/usr/lib/ruby/vendor_ruby/sequel/dataset/query.rb is in ruby-sequel 4.15.0-1.
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class Dataset
# ---------------------
# :section: 1 - Methods that return modified datasets
# These methods all return modified copies of the receiver.
# ---------------------
# Hash of extension name symbols to callable objects to load the extension
# into the Dataset object (usually by extending it with a module defined
# in the extension).
EXTENSIONS = {}
# The dataset options that require the removal of cached columns
# if changed.
COLUMN_CHANGE_OPTS = [:select, :sql, :from, :join].freeze
# Which options don't affect the SQL generation. Used by simple_select_all?
# to determine if this is a simple SELECT * FROM table.
NON_SQL_OPTIONS = [:server, :defaults, :overrides, :graph, :eager_graph, :graph_aliases]
# These symbols have _join methods created (e.g. inner_join) that
# call join_table with the symbol, passing along the arguments and
# block from the method call.
CONDITIONED_JOIN_TYPES = [:inner, :full_outer, :right_outer, :left_outer, :full, :right, :left]
# These symbols have _join methods created (e.g. natural_join).
# They accept a table argument and options hash which is passed to join_table,
# and they raise an error if called with a block.
UNCONDITIONED_JOIN_TYPES = [:natural, :natural_left, :natural_right, :natural_full, :cross]
# All methods that return modified datasets with a joined table added.
JOIN_METHODS = (CONDITIONED_JOIN_TYPES + UNCONDITIONED_JOIN_TYPES).map{|x| "#{x}_join".to_sym} + [:join, :join_table]
# Methods that return modified datasets
QUERY_METHODS = (<<-METHS).split.map{|x| x.to_sym} + JOIN_METHODS
add_graph_aliases and distinct except exclude exclude_having exclude_where
filter for_update from from_self graph grep group group_and_count group_by having intersect invert
limit lock_style naked offset or order order_append order_by order_more order_prepend qualify
reverse reverse_order select select_all select_append select_group select_more server
set_graph_aliases unfiltered ungraphed ungrouped union
unlimited unordered where with with_recursive with_sql
METHS
# Register an extension callback for Dataset objects. ext should be the
# extension name symbol, and mod should either be a Module that the
# dataset is extended with, or a callable object called with the database
# object. If mod is not provided, a block can be provided and is treated
# as the mod object.
#
# If mod is a module, this also registers a Database extension that will
# extend all of the database's datasets.
def self.register_extension(ext, mod=nil, &block)
if mod
raise(Error, "cannot provide both mod and block to Dataset.register_extension") if block
if mod.is_a?(Module)
block = proc{|ds| ds.extend(mod)}
Sequel::Database.register_extension(ext){|db| db.extend_datasets(mod)}
else
block = mod
end
end
Sequel.synchronize{EXTENSIONS[ext] = block}
end
# Alias for where.
def and(*cond, &block)
where(*cond, &block)
end
# Returns a new clone of the dataset with the given options merged.
# If the options changed include options in COLUMN_CHANGE_OPTS, the cached
# columns are deleted. This method should generally not be called
# directly by user code.
def clone(opts = nil)
c = super()
if opts
c.instance_variable_set(:@opts, @opts.merge(opts))
c.instance_variable_set(:@columns, nil) if @columns && !opts.each_key{|o| break if COLUMN_CHANGE_OPTS.include?(o)}
else
c.instance_variable_set(:@opts, @opts.dup)
end
c
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the SQL DISTINCT clause.
# The DISTINCT clause is used to remove duplicate rows from the
# output. If arguments are provided, uses a DISTINCT ON clause,
# in which case it will only be distinct on those columns, instead
# of all returned columns. Raises an error if arguments
# are given and DISTINCT ON is not supported.
#
# DB[:items].distinct # SQL: SELECT DISTINCT * FROM items
# DB[:items].order(:id).distinct(:id) # SQL: SELECT DISTINCT ON (id) * FROM items ORDER BY id
def distinct(*args)
raise(InvalidOperation, "DISTINCT ON not supported") if !args.empty? && !supports_distinct_on?
clone(:distinct => args)
end
# Adds an EXCEPT clause using a second dataset object.
# An EXCEPT compound dataset returns all rows in the current dataset
# that are not in the given dataset.
# Raises an +InvalidOperation+ if the operation is not supported.
# Options:
# :alias :: Use the given value as the from_self alias
# :all :: Set to true to use EXCEPT ALL instead of EXCEPT, so duplicate rows can occur
# :from_self :: Set to false to not wrap the returned dataset in a from_self, use with care.
#
# DB[:items].except(DB[:other_items])
# # SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM items EXCEPT SELECT * FROM other_items) AS t1
#
# DB[:items].except(DB[:other_items], :all=>true, :from_self=>false)
# # SELECT * FROM items EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM other_items
#
# DB[:items].except(DB[:other_items], :alias=>:i)
# # SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM items EXCEPT SELECT * FROM other_items) AS i
def except(dataset, opts=OPTS)
raise(InvalidOperation, "EXCEPT not supported") unless supports_intersect_except?
raise(InvalidOperation, "EXCEPT ALL not supported") if opts[:all] && !supports_intersect_except_all?
compound_clone(:except, dataset, opts)
end
# Performs the inverse of Dataset#where. Note that if you have multiple filter
# conditions, this is not the same as a negation of all conditions.
#
# DB[:items].exclude(:category => 'software')
# # SELECT * FROM items WHERE (category != 'software')
#
# DB[:items].exclude(:category => 'software', :id=>3)
# # SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((category != 'software') OR (id != 3))
def exclude(*cond, &block)
_filter_or_exclude(true, :where, *cond, &block)
end
# Inverts the given conditions and adds them to the HAVING clause.
#
# DB[:items].select_group(:name).exclude_having{count(name) < 2}
# # SELECT name FROM items GROUP BY name HAVING (count(name) >= 2)
def exclude_having(*cond, &block)
_filter_or_exclude(true, :having, *cond, &block)
end
# Alias for exclude.
def exclude_where(*cond, &block)
exclude(*cond, &block)
end
# Return a clone of the dataset loaded with the extensions, see #extension!.
def extension(*exts)
clone.extension!(*exts)
end
# Alias for where.
def filter(*cond, &block)
where(*cond, &block)
end
# Returns a cloned dataset with a :update lock style.
#
# DB[:table].for_update # SELECT * FROM table FOR UPDATE
def for_update
lock_style(:update)
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the source changed. If no
# source is given, removes all tables. If multiple sources
# are given, it is the same as using a CROSS JOIN (cartesian product) between all tables.
# If a block is given, it is treated as a virtual row block, similar to +where+.
#
# DB[:items].from # SQL: SELECT *
# DB[:items].from(:blah) # SQL: SELECT * FROM blah
# DB[:items].from(:blah, :foo) # SQL: SELECT * FROM blah, foo
# DB[:items].from{fun(arg)} # SQL: SELECT * FROM fun(arg)
def from(*source, &block)
virtual_row_columns(source, block)
table_alias_num = 0
ctes = nil
source.map! do |s|
case s
when Dataset
if hoist_cte?(s)
ctes ||= []
ctes += s.opts[:with]
s = s.clone(:with=>nil)
end
SQL::AliasedExpression.new(s, dataset_alias(table_alias_num+=1))
when Symbol
sch, table, aliaz = split_symbol(s)
if aliaz
s = sch ? SQL::QualifiedIdentifier.new(sch, table) : SQL::Identifier.new(table)
SQL::AliasedExpression.new(s, aliaz.to_sym)
else
s
end
else
s
end
end
o = {:from=>source.empty? ? nil : source}
o[:with] = (opts[:with] || []) + ctes if ctes
o[:num_dataset_sources] = table_alias_num if table_alias_num > 0
clone(o)
end
# Returns a dataset selecting from the current dataset.
# Supplying the :alias option controls the alias of the result.
#
# ds = DB[:items].order(:name).select(:id, :name)
# # SELECT id,name FROM items ORDER BY name
#
# ds.from_self
# # SELECT * FROM (SELECT id, name FROM items ORDER BY name) AS t1
#
# ds.from_self(:alias=>:foo)
# # SELECT * FROM (SELECT id, name FROM items ORDER BY name) AS foo
#
# ds.from_self(:alias=>:foo, :column_aliases=>[:c1, :c2])
# # SELECT * FROM (SELECT id, name FROM items ORDER BY name) AS foo(c1, c2)
def from_self(opts=OPTS)
fs = {}
@opts.keys.each{|k| fs[k] = nil unless NON_SQL_OPTIONS.include?(k)}
clone(fs).from(opts[:alias] ? as(opts[:alias], opts[:column_aliases]) : self)
end
# Match any of the columns to any of the patterns. The terms can be
# strings (which use LIKE) or regular expressions (which are only
# supported on MySQL and PostgreSQL). Note that the total number of
# pattern matches will be Array(columns).length * Array(terms).length,
# which could cause performance issues.
#
# Options (all are boolean):
#
# :all_columns :: All columns must be matched to any of the given patterns.
# :all_patterns :: All patterns must match at least one of the columns.
# :case_insensitive :: Use a case insensitive pattern match (the default is
# case sensitive if the database supports it).
#
# If both :all_columns and :all_patterns are true, all columns must match all patterns.
#
# Examples:
#
# dataset.grep(:a, '%test%')
# # SELECT * FROM items WHERE (a LIKE '%test%' ESCAPE '\')
#
# dataset.grep([:a, :b], %w'%test% foo')
# # SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((a LIKE '%test%' ESCAPE '\') OR (a LIKE 'foo' ESCAPE '\')
# # OR (b LIKE '%test%' ESCAPE '\') OR (b LIKE 'foo' ESCAPE '\'))
#
# dataset.grep([:a, :b], %w'%foo% %bar%', :all_patterns=>true)
# # SELECT * FROM a WHERE (((a LIKE '%foo%' ESCAPE '\') OR (b LIKE '%foo%' ESCAPE '\'))
# # AND ((a LIKE '%bar%' ESCAPE '\') OR (b LIKE '%bar%' ESCAPE '\')))
#
# dataset.grep([:a, :b], %w'%foo% %bar%', :all_columns=>true)
# # SELECT * FROM a WHERE (((a LIKE '%foo%' ESCAPE '\') OR (a LIKE '%bar%' ESCAPE '\'))
# # AND ((b LIKE '%foo%' ESCAPE '\') OR (b LIKE '%bar%' ESCAPE '\')))
#
# dataset.grep([:a, :b], %w'%foo% %bar%', :all_patterns=>true, :all_columns=>true)
# # SELECT * FROM a WHERE ((a LIKE '%foo%' ESCAPE '\') AND (b LIKE '%foo%' ESCAPE '\')
# # AND (a LIKE '%bar%' ESCAPE '\') AND (b LIKE '%bar%' ESCAPE '\'))
def grep(columns, patterns, opts=OPTS)
if opts[:all_patterns]
conds = Array(patterns).map do |pat|
SQL::BooleanExpression.new(opts[:all_columns] ? :AND : :OR, *Array(columns).map{|c| SQL::StringExpression.like(c, pat, opts)})
end
where(SQL::BooleanExpression.new(opts[:all_patterns] ? :AND : :OR, *conds))
else
conds = Array(columns).map do |c|
SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:OR, *Array(patterns).map{|pat| SQL::StringExpression.like(c, pat, opts)})
end
where(SQL::BooleanExpression.new(opts[:all_columns] ? :AND : :OR, *conds))
end
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the results grouped by the value of
# the given columns. If a block is given, it is treated
# as a virtual row block, similar to +where+.
#
# DB[:items].group(:id) # SELECT * FROM items GROUP BY id
# DB[:items].group(:id, :name) # SELECT * FROM items GROUP BY id, name
# DB[:items].group{[a, sum(b)]} # SELECT * FROM items GROUP BY a, sum(b)
def group(*columns, &block)
virtual_row_columns(columns, block)
clone(:group => (columns.compact.empty? ? nil : columns))
end
# Alias of group
def group_by(*columns, &block)
group(*columns, &block)
end
# Returns a dataset grouped by the given column with count by group.
# Column aliases may be supplied, and will be included in the select clause.
# If a block is given, it is treated as a virtual row block, similar to +where+.
#
# Examples:
#
# DB[:items].group_and_count(:name).all
# # SELECT name, count(*) AS count FROM items GROUP BY name
# # => [{:name=>'a', :count=>1}, ...]
#
# DB[:items].group_and_count(:first_name, :last_name).all
# # SELECT first_name, last_name, count(*) AS count FROM items GROUP BY first_name, last_name
# # => [{:first_name=>'a', :last_name=>'b', :count=>1}, ...]
#
# DB[:items].group_and_count(:first_name___name).all
# # SELECT first_name AS name, count(*) AS count FROM items GROUP BY first_name
# # => [{:name=>'a', :count=>1}, ...]
#
# DB[:items].group_and_count{substr(first_name, 1, 1).as(initial)}.all
# # SELECT substr(first_name, 1, 1) AS initial, count(*) AS count FROM items GROUP BY substr(first_name, 1, 1)
# # => [{:initial=>'a', :count=>1}, ...]
def group_and_count(*columns, &block)
select_group(*columns, &block).select_more(COUNT_OF_ALL_AS_COUNT)
end
# Adds the appropriate CUBE syntax to GROUP BY.
def group_cube
raise Error, "GROUP BY CUBE not supported on #{db.database_type}" unless supports_group_cube?
clone(:group_options=>:cube)
end
# Adds the appropriate ROLLUP syntax to GROUP BY.
def group_rollup
raise Error, "GROUP BY ROLLUP not supported on #{db.database_type}" unless supports_group_rollup?
clone(:group_options=>:rollup)
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the HAVING conditions changed. See #where for argument types.
#
# DB[:items].group(:sum).having(:sum=>10)
# # SELECT * FROM items GROUP BY sum HAVING (sum = 10)
def having(*cond, &block)
_filter(:having, *cond, &block)
end
# Adds an INTERSECT clause using a second dataset object.
# An INTERSECT compound dataset returns all rows in both the current dataset
# and the given dataset.
# Raises an +InvalidOperation+ if the operation is not supported.
# Options:
# :alias :: Use the given value as the from_self alias
# :all :: Set to true to use INTERSECT ALL instead of INTERSECT, so duplicate rows can occur
# :from_self :: Set to false to not wrap the returned dataset in a from_self, use with care.
#
# DB[:items].intersect(DB[:other_items])
# # SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM items INTERSECT SELECT * FROM other_items) AS t1
#
# DB[:items].intersect(DB[:other_items], :all=>true, :from_self=>false)
# # SELECT * FROM items INTERSECT ALL SELECT * FROM other_items
#
# DB[:items].intersect(DB[:other_items], :alias=>:i)
# # SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM items INTERSECT SELECT * FROM other_items) AS i
def intersect(dataset, opts=OPTS)
raise(InvalidOperation, "INTERSECT not supported") unless supports_intersect_except?
raise(InvalidOperation, "INTERSECT ALL not supported") if opts[:all] && !supports_intersect_except_all?
compound_clone(:intersect, dataset, opts)
end
# Inverts the current WHERE and HAVING clauses. If there is neither a
# WHERE or HAVING clause, adds a WHERE clause that is always false.
#
# DB[:items].where(:category => 'software').invert
# # SELECT * FROM items WHERE (category != 'software')
#
# DB[:items].where(:category => 'software', :id=>3).invert
# # SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((category != 'software') OR (id != 3))
def invert
having, where = @opts.values_at(:having, :where)
if having.nil? && where.nil?
where(false)
else
o = {}
o[:having] = SQL::BooleanExpression.invert(having) if having
o[:where] = SQL::BooleanExpression.invert(where) if where
clone(o)
end
end
# Alias of +inner_join+
def join(*args, &block)
inner_join(*args, &block)
end
# Returns a joined dataset. Not usually called directly, users should use the
# appropriate join method (e.g. join, left_join, natural_join, cross_join) which fills
# in the +type+ argument.
#
# Takes the following arguments:
#
# type :: The type of join to do (e.g. :inner)
# table :: table to join into the current dataset. Generally one of the following types:
# String, Symbol :: identifier used as table or view name
# Dataset :: a subselect is performed with an alias of tN for some value of N
# SQL::Function :: set returning function
# SQL::AliasedExpression :: already aliased expression. Uses given alias unless
# overridden by the :table_alias option.
# expr :: conditions used when joining, depends on type:
# Hash, Array of pairs :: Assumes key (1st arg) is column of joined table (unless already
# qualified), and value (2nd arg) is column of the last joined or
# primary table (or the :implicit_qualifier option).
# To specify multiple conditions on a single joined table column,
# you must use an array. Uses a JOIN with an ON clause.
# Array :: If all members of the array are symbols, considers them as columns and
# uses a JOIN with a USING clause. Most databases will remove duplicate columns from
# the result set if this is used.
# nil :: If a block is not given, doesn't use ON or USING, so the JOIN should be a NATURAL
# or CROSS join. If a block is given, uses an ON clause based on the block, see below.
# otherwise :: Treats the argument as a filter expression, so strings are considered literal, symbols
# specify boolean columns, and Sequel expressions can be used. Uses a JOIN with an ON clause.
# options :: a hash of options, with the following keys supported:
# :table_alias :: Override the table alias used when joining. In general you shouldn't use this
# option, you should provide the appropriate SQL::AliasedExpression as the table
# argument.
# :implicit_qualifier :: The name to use for qualifying implicit conditions. By default,
# the last joined or primary table is used.
# :reset_implicit_qualifier :: Can set to false to ignore this join when future joins determine qualifier
# for implicit conditions.
# :qualify :: Can be set to false to not do any implicit qualification. Can be set
# to :deep to use the Qualifier AST Transformer, which will attempt to qualify
# subexpressions of the expression tree. Can be set to :symbol to only qualify
# symbols. Defaults to the value of default_join_table_qualification.
# block :: The block argument should only be given if a JOIN with an ON clause is used,
# in which case it yields the table alias/name for the table currently being joined,
# the table alias/name for the last joined (or first table), and an array of previous
# SQL::JoinClause. Unlike +where+, this block is not treated as a virtual row block.
#
# Examples:
#
# DB[:a].join_table(:cross, :b)
# # SELECT * FROM a CROSS JOIN b
#
# DB[:a].join_table(:inner, DB[:b], :c=>d)
# # SELECT * FROM a INNER JOIN (SELECT * FROM b) AS t1 ON (t1.c = a.d)
#
# DB[:a].join_table(:left, :b___c, [:d])
# # SELECT * FROM a LEFT JOIN b AS c USING (d)
#
# DB[:a].natural_join(:b).join_table(:inner, :c) do |ta, jta, js|
# (Sequel.qualify(ta, :d) > Sequel.qualify(jta, :e)) & {Sequel.qualify(ta, :f)=>DB.from(js.first.table).select(:g)}
# end
# # SELECT * FROM a NATURAL JOIN b INNER JOIN c
# # ON ((c.d > b.e) AND (c.f IN (SELECT g FROM b)))
def join_table(type, table, expr=nil, options=OPTS, &block)
if hoist_cte?(table)
s, ds = hoist_cte(table)
return s.join_table(type, ds, expr, options, &block)
end
using_join = expr.is_a?(Array) && !expr.empty? && expr.all?{|x| x.is_a?(Symbol)}
if using_join && !supports_join_using?
h = {}
expr.each{|e| h[e] = e}
return join_table(type, table, h, options)
end
table_alias = options[:table_alias]
last_alias = options[:implicit_qualifier]
qualify_type = options[:qualify]
if table.is_a?(SQL::AliasedExpression)
table_expr = if table_alias
SQL::AliasedExpression.new(table.expression, table_alias, table.columns)
else
table
end
table = table_expr.expression
table_name = table_alias = table_expr.alias
elsif table.is_a?(Dataset)
if table_alias.nil?
table_alias_num = (@opts[:num_dataset_sources] || 0) + 1
table_alias = dataset_alias(table_alias_num)
end
table_name = table_alias
table_expr = SQL::AliasedExpression.new(table, table_alias)
else
table, implicit_table_alias = split_alias(table)
table_alias ||= implicit_table_alias
table_name = table_alias || table
table_expr = table_alias ? SQL::AliasedExpression.new(table, table_alias) : table
end
join = if expr.nil? and !block
SQL::JoinClause.new(type, table_expr)
elsif using_join
raise(Sequel::Error, "can't use a block if providing an array of symbols as expr") if block
SQL::JoinUsingClause.new(expr, type, table_expr)
else
last_alias ||= @opts[:last_joined_table] || first_source_alias
if Sequel.condition_specifier?(expr)
expr = expr.collect do |k, v|
qualify_type = default_join_table_qualification if qualify_type.nil?
case qualify_type
when false
nil # Do no qualification
when :deep
k = Sequel::Qualifier.new(self, table_name).transform(k)
v = Sequel::Qualifier.new(self, last_alias).transform(v)
else
k = qualified_column_name(k, table_name) if k.is_a?(Symbol)
v = qualified_column_name(v, last_alias) if v.is_a?(Symbol)
end
[k,v]
end
expr = SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(expr)
end
if block
expr2 = yield(table_name, last_alias, @opts[:join] || [])
expr = expr ? SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:AND, expr, expr2) : expr2
end
SQL::JoinOnClause.new(expr, type, table_expr)
end
opts = {:join => (@opts[:join] || []) + [join]}
opts[:last_joined_table] = table_name unless options[:reset_implicit_qualifier] == false
opts[:num_dataset_sources] = table_alias_num if table_alias_num
clone(opts)
end
CONDITIONED_JOIN_TYPES.each do |jtype|
class_eval("def #{jtype}_join(*args, &block); join_table(:#{jtype}, *args, &block) end", __FILE__, __LINE__)
end
UNCONDITIONED_JOIN_TYPES.each do |jtype|
class_eval(<<-END, __FILE__, __LINE__+1)
def #{jtype}_join(table, opts=Sequel::OPTS)
raise(Sequel::Error, '#{jtype}_join does not accept join table blocks') if block_given?
raise(Sequel::Error, '#{jtype}_join 2nd argument should be an options hash, not conditions') unless opts.is_a?(Hash)
join_table(:#{jtype}, table, nil, opts)
end
END
end
# Marks this dataset as a lateral dataset. If used in another dataset's FROM
# or JOIN clauses, it will surround the subquery with LATERAL to enable it
# to deal with previous tables in the query:
#
# DB.from(:a, DB[:b].where(:a__c=>:b__d).lateral)
# # SELECT * FROM a, LATERAL (SELECT * FROM b WHERE (a.c = b.d))
def lateral
clone(:lateral=>true)
end
# If given an integer, the dataset will contain only the first l results.
# If given a range, it will contain only those at offsets within that
# range. If a second argument is given, it is used as an offset. To use
# an offset without a limit, pass nil as the first argument.
#
# DB[:items].limit(10) # SELECT * FROM items LIMIT 10
# DB[:items].limit(10, 20) # SELECT * FROM items LIMIT 10 OFFSET 20
# DB[:items].limit(10...20) # SELECT * FROM items LIMIT 10 OFFSET 10
# DB[:items].limit(10..20) # SELECT * FROM items LIMIT 11 OFFSET 10
# DB[:items].limit(nil, 20) # SELECT * FROM items OFFSET 20
def limit(l, o = (no_offset = true; nil))
return from_self.limit(l, o) if @opts[:sql]
if l.is_a?(Range)
no_offset = false
o = l.first
l = l.last - l.first + (l.exclude_end? ? 0 : 1)
end
l = l.to_i if l.is_a?(String) && !l.is_a?(LiteralString)
if l.is_a?(Integer)
raise(Error, 'Limits must be greater than or equal to 1') unless l >= 1
end
ds = clone(:limit=>l)
ds = ds.offset(o) unless no_offset
ds
end
# Returns a cloned dataset with the given lock style. If style is a
# string, it will be used directly. You should never pass a string
# to this method that is derived from user input, as that can lead to
# SQL injection.
#
# A symbol may be used for database independent locking behavior, but
# all supported symbols have separate methods (e.g. for_update).
#
# DB[:items].lock_style('FOR SHARE NOWAIT') # SELECT * FROM items FOR SHARE NOWAIT
def lock_style(style)
clone(:lock => style)
end
# Returns a cloned dataset without a row_proc.
#
# ds = DB[:items]
# ds.row_proc = proc{|r| r.invert}
# ds.all # => [{2=>:id}]
# ds.naked.all # => [{:id=>2}]
def naked
ds = clone
ds.row_proc = nil
ds
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with a specified order. Can be safely combined with limit.
# If you call limit with an offset, it will override override the offset if you've called
# offset first.
#
# DB[:items].offset(10) # SELECT * FROM items OFFSET 10
def offset(o)
o = o.to_i if o.is_a?(String) && !o.is_a?(LiteralString)
if o.is_a?(Integer)
raise(Error, 'Offsets must be greater than or equal to 0') unless o >= 0
end
clone(:offset => o)
end
# Adds an alternate filter to an existing filter using OR. If no filter
# exists an +Error+ is raised.
#
# DB[:items].where(:a).or(:b) # SELECT * FROM items WHERE a OR b
def or(*cond, &block)
cond = cond.first if cond.size == 1
v = @opts[:where]
if v.nil? || (cond.respond_to?(:empty?) && cond.empty? && !block)
clone
else
clone(:where => SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:OR, v, filter_expr(cond, &block)))
end
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the order changed. If the dataset has an
# existing order, it is ignored and overwritten with this order. If a nil is given
# the returned dataset has no order. This can accept multiple arguments
# of varying kinds, such as SQL functions. If a block is given, it is treated
# as a virtual row block, similar to +where+.
#
# DB[:items].order(:name) # SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY name
# DB[:items].order(:a, :b) # SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY a, b
# DB[:items].order(Sequel.lit('a + b')) # SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY a + b
# DB[:items].order(:a + :b) # SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY (a + b)
# DB[:items].order(Sequel.desc(:name)) # SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY name DESC
# DB[:items].order(Sequel.asc(:name, :nulls=>:last)) # SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY name ASC NULLS LAST
# DB[:items].order{sum(name).desc} # SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY sum(name) DESC
# DB[:items].order(nil) # SELECT * FROM items
def order(*columns, &block)
virtual_row_columns(columns, block)
clone(:order => (columns.compact.empty?) ? nil : columns)
end
# Alias of order_more, for naming consistency with order_prepend.
def order_append(*columns, &block)
order_more(*columns, &block)
end
# Alias of order
def order_by(*columns, &block)
order(*columns, &block)
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the order columns added
# to the end of the existing order.
#
# DB[:items].order(:a).order(:b) # SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY b
# DB[:items].order(:a).order_more(:b) # SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY a, b
def order_more(*columns, &block)
columns = @opts[:order] + columns if @opts[:order]
order(*columns, &block)
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the order columns added
# to the beginning of the existing order.
#
# DB[:items].order(:a).order(:b) # SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY b
# DB[:items].order(:a).order_prepend(:b) # SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY b, a
def order_prepend(*columns, &block)
ds = order(*columns, &block)
@opts[:order] ? ds.order_more(*@opts[:order]) : ds
end
# Qualify to the given table, or first source if no table is given.
#
# DB[:items].where(:id=>1).qualify
# # SELECT items.* FROM items WHERE (items.id = 1)
#
# DB[:items].where(:id=>1).qualify(:i)
# # SELECT i.* FROM items WHERE (i.id = 1)
def qualify(table=first_source)
o = @opts
return clone if o[:sql]
h = {}
(o.keys & QUALIFY_KEYS).each do |k|
h[k] = qualified_expression(o[k], table)
end
h[:select] = [SQL::ColumnAll.new(table)] if !o[:select] || o[:select].empty?
clone(h)
end
# Modify the RETURNING clause, only supported on a few databases. If returning
# is used, instead of insert returning the autogenerated primary key or
# update/delete returning the number of modified rows, results are
# returned using +fetch_rows+.
#
# DB[:items].returning # RETURNING *
# DB[:items].returning(nil) # RETURNING NULL
# DB[:items].returning(:id, :name) # RETURNING id, name
def returning(*values)
raise Error, "RETURNING is not supported on #{db.database_type}" unless supports_returning?(:insert)
clone(:returning=>values)
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the order reversed. If no order is
# given, the existing order is inverted.
#
# DB[:items].reverse(:id) # SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY id DESC
# DB[:items].reverse{foo(bar)} # SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY foo(bar) DESC
# DB[:items].order(:id).reverse # SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY id DESC
# DB[:items].order(:id).reverse(Sequel.desc(:name)) # SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY name ASC
def reverse(*order, &block)
virtual_row_columns(order, block)
order(*invert_order(order.empty? ? @opts[:order] : order))
end
# Alias of +reverse+
def reverse_order(*order, &block)
reverse(*order, &block)
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the columns selected changed
# to the given columns. This also takes a virtual row block,
# similar to +where+.
#
# DB[:items].select(:a) # SELECT a FROM items
# DB[:items].select(:a, :b) # SELECT a, b FROM items
# DB[:items].select{[a, sum(b)]} # SELECT a, sum(b) FROM items
def select(*columns, &block)
virtual_row_columns(columns, block)
clone(:select => columns)
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset selecting the wildcard if no arguments
# are given. If arguments are given, treat them as tables and select
# all columns (using the wildcard) from each table.
#
# DB[:items].select(:a).select_all # SELECT * FROM items
# DB[:items].select_all(:items) # SELECT items.* FROM items
# DB[:items].select_all(:items, :foo) # SELECT items.*, foo.* FROM items
def select_all(*tables)
if tables.empty?
clone(:select => nil)
else
select(*tables.map{|t| i, a = split_alias(t); a || i}.map{|t| SQL::ColumnAll.new(t)})
end
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the given columns added
# to the existing selected columns. If no columns are currently selected,
# it will select the columns given in addition to *.
#
# DB[:items].select(:a).select(:b) # SELECT b FROM items
# DB[:items].select(:a).select_append(:b) # SELECT a, b FROM items
# DB[:items].select_append(:b) # SELECT *, b FROM items
def select_append(*columns, &block)
cur_sel = @opts[:select]
if !cur_sel || cur_sel.empty?
unless supports_select_all_and_column?
return select_all(*(Array(@opts[:from]) + Array(@opts[:join]))).select_more(*columns, &block)
end
cur_sel = [WILDCARD]
end
select(*(cur_sel + columns), &block)
end
# Set both the select and group clauses with the given +columns+.
# Column aliases may be supplied, and will be included in the select clause.
# This also takes a virtual row block similar to +where+.
#
# DB[:items].select_group(:a, :b)
# # SELECT a, b FROM items GROUP BY a, b
#
# DB[:items].select_group(:c___a){f(c2)}
# # SELECT c AS a, f(c2) FROM items GROUP BY c, f(c2)
def select_group(*columns, &block)
virtual_row_columns(columns, block)
select(*columns).group(*columns.map{|c| unaliased_identifier(c)})
end
# Alias for select_append.
def select_more(*columns, &block)
select_append(*columns, &block)
end
# Set the server for this dataset to use. Used to pick a specific database
# shard to run a query against, or to override the default (where SELECT uses
# :read_only database and all other queries use the :default database). This
# method is always available but is only useful when database sharding is being
# used.
#
# DB[:items].all # Uses the :read_only or :default server
# DB[:items].delete # Uses the :default server
# DB[:items].server(:blah).delete # Uses the :blah server
def server(servr)
clone(:server=>servr)
end
# Unbind bound variables from this dataset's filter and return an array of two
# objects. The first object is a modified dataset where the filter has been
# replaced with one that uses bound variable placeholders. The second object
# is the hash of unbound variables. You can then prepare and execute (or just
# call) the dataset with the bound variables to get results.
#
# ds, bv = DB[:items].where(:a=>1).unbind
# ds # SELECT * FROM items WHERE (a = $a)
# bv # {:a => 1}
# ds.call(:select, bv)
def unbind
u = Unbinder.new
ds = clone(:where=>u.transform(opts[:where]), :join=>u.transform(opts[:join]))
[ds, u.binds]
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with no filters (HAVING or WHERE clause) applied.
#
# DB[:items].group(:a).having(:a=>1).where(:b).unfiltered
# # SELECT * FROM items GROUP BY a
def unfiltered
clone(:where => nil, :having => nil)
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with no grouping (GROUP or HAVING clause) applied.
#
# DB[:items].group(:a).having(:a=>1).where(:b).ungrouped
# # SELECT * FROM items WHERE b
def ungrouped
clone(:group => nil, :having => nil)
end
# Adds a UNION clause using a second dataset object.
# A UNION compound dataset returns all rows in either the current dataset
# or the given dataset.
# Options:
# :alias :: Use the given value as the from_self alias
# :all :: Set to true to use UNION ALL instead of UNION, so duplicate rows can occur
# :from_self :: Set to false to not wrap the returned dataset in a from_self, use with care.
#
# DB[:items].union(DB[:other_items])
# # SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM items UNION SELECT * FROM other_items) AS t1
#
# DB[:items].union(DB[:other_items], :all=>true, :from_self=>false)
# # SELECT * FROM items UNION ALL SELECT * FROM other_items
#
# DB[:items].union(DB[:other_items], :alias=>:i)
# # SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM items UNION SELECT * FROM other_items) AS i
def union(dataset, opts=OPTS)
compound_clone(:union, dataset, opts)
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with no limit or offset.
#
# DB[:items].limit(10, 20).unlimited # SELECT * FROM items
def unlimited
clone(:limit=>nil, :offset=>nil)
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with no order.
#
# DB[:items].order(:a).unordered # SELECT * FROM items
def unordered
order(nil)
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the given WHERE conditions imposed upon it.
#
# Accepts the following argument types:
#
# Hash :: list of equality/inclusion expressions
# Array :: depends:
# * If first member is a string, assumes the rest of the arguments
# are parameters and interpolates them into the string.
# * If all members are arrays of length two, treats the same way
# as a hash, except it allows for duplicate keys to be
# specified.
# * Otherwise, treats each argument as a separate condition.
# String :: taken literally
# Symbol :: taken as a boolean column argument (e.g. WHERE active)
# Sequel::SQL::BooleanExpression :: an existing condition expression,
# probably created using the Sequel expression filter DSL.
#
# where also accepts a block, which should return one of the above argument
# types, and is treated the same way. This block yields a virtual row object,
# which is easy to use to create identifiers and functions. For more details
# on the virtual row support, see the {"Virtual Rows" guide}[rdoc-ref:doc/virtual_rows.rdoc]
#
# If both a block and regular argument are provided, they get ANDed together.
#
# Examples:
#
# DB[:items].where(:id => 3)
# # SELECT * FROM items WHERE (id = 3)
#
# DB[:items].where('price < ?', 100)
# # SELECT * FROM items WHERE price < 100
#
# DB[:items].where([[:id, [1,2,3]], [:id, 0..10]])
# # SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((id IN (1, 2, 3)) AND ((id >= 0) AND (id <= 10)))
#
# DB[:items].where('price < 100')
# # SELECT * FROM items WHERE price < 100
#
# DB[:items].where(:active)
# # SELECT * FROM items WHERE :active
#
# DB[:items].where{price < 100}
# # SELECT * FROM items WHERE (price < 100)
#
# Multiple where calls can be chained for scoping:
#
# software = dataset.where(:category => 'software').where{price < 100}
# # SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((category = 'software') AND (price < 100))
#
# See the {"Dataset Filtering" guide}[rdoc-ref:doc/dataset_filtering.rdoc] for more examples and details.
def where(*cond, &block)
_filter(:where, *cond, &block)
end
# Add a common table expression (CTE) with the given name and a dataset that defines the CTE.
# A common table expression acts as an inline view for the query.
# Options:
# :args :: Specify the arguments/columns for the CTE, should be an array of symbols.
# :recursive :: Specify that this is a recursive CTE
#
# DB[:items].with(:items, DB[:syx].where(:name.like('A%')))
# # WITH items AS (SELECT * FROM syx WHERE (name LIKE 'A%' ESCAPE '\')) SELECT * FROM items
def with(name, dataset, opts=OPTS)
raise(Error, 'This dataset does not support common table expressions') unless supports_cte?
if hoist_cte?(dataset)
s, ds = hoist_cte(dataset)
s.with(name, ds, opts)
else
clone(:with=>(@opts[:with]||[]) + [opts.merge(:name=>name, :dataset=>dataset)])
end
end
# Add a recursive common table expression (CTE) with the given name, a dataset that
# defines the nonrecursive part of the CTE, and a dataset that defines the recursive part
# of the CTE. Options:
# :args :: Specify the arguments/columns for the CTE, should be an array of symbols.
# :union_all :: Set to false to use UNION instead of UNION ALL combining the nonrecursive and recursive parts.
#
# DB[:t].with_recursive(:t,
# DB[:i1].select(:id, :parent_id).where(:parent_id=>nil),
# DB[:i1].join(:t, :id=>:parent_id).select(:i1__id, :i1__parent_id),
# :args=>[:id, :parent_id])
#
# # WITH RECURSIVE "t"("id", "parent_id") AS (
# # SELECT "id", "parent_id" FROM "i1" WHERE ("parent_id" IS NULL)
# # UNION ALL
# # SELECT "i1"."id", "i1"."parent_id" FROM "i1" INNER JOIN "t" ON ("t"."id" = "i1"."parent_id")
# # ) SELECT * FROM "t"
def with_recursive(name, nonrecursive, recursive, opts=OPTS)
raise(Error, 'This datatset does not support common table expressions') unless supports_cte?
if hoist_cte?(nonrecursive)
s, ds = hoist_cte(nonrecursive)
s.with_recursive(name, ds, recursive, opts)
elsif hoist_cte?(recursive)
s, ds = hoist_cte(recursive)
s.with_recursive(name, nonrecursive, ds, opts)
else
clone(:with=>(@opts[:with]||[]) + [opts.merge(:recursive=>true, :name=>name, :dataset=>nonrecursive.union(recursive, {:all=>opts[:union_all] != false, :from_self=>false}))])
end
end
# Returns a copy of the dataset with the static SQL used. This is useful if you want
# to keep the same row_proc/graph, but change the SQL used to custom SQL.
#
# DB[:items].with_sql('SELECT * FROM foo') # SELECT * FROM foo
#
# You can use placeholders in your SQL and provide arguments for those placeholders:
#
# DB[:items].with_sql('SELECT ? FROM foo', 1) # SELECT 1 FROM foo
#
# You can also provide a method name and arguments to call to get the SQL:
#
# DB[:items].with_sql(:insert_sql, :b=>1) # INSERT INTO items (b) VALUES (1)
def with_sql(sql, *args)
if sql.is_a?(Symbol)
sql = send(sql, *args)
else
sql = SQL::PlaceholderLiteralString.new(sql, args) unless args.empty?
end
clone(:sql=>sql)
end
protected
# Add the dataset to the list of compounds
def compound_clone(type, dataset, opts)
if hoist_cte?(dataset)
s, ds = hoist_cte(dataset)
return s.compound_clone(type, ds, opts)
end
ds = compound_from_self.clone(:compounds=>Array(@opts[:compounds]).map{|x| x.dup} + [[type, dataset.compound_from_self, opts[:all]]])
opts[:from_self] == false ? ds : ds.from_self(opts)
end
# Return true if the dataset has a non-nil value for any key in opts.
def options_overlap(opts)
!(@opts.collect{|k,v| k unless v.nil?}.compact & opts).empty?
end
# Whether this dataset is a simple select from an underlying table, such as:
#
# SELECT * FROM table
# SELECT table.* FROM table
def simple_select_all?
o = @opts.reject{|k,v| v.nil? || NON_SQL_OPTIONS.include?(k)}
if (f = o[:from]) && f.length == 1 && (f.first.is_a?(Symbol) || f.first.is_a?(SQL::AliasedExpression))
case o.length
when 1
true
when 2
(s = o[:select]) && s.length == 1 && s.first.is_a?(SQL::ColumnAll)
else
false
end
else
false
end
end
private
# Internal filtering method so it works on either the WHERE or HAVING clauses, with or
# without inversion.
def _filter_or_exclude(invert, clause, *cond, &block)
cond = cond.first if cond.size == 1
if cond.respond_to?(:empty?) && cond.empty? && !block
clone
else
cond = filter_expr(cond, &block)
cond = SQL::BooleanExpression.invert(cond) if invert
cond = SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:AND, @opts[clause], cond) if @opts[clause]
clone(clause => cond)
end
end
# Internal filter method so it works on either the having or where clauses.
def _filter(clause, *cond, &block)
_filter_or_exclude(false, clause, *cond, &block)
end
# The default :qualify option to use for join tables if one is not specified.
def default_join_table_qualification
:symbol
end
# SQL expression object based on the expr type. See +where+.
def filter_expr(expr = nil, &block)
expr = nil if expr == []
if expr && block
return SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:AND, filter_expr(expr), filter_expr(block))
elsif block
expr = block
end
case expr
when Hash
SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(expr)
when Array
if (sexpr = expr.at(0)).is_a?(String)
SQL::PlaceholderLiteralString.new(sexpr, expr[1..-1], true)
elsif Sequel.condition_specifier?(expr)
SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(expr)
else
SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:AND, *expr.map{|x| filter_expr(x)})
end
when Proc
filter_expr(Sequel.virtual_row(&expr))
when Numeric, SQL::NumericExpression, SQL::StringExpression
raise(Error, "Invalid filter expression: #{expr.inspect}")
when TrueClass, FalseClass
if supports_where_true?
SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:NOOP, expr)
elsif expr
SQL::Constants::SQLTRUE
else
SQL::Constants::SQLFALSE
end
when String
LiteralString.new("(#{expr})")
when PlaceholderLiteralizer::Argument
expr.transform{|v| filter_expr(v)}
else
expr
end
end
# Return two datasets, the first a clone of the receiver with the WITH
# clause from the given dataset added to it, and the second a clone of
# the given dataset with the WITH clause removed.
def hoist_cte(ds)
[clone(:with => (opts[:with] || []) + ds.opts[:with]), ds.clone(:with => nil)]
end
# Whether CTEs need to be hoisted from the given ds into the current ds.
def hoist_cte?(ds)
ds.is_a?(Dataset) && ds.opts[:with] && !supports_cte_in_subqueries?
end
# Inverts the given order by breaking it into a list of column references
# and inverting them.
#
# DB[:items].invert_order([Sequel.desc(:id)]]) #=> [Sequel.asc(:id)]
# DB[:items].invert_order([:category, Sequel.desc(:price)]) #=> [Sequel.desc(:category), Sequel.asc(:price)]
def invert_order(order)
return nil unless order
order.map do |f|
case f
when SQL::OrderedExpression
f.invert
else
SQL::OrderedExpression.new(f)
end
end
end
# Return self if the dataset already has a server, or a cloned dataset with the
# default server otherwise.
def default_server
@opts[:server] ? self : clone(:server=>:default)
end
# Treat the +block+ as a virtual_row block if not +nil+ and
# add the resulting columns to the +columns+ array (modifies +columns+).
def virtual_row_columns(columns, block)
if block
v = Sequel.virtual_row(&block)
if v.is_a?(Array)
columns.concat(v)
else
columns << v
end
end
end
end
end
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