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<h1 class="title">Collatinus — User’s Manual</h1>
<p>Yves Ouvrard <code><<a href="mailto:yves.ouvrard@collatinus.org">yves.ouvrard@collatinus.org</a>></code></p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr><th>Version History</th><th></th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td>April 2012</td><td>YO</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Version 10</p>
<div id="table-of-contents">
<h2>Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-1">1. Introduction</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-1-1">1.1. Uninstalling</a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-1-2">1.2. Compiling</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#sec-2">2. Quick start</a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-3">3. The Latin text</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-3-1">3.1. From a book</a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-3-2">3.2. From a CD-ROM</a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-3-3">3.3. From the internet</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4">4. Lemmatizing</a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-5">5. Inflection and other uses</a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-6">6. The Gaffiot</a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-7">7. The data</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-7-1">7.1. The first part of a lemmata file</a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-7-2">7.2. The second part</a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-7-3">7.3. The third and final part</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#sec-8">8. Syntactic data</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-8-1">8.1. Abbreviations in the database</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#sec-9">9. License</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="sec-1">1. Introduction</h2>
<p>Collatinus lemmatizes Latin texts: if you give a declined or
conjugated form, Collatinus can find the word you should look up in a
dictionary to learn its various meanings, how it’s translated into
another language, and other information dictionaries provide.</p>
<p>Version 9 added the ability to look for meanings words acquire in
combination. A good example is the expression <i>nauis longa</i>, or
its inflected forms <i>nauem longam</i>, <i>longae nauis</i>,
etc. Collatinus 8 gave this:</p>
<ul>
<li><i>longus, a, um</i> : long</li>
<li><i>nauis, is,</i> f. : ship</li>
</ul>
<p>But <i>nauis longa</i> means, not “long ship,” but “battleship,”
and now Collatinus produces this analysis:</p>
<ul>
<li><i>nauis, is,</i> f. : ship</li>
<li>¶ <i>nauis longa</i> : warship</li>
<li><i>longus, a, um</i> : long</li>
</ul>
<p>Collatinus also performs morphological analysis; for example, if
you ask it to analyze the form <i>legem</i>, it answers:</p>
<pre>
legem
lego, as, are: bequeath, will; entrust,
send as an envoy, choose as a deputy
lex, legis, f.: motion, bill, law, statute;
principle; condition
accusative feminine singular
</pre>
<p>Collatinus is useful especially for Latin teachers, enabling them
quickly to prepare supplementary and unusual readings for their
students, complete with lexical aids. Students often use Collatinus
to read Latin more easily when their vocabulary and familiarity with
inflection are still weak.</p>
<p>Obviously, Collatinus is of no use to good Latinists seeking only
their own reading pleasure.</p>
<h3 id="sec-1-1">1.1. Uninstalling</h3>
<p>Find the directory in which Collatinus was installed, usually</p>
<pre>
C:\Program Files\collatinus\
</pre>
<p>and run the program <code>uninst.exe</code>.</p>
<h3 id="sec-1-2">1.2. Compiling</h3>
<p>Collatinus is free software, and anyone who agrees to place the
resulting program under the same free license can modify and compile
it. For more information, see the last section of this manual and the
file <code>COPYING</code> included with this program.</p>
<h2 id="sec-2">2. Quick start</h2>
<p>If you want to try Collatinus without having to read the whole
manual, here are the steps for basic usage:</p>
<ol>
<li>Start Collatinus,
<ul>
<li>on the command line
<pre>$ collatinus</pre></li>
<li>or by clicking on its icon</li>
<li>or from your desktop menu.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Click on the button <i>Onerare</i>, the second from the left.</li>
<li>In the dialog which appears, choose a file and click on Open or
OK.</li>
<li>The Latin text should appear. Let your mouse pointer hover over a
word for a second to get its morphological analysis.</li>
<li>Click on the button <i>Omnia lemmatizare</i>, the sixth from the
left.</li>
<li>The text’s vocabulary should appear.</li>
<li>In the file menu (<i>Capsa</i>), choose <i>Scribere</i>. A dialog
offers to save your work. The format depends on the tab chosen at
the bottom of the window: text, html or LaTeX.</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="sec-3">3. The Latin text</h2>
<p>Collatinus makes it easy to prepare little known Latin texts and to
make them accessible by giving non-specialists the vocabulary they
lack. But how to acquire the texts?</p>
<h3 id="sec-3-1">3.1. From a book</h3>
<p>Copying by hand takes a long time. One can make a digital image and
use a program for optical character recognition, but that also takes
considerable time and it’s not very reliable: it’s almost impossible
for the proofreader to achieve perfect accuracy, and programs have
trouble recognizing the type used in older books.</p>
<h3 id="sec-3-2">3.2. From a CD-ROM</h3>
<p>This is a costly but very interesting solution. I know of at least
two publishers who offer the whole ancient corpus: PHI (Packard
Humanities Institute) and Teubner. You can find their address through
a search engine.</p>
<h3 id="sec-3-3">3.3. From the internet</h3>
<p>This approach is more and more fruitful. Enter the incipit of the
work or the passage you want, surrounded by quotation marks, in a
search engine. For example:</p>
<pre>"is fuit in uultu uisae sine ueste Dianae"</pre>
<p>After a few false starts, that should lead to the whole text of
Ovid’s <i>Metamorphoses</i>. Note that I’ve used <i>uultu</i> rather
than <i>vultu</i>. Each gives results, but you should think of both
possibilities. Some sites, which you’ll soon come to know, specialize
in publishing Latin. They are noted on Weblettres, among other places:
<a href="http://www.weblettres.net/sommaire.php?entree=16&rubrique=54">www.weblettres.net/sommaire.php?entree=16&rubrique=54</a></p>
<p>Then put the Latin text in Collatinus’ window. Of course, you’ll
need to start Collatinus with the command</p>
<pre>
$ collatinus
</pre>
<p>You can copy and paste: in your browser, select the text and copy
it (<code>Ctrl+C</code>); in Collatinus, click in the upper part and
then paste (<code>Ctrl+V</code>). You can also save the text found on
the internet or on a CD to your hard disk, and then load it
with <i>Capsa</i>/<i>Onerare</i>.</p>
<p>Once you have the text, you should re-read it often, modifying or
correcting it.</p>
<h2 id="sec-4">4. Lemmatizing</h2>
<p>This can be done in two ways:</p>
<ul>
<li>By letting your mouse pointer hover over a Latin form. A tooltip
appears, giving all lemmas from which that form can arise, with
complete morphological analyses.</li>
<li>If you want to keep your work to save it or to print it, you must
first choose a format. Collatinus offers three:
<ol>
<li>plain text, ready for formatting in a word processor;</li>
<li>html, to be touched up in an HTML editor and put online;</li>
<li>LaTeX, which you can touch up and compile for high quality
printing. Many sites allow you to teach yourself LaTeX, which,
in my opinion, is a better solution than word processing.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<p>To copy the lemmatization of a word into your work, just click on
it.</p>
<ul>
<li>If you want to lemmatize the whole text in one go, click on the
button <i>Omnia lemmatizare</i>, or use the
menu <i>Lemmata</i>/<i>Omnia lemmatizare</i>. In that case, the
morphology isn’t added, but you can choose to sort the lemmas
alphabetically and even to make the inflected form precede each
lemma.</li>
</ul>
<p>Since Collatinus is not infallible, you are strongly advised to
re-read and correct what it produces. Collatinus lists without
hesitation interpretations any human reader would eliminate without
even thinking: for example, forms of the lemma <i>sus, suis</i>, f.:
pig, which are rare but homonymous with the ubiquitous
possessive <i>suus, sua, suum</i>.</p>
<p>At any time, you can erase the whole lower window with a button on
the toolbar or an option under the <i>Editio</i> menu. You can also
erase everything with the first button on the left.</p>
<h2 id="sec-5">5. Inflection and other uses</h2>
<p>The <i>Flexio</i> tab shows the inflection of a word you click
on. This function is provided without guarantee; you should warn
students that the resulting tables may be incorrect. In particular,
it displays the passive of verbs which have no passive and declines
certain irregular words as if they were regular.</p>
<p>Collatinus is often used for other purposes than preparing a text
for printing and distribution to students. For that reason, we have
made it possible for teachers to restrict functions which may tempt
students to neglect study of declensions and conjugations or to give
up on memorizing vocabulary.</p>
<p>A fresh installation of Collatinus comes with all its functions
enabled. You can restrict them from the
menu <i>Lemmata</i>/<i>Magister</i>. For use on a network, it suffices
to make the indices of Collatinus read-only for users whose possible
misuse of the software you wish to prevent.</p>
<p>The dialog which pops up lets you</p>
<ul>
<li>decide how unusual a word must be for students to receive help
(the most common words are grade 0, and the rarest grade 5);</li>
<li>decide whether students will have access to the morphological
analysis which appears in tooltips when the mouse pointer hovers
over a word.</li>
</ul>
<p>Some pedagogical uses for Collatinus:</p>
<ul>
<li>It can serve as a reading aid: load the text, try to read it, and
when you have trouble let the mouse pointer hover over a word you
can’t figure out. Sometimes the opposite happens: Collatinus doesn’t
know a word which the reader does know. In that case, it should be
added to the lexicon. I haven’t yet published the program I use to
edit the lexicon—it’s really not presentable—but I’ll do so as soon
as it’s less of an embarrassment.</li>
<li>You can have students use it to make specific lists: all
third-declension nouns in a text, the lexical field of justice,
words related to <i>duco</i>, etc.</li>
<li>Collatinus can provide material you can work up into lexical
statistics.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="sec-6">6. The Gaffiot</h2>
<p>Félix Gaffiot died in 1937. Seventy years later, in 2007, the first
edition of his <i>Dictionnaire</i> fell into the public domain. Thanks
to Gérard Jeanneau’s digitization, for which we are grateful, the
whole of Gaffiot’s dictionary can be consulted from within Collatinus,
either manually or automatically. For access to the Gaffiot, just
click on the second tab, at the bottom of the application. Clicking on
a word in the Latin text leads automatically to the corresponding
entry in Gaffiot. You may also look a word up manually in the search
bar.</p>
<h2 id="sec-7">7. The data</h2>
<p>Collatinus’ data is in the files named <code>lemmata.??</code>. Version
10 comes with six such files, each corresponding to a European
language:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>lemmata.de</code> for German;</li>
<li><code>lemmata.uk</code> for English;</li>
<li><code>lemmata.ca</code> for Catalan;</li>
<li><code>lemmata.es</code> for Spanish;</li>
<li><code>lemmata.fr</code> for French;</li>
<li><code>lemmata.gl</code> for Galician.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <i>Lemmata</i> menu lets you choose a target language; in the
same menu, <i>Calepino</i> gives you all six simultaneously.</p>
<h3 id="sec-7-1">7.1. The first part of a lemmata file</h3>
<p>is the dictionary proper; its format is very simple:</p>
<pre>canonical form|pattern number|perfect stems (separated by commas)|supine stems (comma)|text of the entry</pre>
<p>example:</p>
<pre>anteeo|23|anteii,anteiu|anteit|antĕĕo, is, ire, ii, itum : go/walk before/ahead…</pre>
<p>For the pattern number, cf. word endings.</p>
<p>The text of the entry gives the morphological data (genitive,
gender, principal parts, translation). A <i>p</i> in the heading
indicates that the word is always declined in the plural. For nouns
of the first and second declensions and verbs following the pattern
of <i>amo</i>, the roots are automatically calculated, not listed.
But irregularities may be noted:</p>
<pre>
do|17|ded|dat|das, dare, dedi, datum : give
tenebrae|0|tenebr||arum, f. p. : darkness
</pre>
<h3 id="sec-7-2">7.2. The second part</h3>
<p>must be preceded by the line</p>
<pre>---desinentiae---</pre>
<p>Here is the format for a word ending:</p>
<pre>ending|case|gender|number|degree|person|tense|mood|voice|pattern|part number</pre>
<p>Example:</p>
<pre>ebimini|0|0|2|0|2|2|1|1|25|1</pre>
<p>Here is what those numbers mean in the database:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr><th class="right">no.</th><th>pattern</th><th>moods</th><th>case</th><th>tense</th><th>person</th><th>degree</th><th>voice</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td class="right">0</td><td>uita</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">1</td><td>amicus</td><td>indicative</td><td>nominative</td><td>present</td><td>first</td><td>positive</td><td>active</td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">2</td><td>puer</td><td>subjunctive</td><td>vocative</td><td>future</td><td>second</td><td>comparative</td><td>passive</td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">3</td><td>ager</td><td>imperative</td><td>accusative</td><td>imperfect</td><td>third</td><td>superlative</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">4</td><td>templum</td><td>infinitive</td><td>genitive</td><td>perfect</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">5</td><td>miles</td><td>participle</td><td>dative</td><td>future perfect</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">6</td><td>ciuis</td><td>gerund</td><td>ablative</td><td>pluperfect</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">7</td><td>corpus</td><td>verbal adj.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">8</td><td>mare</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">9</td><td>manus</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">10</td><td>res</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">11</td><td>bonus</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">12</td><td>miser</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">13</td><td>pulcher</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">14</td><td>fortis</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">15</td><td>uetus</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">16</td><td>acer</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">17</td><td>amo</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">18</td><td>moneo</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">19</td><td>lego</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">20</td><td>capio</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">21</td><td>audio</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">22</td><td>sum</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">23</td><td>eo</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">24</td><td>imitor</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">25</td><td>uereor</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">26</td><td>sequor</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">27</td><td>patior</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">28</td><td>potior</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">29</td><td>pronouns</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="right">30</td><td>invariable</td><td>s</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="sec-7-3">7.3. The third and final part</h3>
<p>is only for irregular forms. It must be preceded by the line</p>
<pre>---irregulares---</pre>
<p>Here is the format for an irregular form:</p>
<pre>form|lemma|case|gender|number|degree|person|tense|mood|voice</pre>
<p>Example:</p>
<pre>deabus|dea|5|0|2|0|0|0|0|0</pre>
<p>The numbers mean the same as for word endings.</p>
<h2 id="sec-8">8. Syntactic data</h2>
<p>Idioms are recorded in the file expressions.fr, whose format is like
this, with the elements numbered from zero:</p>
<pre>Latin idiom|translation|no. of the element triggering display|lemma.morph.agrees in.agrees with|another lemma.morph. etc.</pre>
<p>Examples:</p>
<pre>
aduersi dentes|les dents de devant|0|dens...|aduersus.m.cn.0
abrumpere uitam a ciuitate|rompre avec sa patrie|3|abrumpo.act..|uita.ac s..|a...|ciuitas.ab s..
</pre>
<p>In the first example, the idiom will be displayed
when <i>dentes</i> is lemmatized. <i>Dens</i> can be in any case, and
the adjective <i>aduersus</i> will agree in case and number (cn) with
no. 0, that is, <i>dens</i>.</p>
<p>In the second example, four forms are defined. The fields for
morphology and agreement are left empty for the preposition
<i>a</i>. The idiom will appear under <i>ciuitas</i>.</p>
<h3 id="sec-8-1">8.1. Abbreviations in the database</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr><th>datum</th><th>codes</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td>case</td><td><code>n v ac g d ab</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>number</td><td><code>n p</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>gender</td><td><code>m f nt</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>degree</td><td><code>comp sup</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>person</td><td><code>1 2 3</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>tense</td><td><code>pr fut impf pf fa pqp</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>mood</td><td><code>ind subj imper inf part ger adjv</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>voice</td><td><code>act pass</code></td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="sec-9">9. License</h2>
<p>Collatinus is published under the GNU General Public License. The
text of that license is included with and must always accompany the
program. You should read it attentively and note that more and more
programs and documents are released under its terms. In sum, the
source code of Collatinus must be easily accessible, with no
surcharge. In its original distribution, the source is given in the
same archive as the binary. Any further work which uses all or part of
Collatinus must be placed under the same license.</p>
<p>I wanted Collatinus to be free so as to help the Latin language
remain what it has been since antiquity: the symbol of a European and
even world-wide culture, indispensable despite what is often said of
it.</p>
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