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align="right"></td><td><a href="doc-bibliography.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Bibliography</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right"></td><td><a href="doc-index.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Index</a></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="tocviewlist"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td style="width: 1em;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Expand/Collapse" class="tocviewtoggle" onclick="TocviewToggle(this,"tocview_1");">▼</a></td><td>3 </td><td><a href="datatypes.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Built-<wbr></wbr>In Datatypes</a></td></tr></table><div class="tocviewsublistbottom" style="display: block;" id="tocview_1"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td align="right">3.1 </td><td><a href="booleans.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Booleans</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.2 </td><td><a href="numbers.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Numbers</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.3 </td><td><a href="" class="tocviewselflink" data-pltdoc="x">Characters</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.4 </td><td><a href="strings.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Strings (Unicode)</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.5 </td><td><a href="bytestrings.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Bytes and Byte Strings</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.6 </td><td><a href="symbols.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Symbols</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.7 </td><td><a href="keywords.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Keywords</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.8 </td><td><a href="pairs.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Pairs and Lists</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.9 </td><td><a href="vectors.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Vectors</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.10 </td><td><a href="hash-tables.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Hash Tables</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.11 </td><td><a href="boxes.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Boxes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.12 </td><td><a href="void_undefined.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Void and Undefined</a></td></tr></table></div></div></div></div><div class="maincolumn"><div class="main"><div class="navsettop"><span class="navleft"><form class="searchform"><input class="searchbox" style="color: #888;" type="text" value="...search manuals..." title="Enter a search string to search the manuals" onkeypress="return DoSearchKey(event, this, "6.1", "../");" onfocus="this.style.color="black"; this.style.textAlign="left"; if (this.value == "...search manuals...") this.value="";" onblur="if (this.value.match(/^ *$/)) { this.style.color="#888"; this.style.textAlign="center"; this.value="...search manuals..."; }"/></form> <a href="../index.html" title="up to the documentation top" data-pltdoc="x" onclick="return GotoPLTRoot("6.1");">top</a></span><span class="navright"> <a href="numbers.html" title="backward to "3.2 Numbers"" data-pltdoc="x">← prev</a> <a href="datatypes.html" title="up to "3 Built-In Datatypes"" data-pltdoc="x">up</a> <a href="strings.html" title="forward to "3.4 Strings (Unicode)"" data-pltdoc="x">next →</a></span> </div><h4 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-part-tag=""characters"">3.3<tt> </tt><a name="(part._characters)"></a>Characters</h4><p>A Racket <a name="(tech._character)"></a><span style="font-style: italic">character</span> corresponds to a Unicode <span style="font-style: italic">scalar
value</span>. Roughly, a scalar value is an unsigned integer whose
representation fits into 21 bits, and that maps to some notion of a
natural-language character or piece of a character. Technically, a
scalar value is a simpler notion than the concept called a
“character” in the Unicode standard, but it’s an approximation that
works well for many purposes. For example, any accented Roman letter
can be represented as a scalar value, as can any common Chinese character.</p><p>Although each Racket character corresponds to an integer, the
character datatype is separate from numbers. The
<span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=characters.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._char-%7E3einteger%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">char->integer</a></span> and <span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=characters.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer-%7E3echar%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer->char</a></span> procedures convert
between scalar-value numbers and the corresponding character.</p><p>A printable character normally prints as <span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">#\</span><span class="hspace"></span></span> followed
by the represented character. An unprintable character normally prints
as <span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">#\u</span><span class="hspace"></span></span> followed by the scalar value as hexadecimal
number. A few characters are printed specially; for example, the space
and linefeed characters print as <span class="RktVal">#\space</span> and
<span class="RktVal">#\newline</span>, respectively.</p><blockquote class="refpara"><blockquote class="refcolumn"><blockquote class="refcontent"><p><span class="imageleft"><img src="magnify.png" alt="+" width="24" height="24"/></span><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=reader.html%23%2528part._parse-character%2529&version=6.1" class="Sq" data-pltdoc="x">Reading Characters</a> in <a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=index.html&version=6.1" class="Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span style="font-weight: bold">The Racket Reference</span></a> documents the fine points of the syntax of characters.</p></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><p>Examples:</p></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=characters.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer-%7E3echar%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer->char</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">65</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#\A</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=characters.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._char-%7E3einteger%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">char->integer</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\A</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">65</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktVal">#\λ</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#\λ</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktVal">#\u03BB</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#\λ</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=characters.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer-%7E3echar%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer->char</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">17</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#\u0011</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=characters.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._char-%7E3einteger%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">char->integer</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\space</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">32</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote></td></tr></table></p><p>The <span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._display%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">display</a></span> procedure directly writes a character to the
current output port (see <a href="i_o.html" data-pltdoc="x">Input and Output</a>), in contrast to the
character-constant syntax used to print a character result.</p><p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><p>Examples:</p></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktVal">#\A</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#\A</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._display%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">display</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\A</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">A</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></blockquote></td></tr></table></p><p>Racket provides several classification and conversion procedures on
characters. Beware, however, that conversions on some Unicode
characters work as a human would expect only when they are in a string
(e.g., upcasing “ß” or downcasing “Σ”).</p><p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><p>Examples:</p></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=characters.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._char-alphabetic%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">char-alphabetic?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\A</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#t</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=characters.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._char-numeric%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">char-numeric?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\0</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#t</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=characters.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._char-whitespace%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">char-whitespace?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\newline</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#t</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=characters.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._char-downcase%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">char-downcase</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\A</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#\a</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=characters.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._char-upcase%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">char-upcase</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\ß</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#\ß</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote></td></tr></table></p><p>The <span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=characters.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._char%7E3d%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">char=?</a></span> procedure compares two or more characters, and
<span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=characters.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._char-ci%7E3d%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">char-ci=?</a></span> compares characters ignoring case. The
<span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=booleans.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._eqv%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">eqv?</a></span> and <span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=booleans.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._equal%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">equal?</a></span> procedures behave the same as
<span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=characters.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._char%7E3d%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">char=?</a></span> on characters; use <span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=characters.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._char%7E3d%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">char=?</a></span> when you want to
more specifically declare that the values being compared are
characters.</p><p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><p>Examples:</p></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=characters.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._char%7E3d%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">char=?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\a</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\A</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#f</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=characters.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._char-ci%7E3d%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">char-ci=?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\a</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\A</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#t</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=booleans.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._eqv%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.1" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">eqv?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\a</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\A</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#f</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote></td></tr></table></p><blockquote class="refpara"><blockquote class="refcolumn"><blockquote class="refcontent"><p><span class="imageleft"><img src="magnify.png" alt="+" width="24" height="24"/></span><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=characters.html&version=6.1" class="Sq" data-pltdoc="x">Characters</a> in <a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=index.html&version=6.1" class="Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span style="font-weight: bold">The Racket Reference</span></a> provides more on characters and character procedures.</p></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><div class="navsetbottom"><span class="navleft"><form class="searchform"><input class="searchbox" style="color: #888;" type="text" value="...search manuals..." title="Enter a search string to search the manuals" onkeypress="return DoSearchKey(event, this, "6.1", "../");" onfocus="this.style.color="black"; this.style.textAlign="left"; if (this.value == "...search manuals...") this.value="";" onblur="if (this.value.match(/^ *$/)) { this.style.color="#888"; this.style.textAlign="center"; this.value="...search manuals..."; }"/></form> <a href="../index.html" title="up to the documentation top" data-pltdoc="x" onclick="return GotoPLTRoot("6.1");">top</a></span><span class="navright"> <a href="numbers.html" title="backward to "3.2 Numbers"" data-pltdoc="x">← prev</a> <a href="datatypes.html" title="up to "3 Built-In Datatypes"" data-pltdoc="x">up</a> <a href="strings.html" title="forward to "3.4 Strings (Unicode)"" data-pltdoc="x">next →</a></span> </div></div></div><div id="contextindicator"> </div></body></html>
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