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<h1>ResGen: C++ Mode</h1>
<p>Stephan Zuercher, February 18<sup><font face="Verdana">th</font></sup>, 2004.</p>

<h2>C++ Resources</h2>

<p>In practice, ResGen supports three modes of operation:</p>
<ul>
<li><b>Java</b> - resources are generated as described in the main
<a href="overview.html">ResGen documentation</a>.</li>
<li><b>C++</b> - resource are generated as described in this document.</li>
<li><b>both</b> - Java and C++ resources are generated.</li>
</ul>
<p>The main overview document concerns itself exclusively with
ResGen's Java mode.  This document explains how ResGen operates in C++
mode.  See the section on the <a href="overview.html#resgen">resgen ANT task</a>
for more information on selecting ResGen's mode.</p>

<p>ResGen's C++ mode uses the same properties files as Java mode.  In
addition it generates a header (.h) and source (.cpp) file for each
resource bundle.</p>

<h2>C++ framework</h2>

<p>C++ mode requires that project using the generated resouces provide
a framework for managing the messages given.  The framework has the
following requirements:</p>
<ol>
<li>The presence of a class named <b>Locale</b> in the same namespace
as the generated resource files.
    <ul>
    <li>The header file for Locale must be Locale.h.</li>
    <li>The Locale class must be suitable for use as a a key value
    in a <copd>std::map</code> (e.g. it should define
    <code>operator&lt;</code>).</li>
    <li>It must also define a method <code>const Locale
    &getDefault()</code> that returns a suitable default locale.</li>
    </ul>
</li>
<li>The presence of a class named <b>ResourceBundle</b> in the same namespace
as the generated resource files that may be used as a base class for
generated resources.
    <ul>
    <li>The header file for ResourceBundle must be
    ResourceBundle.h</li>
    <li>ResourceBundle's must have constructor
    <code>ResourceBundle(const std::string &basename, const Locale
    &locale, const std::string &location)</code> where basename is
    the name of the resource bundle
    (e.g. <code>BirthdayResource</code> in the previous example),
    locale is the Locale this ResourceBundle will handle and
    location is the path to the directory where the ResourceBundle
    can find its properties file.</li>

    <li>ResourceBundle is responsible for loading the properties
    files, handling the Java format strings (e.g. <code>"There are
    {0, number} letters in {1}."</code>), and returning messages
    in a format usable by ResourceDefinition.  One possible
    implementation is to convert the Java format strings into <a
    href="http://www.boost.org">Boost</a> format strings.</li>
        </ul>
</li>
<li>The presence of a class name <b>ResourceDefinition</b> in the same
namespace as the generated resource files.
    <ul>
    <li>ResourceDefinitions must have a constructor
    <code>ResourceDefinition(ResourceBundle *bundle, const
    std::string &key)</code>.</li>
    <li>ResourceDefinition must implement these methods:
        <code></code> as well as templated
    methods that take varying numbers of arguments:
    <blockquote><pre>
    std::string format() const;
    template&lt;typename t0&gt; string format(const t0 &p0) const;
        template&lt;typename t0, typename t1&gt;
      string format(const t0 &p0, const t1 &p1) const;
    .
    .
    .</pre></blockquote>

    Each <code>format</code> method should lookup up the message
    associated with the key given in the constructor from the
    ResourceBundle given in the constructor and should format the
    message given the arguments, returning the resulting
    std::string.  If a format template method doesn't exist of the
    number of parameters in your message, a compile time error
    will occur.
    </ul>
</li>
<li>The presence of this templated method:
<blockquote><pre>template&lt;class _GRB, class _BC, class _BC_ITER&gt;
_GRB *makeInstance(
    _BC &bundleCache,
    const Locale &locale);
</pre></blockquote>
<p>The template's arguments are a class generated by ResGen in C++ mode
(e.g. <code>BirthdayResources</code> in the examples below), a
<code>std::map&lt;Locale, _GRB *&gt;</code>, and an iterator on that
map.</p>

<p>The method's purpose is to look up the generated resource bundle
instance in the bundle cache for the given locale.  If found, it
should be returned to the caller.  If not found, it should be
instantiated for the locale, added to the map and returned.  Normally,
the method would also attempt to create an instance of the parent
locale's bundle by calling itself recursively.  For example, when
instantiating a resource bundle for the "en_US" locale, one would also
instantiate a bundle for the "en" locale and set it as a parent to the
"en_US" locale.  The "en" locale might have a nameless locale as its
parent so that all message requests are guaranteed to be filled.  This
logic is controlled by the <code>ResourceBundle</code> class and need
only be implemented if you wish locales to inherit messages from their
parent locales.</p>

</li>
</ol>

<p>An example of how to create a framework appropriate for ResGen C++
resources can be found in the <a href="http://fennel.sourceforge.net/">Fennel</a> project.
</p>

<h2>C++ exceptions</h2>

<p>If exception resources are used (as opposed to just message
resources), you will need to provide an exception class.  A default
exception class for all exception resources can be given (see
<code>&lt;resourceBundle&gt;</code>, below), or you can override the
default on a per-resource basis.  The exception class must always have
a basic constructor like this one:</p>

<blockquote><pre>Excn(const std::string &msg);</pre></blockquote>

<p>If chained exceptions are enabled for an exception resource, the
exception class must also have a chained constructor:</p>

<blockquote><pre>Excn(const std::string &msg, const Excn * const chained);</pre></blockquote>

<h2>C++ Example</h2>

<p>The following examples assume you're familiar with the Java example
given above.</p>

<h3>Create a resource file</h3>

<p>First, create a resource file like the following, <code>BirthdayResource_en_US.xml</code>:</p>
<blockquote>
  <pre>&lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot; ?&gt;
&lt;?xml-stylesheet type=&quot;text/xsl&quot; href=&quot;Resource.xsl&quot; ?&gt;
&lt;resourceBundle
    locale=&quot;en_US&quot;
    cppExceptionClassName=&quot;Excn&quot;
    cppExceptionClassLocation=&quot;Excn.h&quot;&gt;
  &lt;message name=&quot;HappyBirthday&quot;&gt;
    &lt;text&gt;Happy Birthday, {0}! You don''t look {1,number}.&lt;/text&gt;
  &lt;/message&gt;
  &lt;exception name=&quot;TooYoung&quot;&gt;
    &lt;text&gt;{0} has not been born yet.&lt;/text&gt;
  &lt;/exception&gt;
&lt;/resourceBundle&gt;</pre>
</blockquote>

<h3>Create ANT target</h3>
<p>Now modify (or create) your ANT build-file, <code>build.xml</code>, as follows:</p>
<blockquote>
  <pre>&lt;taskdef name=&quot;resgen&quot; classname=&quot;org.eigenbase.resgen.ResourceGenTask&quot;&gt;
  &lt;classpath path=&quot;lib/eigenbase-resgen.jar:lib/eigenbase-xom.jar&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/taskdef&gt;

&lt;target name=&quot;generate.resources&quot;&gt;
  &lt;resgen srcdir=&quot;source&quot; locales=&quot;en_US&quot;&gt;
    &lt;include name=&quot;BirthdayResource_en_US.xml&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/resgen&gt;
&lt;/target&gt;
&lt;/target&gt;</pre>
</blockquote>

<p>I have assumed that your C++ source files are held in the &quot;<code>source</code>&quot;
directory.  I also assume that you'll write your own Makefile or
equivalent to compile the code generated (<code>BirthdayResource.h</code> and
<code>BirthdayResource.cpp</code> in this example).</p>

<h3>Compile</h3>
<p>Build as follows. (You need 'ant' on your path, and you will need to edit the
project.classpath property in <code>build.xml</code>.)</p>
<blockquote>
  <pre>$ ant
Buildfile: build.xml

generate.resources:
[resgen] Generating source\BirthdayResource.properties
[resgen] Generating source\BirthdayResource_en_US.properties
[resgen] Generating source\BirthdayResource.h
[resgen] Generating source\BirthdayResource.cpp

BUILD SUCCESSFUL

Total time: 3 seconds</pre>
</blockquote>

<p>Four files are generated.</p>
<p><code>source/happy/BirthdayResource.h</code>:</p>
<blockquote>
  <pre>// This class is generated. Do NOT modify it, or
// add it to source control.

/**
 * This class was generated
 * by class mondrian.resource.ResourceGen
 * from /BirthdayResource_en_US.xml
 * on Wed Feb 18 13:10:31 PST 2004.
 * It contains a list of messages, and methods to
 * retrieve and format those messages.
 **/

#ifndef Fennel_BirthdayResource_Included
#define Fennel_BirthdayResource_Included

#include &lt;ctime&gt;
#include &lt;string&gt;

#include "Locale.h"
#include "ResourceDefinition.h"
#include "ResourceBundle.h"

// begin includes specified by BirthdayResource_en_US.xml
#include "Excn.h"
// end includes specified by BirthdayResource_en_US.xml

using namespace std;

    /** <code>HappyBirthday</code> is 'Happy Birthday, {0}! You don''t look {1,number}.'     */
class HappyBirthday : public ResourceDefinition
{
  public:
  HappyBirthday(ResourceBundle *bundle, const string &key);

  string operator()(const string &p0, int p1) const;
};


    /** <code>TooYoung</code> is '{0} has not been born yet.'    */
class TooYoung : public ResourceDefinition
{
  public:
  TooYoung(ResourceBundle *bundle, const string &key);

  string operator()(const string &p0) const;
};


class BirthdayResource;
typedef map<Locale, BirthdayResource*, localeLess> BirthdayResourceBundleCache;

class BirthdayResource : ResourceBundle
{
  protected:
  BirthdayResource(Locale locale);

  public:
  virtual ~BirthdayResource() { }

  static const BirthdayResource &instance();
  static const BirthdayResource &instance(const Locale &locale);

  static void setResourceFileLocation(const string &location);

  HappyBirthday HappyBirthday;

  TooYoung TooYoung;
  Excn* newTooYoung(const string &p0) const;

  template<class _GRB, class _BC, class _BC_ITER>
    friend _GRB *makeInstance(_BC &bundleCache, const Locale &locale);
};

#endif // Fennel_BirthdayResource_Included</pre>
</blockquote>

<p><code>source/happy/BirthdayResource.cpp</code>:</p>
<blockquote>
  <pre>// This class is generated. Do NOT modify it, or
// add it to source control.

/**
 * This class was generated
 * by class mondrian.resource.ResourceGen
 * from BirthdayResource_en_US.xml
 * on Wed Feb 18 13:14:30 PST 2004.
 * It contains a list of messages, and methods to
 * retrieve and format those messages.
 **/

#include "BirthdayResource.h"
#include "ResourceBundle.h"
#include "Locale.h"

#include &lt;map&gt;
#include &lt;string&gt;

using namespace std;

#define BASENAME ("BirthdayResource")

static BirthdayResourceBundleCache bundleCache;
static string bundleLocation("");

const BirthdayResource &BirthdayResource::instance()
{
  return BirthdayResource::instance(Locale::getDefault());
}

const BirthdayResource &BirthdayResource::instance(const Locale &locale)
{
  return *makeInstance<BirthdayResource, BirthdayResourceBundleCache, BirthdayResourceBundleCache::iterator>(bundleCache, locale);
}

void BirthdayResource::setResourceFileLocation(const string &location)
{
  bundleLocation = location;
}

BirthdayResource::BirthdayResource(Locale locale)
  : ResourceBundle(BASENAME, locale, bundleLocation),
    HappyBirthday(this, "HappyBirthday"),
    TooYoung(this, "TooYoung")
{ }

Excn* BirthdayResource::newTooYoung(const string &p0) const
{
  return new Excn(TooYoung.operator()(p0));
}

HappyBirthday::HappyBirthday(ResourceBundle *bundle, const string &key)
  : ResourceDefinition(bundle, key)
{ }

string HappyBirthday::operator()(const string &p0, int p1) const
{
  return format(p0, p1);
}

TooYoung::TooYoung(ResourceBundle *bundle, const string &key)
  : ResourceDefinition(bundle, key)
{ }

string TooYoung::operator()(const string &p0) const
{
  return format(p0);
}</pre></blockquote>

<p><code>source/happy/BirthdayResource.properties</code>:</p>
<blockquote>
  <pre>HappyBirthday=Happy Birthday, {0}! You don''t look {1, number}.
TooYoung={0} has not been born yet.</pre>
</blockquote>
<p><code>source/happy/BirthdayResource_en_US.properties</code>:</p>
<blockquote>
  <pre># This file is intentionally blank. Add property values
# to this file to override the translations in the base
# properties file, BirthdayResource.properties.</pre>
</blockquote>

<p>For each resource, a member variable is generated in the generated
class.  The member variable allows you to use <code>operator()</code>
to generate the resource's message with appropriate arguments
substituted.  In addition a <code>new<i>Xxx</i>()</code> function is
generated for each exception resource to retrieve an instance of that
exception.</p>

<p>To obtain an instance of the resource bundle
(e.g. <code>BirthdayResource</code>), use the static
<code>instance()</code> or <code>instance(const Locale &)</code>
methods.  The former returns an instance for the default locale and
the latter returns an instance for the given locale.

<p>Tokens such as <code>{0}</code> and <code>{1, number}</code> in the
message are automatically converted to method parameters of the right
type. This means that if you ever change the parameters in your error
message, or accidentally delete it, you code will no longer build. (If
your code doesn't compile, you can fix the problem immediately; better
that than getting a phone call, &quot;I just got this really weird
error...&quot;, in a few months time.)</p>

<p>Here's how you might use it in your code:</p>
<blockquote>
  <pre>#include "BirthdayResource.h"

#include &lt;iostream&gt;
#include &lt;string&gt;

using namespace std;

void wishHappyBirthday(const string &name, int age) {
  if (age &lt; 0) {
    throw BirthdayResource::instance().newTooYoung(name);
  }

  cout << BirthdayResource::instance().HappyBirthday(name, age) << endl;
}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
  BirthdayResources::setResourceFileLocation("./");

  try {
    wishHappyBirthday("Fred", 33);
    wishHappyBirthday("Wilma", -3);
  }
  catch(Excn *x) {
    cout << "Exception: " << x-&gt;getMessage() << endl;
  }

  return 0;
}
</pre></blockquote>
<p>This produces the following output.</p>
<blockquote>
    <pre>Happy Birthday, Fred! You don't look 33.
Exception: Wilma has not been born yet.</pre>
</blockquote>

<p>In ResGen C++ resources, it is the framework's responsibility to
handle switching from locale to locale.</p>

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