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<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/><title>15.1.3 Unix and Mac OS X Paths</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../scribble.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="extras.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-style.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../doc-site.css" title="default"/><script type="text/javascript" src="../scribble-common.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../manual-racket.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../manual-racket.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../doc-site.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" 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class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Running Racket</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right"></td><td><a href="doc-bibliography.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Bibliography</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right"></td><td><a href="doc-index.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Index</a></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="tocviewlist"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td style="width: 1em;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Expand/Collapse" class="tocviewtoggle" onclick="TocviewToggle(this,"tocview_1");">►</a></td><td>15 </td><td><a href="os.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Operating System</a></td></tr></table><div class="tocviewsublist" style="display: none;" id="tocview_1"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td align="right">15.1 </td><td><a href="pathutils.html" class="tocviewselflink" data-pltdoc="x">Paths</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">15.2 </td><td><a href="Filesystem.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Filesystem</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">15.3 </td><td><a href="networking.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Networking</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">15.4 </td><td><a href="subprocess.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Processes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">15.5 </td><td><a href="logging.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Logging</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">15.6 </td><td><a href="time.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Time</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">15.7 </td><td><a href="envvars.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Environment Variables</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">15.8 </td><td><a href="runtime.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Environment and Runtime Information</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">15.9 </td><td><a href="Command-Line_Parsing.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Command-<wbr></wbr>Line Parsing</a></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="tocviewlist"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td style="width: 1em;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Expand/Collapse" class="tocviewtoggle" onclick="TocviewToggle(this,"tocview_2");">▼</a></td><td>15.1 </td><td><a href="pathutils.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Paths</a></td></tr></table><div class="tocviewsublistbottom" style="display: block;" id="tocview_2"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td align="right">15.1.1 </td><td><a href="Manipulating_Paths.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Manipulating Paths</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">15.1.2 </td><td><a href="More_Path_Utilities.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">More Path Utilities</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">15.1.3 </td><td><a href="" class="tocviewselflink" data-pltdoc="x">Unix and Mac OS X Paths</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">15.1.4 </td><td><a href="windowspaths.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Windows Path Conventions</a></td></tr></table></div></div></div></div><div class="maincolumn"><div class="main"><div class="navsettop"><span class="navleft"><form class="searchform"><input class="searchbox" style="color: #888;" type="text" value="...search manuals..." title="Enter a search string to search the manuals" onkeypress="return DoSearchKey(event, this, "6.1", "../");" onfocus="this.style.color="black"; this.style.textAlign="left"; if (this.value == "...search manuals...") this.value="";" onblur="if (this.value.match(/^ *$/)) { this.style.color="#888"; this.style.textAlign="center"; this.value="...search manuals..."; }"/></form> <a href="../index.html" title="up to the documentation top" data-pltdoc="x" onclick="return GotoPLTRoot("6.1");">top</a></span><span class="navright"> <a href="More_Path_Utilities.html" title="backward to "15.1.2 More Path Utilities"" data-pltdoc="x">← prev</a> <a href="pathutils.html" title="up to "15.1 Paths"" data-pltdoc="x">up</a> <a href="windowspaths.html" title="forward to "15.1.4 Windows Path Conventions"" data-pltdoc="x">next →</a></span> </div><h5 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/reference/reference.scrbl")" x-part-tag=""unixpaths"">15.1.3<tt> </tt><a name="(part._unixpaths)"></a>Unix and Mac OS X Paths</h5><p>In Unix and Mac OS X paths, a <span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">/</span><span class="hspace"></span></span> separates elements of the path,
<span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">.</span><span class="hspace"></span></span> as a path element always means the directory indicated by
preceding path, and <span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">..</span><span class="hspace"></span></span> as a path element always means the
parent of the directory indicated by the preceding path. A leading
<span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">~</span><span class="hspace"></span></span> in a path is not treated specially, but
<span class="RktSym"><a href="Manipulating_Paths.html#%28def._%28%28quote._~23~25kernel%29._expand-user-path%29%29" class="RktValLink" data-pltdoc="x">expand-user-path</a></span> can be used to convert a leading <span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">~</span><span class="hspace"></span></span>
element to a user-specific directory. No other character or byte has a
special meaning within a path. Multiple adjacent <span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">/</span><span class="hspace"></span></span> are
equivalent to a single <span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">/</span><span class="hspace"></span></span> (i.e., they act as a single path
separator).</p><p>A path root is always <span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">/</span><span class="hspace"></span></span>. A path starting with <span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">/</span><span class="hspace"></span></span> is
an absolute, complete path, and a path starting with any other
character is a relative path.</p><p>Any pathname that ends with a <span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">/</span><span class="hspace"></span></span> syntactically refers to a
directory, as does any path whose last element is <span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">.</span><span class="hspace"></span></span> or
<span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">..</span><span class="hspace"></span></span>.</p><p>A Unix and Mac OS X path is <a href="pathutils.html#%28tech._cleanse%29" data-pltdoc="x">cleanse</a>d by replacing multiple adjacent
<span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">/</span><span class="hspace"></span></span>s with a single <span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">/</span><span class="hspace"></span></span>.</p><p>For <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="Manipulating_Paths.html#%28def._%28%28quote._~23~25kernel%29._bytes-~3epath-element%29%29" class="RktValLink" data-pltdoc="x">bytes->path-element</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktVar">bstr</span><span class="RktPn">)</span>, <span class="RktSym">bstr</span> must not
contain any <span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">/</span><span class="hspace"></span></span>, otherwise the <span class="RktSym"><a href="exns.html#%28def._%28%28lib._racket%2Fprivate%2Fbase..rkt%29._exn~3afail~3acontract%29%29" class="RktValLink" data-pltdoc="x">exn:fail:contract</a></span> exception is raised.
The result of <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="Manipulating_Paths.html#%28def._%28%28quote._~23~25kernel%29._path-element-~3ebytes%29%29" class="RktValLink" data-pltdoc="x">path-element->bytes</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktVar">path</span><span class="RktPn">)</span> or
<span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="Manipulating_Paths.html#%28def._%28%28quote._~23~25kernel%29._path-element-~3estring%29%29" class="RktValLink" data-pltdoc="x">path-element->string</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktVar">path</span><span class="RktPn">)</span> is always the same as the result
of <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="Manipulating_Paths.html#%28def._%28%28quote._~23~25kernel%29._path-~3ebytes%29%29" class="RktValLink" data-pltdoc="x">path->bytes</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktVar">path</span><span class="RktPn">)</span> and <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="Manipulating_Paths.html#%28def._%28%28quote._~23~25kernel%29._path-~3estring%29%29" class="RktValLink" data-pltdoc="x">path->string</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktVar">path</span><span class="RktPn">)</span>. Since that is not the case for other platforms, however,
<span class="RktSym"><a href="Manipulating_Paths.html#%28def._%28%28quote._~23~25kernel%29._path-element-~3ebytes%29%29" class="RktValLink" data-pltdoc="x">path-element->bytes</a></span> and <span class="RktSym"><a href="Manipulating_Paths.html#%28def._%28%28quote._~23~25kernel%29._path-element-~3estring%29%29" class="RktValLink" data-pltdoc="x">path-element->string</a></span> should
be used when converting individual path elements.</p><p>On Mac OS X, Finder aliases are zero-length files.</p><div class="navsetbottom"><span class="navleft"><form class="searchform"><input class="searchbox" style="color: #888;" type="text" value="...search manuals..." title="Enter a search string to search the manuals" onkeypress="return DoSearchKey(event, this, "6.1", "../");" onfocus="this.style.color="black"; this.style.textAlign="left"; if (this.value == "...search manuals...") this.value="";" onblur="if (this.value.match(/^ *$/)) { this.style.color="#888"; this.style.textAlign="center"; this.value="...search manuals..."; }"/></form> <a href="../index.html" title="up to the documentation top" data-pltdoc="x" onclick="return GotoPLTRoot("6.1");">top</a></span><span class="navright"> <a href="More_Path_Utilities.html" title="backward to "15.1.2 More Path Utilities"" data-pltdoc="x">← prev</a> <a href="pathutils.html" title="up to "15.1 Paths"" data-pltdoc="x">up</a> <a href="windowspaths.html" title="forward to "15.1.4 Windows Path Conventions"" data-pltdoc="x">next →</a></span> </div></div></div><div id="contextindicator"> </div></body></html>
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