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<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/><title>1&nbsp;Parsing and Specifying Syntax</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../scribble.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-style.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../doc-site.css" title="default"/><script type="text/javascript" src="../scribble-common.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../manual-racket.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../doc-site.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../local-redirect/local-redirect.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../local-redirect/local-user-redirect.js"></script><!--[if IE 6]><style type="text/css">.SIEHidden { overflow: hidden; }</style><![endif]--></head><body id="doc-racket-lang-org"><div class="tocset"><div class="tocview"><div class="tocviewlist tocviewlisttopspace"><div class="tocviewtitle"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td style="width: 1em;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Expand/Collapse" class="tocviewtoggle" onclick="TocviewToggle(this,&quot;tocview_0&quot;);">&#9658;</a></td><td></td><td><a href="index.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Syntax:<span class="mywbr"> &nbsp;</span> Meta-<wbr></wbr>Programming Helpers</a></td></tr></table></div><div class="tocviewsublisttop" style="display: none;" id="tocview_0"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td align="right">1&nbsp;</td><td><a href="" class="tocviewselflink" data-pltdoc="x">Parsing and Specifying Syntax</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">2&nbsp;</td><td><a href="syntax-helpers.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Syntax Object Helpers</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3&nbsp;</td><td><a href="Datum_Pattern_Matching.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Datum Pattern Matching</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">4&nbsp;</td><td><a href="module-helpers.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Module-<wbr></wbr>Processing Helpers</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">5&nbsp;</td><td><a href="transformer-helpers.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Macro Transformer Helpers</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">6&nbsp;</td><td><a href="reader-helpers.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Reader Helpers</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7&nbsp;</td><td><a href="Parsing_for_Bodies.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Parsing <span class="RktSym"><span class="RktStxLink">for</span></span> Bodies</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">8&nbsp;</td><td><a href="Unsafe_for_Clause_Transforms.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Unsafe <span class="RktSym"><span class="RktStxLink">for</span></span> Clause Transforms</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">9&nbsp;</td><td><a href="Source_Locations.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Source Locations</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">10&nbsp;</td><td><a href="Preserving_Source_Locations.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Preserving Source Locations</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">11&nbsp;</td><td><a href="toplevel.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Non-<wbr></wbr>Module Compilation And Expansion</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">12&nbsp;</td><td><a href="trusted-xforms.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Trusting Standard Recertifying Transformers</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">13&nbsp;</td><td><a href="docprovide.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Attaching Documentation to Exports</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right"></td><td><a href="doc-index.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Index</a></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="tocviewlist"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td style="width: 1em;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Expand/Collapse" class="tocviewtoggle" onclick="TocviewToggle(this,&quot;tocview_1&quot;);">&#9660;</a></td><td>1&nbsp;</td><td><a href="" class="tocviewselflink" data-pltdoc="x">Parsing and Specifying Syntax</a></td></tr></table><div class="tocviewsublistbottom" style="display: block;" id="tocview_1"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td align="right">1.1&nbsp;</td><td><a href="stxparse-intro.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">1.2&nbsp;</td><td><a href="stxparse-examples.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Examples</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">1.3&nbsp;</td><td><a href="Parsing_Syntax.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Parsing Syntax</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">1.4&nbsp;</td><td><a href="stxparse-specifying.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Specifying Syntax with Syntax Classes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">1.5&nbsp;</td><td><a href="stxparse-patterns.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Syntax Patterns</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">1.6&nbsp;</td><td><a href="Defining_Simple_Macros.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Defining Simple Macros</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">1.7&nbsp;</td><td><a href="Literal_Sets_and_Conventions.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Literal Sets and Conventions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">1.8&nbsp;</td><td><a href="Library_Syntax_Classes_and_Literal_Sets.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Library Syntax Classes and Literal Sets</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">1.9&nbsp;</td><td><a href="Debugging_and_Inspection_Tools.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Debugging and Inspection Tools</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">1.10&nbsp;</td><td><a href="Experimental.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Experimental</a></td></tr></table></div></div></div></div><div class="maincolumn"><div class="main"><div class="navsettop"><span class="navleft"><form class="searchform"><input class="searchbox" style="color: #888;" type="text" value="...search manuals..." title="Enter a search string to search the manuals" onkeypress="return DoSearchKey(event, this, &quot;6.1&quot;, &quot;../&quot;);" onfocus="this.style.color=&quot;black&quot;; this.style.textAlign=&quot;left&quot;; if (this.value == &quot;...search manuals...&quot;) this.value=&quot;&quot;;" onblur="if (this.value.match(/^ *$/)) { this.style.color=&quot;#888&quot;; this.style.textAlign=&quot;center&quot;; this.value=&quot;...search manuals...&quot;; }"/></form>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="../index.html" title="up to the documentation top" data-pltdoc="x" onclick="return GotoPLTRoot(&quot;6.1&quot;);">top</a></span><span class="navright">&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="index.html" title="backward to &quot;Syntax: Meta-Programming Helpers&quot;" data-pltdoc="x">&larr; prev</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="index.html" title="up to &quot;Syntax: Meta-Programming Helpers&quot;" data-pltdoc="x">up</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="stxparse-intro.html" title="forward to &quot;1.1 Introduction&quot;" data-pltdoc="x">next &rarr;</a></span>&nbsp;</div><h3 x-source-module="(lib &quot;syntax/scribblings/syntax.scrbl&quot;)" x-part-tag="&quot;stxparse&quot;">1<tt>&nbsp;</tt><a name="(part._stxparse)"></a><a name="(mod-path._syntax/parse)"></a>Parsing and Specifying Syntax</h3><p><div class="SIntrapara">The <a href="" class="RktModLink" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktSym">syntax/parse</span></a> library provides a framework for
writing macros and processing syntax. The library provides a powerful
language of syntax patterns, used by the pattern-matching form
<span class="RktSym"><a href="Parsing_Syntax.html#%28form._%28%28lib._syntax%2Fparse..rkt%29._syntax-parse%29%29" class="RktStxLink" data-pltdoc="x">syntax-parse</a></span> and the specification form
<span class="RktSym"><a href="stxparse-specifying.html#%28form._%28%28lib._syntax%2Fparse..rkt%29._define-syntax-class%29%29" class="RktStxLink" data-pltdoc="x">define-syntax-class</a></span>. Macros that use <span class="RktSym"><a href="Parsing_Syntax.html#%28form._%28%28lib._syntax%2Fparse..rkt%29._syntax-parse%29%29" class="RktStxLink" data-pltdoc="x">syntax-parse</a></span>
automatically generate error messages based on descriptions and
messages embedded in the macro&rsquo;s syntax patterns.
</div><div class="SIntrapara"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="defmodule"><tr><td align="left"><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="http://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.1/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&amp;version=6.1" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><a href="" class="RktModLink" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktSym">syntax/parse</span></a><span class="RktPn">)</span></td><td align="right"><span class="RpackageSpec"><span class="Smaller">&nbsp;package:</span> <span class="stt">base</span></span></td></tr></table></div></p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="stxparse-intro.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.1<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Introduction</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="stxparse-examples.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.2<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Examples</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="Phases_and_Reusable_Syntax_Classes.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.2.1<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Phases and Reusable Syntax Classes</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="Optional_Keyword_Arguments.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.2.2<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Optional Keyword Arguments</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="uniform-meanings.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.2.3<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Variants with Uniform Meanings</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="varied-meanings.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.2.4<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Variants with Varied Meanings</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="varied-meanings.html#%28part._.Syntactic_.Normalization%29" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.2.4.1<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Syntactic Normalization</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="varied-meanings.html#%28part._.Non-syntax-valued_.Attributes%29" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.2.4.2<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Non-syntax-valued Attributes</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="More_Keyword_Arguments.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.2.5<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>More Keyword Arguments</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="exprc.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.2.6<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Contracts on Macro Sub-expressions</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="Parsing_Syntax.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.3<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Parsing Syntax</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="stxparse-specifying.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.4<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Specifying Syntax with Syntax Classes</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="stxparse-specifying.html#%28part._.Pattern_.Directives%29" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.4.1<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Pattern Directives</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="stxparse-specifying.html#%28part._stxparse-attrs%29" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.4.2<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Pattern Variables and Attributes</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="stxparse-patterns.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.5<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Syntax Patterns</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="stxparse-patterns.html#%28part._.Single-term_.Patterns%29" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.5.1<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Single-term Patterns</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="stxparse-patterns.html#%28part._.Head_.Patterns%29" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.5.2<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Head Patterns</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="stxparse-patterns.html#%28part._.Ellipsis-head_.Patterns%29" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.5.3<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Ellipsis-head Patterns</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="stxparse-patterns.html#%28part._.Action_.Patterns%29" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.5.4<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Action Patterns</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="Defining_Simple_Macros.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.6<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Defining Simple Macros</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="Literal_Sets_and_Conventions.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.7<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Literal Sets and Conventions</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="Library_Syntax_Classes_and_Literal_Sets.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.8<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Library Syntax Classes and Literal Sets</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="Library_Syntax_Classes_and_Literal_Sets.html#%28part._.Syntax_.Classes%29" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.8.1<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Syntax Classes</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="Library_Syntax_Classes_and_Literal_Sets.html#%28part._.Literal_.Sets%29" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.8.2<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Literal Sets</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="Debugging_and_Inspection_Tools.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.9<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Debugging and Inspection Tools</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="Experimental.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.10<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Experimental</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="Experimental.html#%28part._.Contracts_for_.Macro_.Sub-expressions%29" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.10.1<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Contracts for Macro Sub-expressions</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="Experimental.html#%28part._.Contracts_for_.Syntax_.Classes%29" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.10.2<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Contracts for Syntax Classes</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="Experimental.html#%28part._.Reflection%29" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.10.3<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Reflection</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="Experimental.html#%28part._.Procedural_.Splicing_.Syntax_.Classes%29" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.10.4<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Procedural Splicing Syntax Classes</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="Experimental.html#%28part._.Ellipsis-head_.Alternative_.Sets%29" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.10.5<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Ellipsis-head Alternative Sets</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="Experimental.html#%28part._.Syntax_.Class_.Specialization%29" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.10.6<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Syntax Class Specialization</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="Experimental.html#%28part._.Syntax_.Templates%29" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">1.10.7<span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span>Syntax Templates</a></p></td></tr></table><div class="navsetbottom"><span class="navleft"><form class="searchform"><input class="searchbox" style="color: #888;" type="text" value="...search manuals..." title="Enter a search string to search the manuals" onkeypress="return DoSearchKey(event, this, &quot;6.1&quot;, &quot;../&quot;);" onfocus="this.style.color=&quot;black&quot;; this.style.textAlign=&quot;left&quot;; if (this.value == &quot;...search manuals...&quot;) this.value=&quot;&quot;;" onblur="if (this.value.match(/^ *$/)) { this.style.color=&quot;#888&quot;; this.style.textAlign=&quot;center&quot;; this.value=&quot;...search manuals...&quot;; }"/></form>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="../index.html" title="up to the documentation top" data-pltdoc="x" onclick="return GotoPLTRoot(&quot;6.1&quot;);">top</a></span><span class="navright">&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="index.html" title="backward to &quot;Syntax: Meta-Programming Helpers&quot;" data-pltdoc="x">&larr; prev</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="index.html" title="up to &quot;Syntax: Meta-Programming Helpers&quot;" data-pltdoc="x">up</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="stxparse-intro.html" title="forward to &quot;1.1 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