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<H1><A NAME="sec:10"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Programming
techniques</SPAN></A></H1>
<A NAME="sec:techniques"></A>
<P>This chapter is an assorted collection of techniques to programming
problems that appear in many applications and for which support for
generic solutions is present, but cannot easily be found using the
online reference manual.
<P>
<UL>
<LI><A class="" href="control.html#sec:10.1">Control-structure of
PCE/Prolog applications</A> Discusses the event-driven control-structure
used by <font size=-1>XPCE</font> applications. Also describes how to
avoid using this structure.
<LI><A class="" href="exeobjects.html#sec:10.2">Executable Objects</A>
Discusses <font size=-1>XPCE</font> code objects and their usage in
controls, methods and as parameters.
<LI><A class="" href="namedref.html#sec:10.3">Defining global named
objects</A> Discusses handling of globally named system-wide objects.
<LI><A class="" href="whoiswho.html#sec:10.4">Using object references:
``Who's Who?''</A> Discusses mechanism available to find object
references, avoiding global references and explicit storage of
references.
<LI><A class="" href="application.html#sec:10.5">Relating frames</A>
Discusses combining frames in a application, transient frames and
various styles of modal operation and event handling.
<LI><A class="" href="report.html#sec:10.7">Informing the user</A>
Discusses the generic reporting system used to inform the user of
progress, status and errors.
<LI><A class="" href="errors.html#sec:10.8">Errors</A> Specifying,
handling and generating errors.
<LI><A class="" href="font.html#sec:10.9">Specifying fonts</A> Discusses
the indirections in the font-specification mechanism.
<LI><A class="" href="images.html#sec:10.10">Using images and cursors</A>
Discusses images, icons and cursors.
<LI><A class="" href="hyper.html#sec:10.11">Using Hyper Links to Relate
Objects</A> Discusses a technique to relate objects.
<LI><A class="" href="ugraphics.html#sec:10.12">User Defined Graphicals</A>
Discusses the definition of new graphical primitives.
<LI><A class="" href="printing.html#sec:10.13">Printing</A> Discusses
printing from <font size=-1>XPCE</font> applications.
</UL>
<P>
<HR>
<CENTER>
<H2>Section Index</H2>
</CENTER>
<HR>
<DIV class="toc">
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="control.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Control-structure
of <font size=-1>XPCE/P</font>rolog applications</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="control.html#sec:10.1.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Event-driven
applications</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h4"><A class="sec" href="control.html#sec:10.1.1.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.1.1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Keeping
control</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="control.html#sec:10.1.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">XPCE
and existing applications</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="exeobjects.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Executable
objects</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="exeobjects.html#sec:10.2.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Procedures</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="exeobjects.html#sec:10.2.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Functions</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="exeobjects.html#sec:10.2.3"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Example
1: Finding objects</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="exeobjects.html#sec:10.2.4"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.2.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Example
2: Internal behaviour of dialog window</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="namedref.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Defining
global named objects</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="namedref.html#sec:10.3.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using
directives</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="namedref.html#sec:10.3.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Inline
testing</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="namedref.html#sec:10.3.3"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">The
`pce_global' directive</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="namedref.html#sec:10.3.4"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.3.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Global
objects for recognisers</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="whoiswho.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using
object references: ``Who's Who?''</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="whoiswho.html#sec:10.4.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.4.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Global
named references</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="whoiswho.html#sec:10.4.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.4.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using
the prolog database</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="whoiswho.html#sec:10.4.3"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.4.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using
object-level attributes</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="whoiswho.html#sec:10.4.4"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.4.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using
window and graphical behaviour</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="whoiswho.html#sec:10.4.5"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.4.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using
user defined classes</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="whoiswho.html#sec:10.4.6"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.4.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Summary</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="application.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Relating
frames</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="application.html#sec:10.5.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.5.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Class
application</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="application.html#sec:10.5.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.5.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Transient
frames</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="application.html#sec:10.5.3"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.5.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Modal
operation</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="framelayout.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Window
layout in a frame</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="framelayout.html#sec:10.6.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.6.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Windows
sizes and automatic adjustment</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="framelayout.html#sec:10.6.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.6.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Manipulating
an open frame</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="report.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.7</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Informing
the user</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="report.html#sec:10.7.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.7.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Aim
of the report mechanism</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="report.html#sec:10.7.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.7.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">The
report interface</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h4"><A class="sec" href="report.html#sec:10.7.2.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.7.2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Information
types</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="report.html#sec:10.7.3"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.7.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Redefining
report handling</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="report.html#sec:10.7.4"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.7.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Example</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="errors.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.8</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Errors</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="errors.html#sec:10.8.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.8.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Handling
errors in the application</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="errors.html#sec:10.8.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.8.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Raising
errors</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="errors.html#sec:10.8.3"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.8.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Repairable
errors</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="font.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.9</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Specifying
fonts</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="font.html#sec:10.9.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.9.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Physical
fonts</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h4"><A class="sec" href="font.html#sec:10.9.1.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.9.1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Defining
additional fonts</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="font.html#sec:10.9.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.9.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Logical
fonts</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="images.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.10</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using
images and cursors</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="images.html#sec:10.10.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.10.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Colour
handling</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h4"><A class="sec" href="images.html#sec:10.10.1.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.10.1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Colour-mapped
displays on MS-Windows</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h4"><A class="sec" href="images.html#sec:10.10.1.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.10.1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Colour-mapped
displays on X11/Unix</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="images.html#sec:10.10.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.10.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Supported
Image Formats</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h4"><A class="sec" href="images.html#sec:10.10.2.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.10.2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Creating
XPM files</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h4"><A class="sec" href="images.html#sec:10.10.2.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.10.2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using
Images</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="hyper.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.11</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using
hyper links to relate objects</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="hyper.html#sec:10.11.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.11.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Programming
existence dependencies</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="hyper.html#sec:10.11.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.11.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Methods
for handling hyper objects</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h4"><A class="sec" href="hyper.html#sec:10.11.2.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.11.2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Methods
on class hyper</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h4"><A class="sec" href="hyper.html#sec:10.11.2.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.11.2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Methods
on class object</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="ugraphics.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.12</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">User
defined graphicals</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="ugraphics.html#sec:10.12.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.12.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">(Re)defining
the repaint method</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="ugraphics.html#sec:10.12.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.12.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Example-I:
a window with a grid</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="ugraphics.html#sec:10.12.3"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.12.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Example-II:
a shape with text</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="printing.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.13</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Printing
from <font size=-1>XPCE</font> applications</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="printing.html#sec:10.13.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.13.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Options
for document generation</SPAN></A></DIV>
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