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<H2>E. Sample Gmac Input File</H2>

This appendix contains a complete listing of the Gmac input file for
the Menagerie CPU including as a sample circuit.
<br><br>
<hr>
<pre>
//
//    Copyright (C) 1987-2000 by Jeffery P. Hansen
//
//    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
//    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
//    the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
//    (at your option) any later version.
//
//    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
//    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
//    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
//    GNU General Public License for more details.
//
//    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
//    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
//    Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
//
//    Last edit by hansen on Thu Jul 26 20:56:44 2007
//

// Microcode memory bank declarations

microcode bank[31:0] iunit.m1;
microcode bank[63:32] iunit.m2;
map bank[7:0] iunit.map;

macrocode bank[7:0] memory.m1;

// Microcode field declarations

//
// Microcode branching.  mpcop specifies the basic operation.
//
field mpcop[1:0]={
	 next=0,	// Increment mpc
	 reinit=1,	// Restart CPU
	 jmap=2,	// Jump from map value
	 jump=3		// Jump from condition
};

//
// Specifies the condition on which to jump if mpcop is "jump".
//
field mpccond[12:10]={
	jne=0,		// Jump if not equal
	jcarry=1,	// Jump on carry
	jeq=2,		// Jump if equal
	jlt=3,		// Jump if less than
	jgt=4,		// Jump if greater than
	jle=5,		// Jump if less than or equal
	jge=6,		// Jump if greater than or equal
	jmp=7		// Jump always
};

//
// Address to jump to if mpcop is "jump" and condition specified
// by mpccond is true.  This field can not be used at the same
// time as the idata field.  
//
field mpcaddr[9:2];

//
// Specifies 8 bits of data to be used by the EUNIT.  This field
// can not be used on jump microinstructions.
//
field idata[9:2];

//
// Specifies the A and B operands of the ALU.
//
//	qreg		Use Q register
//	din		Use data in
//	idata		Use idata field from microinstruction
//	reg		Use register file
//
field aop[15:14]={qreg=0, din=1, idata=2, reg=3};
field bop[17:16]={qreg=0, din=1, idata=2, reg=3};

field ~ldir[13];	// Load instruction register
field cin[18];		// Carry in
field ~clq[19];		// Clear Q register
field ~ldq[20];		// 16-bit load of Q register
field ~lddata[21];	// Load EUNIT data from external bus
field ~ldopr[22];	// Load operand register
field ~wa[23];		// Write register file on SA
field sa[27:24];	// Register address A
field sb[31:28];	// Register address B

//
// These fields specify the ALU function.
//
field ALU_FUNC[36:32];
field ALU_SHOP[33:32]={arshift=0, lshift=1, rshift=2, roll=3};
field ALU_BCOMP[32];
field ALU_AZERO[33];
field ALU_OP[36:34]={shift=0,xor=1,and=2,or=3,mul=4,add=5,mod=6,div=7};

field ~incpc[37];	// Increment PC
field ~ldmar[38];	// Load MAR
field ~ldmdr[39];	// Load MDR
field ~ldpc[40];	// Load PC
field ~rd[41];		// Read main memory
field ~rdmdr[42];	// Read MDR onto external data bus 
field ~wrt[43];		// Write main memory
field spc[44];		// Address main memory from PC
field ~isa[45];		// Use sa address from macro instruction
field ~isb[46];		// Use sb address from macro instruction
field ~ifunc[47];	// Use function code from macro instruction
field ~icond[48];	// Use branch condition from macro instruction
field ~ldql[49];	// 8-bit load of lower half of Q register
field ~ldqh[50];	// 8-bit load of upper half of Q register
field ~dout[51];	// Output EUNIT data to external bus
field ~ldcc[52];	// Load condition code register
field ~ldhmdr[53];	// Load mdr from high byte of data bus
field ~rdpc[54];	// Read PC onto external bus
field ~incmar[55];	// Increment mar (can't use with incpc)

field extra[63:56];	// Extra bits

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
// |7|6|5|4|3|2|1|0|
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
//
// Basic instruction types are encoded by the high two bits of the 
// first byte of the instruction.  For certain types (e.g., ALU
// types) some bits are masked when forming the map address.  Bits
// contributing to the map vector are marked with a *.
//
// Move Instruction
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  
// |1 1 1 s|a a|b b|   | reg1  |  reg2 |
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  ...
//  * * * * * * * *
//
//  s  = size (1 = byte, 0 = word)
//  aa = operand mode 1
//  bb = operand mode 2
//
// Single operand instruction (push, pop, call, etc.)
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  
// |1 0|0| op  |b b|   | reg1  |0 0 0 0|
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  ...
//  * * * * * * * *
//
//
// Branch instruction (jmp, jne, etc.)
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  
// |1 0|1|cond |b b|   | reg1  |0 0 0 0|
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  ...
//  * * *       * *
//
//
// ALU Instruction
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  
// |0 1|  func   |b|   | reg1  |  reg2 |
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  ...
//  * *           *
//
//  func = ALU function
//  a = operand mode
//
// Other instructions
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  
// |0 0|   op    |b|   | reg1  |  reg2 |
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  ...
//  * * * * * * * *
//
//

registers R0=0, R1=1, R2=2, R3=3, R4=4, R5=5, R6=6, R7=7, R8=8, R9=9, R10=10, R11=11, R12=12, R13=13, FP=14, SP=15;

operands basic {
    %1,%2 = { +0[0] = 0; +1[7:4]=%1; +1[3:0]=%2; };
    %1,#2 = { +0[0] = 1; +1[7:4]=%1; +1[3:0]=0; +2=#2[7:0]; +3=#2[15:8]; };
};

operands runiop {
    %1     = { +0[1:0] = 0; +1[7:4]=%1; +1[3:0]=0; };
    #1     = { +0[1:0] = 1; +1=0; +2=#1[7:0]; +3=#1[15:8]; };
    (%1)   = { +0[1:0] = 2; +1[7:4]=%1; +1[3:0]=0; };
    #2(%1) = { +0[1:0] = 3; +1[7:4]=%1; +1[3:0]=0; +2=#2[7:0]; +3=#2[15:8]; };
};

operands wuniop {
    %1     = { +0[1:0] = 0; +1[7:4]=%1; +1[3:0]=0; };
    (%1)   = { +0[1:0] = 2; +1[7:4]=%1; +1[3:0]=0; };
    #2(%1) = { +0[1:0] = 3; +1[7:4]=%1; +1[3:0]=0; +2=#2[7:0]; +3=#2[15:8]; };
};

//
// Operands for move instructions
//
operands movoprs {
    %1,%2         = { +0[3:2] = 0; +0[1:0] = 0; +1[7:4]=%1; +1[3:0]=%2; };
    %1,#2         = { +0[3:2] = 0; +0[1:0] = 1; +1[7:4]=%1; +1[3:0]=0; +2=#2[7:0]; +3=#2[15:8]; };
    %1,(%2)       = { +0[3:2] = 0; +0[1:0] = 2; +1[7:4]=%1; +1[3:0]=%2; };
    %1,#3(%2)     = { +0[3:2] = 0; +0[1:0] = 3; +1[7:4]=%1; +1[3:0]=%2; +2=#3[7:0]; +3=#3[15:8]; };
    %1,(#2)       = { +0[3:2] = 0; +0[1:0] = 3; +1[7:4]=%1; +1[3:0]=0; +2=#2[7:0]; +3=#2[15:8]; };


    (%1),%2       = { +0[3:2] = 2; +0[1:0] = 0; +1[7:4]=%1; +1[3:0]=%2; };
    (%1),#2       = { +0[3:2] = 2; +0[1:0] = 1; +1[7:4]=%1; +1[3:0]=0; +2=#2[7:0]; +3=#2[15:8]; };
    (%1),(%2)     = { +0[3:2] = 2; +0[1:0] = 2; +1[7:4]=%1; +1[3:0]=%2; };
    (%1),#3(%2)   = { +0[3:2] = 2; +0[1:0] = 3; +1[7:4]=%1; +1[3:0]=%2; +2=#3[7:0]; +3=#3[15:8]; };
    (%1),(#2)     = { +0[3:2] = 2; +0[1:0] = 3; +1[7:4]=%1; +1[3:0]=0; +2=#2[7:0]; +3=#2[15:8]; };

    #1(%2),%3     = { +0[3:2] = 3; +0[1:0] = 0; +1[7:4]=%2; +1[3:0]=%3; +2=#1[7:0]; +3=#1[15:8]; };
    #1(%2),#3     = { +0[3:2] = 3; +0[1:0] = 1; +1[7:4]=%2; +1[3:0]=0; +2=#1[7:0]; +3=#1[15:8]; +4=#3[7:0]; +5=#3[15:8]; };
    #1(%2),(%3)   = { +0[3:2] = 3; +0[1:0] = 2; +1[7:4]=%2; +1[3:0]=%3; +2=#1[7:0]; +3=#1[15:8]; };
    #1(%2),#4(%3) = { +0[3:2] = 3; +0[1:0] = 3; +1[7:4]=%2; +1[3:0]=%3; +2=#1[7:0]; +3=#1[15:8]; +4=#4[7:0]; +5=#4[15:8]; };
    #1(%2),(#3) = { +0[3:2] = 3; +0[1:0] = 3; +1[7:4]=%2; +1[3:0]=0; +2=#1[7:0]; +3=#1[15:8]; +4=#3[7:0]; +5=#3[15:8]; };

    (#1),%2     = { +0[3:2] = 3; +0[1:0] = 0; +1[7:4]=0; +1[3:0]=%2; +2=#1[7:0]; +3=#1[15:8]; };
    (#1),#2     = { +0[3:2] = 3; +0[1:0] = 1; +1[7:4]=0; +1[3:0]=0; +2=#1[7:0]; +3=#1[15:8]; +4=#2[7:0]; +5=#2[15:8]; };
    (#1),(%2)   = { +0[3:2] = 3; +0[1:0] = 2; +1[7:4]=0; +1[3:0]=%2; +2=#1[7:0]; +3=#1[15:8]; };
    (#1),#3(%2) = { +0[3:2] = 3; +0[1:0] = 3; +1[7:4]=0; +1[3:0]=%2; +2=#1[7:0]; +3=#1[15:8]; +4=#3[7:0]; +5=#3[15:8]; };
    (#1),(#2)   = { +0[3:2] = 3; +0[1:0] = 3; +1[7:4]=0; +1[3:0]=0; +2=#1[7:0]; +3=#1[15:8]; +4=#2[7:0]; +5=#2[15:8]; };
};

//
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  
// |0 0|1 1 1 1 1|0|   |0 0 0 0|0 0 0 0|
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
//
op nop {
  map nop : 0x3e;
  +0=0x3e;
  operands {
    - = { +1=0; };
  };
};

//
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  
// |0 0|0 0 0 0 0|0|   |0 0 0 0|0 0 0 0|
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
//
op halt {
  map halt : 0x0;
  +0=0;
  operands {
    - = { +1=0; };
  };
};

//
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  
// |0 0|0 0 0 0 1|0|   | reg1  |  reg2 |
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
//
op cmp {
  map cmp_rr : 0x2;
  map cmp_ri : 0x3;
  +0[7:1]=0x1;
  operands basic;
};

// Generic branch operation
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  
// |1 0|1|x x x|b b|   |0 0 0 0| reg1  |
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  ...
//
// Example:
//    br  #7, loop
//
// Jump always to loop.  7 is a code indicating the condition always.
//
op jp {
  map br_r : 0xa0;
  map br_i : 0xa1;
  map br_d : 0xa2;
  map br_x : 0xa3;
  +0[7:5] = 0x5;
  operands {
    #1,%2     = { +0[1:0] = 0; +0[4:2] = #1; +1[7:4]=%2; +1[3:0]=0; };
    #1,#2     = { +0[1:0] = 1; +0[4:2] = #1; +1=0; +2=#2[7:0]; +3=#2[15:8]; };
    #1,(%2)   = { +0[1:0] = 2; +0[4:2] = #1; +1[7:4]=%2; +1[3:0]=0; };
    #1,#3(%2) = { +0[1:0] = 3; +0[4:2] = #1; +1[7:4]=%2; +1[3:0]=0; +2=#3[7:0]; +3=#3[15:8]; };
  };
};

op jne {
  +0[7:5] = 0x5;
  +0[4:2] = 0x0;
  operands runiop;
};

op jcarry {
  +0[7:5] = 0x5;
  +0[4:2] = 0x1;
  operands runiop;
};

op jeq {
  +0[7:5] = 0x5;
  +0[4:2] = 0x2;
  operands runiop;
};

op jlt {
  +0[7:5] = 0x5;
  +0[4:2] = 0x3;
  operands runiop;
};

op jgt {
  +0[7:5] = 0x5;
  +0[4:2] = 0x4;
  operands runiop;
};

op jle {
  +0[7:5] = 0x5;
  +0[4:2] = 0x5;
  operands runiop;
};

op jge {
  +0[7:5] = 0x5;
  +0[4:2] = 0x6;
  operands runiop;
};

op jmp {
  +0[7:5] = 0x5;
  +0[4:2] = 0x7;
  operands runiop;
};


// Generic ALU operation
//
// Note this is not a real instruction but is here for illustrative
// purposes only.  Map entries must be made for each function code
// to use this instruction for real.
//
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  
// |0 1|x x x x x|b|   | reg1  |  reg2 |
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  ...
//
// Example:
//    alu #0x14, R1, R2
//
// Does ALU operation 0x14 (addition) on R1 and R2, storing result in R1.
//
//op alu {
//  map alu_rr : 0x40;
//  map alu_ri : 0x41;
// +0[7:6] = 0x1;
//  operands {
//    #1,%2,%3 = { +0[0] = 0; +0[5:1]=#1; +1[7:4]=%2; +1[3:0]=%3; };
//    #1,%2,#3 = { +0[0] = 1; +0[5:1]=#1; +1[7:4]=0; +1[3:0]=%2; +2=#3[7:0]; +3=#3[15:8]; };
//  };
//};

//
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  
// |0 1|1 0 1 0 0|b|   | reg1  |  reg2 |
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  ...
//
op add {
  map alu_rr : 0x68;
  map alu_ri : 0x69;
 +0[7:0]=0x68;
  operands basic;
};

//
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  
// |0 1|1 0 1 0 1|b|   | reg1  |  reg2 |
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  ...
//
op sub {
  map alu_rr : 0x6a;
  map alu_ri : 0x6b;
 +0[7:0]=0x6a;
  operands basic;
};

//
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  
// |0 1|1 0 0 0 0|b|   | reg1  |  reg2 |
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  ...
//
op mul {
  map xalu_rr : 0x60;
  map xalu_ri : 0x61;
 +0[7:0]=0x60;
  operands basic;
};

//
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  
// |0 1|1 1 1 0 0|b|   | reg1  |  reg2 |
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  ...
//
op div {
  map xalu_rr : 0x78;
  map xalu_ri : 0x79;
 +0[7:0]=0x78;
  operands basic;
};


//
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  
// |0 1|1 1 0 0 0|b|   | reg1  |  reg2 |
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  ...
//
op mod {
  map xalu_rr : 0x70;
  map xalu_ri : 0x71;
 +0[7:0]=0x70;
  operands basic;
};


//
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  
// |0 1|0 1 0 0 0|b|   | reg1  |  reg2 |
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  ...
//
op and {
  map alu_rr : 0x50;
  map alu_ri : 0x51;
 +0[7:0]=0x50;
  operands basic;
};


// Call subroutine
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  
// |1 0|0|0 0 0|b b|   | reg1  |0 0 0 0|
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  ...
//
// Example:
//
//   call	foo, #8
//
// This will perform the following actions:
//   sp = sp - 2
//   [sp] = pc
//   sp = sp - 2
//   [sp] = fp
//   fp = sp
//   sp = sp+8
//   pc = foo
//
op call {
  map call_ri : 0x80;
  map call_ii : 0x81;
  map call_di : 0x82;
  map call_xi : 0x83;
  +0[7:4] = 0x8;
  operands {
    #1,%2     = { +0[1:0] = 0; +1[7:4]=%2; +1[3:0]=0; +2=#1[7:0]; +3=#1[15:8]; };
    #1,#2     = { +0[1:0] = 1; +1=0; +2=#1[7:0]; +3=#1[15:8]; +4=#2[7:0]; +5=#2[15:8]; };
    #1,(%2)   = { +0[1:0] = 2; +1[7:4]=%2; +1[3:0]=0; +2=#1[7:0]; +3=#1[15:8]; };
    #1,#2(%3) = { +0[1:0] = 3; +1[7:4]=%3; +1[3:0]=0; +2=#1[7:0]; +3=#1[15:8]; +4=#2[7:0]; +5=#2[15:8]; };

    #1        = { +0[1:0] = 1; +1=0; +2=0; +3=0; +4=#1[7:0]; +5=#1[15:8]; };
  };
};

// Return from subroutine
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  
// |0 0|0 0 0 1 0|0|   |0 0 0 0|0 0 0 0|
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  ...
//
// Example:
//
//    ret
//
// This will perform the following actions:
//    sp = fp
//    fp = [sp]
//    sp = sp + 2
//    pc = [sp]
//    sp = sp + 2
//    
//
op ret {
  map ret : 0x4;
  +0=4;
  operands {
    - = { +1=0; };
  };
};

// Push a word on the stack
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  
// |1 0|0|0 0 1|b b|   | reg1  |0 0 0 0|
// +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  ...
//
// Example:
//
//    pushw	R1
//
op pushw {
  map pushw_r : 0x84;
  map pushw_i : 0x85;
  map pushw_d : 0x86;
  map pushw_x : 0x87;
  +0[7:2]=0x21;
  operands runiop;
};


op movb {
  map movb_rr : 0xf0;
  map movb_ri : 0xf1;
  map movb_rd : 0xf2;
  map movb_rx : 0xf3;

  map movb_dr : 0xf8;
  map movb_di : 0xf9;
  map movb_dd : 0xfa;
  map movb_dx : 0xfb;

  map movb_xr : 0xfc;
  map movb_xi : 0xfd;
  map movb_xd : 0xfe;
  map movb_xx : 0xff;

  +0[7:4]=0xf;
  operands movoprs;
};

op movw {
  map movw_rr : 0xe0;
  map movw_ri : 0xe1;
  map movw_rd : 0xe2;
  map movw_rx : 0xe3;

  map movw_dr : 0xe8;
  map movw_di : 0xe9;
  map movw_dd : 0xea;
  map movw_dx : 0xeb;

  map movw_xr : 0xec;
  map movw_xi : 0xed;
  map movw_xd : 0xee;
  map movw_xx : 0xef;

  +0[7:4]=0xe;
  operands movoprs;
};

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// The microcode for the Menagerie CPU begins here.
//
// The CPU begins executing microinstuctions at address 0.  The instructions
// in the start block are executed only once.  The next block consists of
// the instuction fetch sequnce.  The multiple labels account for partial
// fetches that are done by some of the macrocode routines.
//
// For macro instructions which have no operands or have only only one operand,
// there is usually a plain label for that instruction.  For example the
// microinstruction labeled 'ret' implements the 'ret' macroinstruction.  This
// mapping is defined by the 'map ret : 0x4;' line in the operand declaration
// for the ret macroinstruction.
//
// For macro instructions with multiple addressing modes, labels are generally
// of the form 'op_??' where each character after the '_' denotes an addressing
// mode for an operand.  By convension, the characters:
//
//     r	register direct
//     i	immediate
//     d	register indirect
//     x	indexed
//
// are used.
//
begin microcode @ 0
start:	clq;								// Q <- 0
	idata=0x1 ALU_AZERO ALU_OP=add bop=idata ldqh;			// Q.H <- 1
	ALU_AZERO ALU_OP=add bop=qreg dout ldpc;			// PC <- Q
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch;				// jump to 'fetch'
	mpcop=next;

fetch: 	incpc spc rd ldmdr;						// mdr <- [PC]; PC++;
fetch1: incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldir;					// mdr <- [PC]; PC++; ir <- mdr;
fetch2:	mpcop=jmap rdmdr ldopr;						// opr <- mdr; jump to opcode
	mpcop=next;

halt:	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=halt extra=0x1;
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=halt extra=0x1;

//
// Standard ALU operations (add, sub, and, or, etc.)
//
alu_rr:	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch2 ifunc
		isa isb wa aop=reg bop=reg ldcc incpc spc rd ldmdr;	// Ra = Ra (op) Rb; CC; jump to fetch
	incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldir;

alu_ri:	incpc spc rd ldmdr;						// mdr <- [PC]; PC++;
	incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldql
		ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;			// mdr <- [PC]; PC++; Q.L <- mdr
	rdmdr ldqh ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;			// Q.H = mdr;
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch ifunc
		aop=reg bop=qreg wa isa ldcc;				// Ra = Ra (op) Q;  CC; jump to fetch
	mpcop=next;

//
// 2-cycle ALU operations (mul, div, mod).  These are the same as the alu_??
// ops except the ALU inputs and function code are held for 2 clock cycles
// due to the longer delay in computing these functions.
//
xalu_rr: mpcop=next ifunc isa isb aop=reg bop=reg;			// Ra (op) Rb;
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch2 ifunc
		isa isb wa aop=reg bop=reg ldcc incpc spc rd ldmdr;	// Ra = Ra (op) Rb; CC; jump to fetch
	incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldir;

xalu_ri: incpc spc rd ldmdr;						// mdr <- [PC]; PC++;
	incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldql
		ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;			// mdr <- [PC]; PC++; Q.L <- mdr
	rdmdr ldqh ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;			// Q.H = mdr;
	mpcop=next ifunc isa isb aop=reg bop=qreg;			// Ra (op) Q;
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch ifunc
		aop=reg bop=qreg wa isa ldcc;				// Ra = Ra (op) Q;  CC; jump to fetch
	mpcop=next;

cmp_rr:	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch ALU_OP=add ALU_BCOMP extra=0x22	
		isa isb aop=reg bop=reg ldcc;				// Ra - Rb; CC; jump to fetch
	mpcop=next;

cmp_ri:	incpc spc rd ldmdr;						// mdr <- [PC]; PC++;
	incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldql
		ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;			// mdr <- [PC]; PC++; Q.L <- mdr
	rdmdr ldqh ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;			// Q.H = mdr;
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch ALU_OP=add ALU_BCOMP
		aop=reg bop=qreg isa ldcc;				// Ra - Q; CC; jump to fetch
	mpcop=next;

br_i:	incpc spc rd ldmdr;						// mdr <- [PC]; PC++;
	incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldql
		ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;			// mdr <- [PC]; PC++; Q.L <- mdr
	rdmdr ldqh ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;			// Q.H = mdr;

btest:	mpcop=jump mpcaddr=bdojmp icond;				// jump to bdojmp if cond
	mpcop=next;
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch;				// jump to fetch
	mpcop=next;
bdojmp:	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch ALU_AZERO ALU_OP=add
		bop=qreg dout ldpc;					// PC <- Q, jump to fetch
	mpcop=next;


br_r:	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=btest extra=0x10
		isa aop=reg sb=0 bop=reg ALU_OP=add ldq;		// Q <- Ra; jump to btest
	mpcop=next;

br_d:	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=btest;
	mpcop=next;

br_x:	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=btest;
	mpcop=next;

call_ii:
	// Push the PC
	aop=reg sa=0xf bop=idata idata=2 ALU_OP=add ALU_BCOMP
		dout ldmar wa extra=0x11;				// SP-2 -> mar; SP = SP - 2;
	rdpc lddata aop=din bop=idata idata=4 ALU_OP=add ldq;		// Q = PC+4
	ALU_AZERO ALU_OP=add bop=qreg dout ldmdr;			// Q.L -> mdr
	wrt;								// [mar] <- mdr;
	incmar ALU_AZERO ALU_OP=add bop=qreg dout ldhmdr;		// Q.H -> mdr; mar++; 
	mpcop=next;
	wrt;								// [mar] <- mdr;
	mpcop=next;

	// Push the FP
	aop=reg sa=0xf bop=idata idata=2 ALU_OP=add ALU_BCOMP
			dout ldmar wa;					// SP-2 -> mar; SP = SP - 2;
	ALU_AZERO bop=reg sb=0xe ALU_OP=add dout ldmdr;			// FP.L -> mdr
	wrt;								// [mar] <- mdr;
	incmar ALU_AZERO  bop=reg sb=0xe ALU_OP=add dout ldhmdr; 	// SP.H -> mdr; mar++; 
	mpcop=next;
	wrt;								// [mar] <- mdr;

	aop=reg sa=0xe bop=reg sb=0xf
		ALU_AZERO ALU_OP=add wa;				// FP <- SP

	// Dec SP
	incpc spc rd ldmdr;						// mdr <- [PC]; PC++;
	incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldql
		ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;			// mdr <- [PC]; PC++; Q.L <- mdr
	rdmdr ldqh ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;			// Q.H = mdr;
	aop=reg sa=0xf bop=qreg ALU_OP=add wa;				// SP = SP + Q

	// PC = branch address
	incpc spc rd ldmdr;						// mdr <- [PC]; PC++;
	incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldql
		ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;			// mdr <- [PC]; PC++; Q.L <- mdr
	rdmdr ldqh ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;			// Q.H = mdr;
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch ALU_AZERO bop=qreg
		ALU_OP=add dout ldpc;					// PC <- Q
	mpcop=next;

call_ri: mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch;
	mpcop=next;

call_di: mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch;
	mpcop=next;

call_xi: mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch;
	mpcop=next;

ret:	ALU_AZERO bop=reg sb=0xe ALU_OP=add sa=0xf wa dout ldmar extra=0x12;	// SP <- FP; mar <- FP;
	aop=reg sa=0xf bop=idata idata=4 ALU_OP=add wa rd incmar ldmdr;	// SP <- SP+4; mdr <- [mar++]
	ALU_AZERO bop=din lddata ALU_OP=add ldql rd rdmdr incmar ldmdr;	// Q.L <- mdr; mdr <- [mar++]
	ALU_AZERO bop=din lddata ALU_OP=add ldqh rdmdr;			// Q.H <- mdr;
	ALU_AZERO bop=qreg ALU_OP=add sa=0xe wa rd incmar ldmdr;	// FP <- Q; mdr <- [mar++]
	ALU_AZERO bop=din lddata ALU_OP=add ldql rd incmar rdmdr ldmdr;	// Q.L <- mdr; mdr <- [mar++]
	ALU_AZERO bop=din lddata ALU_OP=add ldqh rdmdr;			// Q.H <- mdr;
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch1 
		ALU_AZERO bop=qreg ALU_OP=add dout ldpc;		// PC <- Q; jump fetch1
 	incpc spc rd ldmdr;						// mdr <- [PC]; PC++;


pushw_d: mpcop=next;
pushw_x: mpcop=next;

pushw_r: aop=reg sa=0xf bop=idata idata=2 ALU_OP=add ALU_BCOMP
		extra=0x13 dout ldmar wa;				// mar <- SP-2; SP = SP - 2;
	aop=reg isa bop=idata idata=0 ALU_OP=add dout ldmdr;		// mdr <- Rb.L;
	wrt;								// [mar] <- mdr;
	aop=reg isa bop=idata idata=0 ALU_OP=add dout ldhmdr incmar;	// mdr <- Rb.H; mar++;
	mpcop=next;
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch wrt;			// [mar] <- mdr; jump to fetch
	mpcop=next;

pushw_i: incpc spc rd ldmdr extra=2;					// mdr <- [PC]; PC++; 
	incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldql ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din; // mdr <- [PC]; PC++; Q.L <- mdr
	rdmdr ldqh ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;			// Q.H = mdr;
	aop=reg sa=0xf bop=idata idata=2 ALU_OP=add ALU_BCOMP
		extra=0x13 dout ldmar wa;				// mar <- SP-2; SP = SP - 2;
	aop=qreg bop=idata idata=0 ALU_OP=add dout ldmdr;		// mdr <- Q.L;
	wrt;								// [mar] <- mdr;
	aop=qreg bop=idata idata=0 ALU_OP=add dout ldhmdr incmar;	// mdr <- Q.H; mar++;
	mpcop=next;
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch wrt;			// [mar] <- mdr; jump to fetch
	mpcop=next;

movw_rr: mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch2 ALU_AZERO ALU_OP=add
		isa isb wa aop=reg bop=reg ldcc extra=1 
		incpc spc rd ldmdr;					// Ra <- Rb; jump to fetch2; mdr <- [PC]; PC++;
	incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldir;					// mdr <- [PC]; PC++; ir <- mdr;

movb_rr: ALU_AZERO ALU_OP=add isb aop=reg bop=reg ldcc extra=1 ldql;	// Q.L <- Rb;
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch2 aop=idata bop=idata
		ALU_OP=add ldqh incpc spc rd ldmdr;			// Q.H <- 0; jump to fetch2;mdr <- [PC]; PC++;
	ALU_AZERO ALU_OP=add bop=qreg isa wa 
		incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldir;				// Ra <- Q; mdr <- [PC]; PC++; ir <- mdr;


movw_ri: incpc spc rd ldmdr extra=2;					// mdr <- [PC]; PC++; 
	incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldql ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din; // mdr <- [PC]; PC++; Q.L <- mdr
	rdmdr ldqh ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;			// Q.H = mdr;
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO
		aop=reg bop=qreg wa isa ldcc;				// Ra = Q;  CC; jump to fetch
	mpcop=next;

movb_ri:incpc spc rd ldmdr extra=2;					// mdr <- [PC]; PC++;
	incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldql ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din; // mdr <- [PC]; PC++; Q.L <- mdr
	rdmdr ldqh ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO bop=reg sb=0;			// Q.H = 0;
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO
		aop=reg bop=qreg wa isa ldcc;				// Ra = Q;  CC; jump to fetch
	mpcop=next;

movb_rd:isb aop=idata bop=reg idata=0 ALU_OP=add ldmar dout  extra=3;	// mar <- Rb
_mbrd:	rd ldmdr;							// mdr <- [mar]
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch lddata rdmdr isa wa;	// Ra <- mdr
	ALU_OP=add idata=0 bop=idata aop=reg isa ldcc;			// CC

movw_rd: isb aop=idata bop=reg idata=0 ALU_OP=add ldmar dout  extra=3;	// mar <- Rb
_mwrd:	rd ldmdr incmar;						// mdr <- [mar++]
	rd ldmdr lddata rdmdr bop=din ALU_AZERO ALU_OP=add ldql;	// Q.L <- mdr; mdr <- [mar++]
	lddata rdmdr bop=din ALU_AZERO ALU_OP=add ldqh;			// Q.H <- mdr;
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch ALU_AZERO bop=qreg
		ALU_OP=add isa wa ldcc;					// Ra <- Q; CC
	mpcop=next;

movb_rx: incpc spc rd ldmdr extra=9;					// mdr <- [PC]; PC++;
	incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldql
		ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;			// mdr <- [PC]; PC++; Q.L <- mdr
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=_mbrd rdmdr ldqh
		ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;			// Q.H = mdr; goto _mbrd
	isb aop=qreg bop=reg
		ALU_OP=add ldmar dout;					// mar <- Rb+Q;

movw_rx: incpc spc rd ldmdr extra=9;					// mdr <- [PC]; PC++;
	incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldql
		ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;			// mdr <- [PC]; PC++; Q.L <- mdr
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=_mwrd rdmdr ldqh ALU_OP=add
		 ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;				// Q.H = mdr;
	isb aop=qreg bop=reg ALU_OP=add
		ldmar dout;						// mar <- Rb+Q

movb_dr: isa aop=reg bop=idata idata=0 ALU_OP=add ldmar dout ldcc;	// mar <- Ra
_mbdr:	isb aop=idata bop=reg idata=0 ALU_OP=add ldmdr dout;		// mdr <- Rb
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch wrt;			// [mar] <- mdr; jump to fetch
	mpcop=next;

movw_dr: isa aop=reg bop=idata idata=0 ALU_OP=add ldmar dout ldcc;	// mar <- Ra
_mwdr:	isb aop=idata bop=reg idata=0 ALU_OP=add ldmdr dout;		// mdr <- Rb.L
	wrt;								// [mar] <- mdr;
	isb aop=idata bop=reg idata=0 ALU_OP=add ldhmdr dout incmar;	// mdr <- Rb.H; mar++;
	mpcop=next;
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch wrt;			// [mar] <- mdr; jump to fetch
	mpcop=next;

movb_xr: incpc spc rd ldmdr extra=9;					// mdr <- [PC]; PC++;
	incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldql ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din; // mdr <- [PC]; PC++; Q.L <- mdr
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=_mbdr rdmdr ldqh ALU_OP=add
		 ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;				// Q.H = mdr; jump to _mbdr
	isa aop=reg bop=qreg ALU_OP=add	ldmar dout ldcc;		// mar <- Ra+Q


movw_xr: incpc spc rd ldmdr extra=9;					// mdr <- [PC]; PC++;
	incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldql ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din; // mdr <- [PC]; PC++; Q.L <- mdr
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=_mwdr rdmdr ldqh ALU_OP=add
		 ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;				// Q.H = mdr; jump to _mwdr
	isa aop=reg bop=qreg ALU_OP=add	ldmar dout ldcc;		// mar <- Ra+Q

movw_xx: mpcop=next  extra=7;
movb_xx: mpcop=next  extra=7;
movw_xd: mpcop=next  extra=7;
movb_xd: mpcop=next  extra=7;
movw_dd: mpcop=next  extra=7;
movb_dd: mpcop=next  extra=7;
movw_dx: mpcop=next  extra=7;
movb_dx: mpcop=next  extra=7;
	mpcop=next  extra=7;

movw_di: isa bop=idata idata=0 ALU_OP=add dout ldmar;			// mar <- Ra
_mwdi:	incpc spc rd ldmdr extra=2;					// mdr <- [PC]; PC++; 
	incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldql ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din; // mdr <- [PC]; PC++; Q.L <- mdr
	rdmdr ldqh ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;			// Q.H = mdr;
	aop=idata bop=qreg idata=0 ALU_OP=add ldmdr dout;		// mdr <- Q.L
	wrt;								// [mar] <- mdr;
	aop=idata bop=qreg idata=0 ALU_OP=add ldhmdr dout incmar;	// mdr <- Q.H; mar++;
	mpcop=next;
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch wrt;			// [mar] <- mdr; jump to fetch
	mpcop=next;

movb_di: aop=reg isa bop=idata idata=0 ALU_OP=add dout ldmar extra=0x21;// mar <- Ra
_mbdi:	incpc spc rd ldmdr;						// mdr <- [PC]; PC++; 
	incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldql ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din; // mdr <- [PC]; PC++; Q.L <- mdr
	aop=idata bop=qreg idata=0 ALU_OP=add ldmdr dout;		// mdr <- Q.L
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch wrt;			// [mar] <- mdr; jump to fetch
	mpcop=next;

movw_xi: incpc spc rd ldmdr extra=2;					// mdr <- [PC]; PC++; 
	incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldql ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din; // mdr <- [PC]; PC++; Q.L <- mdr
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=_mwdi rdmdr ldqh
		ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;			// Q.H = mdr; goto _mwdi
	isa aop=reg bop=qreg ALU_OP=add dout ldmar;			// mar <- Ra+Q

movb_xi: incpc spc rd ldmdr extra=2;					// mdr <- [PC]; PC++; 
	incpc spc rd ldmdr rdmdr ldql ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din; // mdr <- [PC]; PC++; Q.L <- mdr
	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=_mbdi rdmdr ldqh
		ALU_OP=add ALU_AZERO lddata bop=din;			// Q.H = mdr; goto _mwdi
	isa aop=reg bop=qreg ALU_OP=add dout ldmar;			// mar <- Ra+Q



nop:	mpcop=jump mpccond=jmp mpcaddr=fetch extra=0x15;
	mpcop=next;
end

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// General notes on assembler
// Registers are not saved accross function calls unless explicitly saved.
// Functions return values in R1.
// The register R0 is a special "always 0" register.  Writing to R0 will have no
//  effect other than to set condition codes.
//
//
begin macrocode @ 0x100
ttydata:	.symbol	0x11	// tty data in/out register
ttystatus:	.symbol	0x10	// tty status register

//
// Nodes have the format (note that pointers are two bytes):
//
// struct node {
//   struct node *yes_b;
//   struct node *no_b; 
//   char text[100];
// };
//
nsize:	.symbol 104		// Size of a tree node.  That is "sizeof(struct node)".
yes_b:	.symbol	0		// Pointer to yes side
no_b:	.symbol	2		// Pointer to no side
text:	.symbol 4		// Text of node (animal name or question)

//
// Execution starts here.
//
start:
	movw	SP, 0		// Initialize stack pointer
	movw	FP, 0		// Initialize frame pointer

	call	main		// Call main program

sdone:	jmp	sdone		// Infinite loop when main ends


////////////////////
//	main()
//
.proc main
	movw	R13, mend	// Use R13 as a sort of heap pointer

	pushw	welcome		// Push the "Welcome to" message
	call	printf		// Print the message
	add	SP,2		// Restore stack pointer

	movw	(root),top_node	// Initialize root node
	movw	(known),1	// Know one animal

loop:
	pushw	think		// Push the "Think of an animal..." message
	call	printf		// Print the message
	add	SP,2		// Restore stack pointer

	movw	R1, (known)	// Put number of known animals in R1
	pushw	R1		// Push that number on the stack
	pushw	numk		// Push the "I know %d animals" message
	call	printf		// Call printf to print message
	add	SP,4		// Restore stack

	movw	R1,(root)	// Put the root pointer in R1
	pushw	R1		// Push the pointer on the stack
	call	find_animal	// Ask questions to find animal
	add	SP,2		// Restore the stack
	movw	(root),R1	// Save new root

	jmp	loop		// Go back and guess another animal

	ret			// Return to call (actually we should never get here)
.end

////////////////////
//	find_animal(p)		Find the animal. p is the root node in question tree 
//
.proc find_animal
tree:	.symbol	-2		// Local variable for tree pointer
	sub	SP,2		// Allocate space for local variables

	movw	R1, 4(FP)	// Get the pointer to top node
	movw	tree(FP),R1	// Store it in "tree"

	movw	R2,yes_b(R1)	// Get pointer in "yes" branch of tree
	cmp	R2,0		// Compare against 0
	jne	get_response	// If not 0, then treat as question node

	pushw	R1		// Push pointer to top node
	call	get_final	// As the final question, and insert new node if necessary 
	add	SP,2		// Restore stack
	movw	tree(FP),R1	// Save new root node in "tree"

	jmp	done		// All done, go to final cleanup 

get_response:
	movw	R1,tree(FP)	// Put current node pointer in R1
	movw	R4,R1		// R4 = R1
	add	R4,text		// Add offset to make R4 pointer to question
	pushw	R4		// Push text of question
	call	print		// Print question in tree node
	add	SP,2		// Restore stack

	pushw	qprompt		// Push "?" prompt
	call	print		// Print the "? "
	add	SP,2		// Restore stack

	pushw	buf		// Push address of buffer in which to get response
	call	gets		// Read response from user
	add	SP,2		// Restore stack

	pushw	buf		// Push users response on stack
	pushw	yes		// Push "yes" on stack
	call	strcmp		// Compare the strings
	add	SP,4		// Restore stack
	cmp	R1,0		// Check if R1 was 0
	jeq	say_yes		// If so, user answered "yes", goto say_yes

	pushw	buf		// Push users response on stack
	pushw	no		// Push "no" on stack
	call	strcmp		// Compare the strings
	add	SP,4		// Restore stack
	cmp	R1,0		// Check if R1 was 0
	jeq	say_no		// If so, user answered "no", goto say_no

	pushw	yesno		// Push the "yes or no" error message
	call	print		// Print error message
	add	SP,2		// Restore stack
	jmp	get_response	// Go back and ask again

say_yes:
	movw	R1,tree(FP)	// Put current tree pointer in R1           
	movw	R2,yes_b(R1)	// Put "yes" branch pointer in R2           
	pushw	R2		// Push the yes branch on the stack         
	call	find_animal	// Recursively ask the next question        
	add	SP,2		// Restore the stack                        
	movw	R2,tree(FP)	// Get tree pointer again                   
	movw	yes_b(R2),R1	// Update the "yes" branch                  
	jmp	done		// Finish up and prepare to return to caller 
say_no:
	movw	R1,tree(FP)	// Put current tree pointer in R1           
	movw	R2,no_b(R1)	// Put "no" branch pointer in R2           
	pushw	R2		// Push the no branch on the stack         
	call	find_animal	// Recursively ask the next question        
	add	SP,2		// Restore the stack                        
	movw	R2,tree(FP)	// Get tree pointer again                   
	movw	no_b(R2),R1	// Update the "no" branch                  
	jmp	done		// Finish up and prepare to return to caller

done:
	movw	R1,tree(FP)	// Put new root node in R1
	ret			// Return to caller
.end

////////////////////
//	get_final(p)		Ask final question (at node p), and update tree if necessary.
//
.proc get_final
tree:	.symbol	-2		// Local variable for tree pointer
animal_node:	.symbol	-4	// Local variable for new animal node pointer
discrim_node:	.symbol	-6	// Local variable for new question node pointer
	sub	SP,6		// Allocate space for local variables

get_response:
	movw	R1, 4(FP)	// Get pointer to current node
	movw	tree(FP),R1	// Save it in the 'tree' variable

	movw	R1, 4(FP)	// Put pointer to tree in R1
	add	R1,text		// Advance R1 to animal name text 
	pushw	R1		// Push pointer to animal name on stack
	pushw	isita		// Push the "is it a..." string pointer
	call	printf		// Print the final question
	add	SP,4		// Restore stack

	pushw	buf		// Push buffer for response
	call	gets		// Get the response
	add	SP,2		// Restore the stack

	pushw	buf		// Push response on stack      
	pushw	yes		// Push "yes" on stack         
	call	strcmp		// Compare strings            
	add	SP,4		// Restore stack               
	cmp	R1,0		// See if a 0 was returned     
	jeq	win		// If so, we guessed the animal

	pushw	buf		// Push response on stack      
	pushw	no		// Push "no" on stack         
	call	strcmp		// Compare strings            
	add	SP,4		// Restore stack               
	cmp	R1,0		// See if a 0 was returned     
	jeq	loose		// If so, we did not guess the animal

	pushw	yesno		// Push the "yes or no" error message 
	call	print		// Print it                           
	add	SP,2		// Restore stack                      
	jmp	get_response	// Go back and ask again              

win:
	pushw	winmsg		// Push the (computer) win message
	call	printf		// Print it
	add	SP,2		// Restore stack
	jmp	done		// All done, go finish up and return

loose:
	pushw	loosemsg	// Push the (computer) loose message
	call	printf		// Print it
	add	SP,2		// Restore stack

	pushw	nsize			// Push number of bytes in a node
	call	malloc			// Allocate memory for new animal node
	add	SP,2			// Restore stack
	movw	animal_node(FP),R1	// Put address of new node in animal_node

	movw	yes_b(R1),0		// Intialize yes branches
	movw	no_b(R1),0		// Intialize no branches
	add	R1,text			// Move R1 to point to text area
	pushw	R1			// Push text buffer
	call	gets			// Get animal name
	add	SP,2			// Restore stack

	movw	R1,tree(FP)		// Put pointer to exiting node in R1
	add	R1,text			// Advance to the text field
	pushw	R1			// Push pointer to old animal name
	movw	R1,animal_node(FP)	// Put pointer to new node in R1
	add	R1,text			// Advance to the text field
	pushw	R1			// Push new animal name on stack
	pushw	dscrim			// Push "what is difference" question 
	call	printf			// Print the question 
	add	SP,6			// Restore pointer

	pushw	nsize			// Allocate memory for discrimination node
	call	malloc			// Allocate memory for new discrimination node
	add	SP,2			// Restore stack
	movw	discrim_node(FP),R1	// Put address of new node in discrim_node

	add	R1,text			// Advance pointer to text field of discrimination node
	pushw	R1			// Push pointer to text buffer to input question 
	call	gets			// Input the question
	add	SP,2			// Restore pointer

	movw	R1, (known)		// Put number of known animals in R1
	add	R1,1			// Increment R1
	movw	(known),R1		// Store number of known animals back in "known"

L1:	movw	R1,animal_node(FP)	// Put pointer to new animal node in R1
	add	R1,text			// Advance R1 to the text field
	pushw	R1			// Push new animal name on stack
	pushw	which			// Push the "..correct answer for..." message.
	call	printf			// Print the message
	add	SP,4			// Restore stack

	pushw	buf			// Push text buffer on stack
	call	gets			// Input a "yes" or "no"
	add	SP,2			// Restore stack

	pushw	buf			// Push user response                            
	pushw	yes			// Push string "yes"                             
	call	strcmp			// Compare strings                               
	add	SP,4			// Restore stack                                 
	cmp	R1,0			// Is the result 0?                              
	jeq	L2			// If so, goto L2.  New animal is on "yes" branch

	pushw	buf			// Push user response                            
	pushw	no			// Push string "no"                             
	call	strcmp			// Compare strings                               
	add	SP,4			// Restore stack                                 
	cmp	R1,0			// Is the result 0?                              
	jeq	L3			// If so, goto L3.  New animal is on "no" branch

	pushw	yesno			// Push the "yes or no" error message 
	call	printf			// Print it                           
	add	SP,2			// Restore stack                      
	jmp	L1			// Go back and ask again              

//
// Insert new animal on yes branch of new question
//
L2:	movw	R1,discrim_node(FP)	// Put new question node in R1 
	movw	R2,tree(FP)		// Put old animal node in R2   
	movw	R3,animal_node(FP)	// Put new animal node in R3   
	movw	yes_b(R1),R3		// Set yes branch to new node  
	movw	no_b(R1),R2		// Set no branch to old node   
	movw	tree(FP),R1		// Save R1 to tree pointer     
	jmp	done			// Finish up and return        

//
// Insert new animal on no branch of new question
//
L3:	movw	R1,discrim_node(FP)	// Put new question node in R1 
	movw	R2,tree(FP)		// Put old animal node in R2   
	movw	R3,animal_node(FP)	// Put new animal node in R3   
	movw	yes_b(R1),R2		// Set yes branch to old node  
	movw	no_b(R1),R3		// Set no branch to new node   
	movw	tree(FP),R1		// Save R1 to tree pointer     
	jmp	done			// Finish up and return        

done:
	movw	R1,tree(FP)		// Put tree pointer into return register R1
	ret				// Return to caller
.end

////////////////////
//	malloc(n) -> p	Allocate n bytes and return address in R1.  Allocated memory
//			can not be freed.
//
.proc malloc
	movw	R2, 4(FP)	// Get number of bytes
	movw	R1,R13		// Pointer to block of memory
	add	R13,R2		// Update heap pointer
	ret
.end

////////////////////
//	print(s)	Print the string s
//
.proc print
	movw	R1, 4(FP)	// Get parameter (string address)
loop:	movb	R2, (R1)	// Put character R1 is pointing to in R2
	jeq	done		// If it was a 0, this is the end of the string
	movb	(ttydata),R2	// Move char to the tty data register
	movb	(ttystatus),#1	// Signal tty controller to print character
	add	R1, #1		// Move pointer to next char
	jmp	loop		// Go back and print more
done:	ret
.end

////////////////////
//	printf(s,...)	Print the format string 
//
.proc printf
ptr:	.symbol	-2		// Local var for string pointer
arg:	.symbol -4		// Local var for argument pointer
	sub	SP,4		// Allocate 4 bytes for local variables

	movw	R3,FP		// Assign R3 and add an offset so that it points 
	add	R3,6		//   to the argument after the control string

	movw	R1, 4(FP)	// Put the control string pointer in R1
loop:	movb	R2, (R1)	// Get the next char from control string
	jeq	done		// If it was a 0, this is the end of the string

	cmp	R2, '%'		// See if it is the '%' character
	jne	cout		// If not goto cout, and simply print it

	add	R1,1		// Advance the string pointer
	movb	R2,(R1)		// Get the next char
	add	R1,1		// Advance the string pointer again

//switch (R2)
L1:	cmp	R2,'s'		// See if this is a "%s" conversion
	jne	L2		// If not, goto L2

// case 's' :
	movw	ptr(FP),R1	// Save the string pointer value
	movw	arg(FP),R3	// Save the argument pointer value
	movw	R2,(R3)		// Get address of string (from arguments) to print
	pushw	R2		// Push it on the stack
	call	print		// Print the string
	add	SP,2		// Restore stack pointer
	movw	R1,ptr(FP)	// Restore string pointer value
	movw	R3,arg(FP)	// Restore argument pointer value
	add	R3,2		// Advance argument pointer to next argument
	jmp	loop		// Go back and print more

L2:	cmp	R2,'d'		// See if this is a "%d" conversion
	jne	loop		// If not, ignore unknown conversion

// case 'd' :
	movw	ptr(FP),R1	// Save the string pointer value
	movw	arg(FP),R3	// Save the argument pointer value
	movw	R2,(R3)		// Get number (from arguments) to print
	pushw	R2		// Push it on the stack
	call	nprint		// Go print the decimal number 
	add	SP,2		// Restore stack pointer
	movw	R1,ptr(FP)	// Restore string pointer value
	movw	R3,arg(FP)	// Restore argument pointer value
	add	R3,2		// Advance argument pointer to next argument
	jmp	loop		// Go back and print more

cout:
	movb	(ttydata),R2	// Put character in tty data register
	movb	(ttystatus),#1	// Signal tty controller to print character
	add	R1, #1		// Advance to next char in control string
	jmp	loop		// Go back and print more

done:	ret			// All done, return to caller 
.end

////////////////////
//	nprint(d)	Print the number d in decimal
//
.proc nprint
	movw	R1, 4(FP)	// Move argument value to R1
	jeq	zprint		// If it was zero, goto zprint

	pushw	R1		// Push value to print on stack
	call	nprint_aux 	// Call aux function to print number
	add	SP,2		// Restore stack pointer
	ret			// All done, return to caller 

zprint:	movb	(ttydata), '0'	// Put the ascii value of '0' in tty data register
	movb	(ttystatus), #1	// Signal tty controller to print character
	ret			// All done, return to caller 
.end

////////////////////
//	nprint_aux(d)	Print the number d in decimal (but prints nothing if d is zero)
//
.proc nprint_aux
digit:	.symbol	-2		// Digit to print
	sub	SP, 2		// Allocate space for local variables

	movw	R1, 4(FP)	// Get argument
	jeq	done		// If zero, return

	// To print the number n we compute
	//     R2 = n / 10, and 
	//     R3 = n % 10
	// We can then recursively call nprint_aux to print all
	// but the lowest digit, then print the lowest digit ourselves
	//
	movw	R2, R1		// R2 = R1
	div	R2, 10		// R2 = R2 / 10
	movw	R3, R1		// R3 = R1
	mod	R3, 10		// R3 = R3 % 10
	movw	digit(FP),R3	// save lowest digit value

	pushw	R2		// Push the higher digits
	call	nprint_aux	// Recursively call ourselves to print them
	add	SP,2		// Restore stack pointer

	movw	R3,digit(FP)	// Restore digit value
	add	R3, '0'		// Add ascii for '0' to get ascii for digit
	movb	(ttydata),R3	// Put char in tty data register
	movb	(ttystatus),#1	// Signal tty controller to print character
done:
	ret			// All done, resturn to caller
.end

////////////////////
//	strcmp(a,b)		Compare strings a and b
//
.proc	strcmp
	movw	R2,4(FP)	// Get pointer to first string
	movw	R3,6(FP)	// Get pointer to second string

loop:	movb	R1,(R2)		// Get next char from R2
	jeq	eos		// If end of string, goto eos
	movb	R4,(R3)		// Get next char from R3
	jeq	eos		// If end of string, goto eos

	sub	R1,R4		// Compute difference in R1
	jne	done		// If difference was not 0, we are done

	add	R2,1		// Advance to next char in R2
	add	R3,1		// Advance to next char in R3
	jmp	loop		// Go compare more

eos:
	movb	R4,(R3)		// Get next char from R3 again (in case R1 was eos)
	sub	R1,R4		// Compute difference in R1

done:
	ret			// Return to caller, result is in R1
.end


////////////////////
//	gets(b)		Reads chars from tty into b.
//
.proc gets
	movw	R1, 4(FP)	// Get pointer to buffer
	movw	R4,R1		// Save starting pointer in R4

	//
	// Poll for a characcter
	//
cwait:	movb	R2,(ttystatus)	// Get ready status
	and	R2, #2		// Test if a char is ready
	jeq	cwait		// If not, go back and wait some more

	movb	R3,(ttydata)	// Get char from tty data register
	movb	(ttystatus),#2	// Signal char received
	cmp	R3,'\r'		// Compare against return char
	jeq	done		// Exit if return received

	cmp	R3,'\b'		// Compare against backspace char
	jeq	del_char	// Delete char if backspace

	cmp	R3,0x7f		// Compare against delete char
	jeq	del_char	// Delete char if delete character

	movb	(ttydata),R3	// Put char to echo in tty data register
	movb	(ttystatus),#1	// Signal tty controller to print character

	movb	(R1),R3		// Save in buffer
	add	R1,1		// increment pointer

	jmp	cwait		// Go back and get another char

del_char:
	cmp	R1,R4		// Compare current pointer against start of line
	jle	bell		// If already at start of line, ring bell

	movb	R3, 0x7f	// Make sure delete char is in R3
	sub	R1,1		// Decrement pointer
	movb	(ttydata),R3	// Echo backspace
	movb	(ttystatus),#1	// Signal tty controller to print character

	jmp	cwait		// Go back and get another char

bell:	
	movb	R3, 7		// Put bell char in R3
	movb	(ttydata),R3	// Echo bell
	movb	(ttystatus),#1	// Signal tty controller to print character
	jmp	cwait		// Go back and get another char

done:
	movb	(ttydata),'\n'	// Output newline
	movb	(ttystatus),#1	// Signal tty controller to print character
	movb	(R1),0		// Put eos in the string we just read
	ret			// Return to caller
.end

buf:	.bss	128		// Buffer for input
known:	.bss	2		// Number of animals known
root:	.bss	2		// root of animals tree

top_node:
	.short	0		// Pointer to "yes" node
	.short	0		// Pointer to "no" node
	.byte	"aardvark",0	// Animal name or question text

welcome: .byte	"\nWelcome to Animals.\n", 0
think:	.byte	"\nThink of an animal and I will try to guess what it is.\n", 0
numk:	.byte	"I currently know %d animals.\n\n", 0
isita: 	.byte	"Is the animal you are thinking of a %s? ",0
yes:	.byte	"yes",0
no:	.byte	"no",0
yesno:	.byte	"Please type 'yes' or 'no'.\n",0
winmsg:	.byte	"I guessed your animal!!!\n\n",0
loosemsg: .byte	"I could not guess your animal.  What was your animal? ",0
dscrim:	.byte	"Enter a question that would distinguish a %s from a %s.\n> ",0
which:	.byte	"The correct answer for a %s is? ",0
nl:	.byte	"\n",0
qprompt: .byte	"? ",0
mend:

end
</pre>
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tkgate-doc 2.0~b10-4 / usr / share / tkgate / doc / menagerie.html
