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<H1><A NAME="sec:10"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Programming 
techniques</SPAN></A></H1>

<A NAME="sec:techniques"></A>

<P>This chapter is an assorted collection of techniques to programming 
problems that appear in many applications and for which support for 
generic solutions is present, but cannot easily be found using the 
online reference manual.

<P>
<UL>
<LI><A class="" href="control.html#sec:10.1">Control-structure of 
PCE/Prolog applications</A> Discusses the event-driven control-structure 
used by <font size=-1>XPCE</font> applications. Also describes how to 
avoid using this structure.
<LI><A class="" href="exeobjects.html#sec:10.2">Executable Objects</A> 
Discusses <font size=-1>XPCE</font> code objects and their usage in 
controls, methods and as parameters.
<LI><A class="" href="namedref.html#sec:10.3">Defining global named 
objects</A> Discusses handling of globally named system-wide objects.
<LI><A class="" href="whoiswho.html#sec:10.4">Using object references: 
``Who's Who?''</A> Discusses mechanism available to find object 
references, avoiding global references and explicit storage of 
references.
<LI><A class="" href="application.html#sec:10.5">Relating frames</A> 
Discusses combining frames in a application, transient frames and 
various styles of modal operation and event handling.
<LI><A class="" href="report.html#sec:10.7">Informing the user</A> 
Discusses the generic reporting system used to inform the user of 
progress, status and errors.
<LI><A class="" href="errors.html#sec:10.8">Errors</A> Specifying, 
handling and generating errors.
<LI><A class="" href="font.html#sec:10.9">Specifying fonts</A> Discusses 
the indirections in the font-specification mechanism.
<LI><A class="" href="images.html#sec:10.10">Using images and cursors</A> 
Discusses images, icons and cursors.
<LI><A class="" href="hyper.html#sec:10.11">Using Hyper Links to Relate 
Objects</A> Discusses a technique to relate objects.
<LI><A class="" href="ugraphics.html#sec:10.12">User Defined Graphicals</A> 
Discusses the definition of new graphical primitives.
<LI><A class="" href="printing.html#sec:10.13">Printing</A> Discusses 
printing from <font size=-1>XPCE</font> applications.
</UL>

<P>
<HR>
<CENTER>

<H2>Section Index</H2>

</CENTER>
<HR>
<DIV class="toc">
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="control.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Control-structure 
of <font size=-1>XPCE/P</font>rolog applications</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="control.html#sec:10.1.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Event-driven 
applications</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h4"><A class="sec" href="control.html#sec:10.1.1.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.1.1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Keeping 
control</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="control.html#sec:10.1.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">XPCE 
and existing applications</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="exeobjects.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Executable 
objects</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="exeobjects.html#sec:10.2.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Procedures</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="exeobjects.html#sec:10.2.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Functions</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="exeobjects.html#sec:10.2.3"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Example 
1: Finding objects</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="exeobjects.html#sec:10.2.4"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.2.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Example 
2: Internal behaviour of dialog window</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="namedref.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Defining 
global named objects</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="namedref.html#sec:10.3.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using 
directives</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="namedref.html#sec:10.3.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Inline 
testing</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="namedref.html#sec:10.3.3"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">The 
`pce_global' directive</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="namedref.html#sec:10.3.4"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.3.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Global 
objects for recognisers</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="whoiswho.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using 
object references: ``Who's Who?''</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="whoiswho.html#sec:10.4.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.4.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Global 
named references</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="whoiswho.html#sec:10.4.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.4.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using 
the prolog database</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="whoiswho.html#sec:10.4.3"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.4.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using 
object-level attributes</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="whoiswho.html#sec:10.4.4"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.4.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using 
window and graphical behaviour</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="whoiswho.html#sec:10.4.5"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.4.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using 
user defined classes</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="whoiswho.html#sec:10.4.6"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.4.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Summary</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="application.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Relating 
frames</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="application.html#sec:10.5.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.5.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Class 
application</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="application.html#sec:10.5.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.5.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Transient 
frames</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="application.html#sec:10.5.3"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.5.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Modal 
operation</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="framelayout.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Window 
layout in a frame</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="framelayout.html#sec:10.6.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.6.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Windows 
sizes and automatic adjustment</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="framelayout.html#sec:10.6.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.6.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Manipulating 
an open frame</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="report.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.7</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Informing 
the user</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="report.html#sec:10.7.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.7.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Aim 
of the report mechanism</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="report.html#sec:10.7.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.7.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">The 
report interface</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h4"><A class="sec" href="report.html#sec:10.7.2.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.7.2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Information 
types</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="report.html#sec:10.7.3"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.7.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Redefining 
report handling</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="report.html#sec:10.7.4"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.7.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Example</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="errors.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.8</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Errors</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="errors.html#sec:10.8.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.8.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Handling 
errors in the application</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="errors.html#sec:10.8.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.8.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Raising 
errors</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="errors.html#sec:10.8.3"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.8.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Repairable 
errors</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="font.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.9</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Specifying 
fonts</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="font.html#sec:10.9.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.9.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Physical 
fonts</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h4"><A class="sec" href="font.html#sec:10.9.1.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.9.1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Defining 
additional fonts</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="font.html#sec:10.9.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.9.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Logical 
fonts</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="images.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.10</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using 
images and cursors</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="images.html#sec:10.10.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.10.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Colour 
handling</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h4"><A class="sec" href="images.html#sec:10.10.1.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.10.1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Colour-mapped 
displays on MS-Windows</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h4"><A class="sec" href="images.html#sec:10.10.1.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.10.1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Colour-mapped 
displays on X11/Unix</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="images.html#sec:10.10.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.10.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Supported 
Image Formats</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h4"><A class="sec" href="images.html#sec:10.10.2.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.10.2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Creating 
XPM files</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h4"><A class="sec" href="images.html#sec:10.10.2.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.10.2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using 
Images</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="hyper.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.11</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using 
hyper links to relate objects</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="hyper.html#sec:10.11.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.11.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Programming 
existence dependencies</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="hyper.html#sec:10.11.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.11.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Methods 
for handling hyper objects</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h4"><A class="sec" href="hyper.html#sec:10.11.2.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.11.2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Methods 
on class hyper</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h4"><A class="sec" href="hyper.html#sec:10.11.2.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.11.2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Methods 
on class object</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="ugraphics.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.12</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">User 
defined graphicals</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="ugraphics.html#sec:10.12.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.12.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">(Re)defining 
the repaint method</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="ugraphics.html#sec:10.12.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.12.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Example-I: 
a window with a grid</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="ugraphics.html#sec:10.12.3"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.12.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Example-II: 
a shape with text</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="printing.html"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.13</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Printing 
from <font size=-1>XPCE</font> applications</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="printing.html#sec:10.13.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">10.13.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Options 
for document generation</SPAN></A></DIV>
</DIV>
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