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/lib/live/config/0050-locales is in live-config 5.20170112+deb9u1.

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The actual contents of the file can be viewed below.

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#!/bin/sh

## live-config(7) - System Configuration Components
## Copyright (C) 2006-2015 Daniel Baumann <mail@daniel-baumann.ch>
##
## This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details see COPYING.
## This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
## under certain conditions; see COPYING for details.


#set -e

Cmdline ()
{
	# Reading kernel command line
	for _PARAMETER in ${LIVE_CONFIG_CMDLINE}
	do
		case "${_PARAMETER}" in
			live-config.locales=*|locales=*)
				LIVE_LOCALES="${_PARAMETER#*locales=}"
				;;
		esac
	done
}

Init ()
{
	# Checking if package is installed or already configured
	if [ ! -e /var/lib/dpkg/info/locales.list ] || \
	   [ -e /var/lib/live/config/locales ]
	then
		exit 0
	fi

	echo -n " locales"
}

Config ()
{
	if echo "${LIVE_LOCALES}" | grep -qs ","
	then
		# multiple locales specified
		_LOCALE="$(echo ${LIVE_LOCALES} | sed -e 's|,.*||')"
		_LOCALES="$(echo ${LIVE_LOCALES} | sed -e "s|^${_LOCALE},||" -e 's|,| |g')"
	else
		# one or no locale specified
		_LOCALE="${LIVE_LOCALES:-en_US.UTF-8}"
		_LOCALES=""
	fi

	echo "LANG=${_LOCALE}" > /etc/default/locale

	if [ -e /etc/locale.gen ]
	then
		for _LOCALE in ${_LOCALE} ${_LOCALES}
		do
			_CHARSET="$(echo ${_LOCALE} | awk -F. '{ print $2 }')"

			sed -i -e "s|# ${_LOCALE} ${_CHARSET}|${_LOCALE} ${_CHARSET}|" /etc/locale.gen
		done
	fi

	locale-gen --keep-existing > /dev/null 2>&1

	# Creating state file
	touch /var/lib/live/config/locales
}

Cmdline
Init
Config