = r[:17] + "..." + r[-1]
            items.append((col.name, value))
        return items

    @classmethod
    def setConnection(cls, value):
        if isinstance(value, basestring):
            value = dbconnection.connectionForURI(value)
        cls._connection = value

    def tablesUsedImmediate(self):
        return [self.__class__.q]


    # Comparison

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if self.__class__ is other.__class__:
            if self.id == other.id:
                return True
        return False

    def __ne__(self, other):
        return not self.__eq__(other)

    def __lt__(self, other):
        return NotImplemented

    def __le__(self, other):
        return NotImplemented

    def __gt__(self, other):
        return NotImplemented

    def __ge__(self, other):
        return NotImplemented


    # (De)serialization (pickle, etc.)

    def __getstate__(self):
        if self.sqlmeta._perConnection:
            from pickle import PicklingError
            raise PicklingError('Cannot pickle an SQLObject instance that has a per-instance connection')
        if self.sqlmeta.lazyUpdate and self._SO_createValues:
            self.syncUpdate()
        d = self.__dict__.copy()
        del d['sqlmeta']
        del d['_SO_validatorState']
        del d['_SO_writeLock']
        del d['_SO_createValues']
        return d

    def __setstate__(self, d):
        self.__init__(_SO_fetch_no_create=1)
        self._SO_validatorState = sqlbuilder.SQLObjectState(self)
        self._SO_writeLock = threading.Lock()
        self._SO_createValues = {}
        self.__dict__.update(d)
        cls = self.__class__
        cache = self._connection.cache
        if cache.tryGet(self.id, cls) is not None:
            raise ValueError(
                "Cannot unpickle %s row with id=%s - a different instance with the id already exists in the cache" % (cls.__name__, self.id))
        cache.created(self.id, cls, self)


def setterName(name):
    return '_set_%s' % name
def rawSetterName(name):
    return '_SO_set_%s' % name
def getterName(name):
    return '_get_%s' % name
def rawGetterName(name):
    return '_SO_get_%s' % name
def instanceName(name):
    return '_SO_val_%s' % name


########################################
## Utility functions (for external consumption)
########################################

def getID(obj, refColumn=None):
    if isinstance(obj, SQLObject):
        return getattr(obj, refColumn or 'id')
    elif isinstance(obj, int):
        return obj
    elif isinstance(obj, long):
        return int(obj)
    elif isinstance(obj, str):
        try:
            return int(obj)
        except ValueError:
            return obj
    elif obj is None:
        return None

def getObject(obj, klass):
    if isinstance(obj, int):
        return klass(obj)
    elif isinstance(obj, long):
        return klass(int(obj))
    elif isinstance(obj, str):
        return klass(int(obj))
    elif obj is None:
        return None
    else:
        return obj

__all__ = ['NoDefault', 'SQLObject',
           'SQLObjectIntegrityError', 'SQLObjectNotFound',
           'getID', 'getObject', 'sqlhub', 'sqlmeta',
          ]