/usr/share/doc/dracut/dracut.html is in dracut 040+1-1.
This file is owned by root:root, with mode 0o644.
The actual contents of the file can be viewed below.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 1377 1378 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 1389 1390 1391 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411 1412 1413 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418 1419 1420 1421 1422 1423 1424 1425 1426 1427 1428 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1440 1441 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456 1457 1458 1459 1460 1461 1462 1463 1464 1465 1466 1467 1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498 1499 1500 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2073 2074 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079 2080 2081 2082 2083 2084 2085 2086 2087 2088 2089 2090 2091 2092 2093 2094 2095 2096 2097 2098 2099 2100 2101 2102 2103 2104 2105 2106 2107 2108 2109 2110 2111 2112 2113 2114 2115 2116 2117 2118 2119 2120 2121 2122 2123 2124 2125 2126 2127 2128 2129 2130 2131 2132 2133 2134 2135 2136 2137 2138 2139 2140 2141 2142 2143 2144 2145 2146 2147 2148 2149 2150 2151 2152 2153 2154 2155 2156 2157 2158 2159 2160 2161 2162 2163 2164 2165 2166 2167 2168 2169 2170 2171 2172 2173 2174 2175 2176 2177 2178 2179 2180 2181 2182 2183 2184 2185 2186 2187 2188 2189 2190 2191 2192 2193 2194 2195 2196 2197 2198 2199 2200 2201 2202 2203 2204 2205 2206 2207 2208 2209 2210 2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217 2218 2219 2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226 2227 2228 2229 2230 2231 2232 2233 2234 2235 2236 2237 2238 2239 2240 2241 2242 2243 2244 2245 2246 2247 2248 2249 2250 2251 2252 2253 2254 2255 2256 2257 2258 2259 2260 2261 2262 2263 2264 2265 2266 2267 2268 2269 2270 2271 2272 2273 2274 2275 2276 2277 2278 2279 2280 2281 2282 2283 2284 2285 2286 2287 2288 2289 2290 2291 2292 2293 2294 2295 2296 2297 2298 2299 2300 2301 2302 2303 2304 2305 2306 2307 2308 2309 2310 2311 2312 2313 2314 2315 2316 2317 2318 2319 2320 2321 2322 2323 2324 2325 2326 2327 2328 2329 2330 2331 2332 2333 2334 2335 2336 2337 2338 2339 2340 2341 2342 2343 2344 2345 2346 2347 2348 2349 2350 2351 2352 2353 2354 2355 2356 2357 2358 2359 2360 2361 2362 2363 2364 2365 2366 2367 2368 2369 2370 2371 2372 2373 2374 2375 2376 2377 2378 2379 2380 2381 2382 2383 2384 2385 2386 2387 2388 2389 2390 2391 2392 2393 2394 2395 2396 2397 2398 2399 2400 2401 2402 2403 2404 2405 2406 2407 2408 2409 2410 2411 2412 2413 2414 2415 2416 2417 2418 2419 2420 2421 2422 2423 2424 2425 2426 2427 2428 2429 2430 2431 2432 2433 2434 2435 2436 2437 2438 2439 2440 2441 2442 2443 2444 2445 2446 2447 2448 2449 2450 2451 2452 2453 2454 2455 2456 2457 2458 2459 2460 2461 2462 2463 2464 2465 2466 2467 2468 2469 2470 2471 2472 2473 2474 2475 2476 2477 2478 2479 2480 2481 2482 2483 2484 2485 2486 2487 2488 2489 2490 2491 2492 2493 2494 2495 2496 2497 2498 2499 2500 2501 2502 2503 2504 2505 2506 2507 2508 2509 2510 2511 2512 2513 2514 2515 2516 2517 2518 2519 2520 2521 2522 2523 2524 2525 2526 2527 2528 2529 2530 2531 2532 2533 2534 2535 2536 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554 2555 2556 2557 2558 2559 2560 2561 2562 2563 2564 2565 2566 2567 2568 2569 2570 2571 2572 2573 2574 2575 2576 2577 2578 2579 2580 2581 2582 2583 2584 2585 2586 2587 2588 2589 2590 2591 2592 2593 2594 2595 2596 2597 2598 2599 2600 2601 2602 2603 2604 2605 2606 2607 2608 2609 2610 2611 2612 2613 2614 2615 2616 2617 2618 2619 2620 2621 2622 2623 2624 2625 2626 2627 2628 2629 2630 2631 2632 2633 2634 2635 2636 2637 2638 2639 2640 2641 2642 2643 2644 2645 2646 2647 2648 2649 2650 2651 2652 2653 2654 2655 2656 2657 2658 2659 2660 2661 2662 2663 2664 2665 2666 2667 2668 2669 2670 2671 2672 2673 2674 2675 2676 2677 2678 2679 2680 2681 2682 2683 2684 2685 2686 2687 2688 2689 2690 2691 2692 2693 2694 2695 2696 2697 2698 2699 2700 2701 2702 2703 2704 2705 2706 2707 2708 2709 2710 2711 2712 2713 2714 2715 2716 2717 2718 2719 2720 2721 2722 2723 2724 2725 2726 2727 2728 2729 2730 2731 2732 2733 2734 2735 2736 2737 2738 2739 2740 2741 2742 2743 2744 2745 2746 2747 2748 2749 2750 2751 2752 2753 2754 2755 2756 2757 2758 2759 2760 2761 2762 2763 2764 2765 2766 2767 2768 2769 2770 2771 2772 2773 2774 2775 2776 2777 2778 2779 2780 2781 2782 2783 2784 2785 2786 2787 2788 2789 2790 2791 2792 2793 2794 2795 2796 2797 2798 2799 2800 2801 2802 2803 2804 2805 2806 2807 2808 2809 2810 2811 2812 2813 2814 2815 2816 2817 2818 2819 2820 2821 2822 2823 2824 2825 2826 2827 2828 2829 2830 2831 2832 2833 2834 2835 2836 2837 2838 2839 2840 2841 2842 2843 2844 2845 2846 2847 2848 2849 2850 2851 2852 2853 2854 2855 2856 2857 2858 2859 2860 2861 2862 2863 2864 2865 2866 2867 2868 2869 2870 2871 2872 2873 2874 2875 2876 2877 2878 2879 2880 2881 2882 2883 2884 2885 2886 2887 2888 2889 2890 2891 2892 2893 2894 2895 2896 2897 2898 2899 2900 2901 2902 2903 2904 2905 2906 2907 2908 2909 2910 2911 2912 2913 2914 2915 2916 2917 2918 2919 2920 2921 2922 2923 2924 2925 2926 2927 2928 2929 2930 2931 2932 2933 2934 2935 2936 2937 2938 2939 2940 2941 2942 2943 2944 2945 2946 2947 2948 2949 2950 2951 2952 2953 2954 2955 2956 2957 2958 2959 2960 2961 2962 2963 2964 2965 2966 2967 2968 2969 2970 2971 2972 2973 2974 2975 2976 2977 2978 2979 2980 2981 2982 2983 2984 2985 2986 2987 2988 2989 2990 2991 2992 2993 2994 2995 2996 2997 2998 2999 3000 3001 3002 3003 3004 3005 3006 3007 3008 3009 3010 3011 3012 3013 3014 3015 3016 3017 3018 3019 3020 3021 3022 3023 3024 3025 3026 3027 3028 3029 3030 3031 3032 3033 3034 3035 3036 3037 3038 3039 3040 3041 3042 3043 3044 3045 3046 3047 3048 3049 3050 3051 3052 3053 3054 3055 3056 3057 3058 3059 3060 3061 3062 3063 3064 3065 3066 3067 3068 3069 3070 3071 3072 3073 3074 3075 3076 3077 3078 3079 3080 3081 3082 3083 3084 3085 3086 3087 3088 3089 3090 3091 3092 3093 3094 3095 3096 3097 3098 3099 3100 3101 3102 3103 3104 3105 3106 3107 3108 3109 3110 3111 3112 3113 3114 3115 3116 3117 3118 3119 3120 3121 3122 3123 3124 3125 3126 3127 3128 3129 3130 3131 3132 3133 3134 3135 3136 3137 3138 3139 3140 3141 3142 3143 3144 3145 3146 3147 3148 3149 3150 3151 3152 3153 3154 3155 3156 3157 3158 3159 3160 3161 3162 3163 3164 3165 3166 3167 3168 3169 3170 3171 3172 3173 3174 3175 3176 3177 3178 3179 3180 3181 3182 3183 3184 3185 3186 3187 3188 3189 3190 3191 3192 3193 3194 3195 3196 3197 3198 3199 3200 3201 3202 3203 3204 3205 3206 3207 3208 3209 3210 3211 3212 3213 3214 3215 3216 3217 3218 3219 3220 3221 3222 3223 3224 3225 3226 3227 3228 3229 3230 3231 3232 3233 3234 3235 3236 3237 3238 3239 3240 3241 3242 3243 3244 3245 3246 3247 3248 3249 3250 3251 3252 3253 3254 3255 3256 3257 3258 3259 3260 3261 3262 3263 3264 3265 3266 3267 3268 3269 3270 3271 3272 3273 3274 3275 3276 3277 3278 3279 3280 3281 3282 3283 3284 3285 3286 3287 3288 3289 3290 3291 3292 3293 3294 3295 3296 3297 3298 3299 3300 3301 3302 3303 3304 3305 3306 3307 3308 3309 3310 3311 3312 3313 3314 3315 3316 3317 3318 3319 3320 3321 3322 3323 3324 3325 3326 3327 3328 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>dracut</title><style type="text/css">
body, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, pre, li, div {
line-height: 1.29em;
}
body {
background-color: white;
margin:0 auto;
font-family: "liberation sans", "Myriad ", "Bitstream Vera Sans", "Lucida Grande", "Luxi Sans", "Trebuchet MS", helvetica, verdana, arial, sans-serif;
font-size:12px;
max-width:55em;
color:black;
}
/* desktop styles */
body.desktop {
margin-left: 26em;
}
body.desktop .book > .toc {
display:block;
width:24em;
height:99%;
position:fixed;
overflow:auto;
top:0px;
left:0px;
padding-left:1em;
background-color:#EEEEEE;
}
.toc {
line-height:1.35em;
}
.toc .glossary,
.toc .chapter, .toc .appendix {
margin-top:1em;
}
.toc .part {
margin-top:1em;
display:block;
}
span.glossary,
span.appendix {
display:block;
margin-top:0.5em;
}
div {
padding-top:0px;
}
div.section {
padding-top:1em;
}
p, div.para, div.formalpara {
padding-top:0px;
margin-top:0.3em;
padding-bottom:0px;
margin-bottom:1em;
}
/*Links*/
a {
outline: none;
}
a:link {
text-decoration:none;
border-bottom: 1px dotted ;
color:#3366cc;
}
a:visited {
text-decoration:none;
border-bottom: 1px dotted ;
color:#003366;
}
div.longdesc-link {
float:right;
color:#999;
}
.toc a, .qandaset a {
font-weight:normal;
}
/*headings*/
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
color: #336699;
margin-top: 0em;
margin-bottom: 0em;
background-color: transparent;
}
h1 {
font-size:2.0em;
}
.titlepage h1.title {
font-size: 3.0em;
padding-top: 1em;
text-align:left;
}
.book > .titlepage h1.title {
text-align:center;
}
.article > .titlepage h1.title {
text-align:center;
}
.set .titlepage > div > div > h1.title {
text-align:center;
}
.producttitle {
margin-top: 0em;
margin-bottom: 0em;
font-size: 3.0em;
font-weight: bold;
color: white;
text-align: center;
padding: 0.7em;
}
.titlepage .corpauthor {
margin-top: 1em;
text-align: center;
}
.section h1.title {
font-size: 1.6em;
padding: 0em;
color: #336699;
text-align: left;
background: white;
}
h2 {
font-size:1.6em;
}
h2.subtitle, h3.subtitle {
margin-top: 1em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
font-size: 1.4em;
text-align: center;
}
.preface > div > div > div > h2.title {
margin-top: 1em;
font-size: 2.0em;
}
.appendix h2 {
margin-top: 1em;
font-size: 2.0em;
}
h3 {
font-size:1.3em;
padding-top:0em;
padding-bottom:0em;
}
h4 {
font-size:1.1em;
padding-top:0em;
padding-bottom:0em;
}
h5 {
font-size:1em;
}
h6 {
font-size:1em;
}
h5.formalpara {
font-size:1em;
margin-top:2em;
margin-bottom:.8em;
}
.abstract h6 {
margin-top:1em;
margin-bottom:.5em;
font-size:2em;
}
/*element rules*/
hr {
border-collapse: collapse;
border-style:none;
border-top: 1px dotted #ccc;
width:100%;
margin-top: 3em;
}
/* web site rules */
ul.languages, .languages li {
display:inline;
padding:0em;
}
.languages li a {
padding:0em .5em;
text-decoration: none;
}
.languages li p, .languages li div.para {
display:inline;
}
.languages li a:link, .languages li a:visited {
color:#444;
}
.languages li a:hover, .languages li a:focus, .languages li a:active {
color:black;
}
ul.languages {
display:block;
background-color:#eee;
padding:.5em;
}
/*supporting stylesheets*/
/*unique to the webpage only*/
.books {
position:relative;
}
.versions li {
width:100%;
clear:both;
display:block;
}
a.version {
font-size:2em;
text-decoration:none;
width:100%;
display:block;
padding:1em 0em .2em 0em;
clear:both;
}
a.version:before {
content:"Version";
font-size:smaller;
}
a.version:visited, a.version:link {
color:#666;
}
a.version:focus, a.version:hover {
color:black;
}
.books {
display:block;
position:relative;
clear:both;
width:100%;
}
.books li {
display:block;
width:200px;
float:left;
position:relative;
clear: none ;
}
.books .html {
width:170px;
display:block;
}
.books .pdf {
position:absolute;
left:170px;
top:0px;
font-size:smaller;
}
.books .pdf:link, .books .pdf:visited {
color:#555;
}
.books .pdf:hover, .books .pdf:focus {
color:#000;
}
.books li a {
text-decoration:none;
}
.books li a:hover {
color:black;
}
/*products*/
.products li {
display: block;
width:300px;
float:left;
}
.products li a {
width:300px;
padding:.5em 0em;
}
.products ul {
clear:both;
}
/*revision history*/
.revhistory {
display:block;
}
.revhistory table {
background-color:transparent;
border-color:#fff;
padding:0em;
margin: 0;
border-collapse:collapse;
border-style:none;
}
.revhistory td {
text-align :left;
padding:0em;
border: none;
border-top: 1px solid #fff;
font-weight: bold;
}
.revhistory .simplelist td {
font-weight: normal;
}
.revhistory .simplelist {
margin-bottom: 1.5em;
margin-left: 1em;
}
.revhistory table th {
display: none;
}
/*credits*/
.authorgroup div {
clear:both;
text-align: center;
}
h3.author {
margin: 0em;
padding: 0em;
padding-top: 1em;
}
.authorgroup h4 {
padding: 0em;
margin: 0em;
padding-top: 1em;
margin-top: 1em;
}
.author,
.editor,
.translator,
.othercredit,
.contrib {
display: block;
}
.revhistory .author {
display: inline;
}
.othercredit h3 {
padding-top: 1em;
}
.othercredit {
margin:0em;
padding:0em;
}
.releaseinfo {
clear: both;
}
.copyright {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/* qanda sets */
.answer {
margin-bottom:1em;
border-bottom:1px dotted #ccc;
}
.qandaset .toc {
border-bottom:1px dotted #ccc;
}
.question {
font-weight:bold;
}
.answer .data, .question .data {
padding-left: 2.6em;
}
.answer label, .question label {
float:left;
font-weight:bold;
}
/*Lists*/
ul {
padding-left:1.6em;
list-style-type: circle;
}
ul ul {
list-style-type: circle;
}
ol {
list-style-image:none;
list-style-type: decimal;
}
ol ol {
list-style-type: lower-alpha;
}
ol.arabic {
list-style-type: decimal;
}
ol.loweralpha {
list-style-type: lower-alpha;
}
ol.lowerroman {
list-style-type: lower-roman;
}
ol.upperalpha {
list-style-type: upper-alpha;
}
ol.upperroman {
list-style-type: upper-roman;
}
dt {
font-weight:bold;
margin-bottom:0em;
padding-bottom:0em;
}
dd {
margin:0em;
margin-left:2em;
padding-top:0em;
padding-bottom: 1em;
}
li {
padding-top:0px;
margin-top:0em;
padding-bottom:0px;
margin-bottom:0.4em;
}
li p, li div.para {
padding-top:0px;
margin-top:0em;
padding-bottom:0px;
margin-bottom:0.3em;
}
/*images*/
img {
display:block;
margin: 2em 0;
}
.inlinemediaobject, .inlinemediaobject img {
display:inline;
margin:0em;
}
.figure img {
display:block;
margin:0;
}
.figure .title {
margin:0em;
margin-bottom:2em;
padding:0px;
}
/*document modes*/
.confidential {
background-color:#900;
color:White;
padding:.5em .5em;
text-transform:uppercase;
text-align:center;
}
.longdesc-link {
display:none;
}
.longdesc {
display:none;
}
.prompt {
padding:0em .3em;
}
/*user interface styles*/
.screen .replaceable {
}
.guibutton, .guilabel {
font-family: "liberation mono", "bitstream vera mono", "dejavu mono", monospace;
font-weight: bold;
white-space: nowrap;
}
.example {
background-color: #ffffff;
border-left: 3px solid #aaaaaa;
padding-top: 1em;
padding-bottom: 0.1em;
}
.example h6 {
padding-left: 10px;
}
.example-contents {
padding-left: 10px;
background-color: #ffffff;
}
.example-contents .para {
/* padding: 10px;*/
}
/*terminal/console text*/
.computeroutput,
.option {
font-family:"liberation mono", "bitstream vera mono", "dejavu mono", monospace;
font-weight:bold;
}
.replaceable {
font-family:"liberation mono", "bitstream vera mono", "dejavu mono", monospace;
font-style: italic;
}
.command, .filename, .keycap, .classname, .literal {
font-family:"liberation mono", "bitstream vera mono", "dejavu mono", monospace;
font-weight:bold;
}
/* no bold in toc */
.toc * {
font-weight: inherit;
}
pre {
font-family:"liberation mono", "bitstream vera mono", "dejavu mono", monospace;
display:block;
background-color: #f5f5f5;
color: #000000;
border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;
margin-bottom: 0.3em;
padding:.5em 1em;
white-space: pre-wrap; /* css-3 */
white-space: -moz-pre-wrap !important; /* Mozilla, since 1999 */
white-space: -pre-wrap; /* Opera 4-6 */
white-space: -o-pre-wrap; /* Opera 7 */
word-wrap: break-word; /* Internet Explorer 5.5+ */
font-size: 0.9em;
}
pre .replaceable,
pre .keycap {
}
code {
font-family:"liberation mono", "bitstream vera mono", "dejavu mono", monospace;
white-space: nowrap;
font-weight:bold;
}
.parameter code {
display: inline;
white-space: pre-wrap; /* css-3 */
white-space: -moz-pre-wrap !important; /* Mozilla, since 1999 */
white-space: -pre-wrap; /* Opera 4-6 */
white-space: -o-pre-wrap; /* Opera 7 */
word-wrap: break-word; /* Internet Explorer 5.5+ */
}
div.warning, div.note, div.important {
color: black;
margin: 0em;
padding: 0em;
background: none;
background-color: white;
margin-bottom: 1em;
padding-left: 1em;
border-left: 2px solid #aaaaaa;
}
div.warning h2, div.note h2,div.important h2 {
margin: 0em;
padding: 0em;
color: #eeeeec;
padding-top: 0px;
padding-bottom: 0px;
height: 1.4em;
line-height: 1.4em;
font-size: 1.4em;
display:inline;
}
div.admonition_header {
clear: both;
margin: 0em;
padding: 0em;
margin-top: -3.3em;
padding-left: 58px;
line-height: 1.0em;
font-size: 1.0em;
}
div.warning p, div.warning div.para,
div.note p, div.note div.para,
div.important p, div.important div.para {
padding: 0em;
margin: 0em;
}
div.admonition {
border: none;
border-left: 1px solid #aaaaaa;
border-right: 1px solid #aaaaaa;
padding:0em;
margin:0em;
padding-top: 1.5em;
padding-bottom: 1em;
padding-left: 2em;
padding-right: 1em;
background-color: #eeeeec;
-moz-border-radius: 0px;
-webkit-border-radius: 0px;
border-radius: 0px;
}
/*Page Title*/
#title {
display:block;
height:45px;
padding-bottom:1em;
margin:0em;
}
#title a.left{
display:inline;
border:none;
}
#title a.left img{
border:none;
float:left;
margin:0em;
margin-top:.7em;
}
#title a.right {
padding-bottom:1em;
}
#title a.right img {
border:none;
float:right;
margin:0em;
margin-top:.7em;
}
/*Table*/
table {
border:1px solid #6c614b;
width:100%;
border-collapse:collapse;
}
table.simplelist, .calloutlist table {
border-style: none;
}
table th {
text-align:left;
background-color:#6699cc;
padding:.3em .5em;
color:white;
}
table td {
padding:.15em .5em;
}
table tr.even td {
background-color:#f5f5f5;
}
table th p:first-child, table td p:first-child, table li p:first-child,
table th div.para:first-child, table td div.para:first-child, table li div.para:first-child {
margin-top:0em;
padding-top:0em;
display:inline;
}
th, td {
border-style:none;
vertical-align: top;
border: 1px solid #000;
}
.simplelist th, .simplelist td {
border: none;
}
table table td {
border-bottom:1px dotted #aaa;
background-color:white;
padding:.6em 0em;
}
table table {
border:1px solid white;
}
td.remarkval {
color:#444;
}
td.fieldval {
font-weight:bold;
}
.lbname, .lbtype, .lbdescr, .lbdriver, .lbhost {
color:white;
font-weight:bold;
background-color:#999;
width:120px;
}
td.remarkval {
width:230px;
}
td.tname {
font-weight:bold;
}
th.dbfield {
width:120px;
}
th.dbtype {
width:70px;
}
th.dbdefault {
width:70px;
}
th.dbnul {
width:70px;
}
th.dbkey {
width:70px;
}
span.book {
margin-top:4em;
display:block;
}
span.chapter {
display:block;
margin-top:0.5em;
}
table.simplelist td, .calloutlist table td {
border-style: none;
}
/*Breadcrumbs*/
#breadcrumbs ul li.first:before {
content:" ";
}
#breadcrumbs {
color:#900;
padding:3px;
margin-bottom:25px;
}
#breadcrumbs ul {
margin-left:0;
padding-left:0;
display:inline;
border:none;
}
#breadcrumbs ul li {
margin-left:0;
padding-left:2px;
border:none;
list-style:none;
display:inline;
}
#breadcrumbs ul li:before {
content:"\0020 \0020 \0020 \00BB \0020";
color:#333;
}
/*index*/
.glossary h3,
.index h3 {
font-size: 2em;
color:#aaa;
margin:0em;
}
.indexdiv {
margin-bottom:1em;
}
.glossary dt,
.index dt {
color:#444;
padding-top:.5em;
}
.glossary dl dl dt,
.index dl dl dt {
color:#777;
font-weight:normal;
padding-top:0em;
}
.index dl dl dt:before {
content:"- ";
color:#ccc;
}
/*changes*/
.footnote {
font-size: .7em;
margin:0em;
color:#222;
}
table .footnote {
}
sup {
color:#999;
margin:0em;
padding:0em;
line-height: .4em;
font-size: 1em;
padding-left:0em;
}
.footnote {
position:relative;
}
.footnote sup {
color:#e3dcc0;
position:absolute;
left: .4em;
}
.footnote sup a:link,
.footnote sup a:visited {
color:#92917d;
text-decoration:none;
}
.footnote:hover sup a {
text-decoration:none;
}
.footnote p,.footnote div.para {
padding-left:2em;
}
.footnote a:link,
.footnote a:visited {
color:#00537c;
}
.footnote a:hover {
}
/**/
div.chapter {
margin-top:3em;
}
div.section {
margin-top:1em;
}
div.note .replaceable,
div.important .replaceable,
div.warning .replaceable,
div.note .keycap,
div.important .keycap,
div.warning .keycap
{
}
ul li p:last-child, ul li div.para:last-child {
margin-bottom:0em;
padding-bottom:0em;
}
/* Dirty EVIL Mozilla hack for round corners */
pre {
-moz-border-radius:11px;
-webkit-border-radius:11px;
border-radius: 11px;
}
.example {
-moz-border-radius:0px;
-webkit-border-radius:0px;
border-radius: 0px;
}
.package, .citetitle {
font-style: italic;
}
.titlepage .edition {
color: #336699;
background-color: transparent;
margin-top: 1em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
font-size: 1.4em;
font-weight: bold;
text-align: center;
}
span.remark {
background-color: #ff00ff;
}
.foreignphrase {
font-style: inherit;
}
dt {
clear:both;
}
dt img {
border-style: none;
max-width: 112px;
}
dt object {
max-width: 112px;
}
dt .inlinemediaobject, dt object {
display: inline;
float: left;
margin-bottom: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;
width: 112px;
}
dl:after {
display: block;
clear: both;
content: "";
}
.toc dd {
padding-bottom: 0em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
padding-left: 1.3em;
margin-left: 0em;
}
div.toc > dl > dt {
padding-bottom: 0em;
margin-bottom: 0em;
margin-top: 1em;
}
.strikethrough {
text-decoration: line-through;
}
.underline {
text-decoration: underline;
}
.calloutlist img, .callout {
padding: 0em;
margin: 0em;
width: 12pt;
display: inline;
vertical-align: middle;
}
.stepalternatives {
list-style-image: none;
list-style-type: none;
}
a:link {
color:#0066cc;
}
a:hover, a:active {
color:#003366;
}
a:visited {
color:#6699cc;
}
h1 {
color:#3c6eb4
}
.section h1.title {
color:#3c6eb4;
}
h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
color:#3c6eb4;
}
table {
border:1px solid #3c6eb4;
}
table th {
background-color:#3c6eb4;
}
table tr.even td {
background-color:#f5f5f5;
}
.revhistory table th {
color:#3c6eb4;
}
.titlepage .edition {
color: #3c6eb4;
}
</style><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.76.1" /></head><body><div xml:lang="en" class="book" title="dracut" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="idp150992"></a>dracut</h1></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Harald</span> <span class="surname">Hoyer</span></h3><code class="email"><<a class="email" href="mailto:harald@redhat.com">harald@redhat.com</a>></code></div></div><div><div class="revhistory"><table border="1" width="100%" summary="Revision history"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" colspan="3"><strong>Revision History</strong></th></tr><tr><td align="left">Revision 3.0</td><td align="left">October 2013</td><td align="left">HH</td></tr></table></div></div></div><hr /></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="part"><a href="#_introduction">I. Introduction</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_definition">1. Definition</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_rationale">2. Rationale</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_implementation">3. Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_mount_preparations">4. Mount preparations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_dracut_on_shutdown">5. Dracut on shutdown</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="#_user_manual">II. User Manual</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_dracut_8">6. DRACUT(8)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_usage">USAGE</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_inspecting_the_contents">Inspecting the Contents</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_adding_dracut_modules">Adding dracut Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_omitting_dracut_modules">Omitting dracut Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_adding_kernel_modules">Adding Kernel Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_boot_parameters">Boot parameters</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#Injecting">Injecting custom Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#NetworkBoot">Network Boot</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#identifying-your-problem-area">Identifying your problem area</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#information-to-include-in-your-report">Information to include in your report</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#debugging-dracut">Debugging dracut</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_options">OPTIONS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_files">FILES</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_configuration_in_the_initramfs">Configuration in the initramfs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_availability">AVAILABILITY</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_authors">AUTHORS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#dracutconf5">7. DRACUT.CONF(5)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_2">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_synopsis_2">SYNOPSIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_2">Description</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_files_2">Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_2">See Also</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#dracutcmdline7">8. DRACUT.CMDLINE(7)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_3">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_3">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_standard">Standard</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_iso_scan_filename">iso-scan/filename</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_misc">Misc</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#dracutkerneldebug">Debug</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_i18n">I18N</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_lvm">LVM</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_crypto_luks">crypto LUKS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_crypto_luks_key_on_removable_device_support">crypto LUKS - key on removable device support</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_md_raid">MD RAID</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_dm_raid">DM RAID</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_fips">FIPS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_network">Network</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_nfs">NFS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_cifs">CIFS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_iscsi">iSCSI</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_fcoe">FCoE</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_nbd">NBD</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_dasd">DASD</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_zfcp">ZFCP</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_znet">ZNET</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_booting_live_images">Booting live images</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_plymouth_boot_splash">Plymouth Boot Splash</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_kernel_keys">Kernel keys</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_deprecated_renamed_options">Deprecated, renamed Options</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_configuration_in_the_initramfs_2">Configuration in the Initramfs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author_2">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_3">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#lsinitrd1">9. LSINITRD(1)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_4">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_synopsis_3">SYNOPSIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_4">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_options_2">OPTIONS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_availability_2">AVAILABILITY</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_authors_2">AUTHORS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_4">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#mkinitrd8">10. MKINITRD(8)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_5">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_synopsis_4">SYNOPSIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_5">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_options_3">OPTIONS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_availability_3">AVAILABILITY</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_authors_3">AUTHORS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_5">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_developer_manual">11. Developer Manual</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#dracutmodules7">12. DRACUT.MODULES(7)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_6">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_6">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#stages">Boot Process Stages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_cmdline">Hook: cmdline</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_udev">Hook: pre-udev</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_start_udev">Start Udev</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_trigger">Hook: pre-trigger</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_trigger_udev">Trigger Udev</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_main_loop">Main Loop</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_mount">Hook: pre-mount</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_mount">Hook: mount</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_pivot">Hook: pre-pivot</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_cleanup">Hook: cleanup</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_cleanup_and_switch_root">Cleanup and switch_root</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_network_infrastructure">Network Infrastructure</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_writing_a_module">Writing a Module</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_check">module-setup.sh: check()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_depends">module-setup.sh: depends()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_cmdline">module-setup.sh: cmdline()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_install">module-setup.sh: install()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_installkernel">module-setup.sh: installkernel()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_anchor_id_creation_xreflabel_creation_creation_functions">Creation Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_initramfs_functions">Initramfs Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_network_modules">Network Modules</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author_3">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_6">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#dracutbootup7">13. DRACUT.BOOTUP(7)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_7">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_7">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author_4">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_7">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#_license">A. License</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="part" title="Part I. Introduction"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="_introduction"></a>Part I. Introduction</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_definition">1. Definition</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_rationale">2. Rationale</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_implementation">3. Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_mount_preparations">4. Mount preparations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_dracut_on_shutdown">5. Dracut on shutdown</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>This section is a modified version of
<a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd" target="_top">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd</a> which is licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.</p><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 1. Definition"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="_definition"></a>Chapter 1. Definition</h2></div></div></div><p>An <span class="emphasis"><em>initial ramdisk</em></span> is a temporary file system used in the boot process of the
Linux kernel. <span class="emphasis"><em>initrd</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>initramfs</em></span> refer to slightly different schemes for
loading this file system into memory. Both are commonly used to make
preparations before the real root file system can be mounted.</p></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 2. Rationale"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="_rationale"></a>Chapter 2. Rationale</h2></div></div></div><p>Many Linux distributions ship a single, generic kernel image that is intended to
boot as wide a variety of hardware as possible. The device drivers for this
generic kernel image are included as loadable modules, as it is not possible to
statically compile them all into the one kernel without making it too large to
boot from computers with limited memory or from lower-capacity media like floppy
disks.</p><p>This then raises the problem of detecting and loading the modules necessary to
mount the root file system at boot time (or, for that matter, deducing where or
what the root file system is).</p><p>To further complicate matters, the root file system may be on a software RAID
volume, LVM, NFS (on diskless workstations), or on an encrypted partition. All
of these require special preparations to mount.</p><p>Another complication is kernel support for hibernation, which suspends the
computer to disk by dumping an image of the entire system to a swap partition or
a regular file, then powering off. On next boot, this image has to be made
accessible before it can be loaded back into memory.</p><p>To avoid having to hardcode handling for so many special cases into the kernel,
an initial boot stage with a temporary root file system
—now dubbed early user space— is used. This root file system would contain
user-space helpers that would do the hardware detection, module loading and
device discovery necessary to get the real root file system mounted.</p></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 3. Implementation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="_implementation"></a>Chapter 3. Implementation</h2></div></div></div><p>An image of this initial root file system (along with the kernel image) must be
stored somewhere accessible by the Linux bootloader or the boot firmware of the
computer. This can be:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
The root file system itself
</li><li class="listitem">
A boot image on an optical disc
</li><li class="listitem">
A small ext2/ext3 or FAT-formatted partition on a local disk
(a <span class="emphasis"><em>boot partition</em></span>)
</li><li class="listitem">
A TFTP server (on systems that can boot from Ethernet)
</li></ul></div><p>The bootloader will load the kernel and initial root file system image into
memory and then start the kernel, passing in the memory address of the image.</p><p>Depending on which algorithms were compiled statically into it, the kernel can
currently unpack initrd/initramfs images compressed with gzip, bzip2 and LZMA.</p></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 4. Mount preparations"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="_mount_preparations"></a>Chapter 4. Mount preparations</h2></div></div></div><p>dracut can generate a customized initrams image which contains only whatever is
necessary to boot some particular computer, such as ATA, SCSI and filesystem
kernel modules (host-only mode).</p><p>dracut can also generate a more generic initramfs image (default mode).</p><p>dracut’s initramfs starts only with the device name of the root file system (or
its UUID) and must discover everything else at boot time. A complex cascade of
tasks must be performed to get the root file system mounted:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
Any hardware drivers that the boot process depends on must be loaded. All
kernel modules for common storage devices are packed onto the initramfs and then
udev pulls in modules matching the computer’s detected hardware.
</li><li class="listitem">
On systems which display a boot rd.splash screen, the video hardware must be
initialized and a user-space helper started to paint animations onto the display
in lockstep with the boot process.
</li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara">
If the root file system is on NFS, dracut does then:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="circle"><li class="listitem">
Bring up the primary network interface.
</li><li class="listitem">
Invoke a DHCP client, with which it can obtain a DHCP lease.
</li><li class="listitem">
Extract the name of the NFS share and the address of the NFS server from the
lease.
</li><li class="listitem">
Mount the NFS share.
</li></ul></div></li><li class="listitem">
If the root file system appears to be on a software RAID device, there is no
way of knowing which devices the RAID volume spans; the standard MD utilities
must be invoked to scan all available block devices with a raid signature and
bring the required ones online.
</li><li class="listitem">
If the root file system appears to be on a logical volume, the LVM utilities
must be invoked to scan for and activate the volume group containing it.
</li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara">
If the root file system is on an encrypted block device:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="circle"><li class="listitem">
Invoke a helper script to prompt the user to type in a passphrase and/or
insert a hardware token (such as a smart card or a USB security dongle).
</li></ul></div></li><li class="listitem">
Create a decryption target with the device mapper.
</li></ul></div><p>dracut uses udev, an event-driven hotplug agent, which invokes helper programs
as hardware devices, disk partitions and storage volumes matching certain rules
come online. This allows discovery to run in parallel, and to progressively
cascade into arbitrary nestings of LVM, RAID or encryption to get at the root
file system.</p><p>When the root file system finally becomes visible:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
Any maintenance tasks which cannot run on a mounted root file system
are done.
</li><li class="listitem">
The root file system is mounted read-only.
</li><li class="listitem">
Any processes which must continue running (such as the rd.splash screen helper
and its command FIFO) are hoisted into the newly-mounted root file system.
</li></ul></div><p>The final root file system cannot simply be mounted over /, since that would
make the scripts and tools on the initial root file system inaccessible for any
final cleanup tasks. On an initramfs, the initial root file system cannot be
rotated away. Instead, it is simply emptied and the final root file system
mounted over the top.</p><p>If the systemd module is used in the initramfs, the ordering of the services
started looks like <a class="xref" href="#dracutbootup7" title="Chapter 13. DRACUT.BOOTUP(7)">Chapter 13, <em>DRACUT.BOOTUP(7)</em></a>.</p></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 5. Dracut on shutdown"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="_dracut_on_shutdown"></a>Chapter 5. Dracut on shutdown</h2></div></div></div><p>On a systemd driven system, the dracut initramfs is also used for the shutdown
procedure.</p><p>The following steps are executed during a shutdown:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
systemd switches to the shutdown.target
</li><li class="listitem">
systemd starts
/lib/systemd/system/shutdown.target.wants/dracut-shutdown.service
</li><li class="listitem">
dracut-shutdown.service executes /usr/lib/dracut/dracut-initramfs-restore
which unpacks the initramfs to /run/initramfs
</li><li class="listitem">
systemd finishes shutdown.target
</li><li class="listitem">
systemd kills all processes
</li><li class="listitem">
systemd tries to unmount everything and mounts the remaining read-only
</li><li class="listitem">
systemd checks, if there is a /run/initramfs/shutdown executable
</li><li class="listitem">
if yes, it does a pivot_root to /run/initramfs and executes ./shutdown.
The old root is then mounted on /oldroot.
/usr/lib/dracut/modules.d/99shutdown/shutdown.sh is the shutdown executable.
</li><li class="listitem">
shutdown will try to umount every /oldroot mount and calls the various
shutdown hooks from the dracut modules
</li></ul></div><p>This ensures, that all devices are disassembled and unmounted cleanly.</p></div></div><div class="part" title="Part II. User Manual"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="_user_manual"></a>Part II. User Manual</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_dracut_8">6. DRACUT(8)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_usage">USAGE</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_inspecting_the_contents">Inspecting the Contents</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_adding_dracut_modules">Adding dracut Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_omitting_dracut_modules">Omitting dracut Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_adding_kernel_modules">Adding Kernel Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_boot_parameters">Boot parameters</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#Injecting">Injecting custom Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#NetworkBoot">Network Boot</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#identifying-your-problem-area">Identifying your problem area</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#information-to-include-in-your-report">Information to include in your report</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#debugging-dracut">Debugging dracut</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_options">OPTIONS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_files">FILES</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_configuration_in_the_initramfs">Configuration in the initramfs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_availability">AVAILABILITY</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_authors">AUTHORS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#dracutconf5">7. DRACUT.CONF(5)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_2">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_synopsis_2">SYNOPSIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_2">Description</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_files_2">Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_2">See Also</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#dracutcmdline7">8. DRACUT.CMDLINE(7)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_3">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_3">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_standard">Standard</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_iso_scan_filename">iso-scan/filename</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_misc">Misc</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#dracutkerneldebug">Debug</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_i18n">I18N</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_lvm">LVM</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_crypto_luks">crypto LUKS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_crypto_luks_key_on_removable_device_support">crypto LUKS - key on removable device support</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_md_raid">MD RAID</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_dm_raid">DM RAID</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_fips">FIPS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_network">Network</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_nfs">NFS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_cifs">CIFS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_iscsi">iSCSI</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_fcoe">FCoE</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_nbd">NBD</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_dasd">DASD</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_zfcp">ZFCP</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_znet">ZNET</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_booting_live_images">Booting live images</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_plymouth_boot_splash">Plymouth Boot Splash</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_kernel_keys">Kernel keys</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_deprecated_renamed_options">Deprecated, renamed Options</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_configuration_in_the_initramfs_2">Configuration in the Initramfs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author_2">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_3">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#lsinitrd1">9. LSINITRD(1)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_4">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_synopsis_3">SYNOPSIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_4">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_options_2">OPTIONS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_availability_2">AVAILABILITY</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_authors_2">AUTHORS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_4">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#mkinitrd8">10. MKINITRD(8)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_5">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_synopsis_4">SYNOPSIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_5">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_options_3">OPTIONS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_availability_3">AVAILABILITY</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_authors_3">AUTHORS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_5">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_developer_manual">11. Developer Manual</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#dracutmodules7">12. DRACUT.MODULES(7)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_6">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_6">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#stages">Boot Process Stages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_cmdline">Hook: cmdline</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_udev">Hook: pre-udev</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_start_udev">Start Udev</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_trigger">Hook: pre-trigger</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_trigger_udev">Trigger Udev</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_main_loop">Main Loop</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_mount">Hook: pre-mount</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_mount">Hook: mount</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_pivot">Hook: pre-pivot</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_cleanup">Hook: cleanup</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_cleanup_and_switch_root">Cleanup and switch_root</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_network_infrastructure">Network Infrastructure</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_writing_a_module">Writing a Module</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_check">module-setup.sh: check()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_depends">module-setup.sh: depends()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_cmdline">module-setup.sh: cmdline()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_install">module-setup.sh: install()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_installkernel">module-setup.sh: installkernel()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_anchor_id_creation_xreflabel_creation_creation_functions">Creation Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_initramfs_functions">Initramfs Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_network_modules">Network Modules</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author_3">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_6">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#dracutbootup7">13. DRACUT.BOOTUP(7)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_7">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_7">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author_4">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_7">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#_license">A. License</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 6. DRACUT(8)"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="_dracut_8"></a>Chapter 6. DRACUT(8)</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_usage">USAGE</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_inspecting_the_contents">Inspecting the Contents</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_adding_dracut_modules">Adding dracut Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_omitting_dracut_modules">Omitting dracut Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_adding_kernel_modules">Adding Kernel Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_boot_parameters">Boot parameters</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#Injecting">Injecting custom Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#NetworkBoot">Network Boot</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#identifying-your-problem-area">Identifying your problem area</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#information-to-include-in-your-report">Information to include in your report</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#debugging-dracut">Debugging dracut</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_options">OPTIONS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_files">FILES</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_configuration_in_the_initramfs">Configuration in the initramfs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_availability">AVAILABILITY</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_authors">AUTHORS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" title="NAME"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_name"></a>NAME</h2></div></div></div><p>dracut - low-level tool for generating an initramfs image</p></div><div class="section" title="SYNOPSIS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_synopsis"></a>SYNOPSIS</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>dracut</strong></span> [<span class="emphasis"><em>OPTION…</em></span>] [<span class="emphasis"><em><image></em></span> [<span class="emphasis"><em><kernel version></em></span>]]</p></div><div class="section" title="DESCRIPTION"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_description"></a>DESCRIPTION</h2></div></div></div><p>Create an initramfs <image> for the kernel with the version <kernel version>.
If <kernel version> is omitted, then the version of the actual running
kernel is used. If <image> is omitted or empty, then the default location
/boot/initramfs-<kernel version>.img is used.</p><p>dracut creates an initial image used by the kernel for preloading the block
device modules (such as IDE, SCSI or RAID) which are needed to access the root
filesystem, mounting the root filesystem and booting into the real system.</p><p>At boot time, the kernel unpacks that archive into RAM disk, mounts and uses it
as initial root file system. All finding of the root device happens in this
early userspace.</p><p>For a complete list of kernel command line options see <span class="strong"><strong>dracut.cmdline</strong></span>(7).</p><p>If you are dropped to an emergency shell, while booting your initramfs,
the file <span class="emphasis"><em>/run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt</em></span> is created, which can be safed to a
(to be mounted by hand) partition (usually /boot) or a USB stick.
Additional debugging info can be produced by adding <span class="strong"><strong>rd.debug</strong></span> to the kernel
command line. <span class="emphasis"><em>/run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt</em></span> contains all logs and the output
of some tools. It should be attached to any report about dracut problems.</p></div><div class="section" title="USAGE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_usage"></a>USAGE</h2></div></div></div><p>To create a initramfs image, the most simple command is:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut</pre><p>This will generate a general purpose initramfs image, with all possible
functionality resulting of the combination of the installed dracut modules and
system tools. The image is /boot/initramfs-<span class="emphasis"><em><code class="literal"><kernel version></code></em></span>.img and
contains the kernel modules of the currently active kernel with version
<span class="emphasis"><em><code class="literal"><kernel version></code></em></span>.</p><p>If the initramfs image already exists, dracut will display an error message, and
to overwrite the existing image, you have to use the --force option.</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --force</pre><p>If you want to specify another filename for the resulting image you would issue
a command like:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut foobar.img</pre><p>To generate an image for a specific kernel version, the command would be:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut foobar.img 2.6.40-1.rc5.f20</pre><p>A shortcut to generate the image at the default location for a specific kernel
version is:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --kver 2.6.40-1.rc5.f20</pre><p>If you want to create lighter, smaller initramfs images, you may want to specify
the --hostonly or -H option. Using this option, the resulting image will
contain only those dracut modules, kernel modules and filesystems, which are
needed to boot this specific machine. This has the drawback, that you can’t put
the disk on another controller or machine, and that you can’t switch to another
root filesystem, without recreating the initramfs image. The usage of the
--hostonly option is only for experts and you will have to keep the broken
pieces. At least keep a copy of a general purpose image (and corresponding
kernel) as a fallback to rescue your system.</p><div class="section" title="Inspecting the Contents"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_inspecting_the_contents"></a>Inspecting the Contents</h3></div></div></div><p>To see the contents of the image created by dracut, you can use the lsinitrd
tool.</p><pre class="screen"># lsinitrd | less</pre><p>To display the contents of a file in the initramfs also use the lsinitrd tool:</p><pre class="screen"># lsinitrd -f /etc/ld.so.conf
include ld.so.conf.d/*.conf</pre></div><div class="section" title="Adding dracut Modules"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_adding_dracut_modules"></a>Adding dracut Modules</h3></div></div></div><p>Some dracut modules are turned off by default and have to be activated manually.
You can do this by adding the dracut modules to the configuration file
<span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf.d/myconf.conf</em></span>. See <span class="strong"><strong>dracut.conf</strong></span>(5).
You can also add dracut modules on the command line
by using the -a or --add option:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --add bootchart initramfs-bootchart.img</pre><p>To see a list of available dracut modules, use the --list-modules option:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --list-modules</pre></div><div class="section" title="Omitting dracut Modules"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_omitting_dracut_modules"></a>Omitting dracut Modules</h3></div></div></div><p>Sometimes you don’t want a dracut module to be included for reasons of speed,
size or functionality. To do this, either specify the omit_dracutmodules
variable in the <span class="emphasis"><em>dracut.conf</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf.d/myconf.conf</em></span> configuration
file (see <span class="strong"><strong>dracut.conf</strong></span>(5)), or use the -o or --omit option
on the command line:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut -o "multipath lvm" no-multipath-lvm.img</pre></div><div class="section" title="Adding Kernel Modules"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_adding_kernel_modules"></a>Adding Kernel Modules</h3></div></div></div><p>If you need a special kernel module in the initramfs, which is not
automatically picked up by dracut, you have the use the --add-drivers option
on the command line or the drivers vaiable in the <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf</em></span>
or <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf.d/myconf.conf</em></span> configuration file (see <span class="strong"><strong>dracut.conf</strong></span>(5)):</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --add-drivers mymod initramfs-with-mymod.img</pre></div><div class="section" title="Boot parameters"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_boot_parameters"></a>Boot parameters</h3></div></div></div><p>An initramfs generated without the "hostonly" mode, does not contain any system
configuration files (except for some special exceptions), so the configuration
has to be done on the kernel command line. With this flexibility, you can easily
boot from a changed root partition, without the need to recompile the initramfs
image. So, you could completly change your root partition (move it inside a md
raid with encryption and LVM on top), as long as you specify the correct
filesystem LABEL or UUID on the kernel command line for your root device, dracut
will find it and boot from it.</p><p>The kernel command line usually can be configured in <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/grub/grub.conf</em></span> or
<span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/grub2/grub.cfg</em></span>, if grub is your bootloader and it also can be edited in
the real boot process in the grub menu.</p><p>The kernel command line can also be provided by the dhcp server with the
root-path option. See <a class="xref" href="#NetworkBoot" title="Network Boot">the section called “Network Boot”</a>.</p><p>For a full reference of all kernel command line parameters,
see <span class="strong"><strong>dracut.cmdline</strong></span>(5).</p><p>To get a quick start for the suitable kernel command line on your system,
use the <span class="emphasis"><em>--print-cmdline</em></span> option:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --print-cmdline
root=UUID=8b8b6f91-95c7-4da2-831b-171e12179081 rootflags=rw,relatime,discard,data=ordered rootfstype=ext4</pre><div class="section" title="Specifying the root Device"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_specifying_the_root_device"></a>Specifying the root Device</h4></div></div></div><p>This is the only option dracut really needs to boot from your root partition.
Because your root partition can live in various environments, there are a lot of
formats for the root= option. The most basic one is root=<span class="emphasis"><em><code class="literal"><path to device
node></code></em></span>:</p><pre class="screen">root=/dev/sda2</pre><p>Because device node names can change, dependent on the drive ordering, you are
encouraged to use the filesystem identifier (UUID) or filesystem label (LABEL)
to specify your root partition:</p><pre class="screen">root=UUID=19e9dda3-5a38-484d-a9b0-fa6b067d0331</pre><p>or</p><pre class="screen">root=LABEL=myrootpartitionlabel</pre><p>To see all UUIDs or LABELs on your system, do:</p><pre class="screen"># ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid</pre><p>or</p><pre class="screen"># ls -l /dev/disk/by-label</pre><p>If your root partition is on the network see <a class="xref" href="#NetworkBoot" title="Network Boot">the section called “Network Boot”</a>.</p></div><div class="section" title="Keyboard Settings"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_keyboard_settings"></a>Keyboard Settings</h4></div></div></div><p>If you have to input passwords for encrypted disk volumes, you might want to set
the keyboard layout and specify a display font.</p><p>A typical german kernel command would contain:</p><pre class="screen">rd.vconsole.font=latarcyrheb-sun16 rd.vconsole.keymap=de-latin1-nodeadkeys rd.locale.LANG=de_DE.UTF-8</pre><p>Setting these options can override the setting stored on your system, if you use
a modern init system, like systemd.</p></div><div class="section" title="Blacklisting Kernel Modules"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_blacklisting_kernel_modules"></a>Blacklisting Kernel Modules</h4></div></div></div><p>Sometimes it is required to prevent the automatic kernel module loading of a
specific kernel module. To do this, just add rd.blacklist=<span class="emphasis"><em><code class="literal"><kernel module
name></code></em></span>, with <span class="emphasis"><em><code class="literal"><kernel module name></code></em></span> not containing the <span class="emphasis"><em>.ko</em></span>
suffix, to the kernel command line. For example:</p><pre class="screen">rd.driver.blacklist=mptsas rd.driver.blacklist=nouveau</pre><p>The option can be specified multiple times on the kernel command line.</p></div><div class="section" title="Speeding up the Boot Process"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_speeding_up_the_boot_process"></a>Speeding up the Boot Process</h4></div></div></div><p>If you want to speed up the boot process, you can specify as much information
for dracut on the kernel command as possible. For example, you can tell dracut,
that you root partition is not on a LVM volume or not on a raid partition, or
that it lives inside a specific crypto LUKS encrypted volume. By default, dracut
searches everywhere. A typical dracut kernel command line for a plain primary or
logical partition would contain:</p><pre class="screen">rd.luks=0 rd.lvm=0 rd.md=0 rd.dm=0</pre><p>This turns off every automatic assembly of LVM, MD raids, DM raids and
crypto LUKS.</p><p>Of course, you could also omit the dracut modules in the initramfs creation
process, but then you would lose the posibility to turn it on on demand.</p></div></div><div class="section" title="Injecting custom Files"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="Injecting"></a>Injecting custom Files</h3></div></div></div><p>To add your own files to the initramfs image, you have several possibilities.</p><p>The --include option let you specify a source path and a target path.
For example</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --include cmdline-preset /etc/cmdline.d/mycmdline.conf initramfs-cmdline-pre.img</pre><p>will create an initramfs image, where the file cmdline-preset will be copied
inside the initramfs to <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/cmdline.d/mycmdline.conf</em></span>. --include can only
be specified once.</p><pre class="screen"># mkdir -p rd.live.overlay/etc/cmdline.d
# mkdir -p rd.live.overlay/etc/conf.d
# echo "ip=dhcp" >> rd.live.overlay/etc/cmdline.d/mycmdline.conf
# echo export FOO=testtest >> rd.live.overlay/etc/conf.d/testvar.conf
# echo export BAR=testtest >> rd.live.overlay/etc/conf.d/testvar.conf
# tree rd.live.overlay/
rd.live.overlay/
`-- etc
|-- cmdline.d
| `-- mycmdline.conf
`-- conf.d
`-- testvar.conf
# dracut --include rd.live.overlay / initramfs-rd.live.overlay.img</pre><p>This will put the contents of the rd.live.overlay directory into the root of the
initramfs image.</p><p>The --install option let you specify several files, which will get installed in
the initramfs image at the same location, as they are present on initramfs
creation time.</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --install 'strace fsck.ext3 ssh' initramfs-dbg.img</pre><p>This will create an initramfs with the strace, fsck.ext3 and ssh executables,
together with the libraries needed to start those. The --install option can be
specified multiple times.</p></div><div class="section" title="Network Boot"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="NetworkBoot"></a>Network Boot</h3></div></div></div><p>If your root partition is on a network drive, you have to have the network
dracut modules installed to create a network aware initramfs image.</p><p>On a Red Hat Enterprise Linux or Fedora system, this means, you have to install
the <span class="emphasis"><em>dracut-network</em></span> rpm package:</p><pre class="screen"># yum install dracut-network</pre><p>The resulting initramfs image can be served by a boot manager residing on your
local hard drive or it can be served by a PXE/TFTP server.</p><p>How to setup your PXE/TFTP server can be found in the
<a class="ulink" href="http://docs.redhat.com/docs/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Storage_Administration_Guide/" target="_top">Red
Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Storage Administration Guide</a>
or <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.redhat.com/docs/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Storage_Administration_Guide/" target="_top">Red
Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Storage Administration Guide</a>.</p><p>If you specify ip=dhcp on the kernel command line, then dracut asks a dhcp
server about the ip adress for the machine. The dhcp server can also serve an
additional root-path, which will set the root device for dracut. With this
mechanism, you have static configuration on your client machine and a
centralized boot configuration on your TFTP/DHCP server. If you can’t pass a
kernel command line, then you can inject <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/cmdline.d/mycmdline.conf</em></span>, with a
method described in <a class="xref" href="#Injecting" title="Injecting custom Files">the section called “Injecting custom Files”</a>.</p><div class="section" title="Reducing the Image Size"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_reducing_the_image_size"></a>Reducing the Image Size</h4></div></div></div><p>To reduce the size of the initramfs, you should create it with by ommitting all
dracut modules, which you know, you don’t need to boot the machine.</p><p>You can also specify the exact dracut and kernel modules to produce a very tiny
initramfs image.</p><p>For example for a NFS image, you would do:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut -m "nfs network base" initramfs-nfs-only.img</pre><p>Then you would boot from this image with your target machine and reduce the size
once more by creating it on the target machine with the --host-only option:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut -m "nfs network base" --host-only initramfs-nfs-host-only.img</pre><p>This will reduce the size of the initramfs image significantly.</p></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Troubleshooting"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_troubleshooting"></a>Troubleshooting</h2></div></div></div><p>If the boot process does not succeed, you have several options to debug the
situation. Some of the basic operations are covered here. For more information
you should also visit:
<a class="ulink" href="http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/How_to_debug_Dracut_problems" target="_top">http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/How_to_debug_Dracut_problems</a></p><div class="section" title="Identifying your problem area"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="identifying-your-problem-area"></a>Identifying your problem area</h3></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem">
Remove <span class="emphasis"><em>'rhgb</em></span>' and <span class="emphasis"><em>'quiet</em></span>' from the kernel command line
</li><li class="listitem">
Add <span class="emphasis"><em>'rd.shell</em></span>' to the kernel command line. This will present a shell should
dracut be unable to locate your root device
</li><li class="listitem">
Add <span class="emphasis"><em>'rd.shell rd.debug log_buf_len=1M</em></span>' to the kernel command line so that
dracut shell commands are printed as they are executed
</li><li class="listitem">
The file /run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt is generated,
which contains all the logs and the output of all significant tools, which are
mentioned later.
</li></ol></div><p>If you want to save that output, simply mount /boot by hand or insert an USB
stick and mount that. Then you can store the output for later inspection.</p></div><div class="section" title="Information to include in your report"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="information-to-include-in-your-report"></a>Information to include in your report</h3></div></div></div><div class="section" title="All bug reports"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="all-bug-reports"></a>All bug reports</h4></div></div></div><p>In all cases, the following should be mentioned and attached to your bug report:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
The exact kernel command-line used. Typically from the bootloader
configuration file (e.g. <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/grub.conf</em></span>) or from <span class="emphasis"><em>/proc/cmdline</em></span>.
</li><li class="listitem">
A copy of your disk partition information from <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/fstab</em></span>, which might be
obtained booting an old working initramfs or a rescue medium.
</li><li class="listitem">
Turn on dracut debugging (see <span class="emphasis"><em>the <span class="emphasis"><em>debugging dracut</em></span> section</em></span>), and attach
the file /run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt.
</li><li class="listitem">
If you use a dracut configuration file, please include <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf</em></span> and
all files in <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf.d/*.conf</em></span>
</li></ul></div></div><div class="section" title="Network root device related problems"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="network-root-device-related-problems"></a>Network root device related problems</h4></div></div></div><p>This section details information to include when experiencing problems on a
system whose root device is located on a network attached volume (e.g. iSCSI,
NFS or NBD). As well as the information from <a class="xref" href="#all-bug-reports" title="All bug reports">the section called “All bug reports”</a>, include the
following information:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara">
Please include the output of
</p><pre class="screen"># /sbin/ifup <interfacename>
# ip addr show</pre></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Debugging dracut"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debugging-dracut"></a>Debugging dracut</h3></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Configure a serial console"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="configure-a-serial-console"></a>Configure a serial console</h4></div></div></div><p>Successfully debugging dracut will require some form of console
logging during the system boot. This section documents configuring a
serial console connection to record boot messages.</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem">
First, enable serial console output for both the kernel and the bootloader.
</li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara">
Open the file <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/grub.conf</em></span> for editing. Below the line <span class="emphasis"><em>'timeout=5</em></span>', add
the following:
</p><pre class="screen">serial --unit=0 --speed=9600
terminal --timeout=5 serial console</pre></li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara">
Also in <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/grub.conf</em></span>, add the following boot arguemnts to the <span class="emphasis"><em>'kernel</em></span>'
line:
</p><pre class="screen">console=tty0 console=ttyS0,9600</pre></li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara">
When finished, the <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/grub.conf</em></span> file should look similar to the example
below.
</p><pre class="screen">default=0
timeout=5
serial --unit=0 --speed=9600
terminal --timeout=5 serial console
title Fedora (2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_uc1-lv_root console=tty0 console=ttyS0,9600
initrd /dracut-2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64.img</pre></li><li class="listitem">
More detailed information on how to configure the kernel for console output
can be found at
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-HOWTO/Remote-Serial-Console-HOWTO.html#CONFIGURE-KERNEL" target="_top">http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-HOWTO/Remote-Serial-Console-HOWTO.html#CONFIGURE-KERNEL</a>.
</li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara">
Redirecting non-interactive output
</p><div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>You can redirect all non-interactive output to <span class="emphasis"><em>/dev/kmsg</em></span> and the kernel
will put it out on the console when it reaches the kernel buffer by doing</p></div><pre class="screen"># exec >/dev/kmsg 2>&1 </dev/console</pre></li></ol></div></div><div class="section" title="Using the dracut shell"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="using-the-dracut-shell"></a>Using the dracut shell</h4></div></div></div><p>dracut offers a shell for interactive debugging in the event dracut fails to
locate your root filesystem. To enable the shell:</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem">
Add the boot parameter <span class="emphasis"><em>'rd.shell</em></span>' to your bootloader configuration file
(e.g. <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/grub.conf</em></span>)
</li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara">
Remove the boot arguments <span class="emphasis"><em>'rhgb</em></span>' and <span class="emphasis"><em>'quiet</em></span>'
</p><p class="simpara">A sample <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/grub.conf</em></span> bootloader configuration file is listed below.</p><pre class="screen">default=0
timeout=5
serial --unit=0 --speed=9600
terminal --timeout=5 serial console
title Fedora (2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_uc1-lv_root console=tty0 rd.shell
initrd /dracut-2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64.img</pre></li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara">
If system boot fails, you will be dropped into a shell as seen in the example
below.
</p><pre class="screen">No root device found
Dropping to debug shell.
#</pre></li><li class="listitem">
Use this shell prompt to gather the information requested above
(see <a class="xref" href="#all-bug-reports" title="All bug reports">the section called “All bug reports”</a>).
</li></ol></div></div><div class="section" title="Accessing the root volume from the dracut shell"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="accessing-the-root-volume-from-the-dracut-shell"></a>Accessing the root volume from the dracut shell</h4></div></div></div><p>From the dracut debug shell, you can manually perform the task of locating and
preparing your root volume for boot. The required steps will depend on how your
root volume is configured. Common scenarios include:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
A block device (e.g. <span class="emphasis"><em>/dev/sda7</em></span>)
</li><li class="listitem">
A LVM logical volume (e.g. <span class="emphasis"><em>/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00</em></span>)
</li><li class="listitem">
An encrypted device
(e.g. <span class="emphasis"><em>/dev/mapper/luks-4d5972ea-901c-4584-bd75-1da802417d83</em></span>)
</li><li class="listitem">
A network attached device
(e.g. <span class="emphasis"><em>netroot=iscsi:@192.168.0.4::3260::iqn.2009-02.org.example:for.all</em></span>)
</li></ul></div><p>The exact method for locating and preparing will vary. However, to continue with
a successful boot, the objective is to locate your root volume and create a
symlink <span class="emphasis"><em>/dev/root</em></span> which points to the file system. For example, the following
example demonstrates accessing and booting a root volume that is an encrypted
LVM Logical volume.</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara">
Inspect your partitions using parted
</p><pre class="screen"># parted /dev/sda -s p
Model: ATA HTS541060G9AT00 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 60.0GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 32.3kB 10.8GB 107MB primary ext4 boot
2 10.8GB 55.6GB 44.7GB logical lvm</pre></li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara">
You recall that your root volume was a LVM logical volume. Scan and activate
any logical volumes.
</p><pre class="screen"># lvm vgscan
# lvm vgchange -ay</pre></li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara">
You should see any logical volumes now using the command blkid:
</p><pre class="screen"># blkid
/dev/sda1: UUID="3de247f3-5de4-4a44-afc5-1fe179750cf7" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda2: UUID="Ek4dQw-cOtq-5MJu-OGRF-xz5k-O2l8-wdDj0I" TYPE="LVM2_member"
/dev/mapper/linux-root: UUID="def0269e-424b-4752-acf3-1077bf96ad2c" TYPE="crypto_LUKS"
/dev/mapper/linux-home: UUID="c69127c1-f153-4ea2-b58e-4cbfa9257c5e" TYPE="ext3"
/dev/mapper/linux-swap: UUID="47b4d329-975c-4c08-b218-f9c9bf3635f1" TYPE="swap"</pre></li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara">
From the output above, you recall that your root volume exists on an encrypted
block device. Following the guidance disk encryption guidance from the
Installation Guide, you unlock your encrypted root volume.
</p><pre class="screen"># UUID=$(cryptsetup luksUUID /dev/mapper/linux-root)
# cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/mapper/linux-root luks-$UUID
Enter passphrase for /dev/mapper/linux-root:
Key slot 0 unlocked.</pre></li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara">
Next, make a symbolic link to the unlocked root volume
</p><pre class="screen"># ln -s /dev/mapper/luks-$UUID /dev/root</pre></li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara">
With the root volume available, you may continue booting the system by exiting
the dracut shell
</p><pre class="screen"># exit</pre></li></ol></div></div><div class="section" title="Additional dracut boot parameters"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="additional-dracut-boot-parameters"></a>Additional dracut boot parameters</h4></div></div></div><p>For more debugging options, see <span class="strong"><strong>dracut.cmdline</strong></span>(7).</p></div><div class="section" title="Debugging dracut on shutdown"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="debugging-dracut-on-shutdown"></a>Debugging dracut on shutdown</h4></div></div></div><p>To debug the shutdown sequence on systemd systems, you can <span class="emphasis"><em>rd.break</em></span>
on <span class="emphasis"><em>pre-shutdown</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>shutdown</em></span>.</p><p>To do this from an already booted system:</p><pre class="screen"># mkdir -p /run/initramfs/etc/cmdline.d
# echo "rd.debug rd.break=pre-shutdown rd.break=shutdown" > /run/initramfs/etc/cmdline.d/debug.conf
# touch /run/initramfs/.need_shutdown</pre><p>This will give you a dracut shell after the system pivot’ed back in the
initramfs.</p></div></div></div><div class="section" title="OPTIONS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_options"></a>OPTIONS</h2></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--kver</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><kernel version></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
set the kernel version. This enables to specify the kernel version, without
specifying the location of the initramfs image. For example:
</dd></dl></div><pre class="screen"># dracut --kver 3.5.0-0.rc7.git1.2.fc18.x86_64</pre><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-f, --force</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
overwrite existing initramfs file.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-m, --modules</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><list of dracut modules></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
specify a space-separated list of dracut modules to call when building the
initramfs. Modules are located in <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr/lib/dracut/modules.d</em></span>. This
parameter can be specified multiple times.
</p><div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For
example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --modules "module1 module2" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-o, --omit</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><list of dracut modules></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
omit a space-separated list of dracut modules. This parameter can be
specified multiple times.
</p><div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For
example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --omit "module1 module2" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-a, --add</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><list of dracut modules></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
add a space-separated list of dracut modules to the default set of modules.
This parameter can be specified multiple times.
</p><div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For
example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --add "module1 module2" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--force-add</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><list of dracut modules></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
force to add a space-separated list of dracut modules to the default set of
modules, when -H is specified. This parameter can be specified multiple
times.
</p><div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For
example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --force-add "module1 module2" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-d, --drivers</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><list of kernel modules></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
specify a space-separated list of kernel modules to exclusively include
in the initramfs. The kernel modules have to be specified without the ".ko"
suffix. This parameter can be specified multiple times.
</p><div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For
example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --drivers "kmodule1 kmodule2" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--add-drivers</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><list of kernel modules></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
specify a space-separated list of kernel modules to add to the initramfs.
The kernel modules have to be specified without the ".ko" suffix. This
parameter can be specified multiple times.
</p><div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For
example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --add-drivers "kmodule1 kmodule2" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--force-drivers</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><list of kernel modules></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
See add-drivers above. But in this case it is ensured that the drivers
are tried to be loaded early via modprobe.
</p><div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For
example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --force-drivers "kmodule1 kmodule2" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--omit-drivers</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><list of kernel modules></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
specify a space-separated list of kernel modules not to add to the
initramfs.
The kernel modules have to be specified without the ".ko" suffix. This
parameter can be specified multiple times.
</p><div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For
example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --omit-drivers "kmodule1 kmodule2" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--filesystems</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><list of filesystems></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
specify a space-separated list of kernel filesystem modules to exclusively
include in the generic initramfs. This parameter can be specified multiple
times.
</p><div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For
example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --filesystems "filesystem1 filesystem2" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-k, --kmoddir</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><kernel directory></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
specify the directory, where to look for kernel modules
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--fwdir</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><dir>[:<dir>…]++</em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
specify additional directories, where to look for firmwares. This parameter
can be specified multiple times.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--kernel-cmdline <parameters></strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
specify default kernel command line parameters
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--kernel-only</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
only install kernel drivers and firmware files
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--no-kernel</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
do not install kernel drivers and firmware files
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--early-microcode</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Combine early microcode with ramdisk
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--no-early-microcode</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Do not combine early microcode with ramdisk
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--print-cmdline</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
print the kernel command line for the current disk layout
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--mdadmconf</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
include local <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/mdadm.conf</em></span>
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--nomdadmconf</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
do not include local <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/mdadm.conf</em></span>
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--lvmconf</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
include local <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/lvm/lvm.conf</em></span>
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--nolvmconf</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
do not include local <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/lvm/lvm.conf</em></span>
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--fscks</strong></span> [LIST]
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
add a space-separated list of fsck tools, in addition to <span class="emphasis"><em>dracut.conf</em></span>'s
specification; the installation is opportunistic (non-existing tools are
ignored)
</p><div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For
example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --fscks "fsck.foo barfsck" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--nofscks</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
inhibit installation of any fsck tools
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--strip</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
strip binaries in the initramfs (default)
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--nostrip</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
do not strip binaries in the initramfs
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--prelink</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
prelink binaries in the initramfs (default)
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--noprelink</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
do not prelink binaries in the initramfs
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--hardlink</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
hardlink files in the initramfs (default)
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--nohardlink</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
do not hardlink files in the initramfs
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--prefix</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><dir></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
prefix initramfs files with the specified directory
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--noprefix</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
do not prefix initramfs files (default)
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-h, --help</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
display help text and exit.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--debug</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
output debug information of the build process
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-v, --verbose</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
increase verbosity level (default is info(4))
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-q, --quiet</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
decrease verbosity level (default is info(4))
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-c, --conf</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><dracut configuration file></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
specify configuration file to use.
</p><p class="simpara">Default:
<span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf</em></span></p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--confdir</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><configuration directory></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
specify configuration directory to use.
</p><p class="simpara">Default:
<span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf.d</em></span></p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--tmpdir</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><temporary directory></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
specify temporary directory to use.
</p><p class="simpara">Default:
<span class="emphasis"><em>/var/tmp</em></span></p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--sshkey</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><sshkey file></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
ssh key file used with ssh-client module.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--logfile</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><logfile></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
logfile to use; overrides any setting from
the configuration files.
</p><p class="simpara">Default:
<span class="emphasis"><em>/var/log/dracut.log</em></span></p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-l, --local</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
activates the local mode. dracut will use modules from the current working
directory instead of the system-wide installed modules in
<span class="emphasis"><em>/usr/lib/dracut/modules.d</em></span>.
This is useful when running dracut from a git checkout.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-H, --hostonly</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
Host-Only mode: Install only what is needed for booting the local host
instead of a generic host and generate host-specific configuration.
</p><div class="warning" title="Warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>If chrooted to another root other than the real root device, use "--fstab" and
provide a valid <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/fstab</em></span>.</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-N, --no-hostonly</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Disable Host-Only mode
</dd></dl></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>--hostonly-cmdline</strong></span>:
Store kernel command line arguments needed in the initramfs</p><p><span class="strong"><strong>--no-hostonly-cmdline</strong></span>:
Do not store kernel command line arguments needed in the initramfs</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--persistent-policy</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><policy></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Use <span class="emphasis"><em><policy></em></span> to address disks and partitions.
<span class="emphasis"><em><policy></em></span> can be any directory name found in /dev/disk.
E.g. "by-uuid", "by-label"
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--fstab</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Use <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/fstab</em></span> instead of <span class="emphasis"><em>/proc/self/mountinfo</em></span>.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--add-fstab</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><filename></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Add entries of <span class="emphasis"><em><filename></em></span> to the initramfs /etc/fstab.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--mount</strong></span> "<span class="emphasis"><em><device></em></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><mountpoint></em></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><filesystem type></em></span> [<span class="emphasis"><em><filesystem options></em></span> [<span class="emphasis"><em><dump frequency></em></span> [<span class="emphasis"><em><fsck order></em></span>]]]"
</span></dt><dd>
Mount <span class="emphasis"><em><device></em></span> on <span class="emphasis"><em><mountpoint></em></span> with <span class="emphasis"><em><filesystem type></em></span> in the
initramfs. <span class="emphasis"><em><filesystem options></em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em><dump options></em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em><fsck order></em></span> can
be specified, see fstab manpage for the details.
The default <span class="emphasis"><em><filesystem options></em></span> is "defaults".
The default <span class="emphasis"><em><dump frequency></em></span> is "0".
the default <span class="emphasis"><em><fsck order></em></span> is "2".
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--add-device</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><device></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Bring up <span class="emphasis"><em><device></em></span> in initramfs, <span class="emphasis"><em><device></em></span> should be the device name.
This can be useful in hostonly mode for resume support when your swap is on
LVM or an encrypted partition.
[NB --device can be used for compatibility with earlier releases]
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-i, --include</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><SOURCE></em></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><TARGET></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
include the files in the SOURCE directory into the
TARGET directory in the final initramfs. If SOURCE is a file, it will be
installed to TARGET in the final initramfs. This parameter can be specified
multiple times.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-I, --install</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><file list></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
install the space separated list of files into the initramfs.
</p><div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For
example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --install "/bin/foo /sbin/bar" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--install-optional</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><file list></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
install the space separated list of files into the initramfs, if they exist.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--gzip</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Compress the generated initramfs using gzip. This will be done by default,
unless another compression option or --no-compress is passed. Equivalent to
"--compress=gzip -9"
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--bzip2</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
Compress the generated initramfs using bzip2.
</p><div class="warning" title="Warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Make sure your kernel has bzip2 decompression support compiled in, otherwise you
will not be able to boot. Equivalent to "--compress=bzip2"</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--lzma</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
Compress the generated initramfs using lzma.
</p><div class="warning" title="Warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Make sure your kernel has lzma decompression support compiled in, otherwise you
will not be able to boot. Equivalent to "lzma --compress=lzma -9"</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--xz</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
Compress the generated initramfs using xz.
</p><div class="warning" title="Warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Make sure your kernel has xz decompression support compiled in, otherwise you
will not be able to boot. Equivalent to
"lzma --compress=xz --check=crc32 --lzma2=dict=1MiB"</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--lzo</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Compress the generated initramfs using lzop.
</dd></dl></div><div class="warning" title="Warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Make sure your kernel has lzo decompression support compiled in, otherwise you
will not be able to boot.</p></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--lz4</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Compress the generated initramfs using lz4.
</dd></dl></div><div class="warning" title="Warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Make sure your kernel has lz4 decompression support compiled in, otherwise you
will not be able to boot.</p></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--compress</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><compressor></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Compress the generated initramfs using the passed compression program. If
you pass it just the name of a compression program, it will call that
program with known-working arguments. If you pass a quoted string with
arguments, it will be called with exactly those arguments. Depending on what
you pass, this may result in an initramfs that the kernel cannot decompress.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--no-compress</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Do not compress the generated initramfs. This will override any other
compression options.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--reproducible</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Create reproducible images.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--list-modules</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
List all available dracut modules.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-M, --show-modules</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Print included module’s name to standard output during build.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--keep</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Keep the initramfs temporary directory for debugging purposes.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--printsize</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Print out the module install size
</dd></dl></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>--profile</strong></span>:
Output profile information of the build process</p><p><span class="strong"><strong>--ro-mnt</strong></span>:
Mount / and /usr read-only by default.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-L, --stdlog</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><level></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
[0-6] Specify logging level (to standard error)
</dd></dl></div><pre class="screen"> 0 - suppress any messages
1 - only fatal errors
2 - all errors
3 - warnings
4 - info
5 - debug info (here starts lots of output)
6 - trace info (and even more)</pre><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--regenerate-all</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Regenerate all initramfs images at the default location with the kernel
versions found on the system. Additional parameters are passed through.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
**--loginstall <span class="emphasis"><em><DIR></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Log all files installed from the host to <span class="emphasis"><em><DIR></em></span>.
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="FILES"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_files"></a>FILES</h2></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="emphasis"><em>/var/log/dracut.log</em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
logfile of initramfs image creation
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="emphasis"><em>/tmp/dracut.log</em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
logfile of initramfs image creation, if <span class="emphasis"><em>/var/log/dracut.log</em></span> is not
writable
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf</em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
see dracut.conf5
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf.d/*.conf</em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
see dracut.conf5
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="emphasis"><em>/usr/lib/dracut/dracut.conf.d/*.conf</em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
see dracut.conf5
</dd></dl></div><div class="section" title="Configuration in the initramfs"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_configuration_in_the_initramfs"></a>Configuration in the initramfs</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/conf.d/</em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Any files found in <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/conf.d/</em></span> will be sourced in the initramfs to
set initial values. Command line options will override these values
set in the configuration files.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/cmdline</em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Can contain additional command line options. Deprecated, better use
/etc/cmdline.d/*.conf.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/cmdline.d/*.conf</em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Can contain additional command line options.
</dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="section" title="AVAILABILITY"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_availability"></a>AVAILABILITY</h2></div></div></div><p>The dracut command is part of the dracut package and is available from
<a class="ulink" href="https://dracut.wiki.kernel.org" target="_top">https://dracut.wiki.kernel.org</a></p></div><div class="section" title="AUTHORS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_authors"></a>AUTHORS</h2></div></div></div><p>Harald Hoyer</p><p>Victor Lowther</p><p>Philippe Seewer</p><p>Warren Togami</p><p>Amadeusz Żołnowski</p><p>Jeremy Katz</p><p>David Dillow</p><p>Will Woods</p></div><div class="section" title="SEE ALSO"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_see_also"></a>SEE ALSO</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>dracut.cmdline</strong></span>(7) <span class="strong"><strong>dracut.conf</strong></span>(5)</p></div></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 7. DRACUT.CONF(5)"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="dracutconf5"></a>Chapter 7. DRACUT.CONF(5)</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_2">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_synopsis_2">SYNOPSIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_2">Description</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_files_2">Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_2">See Also</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" title="NAME"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_name_2"></a>NAME</h2></div></div></div><p>dracut.conf - configuration file(s) for dracut</p></div><div class="section" title="SYNOPSIS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_synopsis_2"></a>SYNOPSIS</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf</em></span> <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf.d/<span class="strong"><strong>.conf</strong></span>
<span class="emphasis"><em>/usr/lib/dracut/dracut.conf.d/</em></span>.conf</em></span></p></div><div class="section" title="Description"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_description_2"></a>Description</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="emphasis"><em>dracut.conf</em></span> is loaded during the initialisation phase of dracut. Command line
parameter will overwrite any values set here.</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>*.conf</em></span> files are read from /usr/lib/dracut/dracut.conf.d and
/etc/dracut.conf.d. Files with the same name in /etc/dracut.conf.d will replace
files in /usr/lib/dracut/dracut.conf.d.
The files are then read in alphanumerical order and will overwrite parameters
set in <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf</em></span>. Each line specifies an attribute and a value. A <span class="emphasis"><em>#</em></span>
indicates the beginning of a comment; following characters, up to the end of the
line are not interpreted.</p><p>dracut command line options will overwrite any values set here.</p><p>Configuration files must have the extension .conf; other extensions are ignored.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>dracutmodules+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><dracut modules></em></span> "
</span></dt><dd>
Specify a space-separated list of dracut modules to call when building the
initramfs. Modules are located in <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr/lib/dracut/modules.d</em></span>.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>omit_dracutmodules+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><dracut modules></em></span> "
</span></dt><dd>
Omit a space-separated list of dracut modules.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>add_dracutmodules+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><dracut modules></em></span> "
</span></dt><dd>
Add a space-separated list of dracut modules.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>drivers+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><kernel modules></em></span> "
</span></dt><dd>
Specify a space-separated list of kernel modules to exclusively include in
the initramfs. The kernel modules have to be specified without the ".ko"
suffix.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>add_drivers+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><kernel modules></em></span> "
</span></dt><dd>
Specify a space-separated list of kernel modules to add to the initramfs.
The kernel modules have to be specified without the ".ko" suffix.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>force_drivers+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><list of kernel modules></em></span> "
</span></dt><dd>
See add_drivers above. But in this case it is ensured that the drivers
are tried to be loaded early via modprobe.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>omit_drivers+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><kernel modules></em></span> "
</span></dt><dd>
Specify a space-separated list of kernel modules not to add to the
initramfs. The kernel modules have to be specified without the ".ko" suffix.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>filesystems+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><filesystem names></em></span> "
</span></dt><dd>
Specify a space-separated list of kernel filesystem modules to exclusively
include in the generic initramfs.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>drivers_dir=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em><kernel modules directory></em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Specify the directory, where to look for kernel modules
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>fw_dir+=</strong></span>" :<span class="emphasis"><em><dir></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><dir></em></span> …] "
</span></dt><dd>
Specify additional directories, where to look for firmwares, separated by :
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>install_items+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><file></em></span>[ <span class="emphasis"><em><file></em></span> …] "
</span></dt><dd>
Specify additional files to include in the initramfs, separated by spaces.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>install_optional_items+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><file></em></span>[ <span class="emphasis"><em><file></em></span> …] "
</span></dt><dd>
Specify additional files to include in the initramfs, separated by spaces,
if they exist.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>do_strip=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Strip binaries in the initramfs (default=yes)
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>do_prelink=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Prelink binaries in the initramfs (default=yes)
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>hostonly=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Host-Only mode: Install only what is needed for booting the local host
instead of a generic host and generate host-specific configuration.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>hostonly_cmdline</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
If set, store the kernel command line arguments needed in the initramfs
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>persistent_policy=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em><policy></em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Use <span class="emphasis"><em><policy></em></span> to address disks and partitions.
<span class="emphasis"><em><policy></em></span> can be any directory name found in /dev/disk.
E.g. "by-uuid", "by-label"
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>tmpdir=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em><temporary directory></em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Specify temporary directory to use.
</dd></dl></div><div class="warning" title="Warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>If chrooted to another root other than the real root device, use --fstab and
provide a valid <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/fstab</em></span>.</p></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>use_fstab=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Use <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/fstab</em></span> instead of <span class="emphasis"><em>/proc/self/mountinfo</em></span>.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>add_fstab+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><filename></em></span> "
</span></dt><dd>
Add entries of <span class="emphasis"><em><filename></em></span> to the initramfs /etc/fstab.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>add_device+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><device></em></span> "
</span></dt><dd>
Bring up <span class="emphasis"><em><device></em></span> in initramfs, <span class="emphasis"><em><device></em></span> should be the device name.
This can be useful in hostonly mode for resume support when your swap is on
LVM an encrypted partition.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>mdadmconf=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Include local <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/mdadm.conf</em></span> (default=yes)
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>lvmconf=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Include local <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/lvm/lvm.conf</em></span> (default=yes)
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>fscks=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><fsck tools></em></span> "
</span></dt><dd>
Add a space-separated list of fsck tools. If nothing is specified, the
default is: "umount mount /sbin/fsck* xfs_db xfs_check xfs_repair e2fsck
jfs_fsck reiserfsck btrfsck". The installation is opportunistic
(non-existing tools are ignored).
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>nofscks=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
If specified, inhibit installation of any fsck tools.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>ro_mnt=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Mount <span class="emphasis"><em>/</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr</em></span> read-only by default.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>kernel_cmdline=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>parameters</em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Specify default kernel command line parameters
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>kernel_only=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Only install kernel drivers and firmware files. (default=no)
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>no_kernel=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Do not install kernel drivers and firmware files (default=no)
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>acpi_override=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
[WARNING] ONLY USE THIS IF YOU KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING!
Override BIOS provided ACPI tables. For further documentation read
Documentation/acpi/initrd_table_override.txt in the kernel sources.
Search for ACPI table files (must have .aml suffix) in acpi_table_dir=
directory (see below) and add them to a separate uncompressed cpio
archive. This cpio archive gets glued (concatenated, uncompressed one
must be the first one) to the compressed cpio archive. The first,
uncompressed cpio archive is for data which the kernel must be able
to access very early (and cannot make use of uncompress alogrithms yet)
like microcode or ACPI tables (default=no).
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>acpi_table_dir=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em><dir></em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Directory to search for ACPI tables if acpi_override= is set to yes.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>early_microcode=</strong></span>"{yes|no}"
</span></dt><dd>
Combine early microcode with ramdisk (default=no)
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>stdloglvl</strong></span>="<span class="emphasis"><em>{0-6}</em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Set logging to standard error level.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>sysloglvl</strong></span>="<span class="emphasis"><em>{0-6}</em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Set logging to syslog level.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>fileloglvl=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{0-6}</em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Set logging to file level.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>logfile=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em><file></em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Path to log file.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>show_modules=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Print the name of the included modules to standard output during build.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
*i18n_vars="<span class="emphasis"><em><variable mapping></em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Distribution specific variable mapping.
See dracut/modules.d/10i18n/README for a detailed description.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>i18n_default_font=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em><fontname></em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
The font <fontname> to install, if not specified otherwise.
Default is "LatArCyrHeb-16".
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>i18n_install_all=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Install everything regardless of generic or hostonly mode.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>reproducible=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Create reproducible images.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>loginstall=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em><DIR></em></span>"
</span></dt><dd>
Log all files installed from the host to <span class="emphasis"><em><DIR></em></span>.
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="Files"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_files_2"></a>Files</h2></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf</em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Old configuration file. You better use your own file in
<span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf.d/</em></span>.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf.d/</em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Any <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf.d/*.conf</em></span> file can overwrite the values in
<span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf</em></span>. The configuration files are read in alphanumerical
order.
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="AUTHOR"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_author"></a>AUTHOR</h2></div></div></div><p>Harald Hoyer</p></div><div class="section" title="See Also"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_see_also_2"></a>See Also</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>dracut</strong></span>(8) <span class="strong"><strong>dracut.cmdline</strong></span>(7)</p></div></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 8. DRACUT.CMDLINE(7)"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="dracutcmdline7"></a>Chapter 8. DRACUT.CMDLINE(7)</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_3">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_3">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_standard">Standard</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_iso_scan_filename">iso-scan/filename</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_misc">Misc</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#dracutkerneldebug">Debug</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_i18n">I18N</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_lvm">LVM</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_crypto_luks">crypto LUKS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_crypto_luks_key_on_removable_device_support">crypto LUKS - key on removable device support</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_md_raid">MD RAID</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_dm_raid">DM RAID</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_fips">FIPS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_network">Network</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_nfs">NFS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_cifs">CIFS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_iscsi">iSCSI</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_fcoe">FCoE</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_nbd">NBD</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_dasd">DASD</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_zfcp">ZFCP</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_znet">ZNET</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_booting_live_images">Booting live images</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_plymouth_boot_splash">Plymouth Boot Splash</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_kernel_keys">Kernel keys</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_deprecated_renamed_options">Deprecated, renamed Options</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_configuration_in_the_initramfs_2">Configuration in the Initramfs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author_2">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_3">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" title="NAME"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_name_3"></a>NAME</h2></div></div></div><p>dracut.cmdline - dracut kernel command line options</p></div><div class="section" title="DESCRIPTION"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_description_3"></a>DESCRIPTION</h2></div></div></div><p>The root device used by the kernel is specified in the boot configuration
file on the kernel command line, as always.</p><p>The traditional <span class="emphasis"><em>root=/dev/sda1</em></span> style device specification is allowed, but not
encouraged. The root device should better be identified by LABEL or UUID. If a
label is used, as in <span class="emphasis"><em>root=LABEL=<label_of_root></em></span> the initramfs will search all
available devices for a filesystem with the appropriate label, and mount that
device as the root filesystem. <span class="emphasis"><em>root=UUID=<uuidnumber></em></span> will mount the partition
with that UUID as the root filesystem.</p><p>In the following all kernel command line parameters, which are processed by
dracut, are described.</p><p>"rd.*" parameters mentioned without "=" are boolean parameters. They can be
turned on/off by setting them to {0|1}. If the assignment with "=" is missing
"=1" is implied. For example <span class="emphasis"><em>rd.info</em></span> can be turned off with <span class="emphasis"><em>rd.info=0</em></span> or
turned on with <span class="emphasis"><em>rd.info=1</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>rd.info</em></span>. The last value in the kernel command
line is the value, which is honored.</p><div class="section" title="Standard"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_standard"></a>Standard</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>init=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><path to real init></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
specify the path to the init programm to be started after the initramfs has
finished
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><path to blockdevice></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
specify the block device to use as the root filesystem.
</p><p class="simpara">root=/dev/sda1
root=/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1f.1-scsi-0:0:1:0-part1
root=/dev/disk/by-label/Root
root=LABEL=Root
root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/3f5ad593-4546-4a94-a374-bcfb68aa11f7
root=UUID=3f5ad593-4546-4a94-a374-bcfb68aa11f7
root=PARTUUID=3f5ad593-4546-4a94-a374-bcfb68aa11f7</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rootfstype=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><filesystem type></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
"auto" if not specified.
</p><p class="simpara">rootfstype=ext3</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rootflags=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><mount options></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
specify additional mount options for the root filesystem. If not set,
<span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/fstab</em></span> of the real root will be parsed for special mount options and
mounted accordingly.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>ro</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
force mounting <span class="emphasis"><em>/</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr</em></span> (if it is a separate device) read-only. If
none of ro and rw is present, both are mounted according to <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/fstab</em></span>.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rw</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
force mounting <span class="emphasis"><em>/</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr</em></span> (if it is a separate device) read-write.
See also ro option.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rootfallback=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><path to blockdevice></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
specify the block device to use as the root filesystem, if the normal root
cannot be found. This can only be a simple block device with a simple file
system, for which the filesystem driver is either compiled in, or added
manually to the initramfs. This parameter can be specified multiple times.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.auto</strong></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.auto=1</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
enable autoassembly of special devices like cryptoLUKS, dmraid, mdraid or
lvm. Default is off as of dracut version >= 024.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.hostonly=0</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
removes all compiled in configuration of the host system the initramfs image
was built on. This helps booting, if any disk layout changed, especially in
combination with rd.auto or other parameters specifying the layout.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.cmdline=ask</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
prompts the user for additional kernel command line parameters
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.fstab=0</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
do not honor special mount options for the root filesystem found in
<span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/fstab</em></span> of the real root.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>resume=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><path to resume partition></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
resume from a swap partition
</p><p class="simpara">resume=/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1f.1-scsi-0:0:1:0-part1
resume=/dev/disk/by-uuid/3f5ad593-4546-4a94-a374-bcfb68aa11f7
resume=UUID=3f5ad593-4546-4a94-a374-bcfb68aa11f7</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.skipfsck</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
skip fsck for rootfs and <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr</em></span>. If you’re mounting <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr</em></span> read-only and
the init system performs fsck before remount, you might want to use this
option to avoid duplication.
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="iso-scan/filename"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_iso_scan_filename"></a>iso-scan/filename</h3></div></div></div><p>Using iso-scan/filename with a Fedora/Red Hat/CentOS Live iso should just work
by copying the original kernel cmdline parameters.</p><p>menuentry <span class="emphasis"><em>Live Fedora 20</em></span> --class fedora --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
set isolabel=Fedora-Live-LXDE-x86_64-20-1
set isofile="/boot/iso/Fedora-Live-LXDE-x86_64-20-1.iso"
loopback loop $isofile
linux (loop)/isolinux/vmlinuz0 boot=isolinux iso-scan/filename=$isofile root=live:LABEL=$isolabel ro rd.live.image quiet rhgb
initrd (loop)/isolinux/initrd0.img
}</p></div><div class="section" title="Misc"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_misc"></a>Misc</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.driver.blacklist=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><drivername></em></span>[,<span class="emphasis"><em><drivername></em></span>,…]
</span></dt><dd>
do not load kernel module <drivername>. This parameter can be specified
multiple times.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.driver.pre=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><drivername></em></span>[,<span class="emphasis"><em><drivername></em></span>,…]
</span></dt><dd>
force loading kernel module <drivername>. This parameter can be specified
multiple times.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.driver.post=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><drivername></em></span>[,<span class="emphasis"><em><drivername></em></span>,…]
</span></dt><dd>
force loading kernel module <drivername> after all automatic loading modules
have been loaded. This parameter can be specified multiple times.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.retry=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><seconds></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
specify how long dracut should wait for devices to appear.
The default is 30 seconds. After 2/3 of the time, degraded raids are force
started. If you have hardware, which takes a very long time to announce its
drives, you might want to extend this value.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.noverifyssl</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
accept self-signed certificates for ssl downloads.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.ctty=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><terminal device></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
specify the controlling terminal for the console.
This is useful, if you have multiple "console=" arguments.
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="Debug"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="dracutkerneldebug"></a>Debug</h3></div></div></div><p>If you are dropped to an emergency shell, the file
<span class="emphasis"><em>/run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt</em></span> is created, which can be safed to a (to be
mounted by hand) partition (usually /boot) or a USB stick. Additional debugging
info can be produced by adding <span class="strong"><strong>rd.debug</strong></span> to the kernel command line.
<span class="emphasis"><em>/run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt</em></span> contains all logs and the output of some tools.
It should be attached to any report about dracut problems.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.info</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
print informational output though "quiet" is set
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.shell</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
allow dropping to a shell, if root mounting fails
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.debug</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
set -x for the dracut shell.
If systemd is active in the initramfs, all output is logged to the systemd
journal, which you can inspect with "journalctl -ab".
If systemd is not active, the logs are written to dmesg and
<span class="emphasis"><em>/run/initramfs/init.log</em></span>.
If "quiet" is set, it also logs to the console.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.memdebug=[0-3]</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
Print memory usage info at various points, set the verbose level from 0 to 3.
</p><pre class="literallayout">Higher level means more debugging output:</pre><pre class="screen"> 0 - no output
1 - partial /proc/meminfo
2 - /proc/meminfo
3 - /proc/meminfo + /proc/slabinfo</pre></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.break</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
drop to a shell at the end
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.break=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em>{cmdline|pre-udev|pre-trigger|initqueue|pre-mount|mount|pre-pivot|cleanup}</em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
drop to a shell on defined breakpoint
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.udev.info</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
set udev to loglevel info
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.udev.debug</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
set udev to loglevel debug
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="I18N"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_i18n"></a>I18N</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.vconsole.keymap=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><keymap base file name></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
keyboard translation table loaded by loadkeys; taken from keymaps directory;
will be written as KEYMAP to <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/vconsole.conf</em></span> in the initramfs.
</p><p class="simpara">rd.vconsole.keymap=de-latin1-nodeadkeys</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.vconsole.keymap.ext=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><list of keymap base file names></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
list of extra keymaps to bo loaded (sep. by space); will be written as
EXT_KEYMAP to <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/vconsole.conf</em></span> in the initramfs
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.vconsole.unicode</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
boolean, indicating UTF-8 mode; will be written as UNICODE to
<span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/vconsole.conf</em></span> in the initramfs
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.vconsole.font=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><font base file name></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
console font; taken from consolefonts directory; will be written as FONT to
<span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/vconsole.conf</em></span> in the initramfs.
</p><p class="simpara">rd.vconsole.font=LatArCyrHeb-16</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.vconsole.font.map=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><console map base file name></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
see description of <span class="emphasis"><em>-m</em></span> parameter in setfont manual; taken from consoletrans
directory; will be written as FONT_MAP to <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/vconsole.conf</em></span> in the
initramfs
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.vconsole.font.unimap=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><unicode table base file name></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
see description of <span class="emphasis"><em>-u</em></span> parameter in setfont manual; taken from unimaps
directory; will be written as FONT_UNIMAP to <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/vconsole.conf</em></span> in the
initramfs
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.locale.LANG=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><locale></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
taken from the environment; if no UNICODE is defined we set its value in
basis of LANG value (whether it ends with ".utf8" (or similar) or not); will
be written as LANG to <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/locale.conf</em></span> in the initramfs.
</p><p class="simpara">rd.locale.LANG=pl_PL.utf8</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.locale.LC_ALL=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><locale></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
taken from the environment; will be written as LC_ALL to <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/locale.conf</em></span>
in the initramfs
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="LVM"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_lvm"></a>LVM</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.lvm=0</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
disable LVM detection
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.lvm.vg=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><volume group name></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
only activate the volume groups with the given name. rd.lvm.vg can be
specified multiple times on the kernel command line.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.lvm.lv=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><logical volume name></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
only activate the logical volumes with the given name. rd.lvm.lv can be
specified multiple times on the kernel command line.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.lvm.conf=0</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
remove any <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/lvm/lvm.conf</em></span>, which may exist in the initramfs
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="crypto LUKS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_crypto_luks"></a>crypto LUKS</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.luks=0</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
disable crypto LUKS detection
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.luks.uuid=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><luks uuid></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
only activate the LUKS partitions with the given UUID. Any "luks-" of the
LUKS UUID is removed before comparing to <span class="emphasis"><em><luks uuid></em></span>.
The comparisons also matches, if <span class="emphasis"><em><luks uuid></em></span> is only the beginning of the
LUKS UUID, so you don’t have to specify the full UUID.
This parameter can be specified multiple times.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.luks.allow-discards=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><luks uuid></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Allow using of discards (TRIM) requests for LUKS partitions with the given
UUID. Any "luks-" of the LUKS UUID is removed before comparing to
<span class="emphasis"><em><luks uuid></em></span>. The comparisons also matches, if <span class="emphasis"><em><luks uuid></em></span> is only the
beginning of the LUKS UUID, so you don’t have to specify the full UUID.
This parameter can be specified multiple times.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.luks.allow-discards</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Allow using of discards (TRIM) requests on all LUKS partitions.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.luks.crypttab=0</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
do not check, if LUKS partition is in <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/crypttab</em></span>
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="crypto LUKS - key on removable device support"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_crypto_luks_key_on_removable_device_support"></a>crypto LUKS - key on removable device support</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.luks.key=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><keypath></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><keydev></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><luksdev></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
<span class="emphasis"><em>keypath</em></span> is a path to key file to look for. It’s REQUIRED. When <span class="emphasis"><em>keypath</em></span>
ends with <span class="emphasis"><em>.gpg</em></span> it’s considered to be key encrypted symmetrically with GPG.
You will be prompted for password on boot. GPG support comes with
<span class="emphasis"><em>crypt-gpg</em></span> module which needs to be added explicitly.
</p><p class="simpara"><span class="emphasis"><em>keydev</em></span> is a device on which key file resides. It might be kernel name of
devices (should start with "/dev/"), UUID (prefixed with "UUID=") or label
(prefix with "LABEL="). You don’t have to specify full UUID. Just its beginning
will suffice, even if its ambiguous. All matching devices will be probed.
This parameter is recommended, but not required. If not present, all block
devices will be probed, which may significantly increase boot time.</p><p class="simpara">If <span class="emphasis"><em>luksdev</em></span> is given, the specified key will only be applied for that LUKS
device. Possible values are the same as for <span class="emphasis"><em>keydev</em></span>. Unless you have several
LUKS devices, you don’t have to specify this parameter. The simplest usage is:</p><p class="simpara">rd.luks.key=/foo/bar.key</p><p class="simpara">As you see, you can skip colons in such a case.</p><div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>dracut pipes key to cryptsetup with <span class="emphasis"><em>-d -</em></span> argument, therefore you need to pipe
to crypsetup luksFormat with <span class="emphasis"><em>-d -</em></span>, too!</p><p>Here follows example for key encrypted with GPG:</p><p>gpg --quiet --decrypt rootkey.gpg | \
cryptsetup -d - -v --cipher serpent-cbc-essiv:sha256 \
--key-size 256 luksFormat /dev/sda3</p><p>If you use plain keys, just add path to <span class="emphasis"><em>-d</em></span> option:</p><p>cryptsetup -d rootkey.key -v --cipher serpent-cbc-essiv:sha256 \
--key-size 256 luksFormat /dev/sda3</p></div></dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="MD RAID"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_md_raid"></a>MD RAID</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.md=0</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
disable MD RAID detection
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.md.imsm=0</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
disable MD RAID for imsm/isw raids, use DM RAID instead
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.md.ddf=0</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
disable MD RAID for SNIA ddf raids, use DM RAID instead
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.md.conf=0</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
ignore mdadm.conf included in initramfs
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.md.waitclean=1</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
wait for any resync, recovery, or reshape activity to finish before
continuing
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.md.uuid=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><md raid uuid></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
only activate the raid sets with the given UUID. This parameter can be
specified multiple times.
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="DM RAID"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_dm_raid"></a>DM RAID</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.dm=0</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
disable DM RAID detection
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.dm.uuid=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><dm raid uuid></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
only activate the raid sets with the given UUID. This parameter can be
specified multiple times.
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="FIPS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_fips"></a>FIPS</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.fips</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
enable FIPS
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>boot=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><boot device></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
specify the device, where /boot is located.
</p><p class="simpara">boot=/dev/sda1
boot=/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1f.1-scsi-0:0:1:0-part1
boot=UUID=<uuid>
boot=LABEL=<label></p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.fips.skipkernel</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
skip checksum check of the kernel image. Useful, if the kernel image is not
in a separate boot partition.
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="Network"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_network"></a>Network</h3></div></div></div><div class="important" title="Important" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Important</h3><p>It is recommended to either bind an interface to a MAC with the <span class="strong"><strong>ifname</strong></span>
argument, or to use the systemd-udevd predictable network interface names.</p><p>Predictable network interface device names based on:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
firmware/bios-provided index numbers for on-board devices
</li><li class="listitem">
firmware-provided pci-express hotplug slot index number
</li><li class="listitem">
physical/geographical location of the hardware
</li><li class="listitem">
the interface’s MAC address
</li></ul></div><p>See:
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PredictableNetworkInterfaceNames" target="_top">http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PredictableNetworkInterfaceNames</a></p><p>Two character prefixes based on the type of interface:</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
en
</span></dt><dd>
ethernet
</dd><dt><span class="term">
wl
</span></dt><dd>
wlan
</dd><dt><span class="term">
ww
</span></dt><dd>
wwan
</dd></dl></div><p>Type of names:</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
o<index>
</span></dt><dd>
on-board device index number
</dd><dt><span class="term">
s<slot>[f<function>][d<dev_id>]
</span></dt><dd>
hotplug slot index number
</dd><dt><span class="term">
x<MAC>
</span></dt><dd>
MAC address
</dd><dt><span class="term">
[P<domain>]p<bus>s<slot>[f<function>][d<dev_id>]
</span></dt><dd>
PCI geographical location
</dd><dt><span class="term">
[P<domain>]p<bus>s<slot>[f<function>][u<port>][..][c<config>][i<interface>]
</span></dt><dd>
USB port number chain
</dd></dl></div><p>All multi-function PCI devices will carry the [f<function>] number in the
device name, including the function 0 device.</p><p>When using PCI geography, The PCI domain is only prepended when it is not 0.</p><p>For USB devices the full chain of port numbers of hubs is composed. If the
name gets longer than the maximum number of 15 characters, the name is not
exported.
The usual USB configuration == 1 and interface == 0 values are suppressed.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
PCI ethernet card with firmware index "1"
</span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
eno1
</li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
PCI ethernet card in hotplug slot with firmware index number
</span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
ens1
</li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
PCI ethernet multi-function card with 2 ports
</span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
enp2s0f0
</li><li class="listitem">
enp2s0f1
</li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
PCI wlan card
</span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
wlp3s0
</li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
USB built-in 3G modem
</span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
wwp0s29u1u4i6
</li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
USB Android phone
</span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
enp0s29u1u2
</li></ul></div></dd></dl></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>ip=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em>{dhcp|on|any|dhcp6|auto6}</em></span>
</span></dt><dd><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
dhcp|on|any
</span></dt><dd>
get ip from dhcp server from all interfaces. If root=dhcp,
loop sequentially through all interfaces (eth0, eth1, …) and use the first
with a valid DHCP root-path.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
auto6
</span></dt><dd>
IPv6 autoconfiguration
</dd><dt><span class="term">
dhcp6
</span></dt><dd>
IPv6 DHCP
</dd></dl></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>ip=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><interface></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em>{dhcp|on|any|dhcp6|auto6}</em></span>[:[<span class="emphasis"><em><mtu></em></span>][:<span class="emphasis"><em><macaddr></em></span>]]
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
This parameter can be specified multiple times.
</p><div class="informalexample"><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
dhcp|on|any|dhcp6
</span></dt><dd>
get ip from dhcp server on a specific interface
</dd><dt><span class="term">
auto6
</span></dt><dd>
do IPv6 autoconfiguration
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<macaddr>
</span></dt><dd>
optionally <span class="strong"><strong>set</strong></span> <macaddr> on the <interface>. This
cannot be used in conjunction with the <span class="strong"><strong>ifname</strong></span> argument for the
same <interface>.
</dd></dl></div></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>ip=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><client-IP></em></span>:[<span class="emphasis"><em><peer></em></span>]:<span class="emphasis"><em><gateway-IP></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><netmask></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><client_hostname></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><interface></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em>{none|off|dhcp|on|any|dhcp6|auto6|ibft}</em></span>:[:[<span class="emphasis"><em><mtu></em></span>][:<span class="emphasis"><em><macaddr></em></span>]]
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
explicit network configuration. If you want do define a IPv6 address, put it
in brackets (e.g. [2001:DB8::1]). This parameter can be specified multiple
times. <span class="emphasis"><em><peer></em></span> is optional and is the address of the remote endpoint
for pointopoint interfaces and it may be followed by a slash and a decimal
number, encoding the network prefix length.
</p><div class="informalexample"><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<macaddr>
</span></dt><dd>
optionally <span class="strong"><strong>set</strong></span> <macaddr> on the <interface>. This
cannot be used in conjunction with the <span class="strong"><strong>ifname</strong></span> argument for the
same <interface>.
</dd></dl></div></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>ip=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><client-IP></em></span>:[<span class="emphasis"><em><peer></em></span>]:<span class="emphasis"><em><gateway-IP></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><netmask></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><client_hostname></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><interface></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em>{none|off|dhcp|on|any|dhcp6|auto6|ibft}</em></span>[:[<span class="emphasis"><em><dns1></em></span>][:<span class="emphasis"><em><dns2></em></span>]]
</span></dt><dd>
explicit network configuration. If you want do define a IPv6 address, put it
in brackets (e.g. [2001:DB8::1]). This parameter can be specified multiple
times. <span class="emphasis"><em><peer></em></span> is optional and is the address of the remote endpoint
for pointopoint interfaces and it may be followed by a slash and a decimal
number, encoding the network prefix length.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>ifname=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><interface></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><MAC></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
Assign network device name <interface> (ie "bootnet") to the NIC with
MAC <MAC>.
</p><div class="warning" title="Warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Do <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> use the default kernel naming scheme for the interface name,
as it can conflict with the kernel names. So, don’t use "eth[0-9]+" for the
interface name. Better name it "bootnet" or "bluesocket".</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.route=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><net></em></span>/<span class="emphasis"><em><netmask></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><gateway></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><interface></em></span>]
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
Add a static route with route options, which are separated by a colon.
IPv6 addresses have to be put in brackets.
</p><pre class="literallayout">rd.route=192.168.200.0/24:192.168.100.222:ens10
rd.route=192.168.200.0/24:192.168.100.222
rd.route=192.168.200.0/24::ens10
rd.route=[2001:DB8:3::/8]:[2001:DB8:2::1]:ens10</pre></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>bootdev=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><interface></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
specify network interface to use routing and netroot information from.
Required if multiple ip= lines are used.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>BOOTIF=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><MAC></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
specify network interface to use routing and netroot information from.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.bootif=0</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Disable BOOTIF parsing, which is provided by PXE
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>nameserver=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><IP></em></span> [<span class="strong"><strong>nameserver=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><IP></em></span> …]
</span></dt><dd>
specify nameserver(s) to use
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>biosdevname=0</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
boolean, turn off biosdevname network interface renaming
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.neednet=1</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
boolean, bring up network even without netroot set
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>vlan=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><vlanname></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><phydevice></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Setup vlan device named <vlanname> on <phydeivce>.
We support the four styles of vlan names: VLAN_PLUS_VID (vlan0005),
VLAN_PLUS_VID_NO_PAD (vlan5), DEV_PLUS_VID (eth0.0005),
DEV_PLUS_VID_NO_PAD (eth0.5)
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>bond=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><bondname></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><bondslaves></em></span>:[:<span class="emphasis"><em><options></em></span>]]
</span></dt><dd>
Setup bonding device <bondname> on top of <bondslaves>.
<bondslaves> is a comma-separated list of physical (ethernet) interfaces.
<options> is a comma-separated list on bonding options (modinfo bonding for
details) in format compatible with initscripts. If <options> includes
multi-valued arp_ip_target option, then its values should be separated by
semicolon. Bond without parameters assumes
bond=bond0:eth0,eth1:mode=balance-rr
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>team=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><teammaster></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><teamslaves></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Setup team device <teammaster> on top of <teamslaves>.
<teamslaves> is a comma-separated list of physical (ethernet) interfaces.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>bridge=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><bridgename></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><ethnames></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Setup bridge <bridgename> with <ethnames>. <ethnames> is a comma-separated
list of physical (ethernet) interfaces. Bridge without parameters assumes
bridge=br0:eth0
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="NFS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_nfs"></a>NFS</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span>[<span class="emphasis"><em><server-ip></em></span>:]<span class="emphasis"><em><root-dir></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><nfs-options></em></span>]
</span></dt><dd>
mount nfs share from <server-ip>:/<root-dir>, if no server-ip is given, use
dhcp next_server. If server-ip is an IPv6 address it has to be put in
brackets, e.g. [2001:DB8::1]. NFS options can be appended with the prefix
":" or "," and are seperated by ",".
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span>nfs:[<span class="emphasis"><em><server-ip></em></span>:]<span class="emphasis"><em><root-dir></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><nfs-options></em></span>], <span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span>nfs4:[<span class="emphasis"><em><server-ip></em></span>:]<span class="emphasis"><em><root-dir></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><nfs-options></em></span>], <span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em>{dhcp|dhcp6}</em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
root=dhcp alone directs initrd to look at the DHCP root-path where NFS
options can be specified.
</p><pre class="literallayout">root-path=<server-ip>:<root-dir>[,<nfs-options>]
root-path=nfs:<server-ip>:<root-dir>[,<nfs-options>]
root-path=nfs4:<server-ip>:<root-dir>[,<nfs-options>]</pre></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em>/dev/nfs</em></span> nfsroot=[<span class="emphasis"><em><server-ip></em></span>:]<span class="emphasis"><em><root-dir></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><nfs-options></em></span>]
</span></dt><dd>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated!</em></span> kernel Documentation_/filesystems/nfsroot.txt_ defines this
method. This is supported by dracut, but not recommended.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.nfs.domain=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><NFSv4 domain name></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Set the NFSv4 domain name. Will overwrite the settings in <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/idmap.conf</em></span>.
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="CIFS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_cifs"></a>CIFS</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span>cifs://[<span class="emphasis"><em><username></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><password></em></span>]@]<span class="emphasis"><em><server-ip></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><root-dir></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
mount cifs share from <server-ip>:/<root-dir>, if no server-ip is given, use
dhcp next_server. if server-ip is an IPv6 address it has to be put in
brackets, e.g. [2001:DB8::1]. If a username or password are not specified
as part of the root, then they must be passed on the command line through
cifsuser/cifspass.
</p><div class="warning" title="Warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Passwords specified on the kernel command line are visible for all
users via the file <span class="emphasis"><em>/proc/cmdline</em></span> and via dmesg or can be sniffed on the
network, when using DHCP with DHCP root-path.</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>cifsuser</strong></span>=<span class="emphasis"><em><username></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Set the cifs username, if not specified as part of the root.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>cifspass</strong></span>=<span class="emphasis"><em><password></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
Set the cifs password, if not specified as part of the root.
</p><div class="warning" title="Warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Passwords specified on the kernel command line are visible for all
users via the file <span class="emphasis"><em>/proc/cmdline</em></span> and via dmesg or can be sniffed on the
network, when using DHCP with DHCP root-path.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="iSCSI"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_iscsi"></a>iSCSI</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span>iscsi:[<span class="emphasis"><em><username></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><password></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><reverse></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><password></em></span>]@][<span class="emphasis"><em><servername></em></span>]:[<span class="emphasis"><em><protocol></em></span>]:[<span class="emphasis"><em><port></em></span>][:[<span class="emphasis"><em><iscsi_iface_name></em></span>]:[<span class="emphasis"><em><netdev_name></em></span>]]:[<span class="emphasis"><em><LUN></em></span>]:<span class="emphasis"><em><targetname></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
protocol defaults to "6", LUN defaults to "0". If the "servername" field is
provided by BOOTP or DHCP, then that field is used in conjunction with other
associated fields to contact the boot server in the Boot stage. However, if
the "servername" field is not provided, then the "targetname" field is then
used in the Discovery Service stage in conjunction with other associated
fields. See
<a class="ulink" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4173#section-5" target="_top">rfc4173</a>.
</p><div class="warning" title="Warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Passwords specified on the kernel command line are visible for all
users via the file <span class="emphasis"><em>/proc/cmdline</em></span> and via dmesg or can be sniffed on the
network, when using DHCP with DHCP root-path.</p></div><p class="simpara">root=iscsi:192.168.50.1::::iqn.2009-06.dracut:target0</p><p class="simpara">If servername is an IPv6 address, it has to be put in brackets:</p><p class="simpara">root=iscsi:[2001:DB8::1]::::iqn.2009-06.dracut:target0</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em>???</em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>netroot=</strong></span>iscsi:[<span class="emphasis"><em><username></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><password></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><reverse></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><password></em></span>]@][<span class="emphasis"><em><servername></em></span>]:[<span class="emphasis"><em><protocol></em></span>]:[<span class="emphasis"><em><port></em></span>][:[<span class="emphasis"><em><iscsi_iface_name></em></span>]:[<span class="emphasis"><em><netdev_name></em></span>]]:[<span class="emphasis"><em><LUN></em></span>]:<span class="emphasis"><em><targetname></em></span> …
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
multiple netroot options allow setting up multiple iscsi disks:
</p><p class="simpara">root=UUID=12424547
netroot=iscsi:192.168.50.1::::iqn.2009-06.dracut:target0
netroot=iscsi:192.168.50.1::::iqn.2009-06.dracut:target1</p><p class="simpara">If servername is an IPv6 address, it has to be put in brackets:</p><p class="simpara">netroot=iscsi:[2001:DB8::1]::::iqn.2009-06.dracut:target0</p><div class="warning" title="Warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Passwords specified on the kernel command line are visible for all
users via the file <span class="emphasis"><em>/proc/cmdline</em></span> and via dmesg or can be sniffed on the
network, when using DHCP with DHCP root-path.
You may want to use rd.iscsi.firmware.</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em>???</em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.initiator=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><initiator></em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.target.name=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><target name></em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.target.ip=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><target ip></em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.target.port=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><target port></em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.target.group=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><target group></em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.username=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><username></em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.password=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><password></em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.in.username=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><in username></em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.in.password=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><in password></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
manually specify all iscsistart parameter (see <span class="strong"><strong><code class="literal">iscsistart --help</code></strong></span>)
</p><div class="warning" title="Warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Passwords specified on the kernel command line are visible for all
users via the file <span class="emphasis"><em>/proc/cmdline</em></span> and via dmesg or can be sniffed on the
network, when using DHCP with DHCP root-path.
You may want to use rd.iscsi.firmware.</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em>???</em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>netroot=</strong></span>iscsi <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.firmware=1</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
will read the iscsi parameter from the BIOS firmware
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.param=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><param></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
<param> will be passed as "--param <param>" to iscsistart.
This parameter can be specified multiple times.
</p><p class="simpara">"netroot=iscsi rd.iscsi.firmware=1 rd.iscsi.param=node.session.timeo.replacement_timeout=30"</p><p class="simpara">will result in</p><p class="simpara">iscsistart -b --param node.session.timeo.replacement_timeout=30</p></dd></dl></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.ibft</strong></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.ibft=1</strong></span>:
Turn on iBFT autoconfiguration for the interfaces</p></div><div class="section" title="FCoE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_fcoe"></a>FCoE</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>fcoe=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><edd|interface|MAC></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em>{dcb|nodcb}</em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
Try to connect to a FCoE SAN through the NIC specified by <span class="emphasis"><em><interface></em></span> or
<span class="emphasis"><em><MAC></em></span> or EDD settings. For the second argument, currently only nodcb is
supported. This parameter can be specified multiple times.
</p><div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>letters in the MAC-address must be lowercase!</p></div></dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="NBD"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_nbd"></a>NBD</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span>??? <span class="strong"><strong>netroot=</strong></span>nbd:<span class="emphasis"><em><server></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><port></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><fstype></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><mountopts></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><nbdopts></em></span>]]]
</span></dt><dd>
mount nbd share from <server>
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>root=dhcp</strong></span> with <span class="strong"><strong>dhcp</strong></span> <span class="strong"><strong>root-path=</strong></span>nbd:<span class="emphasis"><em><server></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><port></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><fstype></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><mountopts></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><nbdopts></em></span>]]]
</span></dt><dd>
root=dhcp alone directs initrd to look at the DHCP root-path where NBD
options can be specified. This syntax is only usable in cases where you are
directly mounting the volume as the rootfs.
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="DASD"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_dasd"></a>DASD</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.dasd=</strong></span>….
</span></dt><dd>
same syntax as the kernel module parameter (s390 only)
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="ZFCP"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_zfcp"></a>ZFCP</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.zfcp=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><zfcp adaptor device bus ID></em></span>,<span class="emphasis"><em><WWPN></em></span>,<span class="emphasis"><em><FCPLUN></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
rd.zfcp can be specified multiple times on the kernel command line.
</p><p class="simpara">rd.zfcp=0.0.4000,0x5005076300C213e9,0x5022000000000000</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.zfcp.conf=0</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
ignore zfcp.conf included in the initramfs
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="ZNET"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_znet"></a>ZNET</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.znet=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><nettype></em></span>,<span class="emphasis"><em><subchannels></em></span>,<span class="emphasis"><em><options></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
rd.znet can be specified multiple times on the kernel command line.
</p><p class="simpara">rd.znet=qeth,0.0.0600,0.0.0601,0.0.0602,layer2=1,portname=foo
rd.znet=ctc,0.0.0600,0.0.0601,protocol=bar</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="Booting live images"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_booting_live_images"></a>Booting live images</h3></div></div></div><p>Dracut offers multiple options for live booted images:</p><div class="informalexample"><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
squashfs with read-only filesystem image
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
The system will boot with a read
only filesystem from the squashfs and apply a writable device mapper snapshot
over the read only filesystem. Using this method ensures a relatively fast
boot and lower RAM usage. Users <span class="strong"><strong>must be careful</strong></span> to avoid writing too many
blocks to the snapshot volume. Once the blocks of the snapshot are exhaused,
the live filesystem becomes unusable and requires a reboot.
</p><p class="simpara">The filesystem structure is expected to be:</p><p class="simpara">squashfs.img | Squashfs downloaded via network
!(mount)
/LiveOS
|- ext3fs.img | Filesystem image to mount read-only
!(mount)
/bin | Live filesystem
/boot |
/dev |
… |</p><p class="simpara">Dracut uses this method of live booting by default. No additional command line
options are required other than <span class="strong"><strong>root=live:<URL></strong></span> to specify the location
of your squashed filesystem.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
writable filesystem image
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
The system will retrieve a compressed filesystem
image, connect it to a loopback device, and mount it as a writable volume. More
RAM is required during boot but the live filesystem is easier to manage if it
becomes full. Users can make a filesystem image of any size and that size will
be maintained when the system boots.
</p><p class="simpara">The filesystem structure is expected to be:</p><p class="simpara">rootfs.tgz | Compressed tarball containing fileystem image
!(unpack)
/rootfs.img | Filesystem image
!(mount)
/bin | Live filesystem
/boot |
/dev |
… |</p><p class="simpara">To use this boot option, ensure that <span class="strong"><strong>rd.writable_fsimg=1</strong></span> is in your kernel
command line and add the <span class="strong"><strong>root=live:<URL></strong></span> to specify the location
of your compressed filesystem image tarball.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span>live:<span class="emphasis"><em><url></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
Boots a live image retrieved from <span class="emphasis"><em><url></em></span>. Valid handlers: <span class="emphasis"><em>http, https, ftp, torrent, tftp</em></span>.
</p><p class="simpara">root=live:http://example.com/liveboot.img
root=live:ftp://ftp.example.com/liveboot.img
root=live:torrent://example.com/liveboot.img.torrent</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.live.debug=</strong></span>1
</span></dt><dd>
Enables debug output from the live boot process.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.live.dir=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><path></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Specifies the directory within the squashfs where the ext3fs.img or rootfs.img
can be found. By default, this is <span class="emphasis"><em>LiveOS</em></span>.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.writable.fsimg=</strong></span>1
</span></dt><dd>
Enables writable filesystem support. The system will boot with a fully
writable filesystem without snapshots <span class="emphasis"><em>(see notes above about available live boot options)</em></span>.
You can use the <span class="strong"><strong>rootflags</strong></span> option to set mount options for the live
filesystem as well <span class="emphasis"><em>(see documentation about rootflags in the <span class="strong"><strong>Standard</strong></span> section above)</em></span>.
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="Plymouth Boot Splash"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_plymouth_boot_splash"></a>Plymouth Boot Splash</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>plymouth.enable=0</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
disable the plymouth bootsplash completely.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>rd.plymouth=0</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
disable the plymouth bootsplash only for the initramfs.
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="Kernel keys"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_kernel_keys"></a>Kernel keys</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>masterkey=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><kernel master key path name></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
Set the path name of the kernel master key.
</p><p class="simpara">masterkey=/etc/keys/kmk-trusted.blob</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>masterkeytype=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><kernel master key type></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
Set the type of the kernel master key.
</p><p class="simpara">masterkeytype=trusted</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>evmkey=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><EVM key path name></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
Set the path name of the EVM key.
</p><p class="simpara">evmkey=/etc/keys/evm-trusted.blob</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>ecryptfskey=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><eCryptfs key path name></em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara">
Set the path name of the eCryptfs key.
</p><p class="simpara">ecryptfskey=/etc/keys/ecryptfs-trusted.blob</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="Deprecated, renamed Options"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_deprecated_renamed_options"></a>Deprecated, renamed Options</h3></div></div></div><p>Here is a list of options, which were used in dracut prior to version 008, and
their new replacement.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
rdbreak
</span></dt><dd>
rd.break
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_CCW
</span></dt><dd>
rd.ccw
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_DASD_MOD
</span></dt><dd>
rd.dasd
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_DASD
</span></dt><dd>
rd.dasd
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rdinitdebug rdnetdebug
</span></dt><dd>
rd.debug
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_NO_DM
</span></dt><dd>
rd.dm=0
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_DM_UUID
</span></dt><dd>
rd.dm.uuid
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rdblacklist
</span></dt><dd>
rd.driver.blacklist
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rdinsmodpost
</span></dt><dd>
rd.driver.post
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rdloaddriver
</span></dt><dd>
rd.driver.pre
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_NO_FSTAB
</span></dt><dd>
rd.fstab=0
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rdinfo
</span></dt><dd>
rd.info
</dd><dt><span class="term">
check
</span></dt><dd>
rd.live.check
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rdlivedebug
</span></dt><dd>
rd.live.debug
</dd><dt><span class="term">
live_dir
</span></dt><dd>
rd.live.dir
</dd><dt><span class="term">
liveimg
</span></dt><dd>
rd.live.image
</dd><dt><span class="term">
overlay
</span></dt><dd>
rd.live.overlay
</dd><dt><span class="term">
readonly_overlay
</span></dt><dd>
rd.live.overlay.readonly
</dd><dt><span class="term">
reset_overlay
</span></dt><dd>
rd.live.overlay.reset
</dd><dt><span class="term">
live_ram
</span></dt><dd>
rd.live.ram
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_NO_CRYPTTAB
</span></dt><dd>
rd.luks.crypttab=0
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_LUKS_KEYDEV_UUID
</span></dt><dd>
rd.luks.keydev.uuid
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_LUKS_KEYPATH
</span></dt><dd>
rd.luks.keypath
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_NO_LUKS
</span></dt><dd>
rd.luks=0
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_LUKS_UUID
</span></dt><dd>
rd.luks.uuid
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_NO_LVMCONF
</span></dt><dd>
rd.lvm.conf
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_LVM_LV
</span></dt><dd>
rd.lvm.lv
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_NO_LVM
</span></dt><dd>
rd.lvm=0
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_LVM_SNAPSHOT
</span></dt><dd>
rd.lvm.snapshot
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_LVM_SNAPSIZE
</span></dt><dd>
rd.lvm.snapsize
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_LVM_VG
</span></dt><dd>
rd.lvm.vg
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_NO_MDADMCONF
</span></dt><dd>
rd.md.conf=0
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_NO_MDIMSM
</span></dt><dd>
rd.md.imsm=0
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_NO_MD
</span></dt><dd>
rd.md=0
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_MD_UUID
</span></dt><dd>
rd.md.uuid
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_NFS_DOMAIN
</span></dt><dd>
rd.nfs.domain
</dd><dt><span class="term">
iscsi_initiator
</span></dt><dd>
rd.iscsi.initiator
</dd><dt><span class="term">
iscsi_target_name
</span></dt><dd>
rd.iscsi.target.name
</dd><dt><span class="term">
iscsi_target_ip
</span></dt><dd>
rd.iscsi.target.ip
</dd><dt><span class="term">
iscsi_target_port
</span></dt><dd>
rd.iscsi.target.port
</dd><dt><span class="term">
iscsi_target_group
</span></dt><dd>
rd.iscsi.target.group
</dd><dt><span class="term">
iscsi_username
</span></dt><dd>
rd.iscsi.username
</dd><dt><span class="term">
iscsi_password
</span></dt><dd>
rd.iscsi.password
</dd><dt><span class="term">
iscsi_in_username
</span></dt><dd>
rd.iscsi.in.username
</dd><dt><span class="term">
iscsi_in_password
</span></dt><dd>
rd.iscsi.in.password
</dd><dt><span class="term">
iscsi_firmware
</span></dt><dd>
rd.iscsi.firmware=0
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_NO_PLYMOUTH
</span></dt><dd>
rd.plymouth=0
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_retry
</span></dt><dd>
rd.retry
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rdshell
</span></dt><dd>
rd.shell
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_NO_SPLASH
</span></dt><dd>
rd.splash
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rdudevdebug
</span></dt><dd>
rd.udev.debug
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rdudevinfo
</span></dt><dd>
rd.udev.info
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_NO_ZFCPCONF
</span></dt><dd>
rd.zfcp.conf=0
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_ZFCP
</span></dt><dd>
rd.zfcp
</dd><dt><span class="term">
rd_ZNET
</span></dt><dd>
rd.znet
</dd><dt><span class="term">
KEYMAP
</span></dt><dd>
vconsole.keymap
</dd><dt><span class="term">
KEYTABLE
</span></dt><dd>
vconsole.keymap
</dd><dt><span class="term">
SYSFONT
</span></dt><dd>
vconsole.font
</dd><dt><span class="term">
CONTRANS
</span></dt><dd>
vconsole.font.map
</dd><dt><span class="term">
UNIMAP
</span></dt><dd>
vconsole.font.unimap
</dd><dt><span class="term">
UNICODE
</span></dt><dd>
vconsole.unicode
</dd><dt><span class="term">
EXT_KEYMAP
</span></dt><dd>
vconsole.keymap.ext
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="Configuration in the Initramfs"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_configuration_in_the_initramfs_2"></a>Configuration in the Initramfs</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/conf.d/</em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Any files found in <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/conf.d/</em></span> will be sourced in the initramfs to
set initial values. Command line options will override these values
set in the configuration files.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/cmdline</em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Can contain additional command line options. Deprecated, better use
/etc/cmdline.d/*.conf.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/cmdline.d/*.conf</em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
Can contain additional command line options.
</dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="section" title="AUTHOR"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_author_2"></a>AUTHOR</h2></div></div></div><p>Harald Hoyer</p></div><div class="section" title="SEE ALSO"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_see_also_3"></a>SEE ALSO</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>dracut</strong></span>(8) <span class="strong"><strong>dracut.conf</strong></span>(5)</p></div></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 9. LSINITRD(1)"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="lsinitrd1"></a>Chapter 9. LSINITRD(1)</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_4">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_synopsis_3">SYNOPSIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_4">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_options_2">OPTIONS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_availability_2">AVAILABILITY</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_authors_2">AUTHORS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_4">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" title="NAME"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_name_4"></a>NAME</h2></div></div></div><p>lsinitrd - tool to show the contents of an initramfs image</p></div><div class="section" title="SYNOPSIS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_synopsis_3"></a>SYNOPSIS</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>lsinitrd</strong></span> [<span class="emphasis"><em>OPTION…</em></span>] [<image> [<filename> [<filename> […] ]]]</p><p><span class="strong"><strong>lsinitrd</strong></span> [<span class="emphasis"><em>OPTION…</em></span>] -k <kernel-version></p></div><div class="section" title="DESCRIPTION"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_description_4"></a>DESCRIPTION</h2></div></div></div><p>lsinitrd shows the contents of an initramfs image. if <image> is omitted, then
lsinitrd uses the default image <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/<machine-id>/<kernel-version>/initrd</em></span> or
<span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/initramfs-<kernel-version>.img</em></span>.</p></div><div class="section" title="OPTIONS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_options_2"></a>OPTIONS</h2></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-h, --help</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
print a help message and exit.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-s, --size</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
sort the contents of the initramfs by size.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-f, --file</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><filename></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
print the contents of <filename>.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-k, --kver</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><kernel version></em></span>
</span></dt><dd>
inspect the initramfs of <kernel version>.
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="AVAILABILITY"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_availability_2"></a>AVAILABILITY</h2></div></div></div><p>The lsinitrd command is part of the dracut package and is available from
<a class="ulink" href="https://dracut.wiki.kernel.org" target="_top">https://dracut.wiki.kernel.org</a></p></div><div class="section" title="AUTHORS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_authors_2"></a>AUTHORS</h2></div></div></div><p>Harald Hoyer</p><p>Amerigo Wang</p><p>Nikoli</p></div><div class="section" title="SEE ALSO"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_see_also_4"></a>SEE ALSO</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>dracut</strong></span>(8)</p></div></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 10. MKINITRD(8)"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="mkinitrd8"></a>Chapter 10. MKINITRD(8)</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_5">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_synopsis_4">SYNOPSIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_5">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_options_3">OPTIONS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_availability_3">AVAILABILITY</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_authors_3">AUTHORS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_5">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" title="NAME"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_name_5"></a>NAME</h2></div></div></div><p>mkinitrd - is a compat wrapper, which calls dracut to generate an initramfs</p></div><div class="section" title="SYNOPSIS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_synopsis_4"></a>SYNOPSIS</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>mkinitrd</strong></span> [<span class="emphasis"><em>OPTION…</em></span>] [<initrd-image>] <kernel-version></p></div><div class="section" title="DESCRIPTION"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_description_5"></a>DESCRIPTION</h2></div></div></div><p>mkinitrd creates an initramfs image <initrd-image> for the kernel with
version <kernel-version> by calling "dracut".</p><div class="important" title="Important" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Important</h3><p>If a more fine grained control over the resulting image is needed,
"dracut" should be called directly.</p></div></div><div class="section" title="OPTIONS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_options_3"></a>OPTIONS</h2></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--version</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
print info about the version
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-v, --verbose</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
increase verbosity level
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>-f, --force</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
overwrite existing initramfs file.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>*--image-version</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
append the kernel version to the target image
<initrd-image>-<kernel-version>.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--with=<module></strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
add the kernel module <module> to the initramfs.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--preload=<module></strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
preload the kernel module <module> in the initramfs before any other kernel
modules are loaded. This can be used to ensure a certain device naming,
which should in theory be avoided and the use of symbolic links in /dev is
encouraged.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--nocompress</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
do not compress the resulting image.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
<span class="strong"><strong>--help</strong></span>
</span></dt><dd>
print a help message and exit.
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="AVAILABILITY"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_availability_3"></a>AVAILABILITY</h2></div></div></div><p>The mkinitrd command is part of the dracut package and is available from
<a class="ulink" href="https://dracut.wiki.kernel.org" target="_top">https://dracut.wiki.kernel.org</a></p></div><div class="section" title="AUTHORS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_authors_3"></a>AUTHORS</h2></div></div></div><p>Harald Hoyer</p></div><div class="section" title="SEE ALSO"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_see_also_5"></a>SEE ALSO</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>dracut</strong></span>(8)</p></div></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 11. Developer Manual"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="_developer_manual"></a>Chapter 11. Developer Manual</h2></div></div></div></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 12. DRACUT.MODULES(7)"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="dracutmodules7"></a>Chapter 12. DRACUT.MODULES(7)</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_6">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_6">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#stages">Boot Process Stages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_cmdline">Hook: cmdline</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_udev">Hook: pre-udev</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_start_udev">Start Udev</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_trigger">Hook: pre-trigger</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_trigger_udev">Trigger Udev</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_main_loop">Main Loop</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_mount">Hook: pre-mount</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_mount">Hook: mount</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_pivot">Hook: pre-pivot</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_cleanup">Hook: cleanup</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_cleanup_and_switch_root">Cleanup and switch_root</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_network_infrastructure">Network Infrastructure</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_writing_a_module">Writing a Module</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_check">module-setup.sh: check()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_depends">module-setup.sh: depends()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_cmdline">module-setup.sh: cmdline()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_install">module-setup.sh: install()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_installkernel">module-setup.sh: installkernel()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_anchor_id_creation_xreflabel_creation_creation_functions">Creation Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_initramfs_functions">Initramfs Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_network_modules">Network Modules</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author_3">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_6">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" title="NAME"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_name_6"></a>NAME</h2></div></div></div><p>dracut.modules - dracut modules</p></div><div class="section" title="DESCRIPTION"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_description_6"></a>DESCRIPTION</h2></div></div></div><p>dracut uses a modular system to build and extend the initramfs image. All
modules are located in <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr/lib/dracut/modules.d</em></span> or in <span class="emphasis"><em><git-src>/modules.d</em></span>.
The most basic dracut module is <span class="emphasis"><em>99base</em></span>. In <span class="emphasis"><em>99base</em></span> the initial shell script
init is defined, which gets run by the kernel after initramfs loading. Although
you can replace init with your own version of <span class="emphasis"><em>99base</em></span>, this is not encouraged.
Instead you should use, if possible, the hooks of dracut. All hooks, and the
point of time in which they are executed, are described in <a class="xref" href="#stages" title="Boot Process Stages">the section called “Boot Process Stages”</a>.</p><p>The main script, which creates the initramfs is dracut itsself. It parses all
arguments and sets up the directory, in which everything is installed. It then
executes all check, install, installkernel scripts found in the modules, which
are to be processed. After everything is installed, the install directory is
archived and compressed to the final initramfs image. All helper functions used
by check, install and installkernel are found in in the file <span class="emphasis"><em>dracut-functions</em></span>.
These shell functions are available to all module installer (install,
installkernel) scripts, without the need to source <span class="emphasis"><em>dracut-functions</em></span>.</p><p>A module can check the preconditions for install and installkernel with the
check script. Also dependencies can be expressed with check. If a module passed
check, install and installkernel will be called to install all of the necessary
files for the module. To split between kernel and non-kernel parts of the
installation, all kernel module related parts have to be in installkernel. All
other files found in a module directory are module specific and mostly are hook
scripts and udev rules.</p></div><div class="section" title="Boot Process Stages"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="stages"></a>Boot Process Stages</h2></div></div></div><p>dracut modules can insert custom script at various points, to control the boot
process.
These hooks are plain directories containing shell scripts ending with ".sh",
which are sourced by init.
Common used functions are in <span class="emphasis"><em>dracut-lib.sh</em></span>, which can be sourced by any script.</p><div class="section" title="Hook: cmdline"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_hook_cmdline"></a>Hook: cmdline</h3></div></div></div><p>The <span class="emphasis"><em>cmdline</em></span> hook is a place to insert scripts to parse the kernel command line
and prepare the later actions, like setting up udev rules and configuration
files.</p><p>In this hook the most important environment variable is defined: root. The
second one is rootok, which indicates, that a module claimed to be able to parse
the root defined. So for example, <span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em>iscsi:….</em></span> will be claimed by the
iscsi dracut module, which then sets rootok.</p></div><div class="section" title="Hook: pre-udev"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_hook_pre_udev"></a>Hook: pre-udev</h3></div></div></div><p>This hook is executed right after the cmdline hook and a check if root and
rootok were set. Here modules can take action with the final root, and before
udev has been run.</p></div><div class="section" title="Start Udev"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_start_udev"></a>Start Udev</h3></div></div></div><p>Now udev is started and the logging for udev is setup.</p></div><div class="section" title="Hook: pre-trigger"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_hook_pre_trigger"></a>Hook: pre-trigger</h3></div></div></div><p>In this hook, you can set udev environment variables with <span class="strong"><strong>udevadm control
--property=KEY=<span class="emphasis"><em>value</em></span></strong></span> or control the further execution of udev with
udevadm.</p></div><div class="section" title="Trigger Udev"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_trigger_udev"></a>Trigger Udev</h3></div></div></div><p>udev is triggered by calling udevadm trigger, which sends add events for all
devices and subsystems.</p></div><div class="section" title="Main Loop"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_main_loop"></a>Main Loop</h3></div></div></div><p>In the main loop of dracut loops until udev has settled and
all scripts in <span class="emphasis"><em>initqueue/finished</em></span> returned true.
In this loop there are three hooks, where scripts can be inserted
by calling /sbin/initqueue.</p><div class="section" title="Initqueue"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_initqueue"></a>Initqueue</h4></div></div></div><p>This hook gets executed every time a script is inserted here, regardless of the
udev state.</p></div><div class="section" title="Initqueue settled"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_initqueue_settled"></a>Initqueue settled</h4></div></div></div><p>This hooks (initqueue/settled) gets executed every time udev has settled.</p></div><div class="section" title="Initqueue timeout"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_initqueue_timeout"></a>Initqueue timeout</h4></div></div></div><p>This hooks (initqueue/timeout) gets executed, when the main loop counter becomes
half of the rd.retry counter.</p></div><div class="section" title="Initqueue finished"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_initqueue_finished"></a>Initqueue finished</h4></div></div></div><p>This hook (initqueue/finished) is called after udev has settled and
if all scripts herein return 0 the main loop will be ended.
Abritary scripts can be added here, to loop in the
initqueue until something happens, which a dracut module wants to wait for.</p></div></div><div class="section" title="Hook: pre-mount"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_hook_pre_mount"></a>Hook: pre-mount</h3></div></div></div><p>Before the root device is mounted all scripts in the hook pre-mount are
executed. In some cases (e.g. NFS) the real root device is already mounted,
though.</p></div><div class="section" title="Hook: mount"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_hook_mount"></a>Hook: mount</h3></div></div></div><p>This hook is mainly to mount the real root device.</p></div><div class="section" title="Hook: pre-pivot"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_hook_pre_pivot"></a>Hook: pre-pivot</h3></div></div></div><p>This hook is called before cleanup hook, This is a good place for
actions other than cleanups which need to be called before pivot.</p></div><div class="section" title="Hook: cleanup"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_hook_cleanup"></a>Hook: cleanup</h3></div></div></div><p>This hook is the last hook and is called before init finally switches root to
the real root device. This is a good place to clean up and kill processes not
needed anymore.</p></div><div class="section" title="Cleanup and switch_root"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_cleanup_and_switch_root"></a>Cleanup and switch_root</h3></div></div></div><p>Init (or systemd) kills all udev processes, cleans up the environment,
sets up the arguments for the real init process and finally calls switch_root.
switch_root removes the whole filesystem hierarchy of the initramfs,
chroot()s to the real root device and calls /sbin/init with the specified
arguments.</p><p>To ensure all files in the initramfs hierarchy can be removed, all processes
still running from the initramfs should not have any open file descriptors left.</p></div></div><div class="section" title="Network Infrastructure"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_network_infrastructure"></a>Network Infrastructure</h2></div></div></div><p>FIXME</p></div><div class="section" title="Writing a Module"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_writing_a_module"></a>Writing a Module</h2></div></div></div><p>A simple example module is <span class="emphasis"><em>96insmodpost</em></span>, which modprobes a kernel module after
udev has settled and the basic device drivers have been loaded.</p><p>All module installation information is in the file module-setup.sh.</p><p>First we create a check() function, which just exits with 0 indicating that this
module should be included by default.</p><p>check():</p><pre class="screen">return 0</pre><p>The we create the install() function, which installs a cmdline hook with
priority number 20 called <span class="emphasis"><em>parse-insmodpost.sh</em></span>. It also installs the
<span class="emphasis"><em>insmodpost.sh</em></span> script in <span class="emphasis"><em>/sbin</em></span>.</p><p>install():</p><pre class="screen">inst_hook cmdline 20 "$moddir/parse-insmodpost.sh"
inst_simple "$moddir/insmodpost.sh" /sbin/insmodpost.sh</pre><p>The <span class="emphasis"><em>pase-instmodpost.sh</em></span> parses the kernel command line for a argument
rd.driver.post, blacklists the module from being autoloaded and installs the
hook <span class="emphasis"><em>insmodpost.sh</em></span> in the <span class="emphasis"><em>initqueue/settled</em></span>.</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>parse-insmodpost.sh</em></span>:</p><pre class="screen">for p in $(getargs rd.driver.post=); do
echo "blacklist $p" >> /etc/modprobe.d/initramfsblacklist.conf
_do_insmodpost=1
done
[ -n "$_do_insmodpost" ] && /sbin/initqueue --settled --unique --onetime /sbin/insmodpost.sh
unset _do_insmodpost</pre><p><span class="emphasis"><em>insmodpost.sh</em></span>, which is called in the <span class="emphasis"><em>initqueue/settled</em></span> hook will just
modprobe the kernel modules specified in all rd.driver.post kernel command line
parameters. It runs after udev has settled and is only called once (--onetime).</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>insmodpost.sh</em></span>:</p><pre class="screen">. /lib/dracut-lib.sh
for p in $(getargs rd.driver.post=); do
modprobe $p
done</pre><div class="section" title="module-setup.sh: check()"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_module_setup_sh_check"></a>module-setup.sh: check()</h3></div></div></div><p><span class="emphasis"><em>check()</em></span> is called by dracut to evaluate the inclusion of a dracut module in
the initramfs.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
$hostonly
</span></dt><dd>
If the $hostonly variable is set, then the module check() function
should be in "hostonly" mode, which means, that the check() should only return
0, if the module is really needed to boot this specific host.
</dd></dl></div><p>check() should return with:</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
0
</span></dt><dd>
Include the dracut module in the initramfs.
</dd><dt><span class="term">
1
</span></dt><dd>
Do not include the dracut module. The requirements are not fullfilled
(missing tools, etc.)
</dd><dt><span class="term">
255
</span></dt><dd>
Only include the dracut module, if another module requires it or if
explicitly specified in the config file or on the argument list.
</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="module-setup.sh: depends()"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_module_setup_sh_depends"></a>module-setup.sh: depends()</h3></div></div></div><p>The function depends() should echo all other dracut module names the module
depends on.</p></div><div class="section" title="module-setup.sh: cmdline()"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_module_setup_sh_cmdline"></a>module-setup.sh: cmdline()</h3></div></div></div><p>This function should print the kernel command line options needed to boot the
current machine setup. It should start with a space and should not print a
newline.</p></div><div class="section" title="module-setup.sh: install()"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_module_setup_sh_install"></a>module-setup.sh: install()</h3></div></div></div><p>The install() function is called to install everything non-kernel related.
To install binaries, scripts, and other files, you can use the functions
mentioned in <a class="xref" href="#creation">[creation]</a>.</p><p>To address a file in the current module directory, use the variable "$moddir".</p></div><div class="section" title="module-setup.sh: installkernel()"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_module_setup_sh_installkernel"></a>module-setup.sh: installkernel()</h3></div></div></div><p>In installkernel() all kernel related files should be installed. You can use all
of the functions mentioned in <a class="xref" href="#creation">[creation]</a> to install files.</p></div><div class="section" title="Creation Functions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_anchor_id_creation_xreflabel_creation_creation_functions"></a><a id="creation"></a>Creation Functions</h3></div></div></div><div class="section" title="inst_multiple [-o] <file> [ <file> …]"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_inst_multiple_o_lt_file_gt_lt_file_gt_8230"></a>inst_multiple [-o] <file> [ <file> …]</h4></div></div></div><p>installs multiple binaries and files. If executables are specified without a
path, dracut will search the path PATH=/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/bin for the
binary. If the option "-o" is given as the first parameter, a missing file does
not lead to an error.</p></div><div class="section" title="inst <src> [<dst>]"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_inst_lt_src_gt_lt_dst_gt"></a>inst <src> [<dst>]</h4></div></div></div><p>installs <span class="emphasis"><em>one</em></span> file <src> either to the same place in the initramfs or to an
optional <dst>.</p></div><div class="section" title="inst_hook <hookdir> <prio> <src>"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_inst_hook_lt_hookdir_gt_lt_prio_gt_lt_src_gt"></a>inst_hook <hookdir> <prio> <src></h4></div></div></div><p>installs an executable/script <src> in the dracut hook <hookdir> with priority
<prio>.</p></div><div class="section" title="inst_rules <udevrule> [ <udevrule> …]"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_inst_rules_lt_udevrule_gt_lt_udevrule_gt_8230"></a>inst_rules <udevrule> [ <udevrule> …]</h4></div></div></div><p>installs one ore more udev rules. Non-existant udev rules are reported, but do
not let dracut fail.</p></div><div class="section" title="instmods <kernelmodule> [ <kernelmodule> … ]"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_instmods_lt_kernelmodule_gt_lt_kernelmodule_gt_8230"></a>instmods <kernelmodule> [ <kernelmodule> … ]</h4></div></div></div><p>instmods should be used only in the installkernel() function.</p><p>instmods installs one or more kernel modules in the initramfs. <kernelmodule>
can also be a whole subsystem, if prefixed with a "=", like "=drivers/net/team".</p><p>instmods will not install the kernel module, if $hostonly is set and the kernel
module is not currently needed by any /sys/<span class="strong"><strong>…</strong></span>/uevent MODALIAS.
To install a kernel module regardless of the hostonly mode use the form:</p><pre class="screen">hostonly='' instmods <kernelmodule></pre></div></div><div class="section" title="Initramfs Functions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_initramfs_functions"></a>Initramfs Functions</h3></div></div></div><p>FIXME</p></div><div class="section" title="Network Modules"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_network_modules"></a>Network Modules</h3></div></div></div><p>FIXME</p></div></div><div class="section" title="AUTHOR"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_author_3"></a>AUTHOR</h2></div></div></div><p>Harald Hoyer</p></div><div class="section" title="SEE ALSO"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_see_also_6"></a>SEE ALSO</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>dracut</strong></span>(8)</p></div></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 13. DRACUT.BOOTUP(7)"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="dracutbootup7"></a>Chapter 13. DRACUT.BOOTUP(7)</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_7">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_7">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author_4">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_7">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" title="NAME"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_name_7"></a>NAME</h2></div></div></div><p>dracut.bootup - boot ordering in the initramfs</p></div><div class="section" title="DESCRIPTION"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_description_7"></a>DESCRIPTION</h2></div></div></div><p>This flow chart illustrates the ordering of the services, if systemd is used in
the dracut initramfs.</p><pre class="screen"> systemd-journal.socket
|
v
dracut-cmdline.service
|
v
dracut-pre-udev.service
|
v
systemd-udevd.service
|
v
local-fs-pre.target dracut-pre-trigger.service
| |
v v
(various mounts) (various swap systemd-udev-trigger.service
| devices...) | (various low-level (various low-level
| | | services: seed, API VFS mounts:
v v v tmpfiles, random mqueue, configfs,
local-fs.target swap.target dracut-initqueue.service sysctl, ...) debugfs, ...)
| | | | |
\_______________|____________________ | ___________________|____________________/
\|/
v
sysinit.target
|
_________________/|\___________________
/ | \
| | |
v | v
(various | rescue.service
sockets...) | |
| | v
v | rescue.target
sockets.target |
| |
\_________________ | emergency.service
\| |
v v
basic.target emergency.target
|
______________________/|
/ |
| v
| dracut-pre-mount.service
| |
| v
| sysroot.mount
| |
| v
| initrd-root-fs.target
(custom initrd services) |
| v
| dracut-mount.service
| |
| v
| initrd-parse-etc.service
| |
| v
| (sysroot-usr.mount and
| various mounts marked
| with fstab option
| x-initrd.mount)
| |
| v
| initrd-fs.target
\______________________ |
\|
v
initrd.target
|
v
dracut-pre-pivot.service
|
v
initrd-cleanup.service
isolates to
initrd-switch-root.target
|
v
______________________/|
/ |
| initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service
| |
(custom initrd services) |
| |
\______________________ |
\|
v
initrd-switch-root.target
|
v
initrd-switch-root.service
|
v
switch-root</pre></div><div class="section" title="AUTHOR"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_author_4"></a>AUTHOR</h2></div></div></div><p>Harald Hoyer</p></div><div class="section" title="SEE ALSO"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_see_also_7"></a>SEE ALSO</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>dracut</strong></span>(8) <span class="strong"><strong>bootup</strong></span>(7)</p></div></div><div class="appendix" title="Appendix A. License"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="_license"></a>Appendix A. License</h2></div></div></div><p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike
License. To view a copy of this license, visit
<a class="ulink" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" target="_top">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/</a> or send a letter to Creative
Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.</p></div></div></div></body></html>
|