This file is indexed.

/usr/share/doc/live-manual/html/live-manual.ro.html is in live-manual-html 2:20151217.1.

This file is owned by root:root, with mode 0o644.

The actual contents of the file can be viewed below.

   1
   2
   3
   4
   5
   6
   7
   8
   9
  10
  11
  12
  13
  14
  15
  16
  17
  18
  19
  20
  21
  22
  23
  24
  25
  26
  27
  28
  29
  30
  31
  32
  33
  34
  35
  36
  37
  38
  39
  40
  41
  42
  43
  44
  45
  46
  47
  48
  49
  50
  51
  52
  53
  54
  55
  56
  57
  58
  59
  60
  61
  62
  63
  64
  65
  66
  67
  68
  69
  70
  71
  72
  73
  74
  75
  76
  77
  78
  79
  80
  81
  82
  83
  84
  85
  86
  87
  88
  89
  90
  91
  92
  93
  94
  95
  96
  97
  98
  99
 100
 101
 102
 103
 104
 105
 106
 107
 108
 109
 110
 111
 112
 113
 114
 115
 116
 117
 118
 119
 120
 121
 122
 123
 124
 125
 126
 127
 128
 129
 130
 131
 132
 133
 134
 135
 136
 137
 138
 139
 140
 141
 142
 143
 144
 145
 146
 147
 148
 149
 150
 151
 152
 153
 154
 155
 156
 157
 158
 159
 160
 161
 162
 163
 164
 165
 166
 167
 168
 169
 170
 171
 172
 173
 174
 175
 176
 177
 178
 179
 180
 181
 182
 183
 184
 185
 186
 187
 188
 189
 190
 191
 192
 193
 194
 195
 196
 197
 198
 199
 200
 201
 202
 203
 204
 205
 206
 207
 208
 209
 210
 211
 212
 213
 214
 215
 216
 217
 218
 219
 220
 221
 222
 223
 224
 225
 226
 227
 228
 229
 230
 231
 232
 233
 234
 235
 236
 237
 238
 239
 240
 241
 242
 243
 244
 245
 246
 247
 248
 249
 250
 251
 252
 253
 254
 255
 256
 257
 258
 259
 260
 261
 262
 263
 264
 265
 266
 267
 268
 269
 270
 271
 272
 273
 274
 275
 276
 277
 278
 279
 280
 281
 282
 283
 284
 285
 286
 287
 288
 289
 290
 291
 292
 293
 294
 295
 296
 297
 298
 299
 300
 301
 302
 303
 304
 305
 306
 307
 308
 309
 310
 311
 312
 313
 314
 315
 316
 317
 318
 319
 320
 321
 322
 323
 324
 325
 326
 327
 328
 329
 330
 331
 332
 333
 334
 335
 336
 337
 338
 339
 340
 341
 342
 343
 344
 345
 346
 347
 348
 349
 350
 351
 352
 353
 354
 355
 356
 357
 358
 359
 360
 361
 362
 363
 364
 365
 366
 367
 368
 369
 370
 371
 372
 373
 374
 375
 376
 377
 378
 379
 380
 381
 382
 383
 384
 385
 386
 387
 388
 389
 390
 391
 392
 393
 394
 395
 396
 397
 398
 399
 400
 401
 402
 403
 404
 405
 406
 407
 408
 409
 410
 411
 412
 413
 414
 415
 416
 417
 418
 419
 420
 421
 422
 423
 424
 425
 426
 427
 428
 429
 430
 431
 432
 433
 434
 435
 436
 437
 438
 439
 440
 441
 442
 443
 444
 445
 446
 447
 448
 449
 450
 451
 452
 453
 454
 455
 456
 457
 458
 459
 460
 461
 462
 463
 464
 465
 466
 467
 468
 469
 470
 471
 472
 473
 474
 475
 476
 477
 478
 479
 480
 481
 482
 483
 484
 485
 486
 487
 488
 489
 490
 491
 492
 493
 494
 495
 496
 497
 498
 499
 500
 501
 502
 503
 504
 505
 506
 507
 508
 509
 510
 511
 512
 513
 514
 515
 516
 517
 518
 519
 520
 521
 522
 523
 524
 525
 526
 527
 528
 529
 530
 531
 532
 533
 534
 535
 536
 537
 538
 539
 540
 541
 542
 543
 544
 545
 546
 547
 548
 549
 550
 551
 552
 553
 554
 555
 556
 557
 558
 559
 560
 561
 562
 563
 564
 565
 566
 567
 568
 569
 570
 571
 572
 573
 574
 575
 576
 577
 578
 579
 580
 581
 582
 583
 584
 585
 586
 587
 588
 589
 590
 591
 592
 593
 594
 595
 596
 597
 598
 599
 600
 601
 602
 603
 604
 605
 606
 607
 608
 609
 610
 611
 612
 613
 614
 615
 616
 617
 618
 619
 620
 621
 622
 623
 624
 625
 626
 627
 628
 629
 630
 631
 632
 633
 634
 635
 636
 637
 638
 639
 640
 641
 642
 643
 644
 645
 646
 647
 648
 649
 650
 651
 652
 653
 654
 655
 656
 657
 658
 659
 660
 661
 662
 663
 664
 665
 666
 667
 668
 669
 670
 671
 672
 673
 674
 675
 676
 677
 678
 679
 680
 681
 682
 683
 684
 685
 686
 687
 688
 689
 690
 691
 692
 693
 694
 695
 696
 697
 698
 699
 700
 701
 702
 703
 704
 705
 706
 707
 708
 709
 710
 711
 712
 713
 714
 715
 716
 717
 718
 719
 720
 721
 722
 723
 724
 725
 726
 727
 728
 729
 730
 731
 732
 733
 734
 735
 736
 737
 738
 739
 740
 741
 742
 743
 744
 745
 746
 747
 748
 749
 750
 751
 752
 753
 754
 755
 756
 757
 758
 759
 760
 761
 762
 763
 764
 765
 766
 767
 768
 769
 770
 771
 772
 773
 774
 775
 776
 777
 778
 779
 780
 781
 782
 783
 784
 785
 786
 787
 788
 789
 790
 791
 792
 793
 794
 795
 796
 797
 798
 799
 800
 801
 802
 803
 804
 805
 806
 807
 808
 809
 810
 811
 812
 813
 814
 815
 816
 817
 818
 819
 820
 821
 822
 823
 824
 825
 826
 827
 828
 829
 830
 831
 832
 833
 834
 835
 836
 837
 838
 839
 840
 841
 842
 843
 844
 845
 846
 847
 848
 849
 850
 851
 852
 853
 854
 855
 856
 857
 858
 859
 860
 861
 862
 863
 864
 865
 866
 867
 868
 869
 870
 871
 872
 873
 874
 875
 876
 877
 878
 879
 880
 881
 882
 883
 884
 885
 886
 887
 888
 889
 890
 891
 892
 893
 894
 895
 896
 897
 898
 899
 900
 901
 902
 903
 904
 905
 906
 907
 908
 909
 910
 911
 912
 913
 914
 915
 916
 917
 918
 919
 920
 921
 922
 923
 924
 925
 926
 927
 928
 929
 930
 931
 932
 933
 934
 935
 936
 937
 938
 939
 940
 941
 942
 943
 944
 945
 946
 947
 948
 949
 950
 951
 952
 953
 954
 955
 956
 957
 958
 959
 960
 961
 962
 963
 964
 965
 966
 967
 968
 969
 970
 971
 972
 973
 974
 975
 976
 977
 978
 979
 980
 981
 982
 983
 984
 985
 986
 987
 988
 989
 990
 991
 992
 993
 994
 995
 996
 997
 998
 999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553
4554
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
4639
4640
4641
4642
4643
4644
4645
4646
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
4745
4746
4747
4748
4749
4750
4751
4752
4753
4754
4755
4756
4757
4758
4759
4760
4761
4762
4763
4764
4765
4766
4767
4768
4769
4770
4771
4772
4773
4774
4775
4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
4781
4782
4783
4784
4785
4786
4787
4788
4789
4790
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817
4818
4819
4820
4821
4822
4823
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830
4831
4832
4833
4834
4835
4836
4837
4838
4839
4840
4841
4842
4843
4844
4845
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850
4851
4852
4853
4854
4855
4856
4857
4858
4859
4860
4861
4862
4863
4864
4865
4866
4867
4868
4869
4870
4871
4872
4873
4874
4875
4876
4877
4878
4879
4880
4881
4882
4883
4884
4885
4886
4887
4888
4889
4890
4891
4892
4893
4894
4895
4896
4897
4898
4899
4900
4901
4902
4903
4904
4905
4906
4907
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912
4913
4914
4915
4916
4917
4918
4919
4920
4921
4922
4923
4924
4925
4926
4927
4928
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935
4936
4937
4938
4939
4940
4941
4942
4943
4944
4945
4946
4947
4948
4949
4950
4951
4952
4953
4954
4955
4956
4957
4958
4959
4960
4961
4962
4963
4964
4965
4966
4967
4968
4969
4970
4971
4972
4973
4974
4975
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980
4981
4982
4983
4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995
4996
4997
4998
4999
5000
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027
5028
5029
5030
5031
5032
5033
5034
5035
5036
5037
5038
5039
5040
5041
5042
5043
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048
5049
5050
5051
5052
5053
5054
5055
5056
5057
5058
5059
5060
5061
5062
5063
5064
5065
5066
5067
5068
5069
5070
5071
5072
5073
5074
5075
5076
5077
5078
5079
5080
5081
5082
5083
5084
5085
5086
5087
5088
5089
5090
5091
5092
5093
5094
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099
5100
5101
5102
5103
5104
5105
5106
5107
5108
5109
5110
5111
5112
5113
5114
5115
5116
5117
5118
5119
5120
5121
5122
5123
5124
5125
5126
5127
5128
5129
5130
5131
5132
5133
5134
5135
5136
5137
5138
5139
5140
5141
5142
5143
5144
5145
5146
5147
5148
5149
5150
5151
5152
5153
5154
5155
5156
5157
5158
5159
5160
5161
5162
5163
5164
5165
5166
5167
5168
5169
5170
5171
5172
5173
5174
5175
5176
5177
5178
5179
5180
5181
5182
5183
5184
5185
5186
5187
5188
5189
5190
5191
5192
5193
5194
5195
5196
5197
5198
5199
5200
5201
5202
5203
5204
5205
5206
5207
5208
5209
5210
5211
5212
5213
5214
5215
5216
5217
5218
5219
5220
5221
5222
5223
5224
5225
5226
5227
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5235
5236
5237
5238
5239
5240
5241
5242
5243
5244
5245
5246
5247
5248
5249
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254
5255
5256
5257
5258
5259
5260
5261
5262
5263
5264
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269
5270
5271
5272
5273
5274
5275
5276
5277
5278
5279
5280
5281
5282
5283
5284
5285
5286
5287
5288
5289
5290
5291
5292
5293
5294
5295
5296
5297
5298
5299
5300
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305
5306
5307
5308
5309
5310
5311
5312
5313
5314
5315
5316
5317
5318
5319
5320
5321
5322
5323
5324
5325
5326
5327
5328
5329
5330
5331
5332
5333
5334
5335
5336
5337
5338
5339
5340
5341
5342
5343
5344
5345
5346
5347
5348
5349
5350
5351
5352
5353
5354
5355
5356
5357
5358
5359
5360
5361
5362
5363
5364
5365
5366
5367
5368
5369
5370
5371
5372
5373
5374
5375
5376
5377
5378
5379
5380
5381
5382
5383
5384
5385
5386
5387
5388
5389
5390
5391
5392
5393
5394
5395
5396
5397
5398
5399
5400
5401
5402
5403
5404
5405
5406
5407
5408
5409
5410
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
5420
5421
5422
5423
5424
5425
5426
5427
5428
5429
5430
5431
5432
5433
5434
5435
5436
5437
5438
5439
5440
5441
5442
5443
5444
5445
5446
5447
5448
5449
5450
5451
5452
5453
5454
5455
5456
5457
5458
5459
5460
5461
5462
5463
5464
5465
5466
5467
5468
5469
5470
5471
5472
5473
5474
5475
5476
5477
5478
5479
5480
5481
5482
5483
5484
5485
5486
5487
5488
5489
5490
5491
5492
5493
5494
5495
5496
5497
5498
5499
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504
5505
5506
5507
5508
5509
5510
5511
5512
5513
5514
5515
5516
5517
5518
5519
5520
5521
5522
5523
5524
5525
5526
5527
5528
5529
5530
5531
5532
5533
5534
5535
5536
5537
5538
5539
5540
5541
5542
5543
5544
5545
5546
5547
5548
5549
5550
5551
5552
5553
5554
5555
5556
5557
5558
5559
5560
5561
5562
5563
5564
5565
5566
5567
5568
5569
5570
5571
5572
5573
5574
5575
5576
5577
5578
5579
5580
5581
5582
5583
5584
5585
5586
5587
5588
5589
5590
5591
5592
5593
5594
5595
5596
5597
5598
5599
5600
5601
5602
5603
5604
5605
5606
5607
5608
5609
5610
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5618
5619
5620
5621
5622
5623
5624
5625
5626
5627
5628
5629
5630
5631
5632
5633
5634
5635
5636
5637
5638
5639
5640
5641
5642
5643
5644
5645
5646
5647
5648
5649
5650
5651
5652
5653
5654
5655
5656
5657
5658
5659
5660
5661
5662
5663
5664
5665
5666
5667
5668
5669
5670
5671
5672
5673
5674
5675
5676
5677
5678
5679
5680
5681
5682
5683
5684
5685
5686
5687
5688
5689
5690
5691
5692
5693
5694
5695
5696
5697
5698
5699
5700
5701
5702
5703
5704
5705
5706
5707
5708
5709
5710
5711
5712
5713
5714
5715
5716
5717
5718
5719
5720
5721
5722
5723
5724
5725
5726
5727
5728
5729
5730
5731
5732
5733
5734
5735
5736
5737
5738
5739
5740
5741
5742
5743
5744
5745
5746
5747
5748
5749
5750
5751
5752
5753
5754
5755
5756
5757
5758
5759
5760
5761
5762
5763
5764
5765
5766
5767
5768
5769
5770
5771
5772
5773
5774
5775
5776
5777
5778
5779
5780
5781
5782
5783
5784
5785
5786
5787
5788
5789
5790
5791
5792
5793
5794
5795
5796
5797
5798
5799
5800
5801
5802
5803
5804
5805
5806
5807
5808
5809
5810
5811
5812
5813
5814
5815
5816
5817
5818
5819
5820
5821
5822
5823
5824
5825
5826
5827
5828
5829
5830
5831
5832
5833
5834
5835
5836
5837
5838
5839
5840
5841
5842
5843
5844
5845
5846
5847
5848
5849
5850
5851
5852
5853
5854
5855
5856
5857
5858
5859
5860
5861
5862
5863
5864
5865
5866
5867
5868
5869
5870
5871
5872
5873
5874
5875
5876
5877
5878
5879
5880
5881
5882
5883
5884
5885
5886
5887
5888
5889
5890
5891
5892
5893
5894
5895
5896
5897
5898
5899
5900
5901
5902
5903
5904
5905
5906
5907
5908
5909
5910
5911
5912
5913
5914
5915
5916
5917
5918
5919
5920
5921
5922
5923
5924
5925
5926
5927
5928
5929
5930
5931
5932
5933
5934
5935
5936
5937
5938
5939
5940
5941
5942
5943
5944
5945
5946
5947
5948
5949
5950
5951
5952
5953
5954
5955
5956
5957
5958
5959
5960
5961
5962
5963
5964
5965
5966
5967
5968
5969
5970
5971
5972
5973
5974
5975
5976
5977
5978
5979
5980
5981
5982
5983
5984
5985
5986
5987
5988
5989
5990
5991
5992
5993
5994
5995
5996
5997
5998
5999
6000
6001
6002
6003
6004
6005
6006
6007
6008
6009
6010
6011
6012
6013
6014
6015
6016
6017
6018
6019
6020
6021
6022
6023
6024
6025
6026
6027
6028
6029
6030
6031
6032
6033
6034
6035
6036
6037
6038
6039
6040
6041
6042
6043
6044
6045
6046
6047
6048
6049
6050
6051
6052
6053
6054
6055
6056
6057
6058
6059
6060
6061
6062
6063
6064
6065
6066
6067
6068
6069
6070
6071
6072
6073
6074
6075
6076
6077
6078
6079
6080
6081
6082
6083
6084
6085
6086
6087
6088
6089
6090
6091
6092
6093
6094
6095
6096
6097
6098
6099
6100
6101
6102
6103
6104
6105
6106
6107
6108
6109
6110
6111
6112
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
6118
6119
6120
6121
6122
6123
6124
6125
6126
6127
6128
6129
6130
6131
6132
6133
6134
6135
6136
6137
6138
6139
6140
6141
6142
6143
6144
6145
6146
6147
6148
6149
6150
6151
6152
6153
6154
6155
6156
6157
6158
6159
6160
6161
6162
6163
6164
6165
6166
6167
6168
6169
6170
6171
6172
6173
6174
6175
6176
6177
6178
6179
6180
6181
6182
6183
6184
6185
6186
6187
6188
6189
6190
6191
6192
6193
6194
6195
6196
6197
6198
6199
6200
6201
6202
6203
6204
6205
6206
6207
6208
6209
6210
6211
6212
6213
6214
6215
6216
6217
6218
6219
6220
6221
6222
6223
6224
6225
6226
6227
6228
6229
6230
6231
6232
6233
6234
6235
6236
6237
6238
6239
6240
6241
6242
6243
6244
6245
6246
6247
6248
6249
6250
6251
6252
6253
6254
6255
6256
6257
6258
6259
6260
6261
6262
6263
6264
6265
6266
6267
6268
6269
6270
6271
6272
6273
6274
6275
6276
6277
6278
6279
6280
6281
6282
6283
6284
6285
6286
6287
6288
6289
6290
6291
6292
6293
6294
6295
6296
6297
6298
6299
6300
6301
6302
6303
6304
6305
6306
6307
6308
6309
6310
6311
6312
6313
6314
6315
6316
6317
6318
6319
6320
6321
6322
6323
6324
6325
6326
6327
6328
6329
6330
6331
6332
6333
6334
6335
6336
6337
6338
6339
6340
6341
6342
6343
6344
6345
6346
6347
6348
6349
6350
6351
6352
6353
6354
6355
6356
6357
6358
6359
6360
6361
6362
6363
6364
6365
6366
6367
6368
6369
6370
6371
6372
6373
6374
6375
6376
6377
6378
6379
6380
6381
6382
6383
6384
6385
6386
6387
6388
6389
6390
6391
6392
6393
6394
6395
6396
6397
6398
6399
6400
6401
6402
6403
6404
6405
6406
6407
6408
6409
6410
6411
6412
6413
6414
6415
6416
6417
6418
6419
6420
6421
6422
6423
6424
6425
6426
6427
6428
6429
6430
6431
6432
6433
6434
6435
6436
6437
6438
6439
6440
6441
6442
6443
6444
6445
6446
6447
6448
6449
6450
6451
6452
6453
6454
6455
6456
6457
6458
6459
6460
6461
6462
6463
6464
6465
6466
6467
6468
6469
6470
6471
6472
6473
6474
6475
6476
6477
6478
6479
6480
6481
6482
6483
6484
6485
6486
6487
6488
6489
6490
6491
6492
6493
6494
6495
6496
6497
6498
6499
6500
6501
6502
6503
6504
6505
6506
6507
6508
6509
6510
6511
6512
6513
6514
6515
6516
6517
6518
6519
6520
6521
6522
6523
6524
6525
6526
6527
6528
6529
6530
6531
6532
6533
6534
6535
6536
6537
6538
6539
6540
6541
6542
6543
6544
6545
6546
6547
6548
6549
6550
6551
6552
6553
6554
6555
6556
6557
6558
6559
6560
6561
6562
6563
6564
6565
6566
6567
6568
6569
6570
6571
6572
6573
6574
6575
6576
6577
6578
6579
6580
6581
6582
6583
6584
6585
6586
6587
6588
6589
6590
6591
6592
6593
6594
6595
6596
6597
6598
6599
6600
6601
6602
6603
6604
6605
6606
6607
6608
6609
6610
6611
6612
6613
6614
6615
6616
6617
6618
6619
6620
6621
6622
6623
6624
6625
6626
6627
6628
6629
6630
6631
6632
6633
6634
6635
6636
6637
6638
6639
6640
6641
6642
6643
6644
6645
6646
6647
6648
6649
6650
6651
6652
6653
6654
6655
6656
6657
6658
6659
6660
6661
6662
6663
6664
6665
6666
6667
6668
6669
6670
6671
6672
6673
6674
6675
6676
6677
6678
6679
6680
6681
6682
6683
6684
6685
6686
6687
6688
6689
6690
6691
6692
6693
6694
6695
6696
6697
6698
6699
6700
6701
6702
6703
6704
6705
6706
6707
6708
6709
6710
6711
6712
6713
6714
6715
6716
6717
6718
6719
6720
6721
6722
6723
6724
6725
6726
6727
6728
6729
6730
6731
6732
6733
6734
6735
6736
6737
6738
6739
6740
6741
6742
6743
6744
6745
6746
6747
6748
6749
6750
6751
6752
6753
6754
6755
6756
6757
6758
6759
6760
6761
6762
6763
6764
6765
6766
6767
6768
6769
6770
6771
6772
6773
6774
6775
6776
6777
6778
6779
6780
6781
6782
6783
6784
6785
6786
6787
6788
6789
6790
6791
6792
6793
6794
6795
6796
6797
6798
6799
6800
6801
6802
6803
6804
6805
6806
6807
6808
6809
6810
6811
6812
6813
6814
6815
6816
6817
6818
6819
6820
6821
6822
6823
6824
6825
6826
6827
6828
6829
6830
6831
6832
6833
6834
6835
6836
6837
6838
6839
6840
6841
6842
6843
6844
6845
6846
6847
6848
6849
6850
6851
6852
6853
6854
6855
6856
6857
6858
6859
6860
6861
6862
6863
6864
6865
6866
6867
6868
6869
6870
6871
6872
6873
6874
6875
6876
6877
6878
6879
6880
6881
6882
6883
6884
6885
6886
6887
6888
6889
6890
6891
6892
6893
6894
6895
6896
6897
6898
6899
6900
6901
6902
6903
6904
6905
6906
6907
6908
6909
6910
6911
6912
6913
6914
6915
6916
6917
6918
6919
6920
6921
6922
6923
6924
6925
6926
6927
6928
6929
6930
6931
6932
6933
6934
6935
6936
6937
6938
6939
6940
6941
6942
6943
6944
6945
6946
6947
6948
6949
6950
6951
6952
6953
6954
6955
6956
6957
6958
6959
6960
6961
6962
6963
6964
6965
6966
6967
6968
6969
6970
6971
6972
6973
6974
6975
6976
6977
6978
6979
6980
6981
6982
6983
6984
6985
6986
6987
6988
6989
6990
6991
6992
6993
6994
6995
6996
6997
6998
6999
7000
7001
7002
7003
7004
7005
7006
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
7015
7016
7017
7018
7019
7020
7021
7022
7023
7024
7025
7026
7027
7028
7029
7030
7031
7032
7033
7034
7035
7036
7037
7038
7039
7040
7041
7042
7043
7044
7045
7046
7047
7048
7049
7050
7051
7052
7053
7054
7055
7056
7057
7058
7059
7060
7061
7062
7063
7064
7065
7066
7067
7068
7069
7070
7071
7072
7073
7074
7075
7076
7077
7078
7079
7080
7081
7082
7083
7084
7085
7086
7087
7088
7089
7090
7091
7092
7093
7094
7095
7096
7097
7098
7099
7100
7101
7102
7103
7104
7105
7106
7107
7108
7109
7110
7111
7112
7113
7114
7115
7116
7117
7118
7119
7120
7121
7122
7123
7124
7125
7126
7127
7128
7129
7130
7131
7132
7133
7134
7135
7136
7137
7138
7139
7140
7141
7142
7143
7144
7145
7146
7147
7148
7149
7150
7151
7152
7153
7154
7155
7156
7157
7158
7159
7160
7161
7162
7163
7164
7165
7166
7167
7168
7169
7170
7171
7172
7173
7174
7175
7176
7177
7178
7179
7180
7181
7182
7183
7184
7185
7186
7187
7188
7189
7190
7191
7192
7193
7194
7195
7196
7197
7198
7199
7200
7201
7202
7203
7204
7205
7206
7207
7208
7209
7210
7211
7212
7213
7214
7215
7216
7217
7218
7219
7220
7221
7222
7223
7224
7225
7226
7227
7228
7229
7230
7231
7232
7233
7234
7235
7236
7237
7238
7239
7240
7241
7242
7243
7244
7245
7246
7247
7248
7249
7250
7251
7252
7253
7254
7255
7256
7257
7258
7259
7260
7261
7262
7263
7264
7265
7266
7267
7268
7269
7270
7271
7272
7273
7274
7275
7276
7277
7278
7279
7280
7281
7282
7283
7284
7285
7286
7287
7288
7289
7290
7291
7292
7293
7294
7295
7296
7297
7298
7299
7300
7301
7302
7303
7304
7305
7306
7307
7308
7309
7310
7311
7312
7313
7314
7315
7316
7317
7318
7319
7320
7321
7322
7323
7324
7325
7326
7327
7328
7329
7330
7331
7332
7333
7334
7335
7336
7337
7338
7339
7340
7341
7342
7343
7344
7345
7346
7347
7348
7349
7350
7351
7352
7353
7354
7355
7356
7357
7358
7359
7360
7361
7362
7363
7364
7365
7366
7367
7368
7369
7370
7371
7372
7373
7374
7375
7376
7377
7378
7379
7380
7381
7382
7383
7384
7385
7386
7387
7388
7389
7390
7391
7392
7393
7394
7395
7396
7397
7398
7399
7400
7401
7402
7403
7404
7405
7406
7407
7408
7409
7410
7411
7412
7413
7414
7415
7416
7417
7418
7419
7420
7421
7422
7423
7424
7425
7426
7427
7428
7429
7430
7431
7432
7433
7434
7435
7436
7437
7438
7439
7440
7441
7442
7443
7444
7445
7446
7447
7448
7449
7450
7451
7452
7453
7454
7455
7456
7457
7458
7459
7460
7461
7462
7463
7464
7465
7466
7467
7468
7469
7470
7471
7472
7473
7474
7475
7476
7477
7478
7479
7480
7481
7482
7483
7484
7485
7486
7487
7488
7489
7490
7491
7492
7493
7494
7495
7496
7497
7498
7499
7500
7501
7502
7503
7504
7505
7506
7507
7508
7509
7510
7511
7512
7513
7514
7515
7516
7517
7518
7519
7520
7521
7522
7523
7524
7525
7526
7527
7528
7529
7530
7531
7532
7533
7534
7535
7536
7537
7538
7539
7540
7541
7542
7543
7544
7545
7546
7547
7548
7549
7550
7551
7552
7553
7554
7555
7556
7557
7558
7559
7560
7561
7562
7563
7564
7565
7566
7567
7568
7569
7570
7571
7572
7573
7574
7575
7576
7577
7578
7579
7580
7581
7582
7583
7584
7585
7586
7587
7588
7589
7590
7591
7592
7593
7594
7595
7596
7597
7598
7599
7600
7601
7602
7603
7604
7605
7606
7607
7608
7609
7610
7611
7612
7613
7614
7615
7616
7617
7618
7619
7620
7621
7622
7623
7624
7625
7626
7627
7628
7629
7630
7631
7632
7633
7634
7635
7636
7637
7638
7639
7640
7641
7642
7643
7644
7645
7646
7647
7648
7649
7650
7651
7652
7653
7654
7655
7656
7657
7658
7659
7660
7661
7662
7663
7664
7665
7666
7667
7668
7669
7670
7671
7672
7673
7674
7675
7676
7677
7678
7679
7680
7681
7682
7683
7684
7685
7686
7687
7688
7689
7690
7691
7692
7693
7694
7695
7696
7697
7698
7699
7700
7701
7702
7703
7704
7705
7706
7707
7708
7709
7710
7711
7712
7713
7714
7715
7716
7717
7718
7719
7720
7721
7722
7723
7724
7725
7726
7727
7728
7729
7730
7731
7732
7733
7734
7735
7736
7737
7738
7739
7740
7741
7742
7743
7744
7745
7746
7747
7748
7749
7750
7751
7752
7753
7754
7755
7756
7757
7758
7759
7760
7761
7762
7763
7764
7765
7766
7767
7768
7769
7770
7771
7772
7773
7774
7775
7776
7777
7778
7779
7780
7781
7782
7783
7784
7785
7786
7787
7788
7789
7790
7791
7792
7793
7794
7795
7796
7797
7798
7799
7800
7801
7802
7803
7804
7805
7806
7807
7808
7809
7810
7811
7812
7813
7814
7815
7816
7817
7818
7819
7820
7821
7822
7823
7824
7825
7826
7827
7828
7829
7830
7831
7832
7833
7834
7835
7836
7837
7838
7839
7840
7841
7842
7843
7844
7845
7846
7847
7848
7849
7850
7851
7852
7853
7854
7855
7856
7857
7858
7859
7860
7861
7862
7863
7864
7865
7866
7867
7868
7869
7870
7871
7872
7873
7874
7875
7876
7877
7878
7879
7880
7881
7882
7883
7884
7885
7886
7887
7888
7889
7890
7891
7892
7893
7894
7895
7896
7897
7898
7899
7900
7901
7902
7903
7904
7905
7906
7907
7908
7909
7910
7911
7912
7913
7914
7915
7916
7917
7918
7919
7920
7921
7922
7923
7924
7925
7926
7927
7928
7929
7930
7931
7932
7933
7934
7935
7936
7937
7938
7939
7940
7941
7942
7943
7944
7945
7946
7947
7948
7949
7950
7951
7952
7953
7954
7955
7956
7957
7958
7959
7960
7961
7962
7963
7964
7965
7966
7967
7968
7969
7970
7971
7972
7973
7974
7975
7976
7977
7978
7979
7980
7981
7982
7983
7984
7985
7986
7987
7988
7989
7990
7991
7992
7993
7994
7995
7996
7997
7998
7999
8000
8001
8002
8003
8004
8005
8006
8007
8008
8009
8010
8011
8012
8013
8014
8015
8016
8017
8018
8019
8020
8021
8022
8023
8024
8025
8026
8027
8028
8029
8030
8031
8032
8033
8034
8035
8036
8037
8038
8039
8040
8041
8042
8043
8044
8045
8046
8047
8048
8049
8050
8051
8052
8053
8054
8055
8056
8057
8058
8059
8060
8061
8062
8063
8064
8065
8066
8067
8068
8069
8070
8071
8072
8073
8074
8075
8076
8077
8078
8079
8080
8081
8082
8083
8084
8085
8086
8087
8088
8089
8090
8091
8092
8093
8094
8095
8096
8097
8098
8099
8100
8101
8102
8103
8104
8105
8106
8107
8108
8109
8110
8111
8112
8113
8114
8115
8116
8117
8118
8119
8120
8121
8122
8123
8124
8125
8126
8127
8128
8129
8130
8131
8132
8133
8134
8135
8136
8137
8138
8139
8140
8141
8142
8143
8144
8145
8146
8147
8148
8149
8150
8151
8152
8153
8154
8155
8156
8157
8158
8159
8160
8161
8162
8163
8164
8165
8166
8167
8168
8169
8170
8171
8172
8173
8174
8175
8176
8177
8178
8179
8180
8181
8182
8183
8184
8185
8186
8187
8188
8189
8190
8191
8192
8193
8194
8195
8196
8197
8198
8199
8200
8201
8202
8203
8204
8205
8206
8207
8208
8209
8210
8211
8212
8213
8214
8215
8216
8217
8218
8219
8220
8221
8222
8223
8224
8225
8226
8227
8228
8229
8230
8231
8232
8233
8234
8235
8236
8237
8238
8239
8240
8241
8242
8243
8244
8245
8246
8247
8248
8249
8250
8251
8252
8253
8254
8255
8256
8257
8258
8259
8260
8261
8262
8263
8264
8265
8266
8267
8268
8269
8270
8271
8272
8273
8274
8275
8276
8277
8278
8279
8280
8281
8282
8283
8284
8285
8286
8287
8288
8289
8290
8291
8292
8293
8294
8295
8296
8297
8298
8299
8300
8301
8302
8303
8304
8305
8306
8307
8308
8309
8310
8311
8312
8313
8314
8315
8316
8317
8318
8319
8320
8321
8322
8323
8324
8325
8326
8327
8328
8329
8330
8331
8332
8333
8334
8335
8336
8337
8338
8339
8340
8341
8342
8343
8344
8345
8346
8347
8348
8349
8350
8351
8352
8353
8354
8355
8356
8357
8358
8359
8360
8361
8362
8363
8364
8365
8366
8367
8368
8369
8370
8371
8372
8373
8374
8375
8376
8377
8378
8379
8380
8381
8382
8383
8384
8385
8386
8387
8388
8389
8390
8391
8392
8393
8394
8395
8396
8397
8398
8399
8400
8401
8402
8403
8404
8405
8406
8407
8408
8409
8410
8411
8412
8413
8414
8415
8416
8417
8418
8419
8420
8421
8422
8423
8424
8425
8426
8427
8428
8429
8430
8431
8432
8433
8434
8435
8436
8437
8438
8439
8440
8441
8442
8443
8444
8445
8446
8447
8448
8449
8450
8451
8452
8453
8454
8455
8456
8457
8458
8459
8460
8461
8462
8463
8464
8465
8466
8467
8468
8469
8470
8471
8472
8473
8474
8475
8476
8477
8478
8479
8480
8481
8482
8483
8484
8485
8486
8487
8488
8489
8490
8491
8492
8493
8494
8495
8496
8497
8498
8499
8500
8501
8502
8503
8504
8505
8506
8507
8508
8509
8510
8511
8512
8513
8514
8515
8516
8517
8518
8519
8520
8521
8522
8523
8524
8525
8526
8527
8528
8529
8530
8531
8532
8533
8534
8535
8536
8537
8538
8539
8540
8541
8542
8543
8544
8545
8546
8547
8548
8549
8550
8551
8552
8553
8554
8555
8556
8557
8558
8559
8560
8561
8562
8563
8564
8565
8566
8567
8568
8569
8570
8571
8572
8573
8574
8575
8576
8577
8578
8579
8580
8581
8582
8583
8584
8585
8586
8587
8588
8589
8590
8591
8592
8593
8594
8595
8596
8597
8598
8599
8600
8601
8602
8603
8604
8605
8606
8607
8608
8609
8610
8611
8612
8613
8614
8615
8616
8617
8618
8619
8620
8621
8622
8623
8624
8625
8626
8627
8628
8629
8630
8631
8632
8633
8634
8635
8636
8637
8638
8639
8640
8641
8642
8643
8644
8645
8646
8647
8648
8649
8650
8651
8652
8653
8654
8655
8656
8657
8658
8659
8660
8661
8662
8663
8664
8665
8666
8667
8668
8669
8670
8671
8672
8673
8674
8675
8676
8677
8678
8679
8680
8681
8682
8683
8684
8685
8686
8687
8688
8689
8690
8691
8692
8693
8694
8695
8696
8697
8698
8699
8700
8701
8702
8703
8704
8705
8706
8707
8708
8709
8710
8711
8712
8713
8714
8715
8716
8717
8718
8719
8720
8721
8722
8723
8724
8725
8726
8727
8728
8729
8730
8731
8732
8733
8734
8735
8736
8737
8738
8739
8740
8741
8742
8743
8744
8745
8746
8747
8748
8749
8750
8751
8752
8753
8754
8755
8756
8757
8758
8759
8760
8761
8762
8763
8764
8765
8766
8767
8768
8769
8770
8771
8772
8773
8774
8775
8776
8777
8778
8779
8780
8781
8782
8783
8784
8785
8786
8787
8788
8789
8790
8791
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
  <meta charset="utf-8">
  <title>
    Manualul Live Systems
  </title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
  <meta name="dc.title" content="Manualul Live Systems" />
  <meta name="dc.author" content="Proiectul Live Systems &#60;debian-live@lists.debian.org&#62;" />
  <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Proiectul Live Systems &#60;debian-live@lists.debian.org&#62;" />
  <meta name="dc.date" content="2015-09-22"  />
  <meta name="dc.rights" content="Copyright: Copyright (C) 2006-2015 Live Systems Project \\ License: This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. \\  \\ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. \\  \\ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/. \\  \\ The complete text of the GNU General Public License can be found in /usr/share/common-licenses/GPL-3 file." />

  <meta name="generator" content="SiSU 7.1.8 of 2016w08/5 (2016-02-26) (n*x and Ruby!)" />
    <link rel="generator" href="http://www.sisudoc.org/" />
  <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_sisu/image/rb7.ico" />

  <link href="../_sisu/css/html.css" rel="stylesheet">  <link href="../../_sisu/css/html.css" rel="stylesheet">
</head>
<body lang="ro">
<a name="top" id="top"></a>

<table summary="table of contents scroll navigation band" id="toc" width="100%" bgcolor="#ffffff">
<tr><td width="20%">
   <table summary="home button / home information" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
 <tr><td align="left" bgcolor="#ffffff">
  <p class="tiny_left"><a href="http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/manual" target="_top">
    Live manual
  </a></p>
  <p class="tiny_left"><a href="http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org" target="_top">
    Live Systems
  </a></p>
 </td></tr>
 </table>
</td>
<td width="75%" align="center">
  
<table summary="segment navigation available documents types: toc,doc,pdf,concordance" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff">
  
  
</tr></table>
</td>
<td width="20%">
  &nbsp;
</td></tr>
</table>
<p>

<table summary="scroll instrument cover band" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="8" align="center">
<tr><td align="center">

<p class="centerbold">Manualul Live Systems
</p>

<p class="centerbold">Proiectul Live Systems &lt;debian-live@lists.debian.org&gt;
</p>

</td></tr>
</table>

<p class="small_left">Rights: Copyright: Copyright (C) 2006-2015 Live Systems Project <br> License: This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. <br>  <br> This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. <br>  <br> You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/. <br>  <br> The complete text of the GNU General Public License can be found in /usr/share/common-licenses/GPL-3 file.</p>
<p>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#1">Manualul Live Systems</a></b>
  </h1>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#2">Despre</a></b>
  </h1>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#3">Despre acest manual</a></b>
  </h1>

<h4 class="toc">
    <a href="#4">1. Despre acest manual</a>
  </h4>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#8">1.1 For the impatient</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#12">1.2 Termeni</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#29">1.3 Autori</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#44">1.4 Cum se poate contribui la acest document</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#46">1.4.1 Applying changes</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#60">1.4.2 Translation</a>
  </h6>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#73">About the Live Systems Project</a></b>
  </h1>

<h4 class="toc">
    <a href="#74">2. About the Live Systems Project</a>
  </h4>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#75">2.1 Motivatie</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#76">2.1.1 Ce nu e bine cu sistemele live actuale</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#86">2.1.2 De ce e nevoie de propriul nostru sistem live ?</a>
  </h6>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#94">2.2 Filozofia</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#95">2.2.1 Numai pachete neschimbate din Debian "main"</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#99">2.2.2 Nu vor fi programe de configurare pentru sistemul live.</a>
  </h6>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#103">2.3 Contact</a>
  </h5>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#107">Utilizator</a></b>
  </h1>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#108">Installation</a></b>
  </h1>

<h4 class="toc">
    <a href="#109">3. Installation</a>
  </h4>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#110">3.1 Requirements</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#118">3.2 Installing live-build</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#124">3.2.1 From the Debian repository</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#127">3.2.2 From source</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#138">3.2.3 From 'snapshots'</a>
  </h6>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#140">3.3 Installing live-boot and live-config</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#142">3.3.1 From the Debian repository</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#144">3.3.2 From source</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#156">3.3.3 From 'snapshots'</a>
  </h6>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#158">The basics</a></b>
  </h1>

<h4 class="toc">
    <a href="#159">4. The basics</a>
  </h4>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#163">4.1 What is a live system?</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#171">4.2 Downloading prebuilt images</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#173">4.3 Using the web live image builder</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#175">4.3.1 Web builder usage and caveats</a>
  </h6>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#179">4.4 First steps: building an ISO hybrid image</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#190">4.5 Using an ISO hybrid live image</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#192">4.5.1 Burning an ISO image to a physical medium</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#195">4.5.2 Copying an ISO hybrid image to a USB stick</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#200">4.5.3 Using the space left on a USB stick</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#207">4.5.4 Booting the live medium</a>
  </h6>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#211">4.6 Using a virtual machine for testing</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#218">4.6.1 Testing an ISO image with QEMU</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#225">4.6.2 Testing an ISO image with VirtualBox</a>
  </h6>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#233">4.7 Building and using an HDD image</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#245">4.8 Building a netboot image</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#258">4.8.1 DHCP server</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#262">4.8.2 TFTP server</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#267">4.8.3 NFS server</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#275">4.8.4 Netboot testing HowTo</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#278">4.8.5 Qemu</a>
  </h6>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#284">4.9 Webbooting</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#286">4.9.1 Getting the webboot files</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#292">4.9.2 Booting webboot images</a>
  </h6>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#297">Overview of tools</a></b>
  </h1>

<h4 class="toc">
    <a href="#298">5. Overview of tools</a>
  </h4>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#300">5.1 The live-build package</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#310">5.1.1 The <tt>lb config</tt> command</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#320">5.1.2 The <tt>lb build</tt> command</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#322">5.1.3 The <tt>lb clean</tt> command</a>
  </h6>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#324">5.2 The live-boot package</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#328">5.3 The live-config package</a>
  </h5>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#330">Managing a configuration</a></b>
  </h1>

<h4 class="toc">
    <a href="#331">6. Managing a configuration</a>
  </h4>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#333">6.1 Dealing with configuration changes</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#335">6.1.1 Why use auto scripts? What do they do?</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#338">6.1.2 Use example auto scripts</a>
  </h6>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#345">6.2 Clone a configuration published via Git</a>
  </h5>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#356">Customizing contents</a></b>
  </h1>

<h4 class="toc">
    <a href="#357">7. Customization overview</a>
  </h4>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#359">7.1 Build time vs. boot time configuration</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#362">7.2 Stages of the build</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#365">7.3 Supplement lb config with files</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#367">7.4 Customization tasks</a>
  </h5>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#369">Customizing package installation</a></b>
  </h1>

<h4 class="toc">
    <a href="#370">8. Customizing package installation</a>
  </h4>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#372">8.1 Package sources</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#373">8.1.1 Distribution, archive areas and mode</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#380">8.1.2 Distribution mirrors</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#382">8.1.3 Distribution mirrors used at build time</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#386">8.1.4 Distribution mirrors used at run time</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#389">8.1.5 Additional repositories</a>
  </h6>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#397">8.2 Choosing packages to install</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#399">8.2.1 Package lists</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#402">8.2.2 Using metapackages</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#410">8.2.3 Local package lists</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#414">8.2.4 Local binary package lists</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#416">8.2.5 Generated package lists</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#420">8.2.6 Using conditionals inside package lists</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#429">8.2.7 Removing packages at install time</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#431">8.2.8 Desktop and language tasks</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#436">8.2.9 Kernel flavour and version</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#441">8.2.10 Custom kernels</a>
  </h6>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#449">8.3 Installing modified or  third-party packages</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#456">8.3.1 Using <tt>packages.chroot</tt> to install custom packages</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#463">8.3.2 Using an APT repository to install custom packages</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#466">8.3.3 Custom packages and APT</a>
  </h6>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#469">8.4 Configuring APT at build time</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#471">8.4.1 Choosing apt or aptitude</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#475">8.4.2 Using a proxy with APT</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#478">8.4.3 Tweaking APT to save space</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#487">8.4.4 Passing options to apt or aptitude</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#492">8.4.5 APT pinning</a>
  </h6>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#498">Customizing contents</a></b>
  </h1>

<h4 class="toc">
    <a href="#499">9. Customizing contents</a>
  </h4>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#501">9.1 Includes</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#506">9.1.1 Live/chroot local includes</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#513">9.1.2 Binary local includes</a>
  </h6>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#517">9.2 Hooks</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#520">9.2.1 Chroot local hooks</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#522">9.2.2 Binary local hooks</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#524">9.2.3 Boot-time hooks</a>
  </h6>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#526">9.3 Preseeding Debconf questions</a>
  </h5>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#529">Customizing run time behaviours</a></b>
  </h1>

<h4 class="toc">
    <a href="#530">10. Customizing run time behaviours</a>
  </h4>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#532">10.1 Customizing the live user</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#541">10.2 Customizing locale and language</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#558">10.3 Persistence</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#580">10.3.1 The persistence.conf file</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#585">10.3.2 Using more than one persistence store</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#591">10.3.3 Using persistence with encryption</a>
  </h6>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#617">Customizing the binary image</a></b>
  </h1>

<h4 class="toc">
    <a href="#618">11. Customizing the binary image</a>
  </h4>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#619">11.1 Bootloaders</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#626">11.2 ISO metadata</a>
  </h5>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#632">Customizing Debian Installer</a></b>
  </h1>

<h4 class="toc">
    <a href="#633">12. Customizing Debian Installer</a>
  </h4>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#636">12.1 Types of Debian Installer</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#648">12.2 Customizing Debian Installer by preseeding</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#651">12.3 Customizing Debian Installer content</a>
  </h5>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#653">Proiect</a></b>
  </h1>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#654">Contributing to the project</a></b>
  </h1>

<h4 class="toc">
    <a href="#655">13. Contributing to the project</a>
  </h4>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#667">13.1 Making changes</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#682">13.2 Translation of man pages</a>
  </h5>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#691">Reporting bugs</a></b>
  </h1>

<h4 class="toc">
    <a href="#692">14. Reporting bugs</a>
  </h4>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#698">14.1 Known issues</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#703">14.2 Rebuild from scratch</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#705">14.3 Use up-to-date packages</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#707">14.4 Collect information</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#724">14.5 Isolate the failing case if possible</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#726">14.6 Use the correct package to report the bug against</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#729">14.6.1 At build time while bootstrapping</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#732">14.6.2 At build time while installing packages</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#736">14.6.3 At boot time</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#738">14.6.4 At run time</a>
  </h6>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#740">14.7 Do the research</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#744">14.8 Where to report bugs</a>
  </h5>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#748">Coding Style</a></b>
  </h1>

<h4 class="toc">
    <a href="#749">15. Coding Style</a>
  </h4>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#751">15.1 Compatibility</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#756">15.2 Indenting</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#758">15.3 Wrapping</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#770">15.4 Variables</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#789">15.5 Miscellaneous</a>
  </h5>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#794">Procedures</a></b>
  </h1>

<h4 class="toc">
    <a href="#795">16. Procedures</a>
  </h4>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#797">16.1 Major Releases</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#803">16.2 Point Releases</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#807">16.2.1 Last Point Release of a Debian Release</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#809">16.2.2 Point release announcement template</a>
  </h6>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#814">Git repositories</a></b>
  </h1>

<h4 class="toc">
    <a href="#815">17. Git repositories</a>
  </h4>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#829">17.1 Handling multiple repositories</a>
  </h5>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#833">Exemple</a></b>
  </h1>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#834">Exemple</a></b>
  </h1>

<h4 class="toc">
    <a href="#835">18. Examples</a>
  </h4>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#837">18.1 Using the examples</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#841">18.2 Tutorial 1: A default image</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#850">18.3 Tutorial 2: A web browser utility</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#858">18.4 Tutorial 3: A personalized image</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#861">18.4.1 First revision</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#875">18.4.2 Second revision</a>
  </h6>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#887">18.5 A VNC Kiosk Client</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#901">18.6 A base image for a 128MB USB key</a>
  </h5>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#912">18.7 A localized GNOME desktop and installer</a>
  </h5>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#924">Anexă</a></b>
  </h1>

<br>

<h1 class="toc">
    <b><a href="#925">Style guide</a></b>
  </h1>

<h4 class="toc">
    <a href="#926">19. Style guide</a>
  </h4>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#927">19.1 Guidelines for authors</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#930">19.1.1 Linguistic features</a>
  </h6>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#963">19.1.2 Procedures</a>
  </h6>

<h5 class="toc">
    <a href="#1002">19.2 Guidelines for translators</a>
  </h5>

<h6 class="toc">
    <a href="#1006">19.2.1 Translation hints</a>
  </h6>

<br>

<div class="scroll">

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1" class="lnkocn">1</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="1"><a name="1"></a>
    Manualul Live Systems
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#2" class="lnkocn">2</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="2"><a name="2"></a>
    Despre
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#3" class="lnkocn">3</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="3"><a name="3"></a>
    Despre acest manual
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#4" class="lnkocn">4</a></label>
  <h4 class="norm" id="4"><a name="4"></a>
    <a name="h1" ></a><a name="despre_acest_manual" ></a><a name="about-manual" ></a>1. Despre acest manual
  </h4>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#5" class="lnkocn">5</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="5">
    This manual serves as a single access point to all documentation related to the Live Systems Project and in particular applies to the software produced by the project for the Debian 9.0 "<b>stretch</b>" release. An up-to-date version can always be found at ‹<a href="http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/" target="_top">http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/</a>›
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#6" class="lnkocn">6</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="6">
    While <i>live-manual</i> is primarily focused on helping you build a live system and not on end-user topics, an end user may find some useful information in these sections:  <a href="#the-basics">The Basics</a>  covers downloading prebuilt images and preparing images to be booted from media or the network, either using the web builder or running <i>live-build</i> directly on your system.  <a href="#customizing-run-time-behaviours">Customizing run time behaviours</a>  describes some options that may be specified at the boot prompt, such as selecting a keyboard layout and locale, and using persistence.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#7" class="lnkocn">7</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="7">
    Anumite comenzi din text trebuie sa fie executate ca 'super_utilizator', privilegiu care poate fi obtinut fie prin comanda <tt>su</tt>, sau <tt>sudo</tt>. Pentru a distinge intre acesti utilizatori se vor folosi <tt>$</tt> respectiv <tt>#</tt> . Aceste simboluri nu fac parte din comenzi.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#8" class="lnkocn">8</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="8"><a name="8"></a>
    <a name="c1.1" ></a><a name="h1.1" ></a>1.1 For the impatient
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#9" class="lnkocn">9</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="9">
    While we believe that everything in this manual is important to at least some of our users, we realize it is a lot of material to cover and that you may wish to experience early success using the software before delving into the details. Therefore, we suggest reading in the following order.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#10" class="lnkocn">10</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="10">
    First, read this chapter,  <a href="#about-manual">About this manual</a>,  from the beginning and ending with the  <a href="#terms">Terms</a>  section. Next, skip to the three tutorials at the front of the  <a href="#examples">Examples</a>  section designed to teach you image building and customization basics. Read  <a href="#using-the-examples">Using the examples</a>  first, followed by  <a href="#tutorial-1">Tutorial 1: A default image</a>,   <a href="#tutorial-2">Tutorial 2: A web browser utility</a>  and finally  <a href="#tutorial-3">Tutorial 3: A personalized image</a>.  By the end of these tutorials, you will have a taste of what can be done with live systems.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#11" class="lnkocn">11</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="11">
    We encourage you to return to more in-depth study of the manual, perhaps next reading  <a href="#the-basics">The basics</a>,  skimming or skipping  <a href="#building-netboot-image">Building a netboot image</a>,  and finishing by reading the  <a href="#customization-overview">Customization overview</a>  and the chapters that follow it. By this point, we hope you are thoroughly excited by what can be done with live systems and motivated to read the rest of the manual, cover-to-cover.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#12" class="lnkocn">12</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="12"><a name="12"></a>
    <a name="h1.2" ></a><a name="terms" ></a>1.2 Termeni
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#13" class="lnkocn">13</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="13">
    <b>Live system</b>: An operating system that can boot without installation to a hard drive. Live systems do not alter local operating system(s) or file(s) already installed on the computer hard drive unless instructed to do so. Live systems are typically booted from media such as CDs, DVDs or USB sticks. Some may also boot over the network (via netboot images, see  <a href="#building-netboot-image">Building a netboot image</a>),  and over the Internet (via the boot parameter <tt>fetch=URL</tt>, see  <a href="#webbooting">Webbooting</a>).
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#14" class="lnkocn">14</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="14">
    <b>Live medium</b>: As distinct from live system, the live medium refers to the CD, DVD or USB stick where the binary produced by <i>live-build</i> and used to boot the live system is written. More broadly, the term also refers to any place where this binary resides for the purposes of booting the live system, such as the location for the network boot files.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#15" class="lnkocn">15</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="15">
    <b>Live Systems Project</b>: The project which maintains, among others, the <i>live-boot</i>, <i>live-build</i>, <i>live-config</i>, <i>live-tools</i> and <i>live-manual</i> packages.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#16" class="lnkocn">16</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="16">
    <b>Host system</b>: Mediul folosit pentru crearea sistemului live pe un sistem dat.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#17" class="lnkocn">17</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="17">
    <b>Target system</b>: Mediul folosit pentru rularea sistemului live.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#18" class="lnkocn">18</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="18">
    <b><i>live-boot</i></b>: O coloctie se scripte folosite la pornirea sistemului live.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#19" class="lnkocn">19</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="19">
    <b><i>live-build</i></b>: A collection of scripts used to build customized live systems.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#20" class="lnkocn">20</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="20">
    <b><i>live-config</i></b>: O colectie de scripte folosite la configurarea sitemului live in timpul procesului de pornire.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#21" class="lnkocn">21</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="21">
    <b><i>live-tools</i></b>: A collection of additional scripts used to perform useful tasks within a running live system.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#22" class="lnkocn">22</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="22">
    <b><i>live-manual</i></b>: Acest document face parte din pachetul numit <i>live-manual</i>.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#23" class="lnkocn">23</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="23">
    <b>Debian Installer (d-i)</b>: Sistemul de instalare oficial pentru distributia Debian.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#24" class="lnkocn">24</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="24">
    <b>Boot parameters</b>: Parameti care pot fi adaugati la promptul bootloader-ului care sa infuenteze kernelul sau <i>live-config</i>.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#25" class="lnkocn">25</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="25">
    <b>chroot</b>: Programul <i>chroot</i>, <tt>chroot(8)</tt>, permite rularea a diferite instante din mediul GNU/Linux pe un singur sistem si in simultan fara a necesita o repornire a sistemului.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#26" class="lnkocn">26</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="26">
    <b>Binary image</b>: A file containing the live system, such as live-image-i386.hybrid.iso or live-image-i386.img.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#27" class="lnkocn">27</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="27">
    <b>Target distribution</b>: Dea pe care se bazeaza sistemul live. Aceasta distributie poate fi diferita de cea a sistemului gazda.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#28" class="lnkocn">28</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="28">
    <b>stable/testing/unstable</b>: The <b>stable</b> distribution, currently codenamed <b>stretch</b>, contains the latest officially released distribution of Debian. The <b>testing</b> distribution, temporarily codenamed <b>buster</b>, is the staging area for the next <b>stable</b> release. A major advantage of using this distribution is that it has more recent versions of software relative to the <b>stable</b> release. The <b>unstable</b> distribution, permanently codenamed <b>sid</b>, is where active development of Debian occurs. Generally, this distribution is run by developers and those who like to live on the edge. Throughout the manual, we tend to use codenames for the releases, such as <b>buster</b> or <b>sid</b>, as that is what is supported by the tools themselves.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#29" class="lnkocn">29</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="29"><a name="29"></a>
    <a name="c1.3" ></a><a name="h1.3" ></a>1.3 Autori
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#30" class="lnkocn">30</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="30">
    Lista autorilor (in ordine alfabetica):
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#31" class="lnkocn">31</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="31">
    Ben Armstrong
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#32" class="lnkocn">32</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="32">
    Brendan Sleight
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#33" class="lnkocn">33</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="33">
    Carlos Zuferri
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#34" class="lnkocn">34</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="34">
    Chris Lamb
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#35" class="lnkocn">35</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="35">
    Daniel Baumann
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#36" class="lnkocn">36</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="36">
    Franklin Piat
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#37" class="lnkocn">37</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="37">
    Jonas Stein
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#38" class="lnkocn">38</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="38">
    Kai Hendry
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#39" class="lnkocn">39</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="39">
    Marco Amadori
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#40" class="lnkocn">40</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="40">
    Mathieu Geli
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#41" class="lnkocn">41</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="41">
    Matthias Kirschner
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#42" class="lnkocn">42</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="42">
    Richard Nelson
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#43" class="lnkocn">43</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="43">
    Trent W. Buck
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#44" class="lnkocn">44</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="44"><a name="44"></a>
    <a name="h1.4" ></a><a name="how-to-contribute" ></a>1.4 Cum se poate contribui la acest document
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#45" class="lnkocn">45</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="45">
    This manual is intended as a community project and all proposals for improvements and contributions are extremely welcome. Please see the section  <a href="#contributing-to-project">Contributing to the project</a>  for detailed information on how to fetch the commit key and make good commits.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#46" class="lnkocn">46</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="46"><a name="46"></a>
    <a name="h1.4.1" ></a><a name="applying-changes" ></a>1.4.1 Applying changes
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#47" class="lnkocn">47</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="47">
    In order to make changes to the English manual you have to edit the right files in <tt>manual/en/</tt> but prior to the submission of your contribution, please preview your work. To preview the <i>live-manual</i>, ensure the packages needed for building it are installed by executing:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#48" class="lnkocn">48</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="48">
    # apt-get install make po4a ruby ruby-nokogiri sisu-complete<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#49" class="lnkocn">49</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="49">
    Pute-ti crea <i>live-manual</i> de la nivelul de sus al directorului Git checkout al dvs, prin executatea:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#50" class="lnkocn">50</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="50">
    $ make build<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#51" class="lnkocn">51</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="51">
    Since it takes a while to build the manual in all supported languages, authors may find it convenient to use one of the fast proofing shortcuts when reviewing the new documentation they have added to the English manual. Using <tt>PROOF=1</tt> builds <i>live-manual</i> in html format, but without the segmented html files, and using <tt>PROOF=2</tt> builds <i>live-manual</i> in pdf format, but only the A4 and letter portraits. That is why using either of the <tt>PROOF=</tt> possibilities can save up a considerable amount of time, e.g:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#52" class="lnkocn">52</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="52">
    $ make build PROOF=1<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#53" class="lnkocn">53</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="53">
    When proofing one of the translations it is possible to build only one language by executing, e.g:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#54" class="lnkocn">54</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="54">
    $ make build LANGUAGES=de<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#55" class="lnkocn">55</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="55">
    It is also possible to build by document type, e.g:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#56" class="lnkocn">56</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="56">
    $ make build FORMATS=pdf<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#57" class="lnkocn">57</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="57">
    Or combine both, e.g:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#58" class="lnkocn">58</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="58">
    $ make build LANGUAGES=de FORMATS=html<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#59" class="lnkocn">59</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="59">
    After revising your work and making sure that everything is fine, do not use <tt>make commit</tt> unless you are updating translations in the commit, and in that case, do not mix changes to the English manual and translations in the same commit, but use separate commits for each. See the  <a href="#translation">Translation</a>  section for more details.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#60" class="lnkocn">60</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="60"><a name="60"></a>
    <a name="h1.4.2" ></a><a name="translation" ></a>1.4.2 Translation
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#61" class="lnkocn">61</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="61">
    <b>Note:</b>  For the translation of the man pages see  <a href="#translation-of-manpages">Translation of man pages</a>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#62" class="lnkocn">62</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="62">
    In order to translate <i>live-manual</i>, follow these steps depending on whether you are starting a translation from scratch or continue working on an already existing one:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#63" class="lnkocn">63</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="63">
    Start a new translation from scratch
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#64" class="lnkocn">64</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="i2" id="64">
    Translate the <b>about_manual.ssi.pot</b>, <b>about_project.ssi.pot</b> and <b>index.html.in.pot</b> files in <tt>manual/pot/</tt> to your language with your favourite editor (such as <i>poedit</i>) and send the translated <tt>.po</tt> files to the mailing list to check their integrity. <i>live-manual</i>'s integrity check not only ensures that the <tt>.po</tt> files are 100% translated but it also detects possible errors.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#65" class="lnkocn">65</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="i2" id="65">
    Once checked, to enable a new language in the autobuild it is enough to add the initial translated files to <tt>manual/po/${LANGUAGE}/</tt> and run <tt>make commit</tt>. And then, edit <tt>manual/_sisu/home/index.html</tt> adding the name of the language and its name in English between brackets.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#66" class="lnkocn">66</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="66">
    Continue with an already started translation
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#67" class="lnkocn">67</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="i2" id="67">
    If your target language has already been added, you can randomly continue translating the remaining .po files in <tt>manual/po/${LANGUAGE}/</tt> using your favourite editor (such as <i>poedit</i>) .
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#68" class="lnkocn">68</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="i2" id="68">
    Do not forget that you need to run <tt>make commit</tt> to ensure that the translated manuals are updated from the .po files and then you can review your changes launching <tt>make build</tt> before <tt>git add .</tt>, <tt>git commit -m "Translating..."</tt> and <tt>git push</tt>. Remember that since <tt>make build</tt> can take a considerable amount of time, you can proofread languages individually as explained in  <a href="#applying-changes">Applying changes</a>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#69" class="lnkocn">69</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="69">
    After running <tt>make commit</tt> you will see some text scroll by. These are basically informative messages about the processing status and also some hints about what can be done in order to improve <i>live-manual</i>. Unless you see a fatal error, you usually can proceed and submit your contribution.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#70" class="lnkocn">70</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="70">
    <i>live-manual</i> comes with two utilities that can greatly help translators to find untranslated and changed strings. The first one is "make translate". It launches an script that tells you in detail how many untranslated strings there are in each .po file. The second one, the "make fixfuzzy" target, only acts upon changed strings but it helps you to find and fix them one by one.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#71" class="lnkocn">71</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="71">
    Keep in mind that even though these utilities might be really helpful to do translation work on the command line, the use of an specialized tool like <i>poedit</i> is the recommended way to do the task. It is also a good idea to read the Debian localization (l10n) documentation and, specifically to <i>live-manual</i>, the  <a href="#guidelines-translators">Guidelines for translators</a>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#72" class="lnkocn">72</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="72">
    <b>Note:</b> You can use <tt>make clean</tt> to clean your git tree before pushing. This step is not compulsory thanks to the .gitignore file but it is a good practice to avoid committing files involuntarily.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#73" class="lnkocn">73</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="73"><a name="73"></a>
    About the Live Systems Project
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#74" class="lnkocn">74</a></label>
  <h4 class="norm" id="74"><a name="74"></a>
    <a name="h2" ></a><a name="about_the_live_systems_project" ></a><a name="about-project" ></a>2. About the Live Systems Project
  </h4>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#75" class="lnkocn">75</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="75"><a name="75"></a>
    <a name="c2.1" ></a><a name="h2.1" ></a>2.1 Motivatie
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#76" class="lnkocn">76</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="76"><a name="76"></a>
    <a name="c2.1.1" ></a><a name="h2.1.1" ></a>2.1.1 Ce nu e bine cu sistemele live actuale
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#77" class="lnkocn">77</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="77">
    When Live Systems Project was initiated, there were already several Debian based live systems available and they are doing a great job. From the Debian perspective most of them have one or more of the following disadvantages:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#78" class="lnkocn">78</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="78">
    Ele nu sunt proiecte Debian si drept urmare nu au suport din partea Comunitatii Debian
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#79" class="lnkocn">79</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="79">
    Ele amalgameaza diferite distributii, ca <b>testing</b> si <b>unstable</b>.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#80" class="lnkocn">80</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="80">
    Ele suporta doar arhitectura i386.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#81" class="lnkocn">81</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="81">
    Ele au modificat comportamentul si /sau aspectul programelor pentru a castuga spatiu.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#82" class="lnkocn">82</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="82">
    Acestea includ pachete din afara arhivelor Debian
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#83" class="lnkocn">83</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="83">
    Ele folosesc kernele modificate care contin patch-uri ce nu fac parte din Debian.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#84" class="lnkocn">84</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="84">
    Ele sunt greoaie si lente datorete marimii lor si deci inapropiate pentru situatii de salvare/rescue.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#85" class="lnkocn">85</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="85">
    Ele nu sunt disponibile in diferite sosuri ca CDs, DVDs, USB-stick si netboot images.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#86" class="lnkocn">86</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="86"><a name="86"></a>
    <a name="c2.1.2" ></a><a name="h2.1.2" ></a>2.1.2 De ce e nevoie de propriul nostru sistem live ?
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#87" class="lnkocn">87</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="87">
    Debian se considera Sistemul de Operare Universal: Are un mecanism live pentru a se promova in jur si de a prezenta cu acuratete sistemul de operare ce are urmatoarele mari avantaje:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#88" class="lnkocn">88</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="88">
    It is a subproject of Debian.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#89" class="lnkocn">89</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="89">
    El reflecta starea (actuala) a distributiei.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#90" class="lnkocn">90</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="90">
    Se poate utiliza pe maximum de arhitecturi posibile.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#91" class="lnkocn">91</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="91">
    Contine doar programe Debian.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#92" class="lnkocn">92</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="92">
    Nu contine nici un pachet care nu este din afara arhivelor Debian.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#93" class="lnkocn">93</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="93">
    Foloseste un kernel Debian nealterat, fara patch-uri aditionale.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#94" class="lnkocn">94</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="94"><a name="94"></a>
    <a name="c2.2" ></a><a name="h2.2" ></a>2.2 Filozofia
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#95" class="lnkocn">95</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="95"><a name="95"></a>
    <a name="c2.2.1" ></a><a name="h2.2.1" ></a>2.2.1 Numai pachete neschimbate din Debian "main"
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#96" class="lnkocn">96</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="96">
    Se vor folosi numai pachete din depozitul Debian sectiunea "main". Sectiunea non-free nu este parte a Debian drept urmare nu poate fi folosita nici un fel la construirea imaginilor live cu Debian.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#97" class="lnkocn">97</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="97">
    Nu vor fi facute nici o schimbare in programe. Daca este nevoie de acest lucru, schimbarile vor fi facute in coordonare cu responsabilul de program din Debian.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#98" class="lnkocn">98</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="98">
    Ca o exceptie, programele specifice ca <i>live-boot</i>, <i>live-build</i> sau <i>live-config</i> pot fi folosite temporar din depozitele proprii live, pentru nevoi de dezvoltare. (de exemplu pentru creerea de development snapshots). Acestea vor fi upload-ate in Debian la date cuvenite.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#99" class="lnkocn">99</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="99"><a name="99"></a>
    <a name="c2.2.2" ></a><a name="h2.2.2" ></a>2.2.2 Nu vor fi programe de configurare pentru sistemul live.
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#100" class="lnkocn">100</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="100">
    In aceasta faza nu vor fi propuse sau instalate example sau configuratii alternative. Toate programele sunt folosite cu configuratia default 'de baza', la fel ca in instalatia normaladin Debian.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#101" class="lnkocn">101</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="101">
    In caz de nevoie a unei configuratii diferite, aceasta schimbare va fii facuta in coordonare cu responsabilui de program din Debian.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#102" class="lnkocn">102</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="102">
    A system for configuring packages is provided using debconf allowing custom configured packages to be installed in your custom produced live system images, but for the  <a href="#downloading-prebuilt-images">prebuilt live images</a>  we choose to leave packages in their default configuration, unless absolutely necessary in order to work in the live environment. Wherever possible, we prefer to adapt packages within the Debian archive to work better in a live system versus making changes to the live toolchain or  <a href="#clone-configuration-via-git">prebuilt image configurations</a>.  For more information, please see  <a href="#customization-overview">Customization overview</a>.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#103" class="lnkocn">103</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="103"><a name="103"></a>
    <a name="h2.3" ></a><a name="contact" ></a>2.3 Contact
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#104" class="lnkocn">104</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="104">
    <b>Mailing list</b>: The primary contact for the project is the mailing list at ‹<a href="https://lists.debian.org/debian-live/" target="_top">https://lists.debian.org/debian-live/</a>›. You can email the list directly by addressing your mail to ‹<a href="mailto:debian-live@lists.debian.org.">debian-live@lists.debian.org.</a>› The list archives are available at ‹<a href="https://lists.debian.org/debian-live/" target="_top">https://lists.debian.org/debian-live/</a>›.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#105" class="lnkocn">105</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="105">
    <b>IRC</b>: Un numar de utilizatori si dezvoltatori sunt prezenti in canalul #debian-live pe n irc.debian.org (OFTC). Daca aveti o intrebare pentru IRC , fiti cu multa rabdare in asteptarea raspunsului. In caz de lipsa a unui raspuns , folositi mailing list.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#106" class="lnkocn">106</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="106">
    <b>BTS</b> : BTS adica  <a href="https://www.debian.org/Bugs/">Debian Bug Tracking System</a>  contine detalii asupra rapoartelor de bug facute de utilizatorisau dezvoltatori. Fiecare bug are un numar, si este mentinut deschis pana la rezolvare. Alte informatii gasiti la  <a href="#bugs">Reporting bugs</a>.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#107" class="lnkocn">107</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="107"><a name="107"></a>
    Utilizator
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#108" class="lnkocn">108</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="108"><a name="108"></a>
    Installation
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#109" class="lnkocn">109</a></label>
  <h4 class="norm" id="109"><a name="109"></a>
    <a name="h3" ></a><a name="installation" ></a>3. Installation
  </h4>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#110" class="lnkocn">110</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="110"><a name="110"></a>
    <a name="h3.1" ></a><a name="requirements" ></a>3.1 Requirements
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#111" class="lnkocn">111</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="111">
    Building live system images has very few system requirements:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#112" class="lnkocn">112</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="112">
    Superuser (root) access
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#113" class="lnkocn">113</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="113">
    An up-to-date version of <i>live-build</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#114" class="lnkocn">114</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="114">
    A POSIX-compliant shell, such as <i>bash</i> or <i>dash</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#115" class="lnkocn">115</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="115">
    <i>debootstrap</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#116" class="lnkocn">116</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="116">
    Linux 2.6 or newer.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#117" class="lnkocn">117</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="117">
    Note that using Debian or a Debian-derived distribution is not required - <i>live-build</i> will run on almost any distribution with the above requirements.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#118" class="lnkocn">118</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="118"><a name="118"></a>
    <a name="h3.2" ></a><a name="installing-live-build" ></a>3.2 Installing live-build
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#119" class="lnkocn">119</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="119">
    You can install <i>live-build</i> in a number of different ways:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#120" class="lnkocn">120</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="120">
    From the Debian repository
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#121" class="lnkocn">121</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="121">
    From source
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#122" class="lnkocn">122</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="122">
    From snapshots
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#123" class="lnkocn">123</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="123">
    If you are using Debian, the recommended way is to install <i>live-build</i> via the Debian repository.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#124" class="lnkocn">124</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="124"><a name="124"></a>
    <a name="c3.2.1" ></a><a name="h3.2.1" ></a>3.2.1 From the Debian repository
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#125" class="lnkocn">125</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="125">
    Simply install <i>live-build</i> like any other package:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#126" class="lnkocn">126</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="126">
    # apt-get install live-build<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#127" class="lnkocn">127</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="127"><a name="127"></a>
    <a name="c3.2.2" ></a><a name="h3.2.2" ></a>3.2.2 From source
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#128" class="lnkocn">128</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="128">
    <i>live-build</i> is developed using the Git version control system. On Debian based systems, this is provided by the <i>git</i> package. To check out the latest code, execute:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#129" class="lnkocn">129</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="129">
    $ git clone git://http://anonscm.debian.org/git/debian-live/live-build.git<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#130" class="lnkocn">130</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="130">
    You can build and install your own Debian package by executing:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#131" class="lnkocn">131</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="131">
    $ cd live-build<br>
$ dpkg-buildpackage -b -uc -us<br>
$ cd ..<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#132" class="lnkocn">132</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="132">
    Now install whichever of the freshly built <tt>.deb</tt> files you were interested in, e.g.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#133" class="lnkocn">133</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="133">
    # dpkg -i live-build_4.0-1_all.deb<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#134" class="lnkocn">134</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="134">
    You can also install <i>live-build</i> directly to your system by executing:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#135" class="lnkocn">135</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="135">
    # make install<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#136" class="lnkocn">136</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="136">
    and uninstall it with:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#137" class="lnkocn">137</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="137">
    # make uninstall<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#138" class="lnkocn">138</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="138"><a name="138"></a>
    <a name="c3.2.3" ></a><a name="h3.2.3" ></a>3.2.3 From 'snapshots'
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#139" class="lnkocn">139</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="139">
    If you do not wish to build or install <i>live-build</i> from source, you can use snapshots. These are built automatically from the latest version in Git and are available on ‹<a href="http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/debian/" target="_top">http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/debian/</a>›.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#140" class="lnkocn">140</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="140"><a name="140"></a>
    <a name="c3.3" ></a><a name="h3.3" ></a>3.3 Installing live-boot and live-config
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#141" class="lnkocn">141</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="141">
    <b>Note:</b> You do not need to install <i>live-boot</i> or <i>live-config</i> on your system to create customized live systems. However, doing so will do no harm and is useful for reference purposes. If you only want the documentation, you may now install the <i>live-boot-doc</i> and <i>live-config-doc</i> packages separately.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#142" class="lnkocn">142</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="142"><a name="142"></a>
    <a name="c3.3.1" ></a><a name="h3.3.1" ></a>3.3.1 From the Debian repository
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#143" class="lnkocn">143</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="143">
    Both <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i> are available from the Debian repository as per  <a href="#installing-live-build">Installing live-build</a>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#144" class="lnkocn">144</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="144"><a name="144"></a>
    <a name="c3.3.2" ></a><a name="h3.3.2" ></a>3.3.2 From source
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#145" class="lnkocn">145</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="145">
    To use the latest source from git, you can follow the process below. Please ensure you are familiar with the terms mentioned in  <a href="#terms">Terms</a>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#146" class="lnkocn">146</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="146">
    Checkout the <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i> sources
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#147" class="lnkocn">147</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="147">
    $ git clone git://http://anonscm.debian.org/git/debian-live/live-boot.git <br>
$ git clone git://http://anonscm.debian.org/git/debian-live/live-config.git<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#148" class="lnkocn">148</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="148">
    Consult the <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i> man pages for details on customizing if that is your reason for building these packages from source.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#149" class="lnkocn">149</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="149">
    Build <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i> .deb files
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#150" class="lnkocn">150</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="150">
    You must build either on your target distribution or in a chroot containing your target platform: this means if your target is <b>buster</b> then you should build against <b>buster</b>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#151" class="lnkocn">151</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="151">
    Use a personal builder such as <i>pbuilder</i> or <i>sbuild</i> if you need to build <i>live-boot</i> for a target distribution that differs from your build system. For example, for <b>buster</b> live images, build <i>live-boot</i> in a <b>buster</b> chroot. If your target distribution happens to match your build system distribution, you may build directly on the build system using <tt>dpkg-buildpackage</tt> (provided by the <i>dpkg-dev</i> package):
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#152" class="lnkocn">152</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="152">
    $ cd live-boot<br>
$ dpkg-buildpackage -b -uc -us<br>
$ cd ../live-config<br>
$ dpkg-buildpackage -b -uc -us<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#153" class="lnkocn">153</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="153">
    Use applicable generated .deb files
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#154" class="lnkocn">154</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="154">
    As <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i> are installed by <i>live-build</i> system, installing the packages in the host system is not sufficient: you should treat the generated .deb files like any other custom packages. Since your purpose for building from source is likely to test new things over the short term before the official release, follow  <a href="#installing-modified-or-third-party-packages">Installing modified or third-party packages</a>  to temporarily include the relevant files in your configuration. In particular, notice that both packages are divided into a generic part, a documentation part and one or more back-ends. Include the generic part, only one back-end matching your configuration, and optionally the documentation. Assuming you are building a live image in the current directory and have generated all .deb files for a single version of both packages in the directory above, these bash commands would copy all of the relevant packages including default back-ends:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#155" class="lnkocn">155</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="155">
    $ cp ../live-boot{_,-initramfs-tools,-doc}*.deb&nbsp;&nbsp;config/packages.chroot/<br>
$ cp ../live-config{_,-sysvinit,-doc}*.deb&nbsp;&nbsp;config/packages.chroot/<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#156" class="lnkocn">156</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="156"><a name="156"></a>
    <a name="c3.3.3" ></a><a name="h3.3.3" ></a>3.3.3 From 'snapshots'
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#157" class="lnkocn">157</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="157">
    You can let <i>live-build</i> automatically use the latest snapshots of <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i> by configuring the package repository on debian-live.alioth.debian.org as a third-party repository in your <i>live-build</i> configuration directory.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#158" class="lnkocn">158</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="158"><a name="158"></a>
    The basics
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#159" class="lnkocn">159</a></label>
  <h4 class="norm" id="159"><a name="159"></a>
    <a name="h4" ></a><a name="the_basics" ></a><a name="the-basics" ></a>4. The basics
  </h4>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#160" class="lnkocn">160</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="160">
    This chapter contains a brief overview of the build process and instructions for using the three most commonly used image types. The most versatile image type, <tt>iso-hybrid</tt>, may be used on a virtual machine, optical medium or USB portable storage device. In certain special cases, as explained later, the <tt>hdd</tt> type may be more suitable. The chapter includes detailed instructions for building and using a <tt>netboot</tt> type image, which is a bit more involved due to the setup required on the server. This is an slightly advanced topic for anyone who is not already familiar with netbooting, but it is included here because once the setup is done, it is a very convenient way to test and deploy images for booting on the local network without the hassle of dealing with image media.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#161" class="lnkocn">161</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="161">
    The section finishes with a quick introduction to  <a href="#webbooting">webbooting</a>  which is, perhaps, the easiest way of using different images for different purposes, switching from one to the other as needed using the internet as a means.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#162" class="lnkocn">162</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="162">
    Throughout the chapter, we will often refer to the default filenames produced by <i>live-build</i>. If you are  <a href="#downloading-prebuilt-images">downloading a prebuilt image</a>  instead, the actual filenames may vary.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#163" class="lnkocn">163</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="163"><a name="163"></a>
    <a name="h4.1" ></a><a name="what-is-live" ></a>4.1 What is a live system?
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#164" class="lnkocn">164</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="164">
    A live system usually means an operating system booted on a computer from a removable medium, such as a CD-ROM or USB stick, or from a network, ready to use without any installation on the usual drive(s), with auto-configuration done at run time (see  <a href="#terms">Terms</a>).
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#165" class="lnkocn">165</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="165">
    With live systems, it's an operating system, built for one of the supported architectures (currently amd64 and i386). It is made from the following parts:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#166" class="lnkocn">166</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="166">
    <b>Linux kernel image</b>, usually named <tt>vmlinuz*</tt>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#167" class="lnkocn">167</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="167">
    <b>Initial RAM disk image (initrd)</b>: a RAM disk set up for the Linux boot, containing modules possibly needed to mount the System image and some scripts to do it.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#168" class="lnkocn">168</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="168">
    <b>System image</b>: The operating system's filesystem image. Usually, a SquashFS compressed filesystem is used to minimize the live system image size. Note that it is read-only. So, during boot the live system will use a RAM disk and 'union' mechanism to enable writing files within the running system. However, all modifications will be lost upon shutdown unless optional persistence is used (see  <a href="#persistence">Persistence</a>).
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#169" class="lnkocn">169</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="169">
    <b>Bootloader</b>: A small piece of code crafted to boot from the chosen medium, possibly presenting a prompt or menu to allow selection of options/configuration. It loads the Linux kernel and its initrd to run with an associated system filesystem. Different solutions can be used, depending on the target medium and format of the filesystem containing the previously mentioned components: isolinux to boot from a CD or DVD in ISO9660 format, syslinux for HDD or USB drive booting from a VFAT partition, extlinux for ext2/3/4 and btrfs partitions, pxelinux for PXE netboot, GRUB for ext2/3/4 partitions, etc.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#170" class="lnkocn">170</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="170">
    You can use <i>live-build</i> to build the system image from your specifications, set up a Linux kernel, its initrd, and a bootloader to run them, all in one medium-dependant format (ISO9660 image, disk image, etc.).
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#171" class="lnkocn">171</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="171"><a name="171"></a>
    <a name="h4.2" ></a><a name="downloading-prebuilt-images" ></a>4.2 Downloading prebuilt images
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#172" class="lnkocn">172</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="172">
    While the focus of this manual is developing and building your own live images, you may simply wish to try one of our prebuilt images, either as an introduction to their use or instead of building your own. These images are built using our  <a href="#clone-configuration-via-git"><i>live-images</i> git repository</a>  and official stable releases are published at ‹<a href="https://www.debian.org/CD/live/" target="_top">https://www.debian.org/CD/live/</a>›. In addition, older and upcoming releases, and unofficial images containing non-free firmware and drivers are available at ‹<a href="http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/cdimage/release/" target="_top">http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/cdimage/release/</a>›.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#173" class="lnkocn">173</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="173"><a name="173"></a>
    <a name="h4.3" ></a><a name="using-web-builder" ></a>4.3 Using the web live image builder
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#174" class="lnkocn">174</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="174">
    As a service to the community, we run a web-based live image builder service at ‹<a href="http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/build/" target="_top">http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/build/</a>›. This site is maintained on a best effort basis. That is, although we strive to keep it up-to-date and operational at all times, and do issue notices for significant operational outages, we cannot guarantee 100% availability or fast image building, and the service may occasionally have issues that take some time to resolve. If you have problems or questions about the service, please  <a href="#contact">contact us</a>,  providing us with the link to your build.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#175" class="lnkocn">175</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="175"><a name="175"></a>
    <a name="c4.3.1" ></a><a name="h4.3.1" ></a>4.3.1 Web builder usage and caveats
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#176" class="lnkocn">176</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="176">
    The web interface currently makes no provision to prevent the use of invalid combinations of options, and in particular, where changing an option would normally (i.e. using <i>live-build</i> directly) change defaults of other options listed in the web form, the web builder does not change these defaults. Most notably, if you change <tt>--architectures</tt> from the default <tt>i386</tt> to <tt>amd64</tt>, you must change the corresponding option <tt>--linux-flavours</tt> from the default <tt>586</tt> to <tt>amd64</tt>. See the <tt>lb_config</tt> man page for the version of <i>live-build</i> installed on the web builder for more details. The version number of <i>live-build</i> is listed at the bottom of the web builder page.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#177" class="lnkocn">177</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="177">
    The time estimate given by the web builder is a crude estimate only and may not reflect how long your build actually takes. Nor is the estimate updated once it is displayed. Please be patient. Do not refresh the page you land on after submitting the build, as this will resubmit a new build with the same parameters. You should  <a href="#contact">contact us</a>  if you don't receive notification of your build only once you are certain you've waited long enough and verified the notification e-mail did not get caught by your own e-mail spam filter.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#178" class="lnkocn">178</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="178">
    The web builder is limited in the kinds of images it can build. This keeps it simple and efficient to use and maintain. If you would like to make customizations that are not provided for by the web interface, the rest of this manual explains how to build your own images using <i>live-build</i>.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#179" class="lnkocn">179</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="179"><a name="179"></a>
    <a name="h4.4" ></a><a name="building-iso-hybrid" ></a>4.4 First steps: building an ISO hybrid image
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#180" class="lnkocn">180</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="180">
    Regardless of the image type, you will need to perform the same basic steps to build an image each time. As a first example, create a build directory, change to that directory and then execute the following sequence of <i>live-build</i> commands to create a basic ISO hybrid image containing a default live system without X.org. It is suitable for burning to CD or DVD media, and also to copy onto a USB stick.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#181" class="lnkocn">181</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="181">
    The name of the working directory is absolutely up to you, but if you take a look at the examples used throughout <i>live-manual</i>, it is a good idea to use a name that helps you identify the image you are working with in each directory, especially if you are working or experimenting with different image types. In this case you are going to build a default system so let's call it, for example, live-default.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#182" class="lnkocn">182</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="182">
    $ mkdir live-default &amp;&amp; cd live-default<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#183" class="lnkocn">183</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="183">
    Then, run the <tt>lb config</tt> command. This will create a "config/" hierarchy in the current directory for use by other commands:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#184" class="lnkocn">184</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="184">
    $ lb config<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#185" class="lnkocn">185</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="185">
    No parameters are passed to these commands, so defaults for all of their various options will be used. See  <a href="#lb-config">The lb config command</a>  for more details.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#186" class="lnkocn">186</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="186">
    Now that the "config/" hierarchy exists, build the image with the <tt>lb build</tt> command:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#187" class="lnkocn">187</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="187">
    # lb build<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#188" class="lnkocn">188</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="188">
    This process can take a while, depending on the speed of your computer and your network connection. When it is complete, there should be a <tt>live-image-i386.hybrid.iso</tt> image file, ready to use, in the current directory.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#189" class="lnkocn">189</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="189">
    <b>Note:</b> If you are building on an amd64 system the name of the resulting image will be <tt>live-image-amd64.hybrid.iso</tt>. Keep in mind this naming convention throughout the manual.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#190" class="lnkocn">190</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="190"><a name="190"></a>
    <a name="h4.5" ></a><a name="using-iso-hybrid" ></a>4.5 Using an ISO hybrid live image
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#191" class="lnkocn">191</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="191">
    After either building or downloading an ISO hybrid image, which can be obtained at ‹<a href="https://www.debian.org/CD/live/" target="_top">https://www.debian.org/CD/live/</a>›, the usual next step is to prepare your medium for booting, either CD-R(W) or DVD-R(W) optical media or a USB stick.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#192" class="lnkocn">192</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="192"><a name="192"></a>
    <a name="h4.5.1" ></a><a name="burning-iso-image" ></a>4.5.1 Burning an ISO image to a physical medium
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#193" class="lnkocn">193</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="193">
    Burning an ISO image is easy. Just install <i>xorriso</i> and use it from the command-line to burn the image. For instance:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#194" class="lnkocn">194</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="194">
    # apt-get install xorriso<br>
$ xorriso -as cdrecord -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=as_needed live-image-i386.hybrid.iso<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#195" class="lnkocn">195</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="195"><a name="195"></a>
    <a name="h4.5.2" ></a><a name="copying-iso-hybrid-to-usb" ></a>4.5.2 Copying an ISO hybrid image to a USB stick
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#196" class="lnkocn">196</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="196">
    ISO images prepared with <tt>xorriso</tt>, can be simply copied to a USB stick with the <tt>cp</tt> program or an equivalent. Plug in a USB stick with a size large enough for your image file and determine which device it is, which we hereafter refer to as <tt>${USBSTICK}</tt>. This is the device file of your key, such as <tt>/dev/sdb</tt>, not a partition, such as <tt>/dev/sdb1</tt>! You can find the right device name by looking in <tt>dmesg</tt>'s output after plugging in the stick, or better yet, <tt>ls -l /dev/disk/by-id</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#197" class="lnkocn">197</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="197">
    Once you are certain you have the correct device name, use the <tt>cp</tt> command to copy the image to the stick. <b>This will definitely overwrite any previous contents on your stick!</b>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#198" class="lnkocn">198</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="198">
    $ cp live-image-i386.hybrid.iso ${USBSTICK}<br>
$ sync<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#199" class="lnkocn">199</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="199">
    <b>Note:</b> The <i>sync</i> command is useful to ensure that all the data, which is stored in memory by the kernel while copying the image, is written to the USB stick.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#200" class="lnkocn">200</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="200"><a name="200"></a>
    <a name="h4.5.3" ></a><a name="using-usb-extra-space" ></a>4.5.3 Using the space left on a USB stick
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#201" class="lnkocn">201</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="201">
    After copying the <tt>live-image-i386.hybrid.iso</tt> to a USB stick, the first partition on the device will be filled up by the live system. To use the remaining free space, use a partitioning tool such as <i>gparted</i> or <i>parted</i> to create a new partition on the stick.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#202" class="lnkocn">202</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="202">
    # gparted ${USBSTICK}<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#203" class="lnkocn">203</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="203">
    After the partition is created, where <tt>${PARTITION}</tt> is the name of the partition, such as <tt>/dev/sdb2</tt>, you have to create a filesystem on it. One possible choice would be ext4.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#204" class="lnkocn">204</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="204">
    # mkfs.ext4 ${PARTITION}<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#205" class="lnkocn">205</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="205">
    <b>Note:</b>  If you want to use the extra space with Windows, apparently that OS cannot normally access any partitions but the first. Some solutions to this problem have been discussed on our  <a href="#contact">mailing list</a>,  but it seems there are no easy answers.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#206" class="lnkocn">206</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="206">
    <b>Remember: Every time you install a new live-image-i386.hybrid.iso on the stick, all data on the stick will be lost because the partition table is overwritten by the contents of the image, so back up your extra partition first to restore again after updating the live image.</b>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#207" class="lnkocn">207</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="207"><a name="207"></a>
    <a name="h4.5.4" ></a><a name="booting-live-medium" ></a>4.5.4 Booting the live medium
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#208" class="lnkocn">208</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="208">
    The first time you boot your live medium, whether CD, DVD, USB key, or PXE boot, some setup in your computer's BIOS may be needed first. Since BIOSes vary greatly in features and key bindings, we cannot get into the topic in depth here. Some BIOSes provide a key to bring up a menu of boot devices at boot time, which is the easiest way if it is available on your system. Otherwise, you need to enter the BIOS configuration menu and change the boot order to place the boot device for the live system before your normal boot device.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#209" class="lnkocn">209</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="209">
    Once you've booted the medium, you are presented with a boot menu. If you just press enter here, the system will boot using the default entry, <tt>Live</tt> and default options. For more information about boot options, see the "help" entry in the menu and also the <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i> man pages found within the live system.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#210" class="lnkocn">210</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="210">
    Assuming you've selected <tt>Live</tt> and booted a default desktop live image, after the boot messages scroll by, you should be automatically logged into the <tt>user</tt> account and see a desktop, ready to use. If you have booted a console-only image, such as a <tt>standard</tt> flavour  <a href="#downloading-prebuilt-images">prebuilt image</a>,  you should be automatically logged in on the console to the <tt>user</tt> account and see a shell prompt, ready to use.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#211" class="lnkocn">211</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="211"><a name="211"></a>
    <a name="h4.6" ></a><a name="using-virtual-machine" ></a>4.6 Using a virtual machine for testing
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#212" class="lnkocn">212</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="212">
    It can be a great time-saver for the development of live images to run them in a virtual machine (VM). This is not without its caveats:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#213" class="lnkocn">213</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="213">
    Running a VM requires enough RAM for both the guest OS and the host and a CPU with hardware support for virtualization is recommended.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#214" class="lnkocn">214</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="214">
    There are some inherent limitations to running on a VM, e.g. poor video performance, limited choice of emulated hardware.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#215" class="lnkocn">215</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="215">
    When developing for specific hardware, there is no substitute for running on the hardware itself.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#216" class="lnkocn">216</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="216">
    Occasionally there are bugs that relate only to running in a VM. When in doubt, test your image directly on the hardware.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#217" class="lnkocn">217</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="217">
    Provided you can work within these constraints, survey the available VM software and choose one that is suitable for your needs.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#218" class="lnkocn">218</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="218"><a name="218"></a>
    <a name="h4.6.1" ></a><a name="testing-iso-with-qemu" ></a>4.6.1 Testing an ISO image with QEMU
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#219" class="lnkocn">219</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="219">
    The most versatile VM in Debian is QEMU. If your processor has hardware support for virtualization, use the <i>qemu-kvm</i> package; the <i>qemu-kvm</i> package description briefly lists the requirements.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#220" class="lnkocn">220</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="220">
    First, install <i>qemu-kvm</i> if your processor supports it. If not, install <i>qemu</i>, in which case the program name is <tt>qemu</tt> instead of <tt>kvm</tt> in the following examples. The <i>qemu-utils</i> package is also valuable for creating virtual disk images with <tt>qemu-img</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#221" class="lnkocn">221</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="221">
    # apt-get install qemu-kvm qemu-utils<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#222" class="lnkocn">222</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="222">
    Booting an ISO image is simple:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#223" class="lnkocn">223</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="223">
    $ kvm -cdrom live-image-i386.hybrid.iso<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#224" class="lnkocn">224</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="224">
    See the man pages for more details.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#225" class="lnkocn">225</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="225"><a name="225"></a>
    <a name="h4.6.2" ></a><a name="testing-iso-with-virtualbox" ></a>4.6.2 Testing an ISO image with VirtualBox
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#226" class="lnkocn">226</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="226">
    In order to test the ISO with <i>virtualbox</i>:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#227" class="lnkocn">227</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="227">
    # apt-get install virtualbox virtualbox-qt virtualbox-dkms<br>
$ virtualbox<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#228" class="lnkocn">228</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="228">
    Create a new virtual machine, change the storage settings to use <tt>live-image-i386.hybrid.iso</tt> as the CD/DVD device, and start the machine.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#229" class="lnkocn">229</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="229">
    <b>Note:</b> For live systems containing X.org that you want to test with <i>virtualbox</i>, you may wish to include the VirtualBox X.org driver package, <i>virtualbox-guest-dkms</i> and <i>virtualbox-guest-x11</i>, in your <i>live-build</i> configuration. Otherwise, the resolution is limited to 800x600.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#230" class="lnkocn">230</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="230">
    $ echo "virtualbox-guest-dkms virtualbox-guest-x11" &gt;&gt; config/package-lists/my.list.chroot<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#231" class="lnkocn">231</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="231">
    In order to make the dkms package work, also the kernel headers for the kernel flavour used in your image need to be installed. Instead of manually listing the correct <i>linux-headers</i> package in above created package list, the selection of the right package can be done automatically by <i>live-build</i>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#232" class="lnkocn">232</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="232">
    &nbsp;&nbsp;$ lb config --linux-packages "linux-image linux-headers"<br>
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#233" class="lnkocn">233</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="233"><a name="233"></a>
    <a name="h4.7" ></a><a name="using-hdd-image" ></a>4.7 Building and using an HDD image
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#234" class="lnkocn">234</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="234">
    Building an HDD image is similar to an ISO hybrid one in all respects except you specify <tt>-b hdd</tt> and the resulting filename is <tt>live-image-i386.img</tt> which cannot be burnt to optical media. It is suitable for booting from USB sticks, USB hard drives, and various other portable storage devices. Normally, an ISO hybrid image can be used for this purpose instead, but if you have a BIOS which does not handle hybrid images properly, you need an HDD image.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#235" class="lnkocn">235</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="235">
    <b>Note:</b>  if you created an ISO hybrid image with the previous example, you will need to clean up your working directory with the <tt>lb clean</tt> command (see  <a href="#lb-clean">The lb clean command</a>):
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#236" class="lnkocn">236</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="236">
    # lb clean --binary<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#237" class="lnkocn">237</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="237">
    Run the <tt>lb config</tt> command as before, except this time specifying the HDD image type:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#238" class="lnkocn">238</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="238">
    $ lb config -b hdd<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#239" class="lnkocn">239</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="239">
    Now build the image with the <tt>lb build</tt> command:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#240" class="lnkocn">240</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="240">
    # lb build<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#241" class="lnkocn">241</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="241">
    When the build finishes, a <tt>live-image-i386.img</tt> file should be present in the current directory.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#242" class="lnkocn">242</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="242">
    The generated binary image contains a VFAT partition and the syslinux bootloader, ready to be directly written on a USB device. Once again, using an HDD image is just like using an ISO hybrid one on USB. Follow the instructions in  <a href="#using-iso-hybrid">Using an ISO hybrid live image</a>,  except use the filename <tt>live-image-i386.img</tt> instead of <tt>live-image-i386.hybrid.iso</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#243" class="lnkocn">243</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="243">
    Likewise, to test an HDD image with Qemu, install <i>qemu</i> as described above in  <a href="#testing-iso-with-qemu">Testing an ISO image with QEMU</a>.  Then run <tt>kvm</tt> or <tt>qemu</tt>, depending on which version your host system needs, specifying <tt>live-image-i386.img</tt> as the first hard drive.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#244" class="lnkocn">244</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="244">
    $ kvm -hda live-image-i386.img<br>
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#245" class="lnkocn">245</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="245"><a name="245"></a>
    <a name="h4.8" ></a><a name="building-netboot-image" ></a>4.8 Building a netboot image
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#246" class="lnkocn">246</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="246">
    The following sequence of commands will create a basic netboot image containing a default live system without X.org. It is suitable for booting over the network.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#247" class="lnkocn">247</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="247">
    <b>Note:</b> if you performed any previous examples, you will need to clean up your working directory with the <tt>lb clean</tt> command:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#248" class="lnkocn">248</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="248">
    # lb clean<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#249" class="lnkocn">249</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="249">
    In this specific case, a <tt>lb clean --binary</tt> would not be enough to clean up the necessary stages. The cause for this is that in netboot setups, a different initramfs configuration needs to be used which <i>live-build</i> performs automatically when building netboot images. Since the initramfs creation belongs to the chroot stage, switching to netboot in an existing build directory means to rebuild the chroot stage too. Therefore, <tt>lb clean</tt> (which will remove the chroot stage, too) needs to be used.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#250" class="lnkocn">250</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="250">
    Run the <tt>lb config</tt> command as follows to configure your image for netbooting:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#251" class="lnkocn">251</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="251">
    $ lb config -b netboot --net-root-path "/srv/debian-live" --net-root-server "192.168.0.2"<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#252" class="lnkocn">252</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="252">
    In contrast with the ISO and HDD images, netbooting does not, itself, serve the filesystem image to the client, so the files must be served via NFS. Different network filesystems can be chosen through lb config. The <tt>--net-root-path</tt> and <tt>--net-root-server</tt> options specify the location and server, respectively, of the NFS server where the filesystem image will be located at boot time. Make sure these are set to suitable values for your network and server.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#253" class="lnkocn">253</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="253">
    Now build the image with the <tt>lb build</tt> command:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#254" class="lnkocn">254</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="254">
    # lb build<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#255" class="lnkocn">255</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="255">
    In a network boot, the client runs a small piece of software which usually resides on the EPROM of the Ethernet card. This program sends a DHCP request to get an IP address and information about what to do next. Typically, the next step is getting a higher level bootloader via the TFTP protocol. That could be pxelinux, GRUB, or even boot directly to an operating system like Linux.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#256" class="lnkocn">256</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="256">
    For example, if you unpack the generated <tt>live-image-i386.netboot.tar</tt> archive in the <tt>/srv/debian-live</tt> directory, you'll find the filesystem image in <tt>live/filesystem.squashfs</tt> and the kernel, initrd and pxelinux bootloader in <tt>tftpboot/</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#257" class="lnkocn">257</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="257">
    We must now configure three services on the server to enable netbooting: the DHCP server, the TFTP server and the NFS server.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#258" class="lnkocn">258</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="258"><a name="258"></a>
    <a name="c4.8.1" ></a><a name="h4.8.1" ></a>4.8.1 DHCP server
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#259" class="lnkocn">259</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="259">
    We must configure our network's DHCP server to be sure to give an IP address to the netbooting client system, and to advertise the location of the PXE bootloader.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#260" class="lnkocn">260</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="260">
    Here is an example for inspiration, written for the ISC DHCP server <tt>isc-dhcp-server</tt> in the <tt>/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf</tt> configuration file:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#261" class="lnkocn">261</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="261">
    # /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf - configuration file for isc-dhcp-server<br><br>
ddns-update-style none;<br><br>
option domain-name "example.org";<br>
option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;<br><br>
default-lease-time 600;<br>
max-lease-time 7200;<br><br>
log-facility local7;<br><br>
subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;range 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.254;<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;filename "pxelinux.0";<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;next-server 192.168.0.2;<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255;<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;option routers 192.168.0.1;<br>
}<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#262" class="lnkocn">262</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="262"><a name="262"></a>
    <a name="c4.8.2" ></a><a name="h4.8.2" ></a>4.8.2 TFTP server
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#263" class="lnkocn">263</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="263">
    This serves the kernel and initial ramdisk to the system at run time.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#264" class="lnkocn">264</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="264">
    You should install the <i>tftpd-hpa</i> package. It can serve all files contained inside a root directory, usually <tt>/srv/tftp</tt>. To let it serve files inside <tt>/srv/debian-live/tftpboot</tt>, run as root the following command:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#265" class="lnkocn">265</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="265">
    # dpkg-reconfigure -plow tftpd-hpa<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#266" class="lnkocn">266</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="266">
    and fill in the new tftp server directory when being asked about it.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#267" class="lnkocn">267</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="267"><a name="267"></a>
    <a name="c4.8.3" ></a><a name="h4.8.3" ></a>4.8.3 NFS server
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#268" class="lnkocn">268</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="268">
    Once the guest computer has downloaded and booted a Linux kernel and loaded its initrd, it will try to mount the Live filesystem image through a NFS server.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#269" class="lnkocn">269</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="269">
    You need to install the <i>nfs-kernel-server</i> package.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#270" class="lnkocn">270</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="270">
    Then, make the filesystem image available through NFS by adding a line like the following to <tt>/etc/exports</tt>:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#271" class="lnkocn">271</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="271">
    /srv/debian-live *(ro,async,no_root_squash,no_subtree_check)<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#272" class="lnkocn">272</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="272">
    and tell the NFS server about this new export with the following command:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#273" class="lnkocn">273</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="273">
    # exportfs -rv<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#274" class="lnkocn">274</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="274">
    Setting up these three services can be a little tricky. You might need some patience to get all of them working together. For more information, see the syslinux wiki at ‹<a href="http://www.syslinux.org/wiki/index.php/PXELINUX" target="_top">http://www.syslinux.org/wiki/index.php/PXELINUX</a>› or the Debian Installer Manual's TFTP Net Booting section at ‹<a href="http://d-i.alioth.debian.org/manual/en.i386/ch04s05.html" target="_top">http://d-i.alioth.debian.org/manual/en.i386/ch04s05.html</a>›. They might help, as their processes are very similar.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#275" class="lnkocn">275</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="275"><a name="275"></a>
    <a name="c4.8.4" ></a><a name="h4.8.4" ></a>4.8.4 Netboot testing HowTo
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#276" class="lnkocn">276</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="276">
    Netboot image creation is made easy with <i>live-build</i>, but testing the images on physical machines can be really time consuming.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#277" class="lnkocn">277</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="277">
    To make our life easier, we can use virtualization.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#278" class="lnkocn">278</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="278"><a name="278"></a>
    <a name="c4.8.5" ></a><a name="h4.8.5" ></a>4.8.5 Qemu
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#279" class="lnkocn">279</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="279">
    Install <i>qemu</i>, <i>bridge-utils</i>, <i>sudo</i>.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#280" class="lnkocn">280</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="280">
    Edit <tt>/etc/qemu-ifup</tt>:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#281" class="lnkocn">281</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="281">
    #!/bin/sh<br>
sudo -p "Password for $0:" /sbin/ifconfig $1 172.20.0.1<br>
echo "Executing /etc/qemu-ifup"<br>
echo "Bringing up $1 for bridged mode..."<br>
sudo /sbin/ifconfig $1 0.0.0.0 promisc up<br>
echo "Adding $1 to br0..."<br>
sudo /usr/sbin/brctl addif br0 $1<br>
sleep 2<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#282" class="lnkocn">282</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="282">
    Get, or build a <tt>grub-floppy-netboot</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#283" class="lnkocn">283</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="283">
    Launch <tt>qemu</tt> with "<tt>-net nic,vlan=0 -net tap,vlan=0,ifname=tun0</tt>"
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#284" class="lnkocn">284</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="284"><a name="284"></a>
    <a name="h4.9" ></a><a name="webbooting" ></a>4.9 Webbooting
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#285" class="lnkocn">285</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="285">
    Webbooting is a convenient way of retrieving and booting live systems using the internet as a means. The requirements for webbooting are very few. On the one hand, you need a medium with a bootloader, an initial ramdisk and a kernel. On the other hand, a web server to store the squashfs files which contain the filesystem.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#286" class="lnkocn">286</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="286"><a name="286"></a>
    <a name="c4.9.1" ></a><a name="h4.9.1" ></a>4.9.1 Getting the webboot files
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#287" class="lnkocn">287</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="287">
    As usual, you can build the images yourself or use the prebuilt files, which are available on the project's homepage at ‹<a href="http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/" target="_top">http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/</a>›. Using prebuilt images would be handy for doing initial testing until one can fine tune their own needs. If you have built a live image you will find the files needed for webbooting in the build directory under <tt>binary/live/</tt>. The files are called <tt>vmlinuz</tt>, <tt>initrd.img</tt> and <tt>filesystem.squashfs</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#288" class="lnkocn">288</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="288">
    It is also possible to extract those files from an already existing iso image. In order to achieve that, loopback mount the image as follows:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#289" class="lnkocn">289</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="289">
    # mount -o loop image.iso /mnt<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#290" class="lnkocn">290</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="290">
    The files are to be found under the <tt>live/</tt> directory. In this specific case, it would be <tt>/mnt/live/</tt>. This method has the disadvantage that you need to be root to be able to mount the image. However, it has the advantage that it is easily scriptable and thus, easily automatized.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#291" class="lnkocn">291</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="291">
    But undoubtedly, the easiest way of extracting the files from an iso image and uploading it to the web server at the same time, is using the midnight commander or <i>mc</i>. If you have the <i>genisoimage</i> package installed, the two-pane file manager allows you to browse the contents of an iso file in one pane and upload the files via ftp in the other pane. Even though this method requires manual work, it does not require root privileges.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#292" class="lnkocn">292</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="292"><a name="292"></a>
    <a name="c4.9.2" ></a><a name="h4.9.2" ></a>4.9.2 Booting webboot images
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#293" class="lnkocn">293</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="293">
    While some users will prefer virtualization to test webbooting, we refer to real hardware here to match the following possible use case which should only be considered as an example.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#294" class="lnkocn">294</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="294">
    In order to boot a webboot image it is enough to have the components mentioned above, i.e. <tt>vmlinuz</tt> and <tt>initrd.img</tt> in a usb stick inside a directory named <tt>live/</tt> and install syslinux as bootloader. Then boot from the usb stick and type <tt>fetch=URL/PATH/TO/FILE</tt> at the boot options. <i>live-boot</i> will retrieve the squashfs file and store it into ram. This way, it is possible to use the downloaded compressed filesystem as a regular live system. For example:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#295" class="lnkocn">295</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="295">
    append boot=live components fetch=http://192.168.2.50/images/webboot/filesystem.squashfs<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#296" class="lnkocn">296</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="296">
    <b>Use case:</b> You have a web server in which you have stored two squashfs files, one which contains a full desktop, like for example gnome, and a standard one. If you need a graphical environment for one machine, you can plug your usb stick in and webboot the gnome image. If you need one of the tools included in the second type of image, perhaps for another machine, you can webboot the standard one.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#297" class="lnkocn">297</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="297"><a name="297"></a>
    Overview of tools
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#298" class="lnkocn">298</a></label>
  <h4 class="norm" id="298"><a name="298"></a>
    <a name="h5" ></a><a name="overview_of_tools" ></a><a name="overview-of-tools" ></a>5. Overview of tools
  </h4>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#299" class="lnkocn">299</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="299">
    This chapter contains an overview of the three main tools used in building live systems: <i>live-build</i>, <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i>.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#300" class="lnkocn">300</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="300"><a name="300"></a>
    <a name="h5.1" ></a><a name="live-build" ></a>5.1 The live-build package
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#301" class="lnkocn">301</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="301">
    <i>live-build</i> is a collection of scripts to build live systems. These scripts are also referred to as "commands".
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#302" class="lnkocn">302</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="302">
    The idea behind <i>live-build</i> is to be a framework that uses a configuration directory to completely automate and customize all aspects of building a Live image.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#303" class="lnkocn">303</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="303">
    Many concepts are similar to those used to build Debian packages with <i>debhelper</i>:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#304" class="lnkocn">304</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="304">
    The scripts have a central location for configuring their operation. In <i>debhelper</i>, this is the <tt>debian/</tt> subdirectory of a package tree. For example, dh_install will look, among others, for a file called <tt>debian/install</tt> to determine which files should exist in a particular binary package. In much the same way, <i>live-build</i> stores its configuration entirely under a <tt>config/</tt> subdirectory.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#305" class="lnkocn">305</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="305">
    The scripts are independent - that is to say, it is always safe to run each command.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#306" class="lnkocn">306</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="306">
    Unlike <i>debhelper</i>, <i>live-build</i> provides the tools to generate a skeleton configuration directory. This could be considered to be similar to tools such as <i>dh-make</i>. For more information about these tools, read on, since the remainder of this section discuses the four most important commands. Note that the preceding <tt>lb</tt> is a generic wrapper for <i>live-build</i> commands.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#307" class="lnkocn">307</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="307">
    <b>lb config</b>: Responsible for initializing a Live system configuration directory. See  <a href="#lb-config">The lb config command</a>  for more information.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#308" class="lnkocn">308</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="308">
    <b>lb build</b>: Responsible for starting a Live system build. See  <a href="#lb-build">The lb build command</a>  for more information.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#309" class="lnkocn">309</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="309">
    <b>lb clean</b>: Responsible for removing parts of a Live system build. See  <a href="#lb-clean">The lb clean command</a>  for more information.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#310" class="lnkocn">310</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="310"><a name="310"></a>
    <a name="h5.1.1" ></a><a name="lb-config" ></a>5.1.1 The <tt>lb config</tt> command
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#311" class="lnkocn">311</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="311">
    As discussed in  <a href="#live-build">live-build</a>,  the scripts that make up <i>live-build</i> read their configuration with the <tt>source</tt> command from a single directory named <tt>config/</tt>. As constructing this directory by hand would be time-consuming and error-prone, the <tt>lb config</tt> command can be used to create the initial skeleton configuration tree.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#312" class="lnkocn">312</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="312">
    Issuing <tt>lb config</tt> without any arguments creates the <tt>config/</tt> subdirectory which is populated with some default settings in configuration files, and two skeleton trees named <tt>auto/</tt> and <tt>local/</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#313" class="lnkocn">313</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="313">
    $ lb config<br>
[2015-01-06 19:25:58] lb config<br>
P: Creating config tree for a debian/stretch/i386 system<br>
P: Symlinking hooks...<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#314" class="lnkocn">314</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="314">
    Using <tt>lb config</tt> without any arguments would be suitable for users who need a very basic image, or who intend to provide a more complete configuration via <tt>auto/config</tt> later (see  <a href="#managing-a-configuration">Managing a configuration</a>  for details).
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#315" class="lnkocn">315</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="315">
    Normally, you will want to specify some options. For example, to specify which package manager to use while building the image:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#316" class="lnkocn">316</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="316">
    $ lb config --apt aptitude<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#317" class="lnkocn">317</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="317">
    It is possible to specify many options, such as:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#318" class="lnkocn">318</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="318">
    $ lb config --binary-images netboot --bootappend-live "boot=live components hostname=live-host username=live-user" ...<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#319" class="lnkocn">319</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="319">
    A full list of options is available in the <tt>lb_config</tt> man page.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#320" class="lnkocn">320</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="320"><a name="320"></a>
    <a name="h5.1.2" ></a><a name="lb-build" ></a>5.1.2 The <tt>lb build</tt> command
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#321" class="lnkocn">321</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="321">
    The <tt>lb build</tt> command reads in your configuration from the <tt>config/</tt> directory. It then runs the lower level commands needed to build your Live system.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#322" class="lnkocn">322</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="322"><a name="322"></a>
    <a name="h5.1.3" ></a><a name="lb-clean" ></a>5.1.3 The <tt>lb clean</tt> command
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#323" class="lnkocn">323</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="323">
    It is the job of the <tt>lb clean</tt> command to remove various parts of a build so subsequent builds can start from a clean state. By default, <tt>chroot</tt>, <tt>binary</tt> and <tt>source</tt> stages are cleaned, but the cache is left intact. Also, individual stages can be cleaned. For example, if you have made changes that only affect the binary stage, use <tt>lb clean --binary</tt> prior to building a new binary. If your changes invalidate the bootstrap and/or package caches, e.g. changes to <tt>--mode</tt>, <tt>--architecture</tt>, or <tt>--bootstrap</tt>, you must use <tt>lb clean --purge</tt>. See the <tt>lb_clean</tt> man page for a full list of options.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#324" class="lnkocn">324</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="324"><a name="324"></a>
    <a name="h5.2" ></a><a name="live-boot" ></a>5.2 The live-boot package
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#325" class="lnkocn">325</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="325">
    <i>live-boot</i> is a collection of scripts providing hooks for the <i>initramfs-tools</i>, used to generate an initramfs capable of booting live systems, such as those created by <i>live-build</i>. This includes the live system ISOs, netboot tarballs, and USB stick images.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#326" class="lnkocn">326</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="326">
    At boot time it will look for read-only media containing a <tt>/live/</tt> directory where a root filesystem (often a compressed filesystem image like squashfs) is stored. If found, it will create a writable environment, using aufs, for Debian like systems to boot from.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#327" class="lnkocn">327</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="327">
    More information on initial ramfs in Debian can be found in the Debian Linux Kernel Handbook at ‹<a href="http://kernel-handbook.alioth.debian.org/" target="_top">http://kernel-handbook.alioth.debian.org/</a>› in the chapter on initramfs.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#328" class="lnkocn">328</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="328"><a name="328"></a>
    <a name="h5.3" ></a><a name="live-config" ></a>5.3 The live-config package
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#329" class="lnkocn">329</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="329">
    <i>live-config</i> consists of the scripts that run at boot time after <i>live-boot</i> to configure the live system automatically. It handles such tasks as setting the hostname, locales and timezone, creating the live user, inhibiting cron jobs and performing autologin of the live user.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#330" class="lnkocn">330</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="330"><a name="330"></a>
    Managing a configuration
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#331" class="lnkocn">331</a></label>
  <h4 class="norm" id="331"><a name="331"></a>
    <a name="h6" ></a><a name="managing_a_configuration" ></a><a name="managing-a-configuration" ></a>6. Managing a configuration
  </h4>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#332" class="lnkocn">332</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="332">
    This chapter explains how to manage a live configuration from initial creation, through successive revisions and successive releases of both the <i>live-build</i> software and the live image itself.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#333" class="lnkocn">333</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="333"><a name="333"></a>
    <a name="c6.1" ></a><a name="h6.1" ></a>6.1 Dealing with configuration changes
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#334" class="lnkocn">334</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="334">
    Live configurations rarely are perfect on the first try. It may be fine to pass <tt>lb config</tt> options from the command-line to perform a single build, but it is more typical to revise those options and build again until you are satisfied. To support these changes, you will need auto scripts which ensure your configuration is kept in a consistent state.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#335" class="lnkocn">335</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="335"><a name="335"></a>
    <a name="c6.1.1" ></a><a name="h6.1.1" ></a>6.1.1 Why use auto scripts? What do they do?
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#336" class="lnkocn">336</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="336">
    The <tt>lb config</tt> command stores the options you pass to it in <tt>config/*</tt> files along with many other options set to default values. If you run <tt>lb config</tt> again, it will not reset any option that was defaulted based on your initial options. So, for example, if you run <tt>lb config</tt> again with a new value for <tt>--binary-images</tt>, any dependent options that were defaulted for the old image type may no longer work with the new ones. Nor are these files intended to be read or edited. They store values for over a hundred options, so nobody, let alone yourself, will be able to see in these which options you actually specified. And finally, if you run <tt>lb config</tt>, then upgrade <i>live-build</i> and it happens to rename an option, <tt>config/*</tt> would still contain variables named after the old option that are no longer valid.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#337" class="lnkocn">337</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="337">
    For all these reasons, <tt>auto/*</tt> scripts will make your life easier. They are simple wrappers to the <tt>lb config</tt>, <tt>lb build</tt> and <tt>lb clean</tt> commands that are designed to help you manage your configuration. The <tt>auto/config</tt> script stores your <tt>lb config</tt> command with all desired options, the <tt>auto/clean</tt> script removes the files containing configuration variable values, and the <tt>auto/build</tt> script keeps a <tt>build.log</tt> of each build. Each of these scripts is run automatically every time you run the corresponding <tt>lb</tt> command. By using these scripts, your configuration is easier to read and is kept internally consistent from one revision to the next. Also, it will be much easier for you identify and fix options which need to change when you upgrade <i>live-build</i> after reading the updated documentation.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#338" class="lnkocn">338</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="338"><a name="338"></a>
    <a name="c6.1.2" ></a><a name="h6.1.2" ></a>6.1.2 Use example auto scripts
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#339" class="lnkocn">339</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="339">
    For your convenience, <i>live-build</i> comes with example auto shell scripts to copy and edit. Start a new, default configuration, then copy the examples into it:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#340" class="lnkocn">340</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="340">
    $ mkdir mylive &amp;&amp; cd mylive &amp;&amp; lb config<br>
$ mkdir auto<br>
$ cp /usr/share/doc/live-build/examples/auto/* auto/<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#341" class="lnkocn">341</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="341">
    Edit <tt>auto/config</tt>, adding any options as you see fit. For instance:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#342" class="lnkocn">342</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="342">
    #!/bin/sh<br>
lb config noauto \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;--architectures i386 \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;--linux-flavours 686-pae \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;--binary-images hdd \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;--mirror-bootstrap http://ftp.ch.debian.org/debian/ \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;--mirror-binary http://ftp.ch.debian.org/debian/ \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"${@}"<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#343" class="lnkocn">343</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="343">
    Now, each time you use <tt>lb config</tt>, <tt>auto/config</tt> will reset the configuration based on these options. When you want to make changes to them, edit the options in this file instead of passing them to <tt>lb config</tt>. When you use <tt>lb clean</tt>, <tt>auto/clean</tt> will clean up the <tt>config/*</tt> files along with any other build products. And finally, when you use <tt>lb build</tt>, a log of the build will be written by <tt>auto/build</tt> in <tt>build.log</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#344" class="lnkocn">344</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="344">
    <b>Note:</b> A special <tt>noauto</tt> parameter is used here to suppress another call to <tt>auto/config</tt>, thereby preventing infinite recursion. Make sure you don't accidentally remove it when making edits. Also, take care to ensure when you split the <tt>lb config</tt> command across multiple lines for readability, as shown in the example above, that you don't forget the backslash (\) at the end of each line that continues to the next.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#345" class="lnkocn">345</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="345"><a name="345"></a>
    <a name="h6.2" ></a><a name="clone-configuration-via-git" ></a>6.2 Clone a configuration published via Git
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#346" class="lnkocn">346</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="346">
    Use the <tt>lb config --config</tt> option to clone a Git repository that contains a live system configuration. If you would like to base your configuration on one maintained by the Live Systems Project, look at ‹<a href="http://http://anonscm.debian.org/cgit/debian-live/" target="_top">http://http://anonscm.debian.org/cgit/debian-live/</a>› for the repository named <tt>live-images</tt> in the category <tt>Packages</tt>. This repository contains the configurations for the live systems  <a href="#downloading-prebuilt-images">prebuilt images</a>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#347" class="lnkocn">347</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="347">
    For example, to build a standard image, use the <tt>live-images</tt> repository as follows:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#348" class="lnkocn">348</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="348">
    $ mkdir live-images &amp;&amp; cd live-images<br>
$ lb config --config git://http://anonscm.debian.org/git/debian-live/live-images.git <br>
$ cd images/standard<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#349" class="lnkocn">349</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="349">
    Edit <tt>auto/config</tt> and any other things you need in the <tt>config</tt> tree to suit your needs. For example, the unofficial non-free prebuilt images are made by simply adding <tt>--archive-areas "main contrib non-free"</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#350" class="lnkocn">350</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="350">
    You may optionally define a shortcut in your Git configuration by adding the following to your <tt>${HOME}/.gitconfig</tt>:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#351" class="lnkocn">351</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="351">
    [url "git://http://anonscm.debian.org/git/debian-live/"] <br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;insteadOf = lso:<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#352" class="lnkocn">352</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="352">
    This enables you to use <tt>lso:</tt> anywhere you need to specify the address of a <tt>debian-live.alioth.debian.org</tt> git repository. If you also drop the optional <tt>.git</tt> suffix, starting a new image using this configuration is as easy as:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#353" class="lnkocn">353</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="353">
    $ lb config --config lso:live-images<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#354" class="lnkocn">354</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="354">
    Cloning the entire <tt>live-images</tt> repository pulls the configurations used for several images. If you feel like building a different image after you have finished with the first one, change to another directory and again and optionally, make any changes to suit your needs.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#355" class="lnkocn">355</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="355">
    In any case, remember that every time you will have to build the image as superuser: <tt>lb build</tt>
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#356" class="lnkocn">356</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="356"><a name="356"></a>
    Customizing contents
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#357" class="lnkocn">357</a></label>
  <h4 class="norm" id="357"><a name="357"></a>
    <a name="h7" ></a><a name="customization_overview" ></a><a name="customization-overview" ></a>7. Customization overview
  </h4>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#358" class="lnkocn">358</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="358">
    This chapter gives an overview of the various ways in which you may customize a live system.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#359" class="lnkocn">359</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="359"><a name="359"></a>
    <a name="c7.1" ></a><a name="h7.1" ></a>7.1 Build time vs. boot time configuration
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#360" class="lnkocn">360</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="360">
    Live system configuration options are divided into build-time options which are options that are applied at build time and boot-time options which are applied at boot time. Boot-time options are further divided into those occurring early in the boot, applied by the <i>live-boot</i> package, and those that happen later in the boot, applied by <i>live-config</i>. Any boot-time option may be modified by the user by specifying it at the boot prompt. The image may also be built with default boot parameters so users can normally just boot directly to the live system without specifying any options when all of the defaults are suitable. In particular, the argument to <tt>lb --bootappend-live</tt> consists of any default kernel command line options for the Live system, such as persistence, keyboard layouts, or timezone. See  <a href="#customizing-locale-and-language">Customizing locale and language</a>,  for example.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#361" class="lnkocn">361</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="361">
    Build-time configuration options are described in the <tt>lb config</tt> man page. Boot-time options are described in the man pages for <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i>. Although the <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i> packages are installed within the live system you are building, it is recommended that you also install them on your build system for easy reference when you are working on your configuration. It is safe to do so, as none of the scripts contained within them are executed unless the system is configured as a live system.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#362" class="lnkocn">362</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="362"><a name="362"></a>
    <a name="h7.2" ></a><a name="stages-of-the-build" ></a>7.2 Stages of the build
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#363" class="lnkocn">363</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="363">
    The build process is divided into stages, with various customizations applied in sequence in each. The first stage to run is the <b>bootstrap</b> stage. This is the initial phase of populating the chroot directory with packages to make a barebones Debian system. This is followed by the <b>chroot</b> stage, which completes the construction of chroot directory, populating it with all of the packages listed in the configuration, along with any other materials. Most customization of content occurs in this stage. The final stage of preparing the live image is the <b>binary</b> stage, which builds a bootable image, using the contents of the chroot directory to construct the root filesystem for the Live system, and including the installer and any other additional material on the target medium outside of the Live system's filesystem. After the live image is built, if enabled, the source tarball is built in the <b>source</b> stage.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#364" class="lnkocn">364</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="364">
    Within each of these stages, there is a particular sequence in which commands are applied. These are arranged in such a way as to ensure customizations can be layered in a reasonable fashion. For example, within the <b>chroot</b> stage, preseeds are applied before any packages are installed, packages are installed before any locally included files are copied, and hooks are run later, after all of the materials are in place.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#365" class="lnkocn">365</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="365"><a name="365"></a>
    <a name="c7.3" ></a><a name="h7.3" ></a>7.3 Supplement lb config with files
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#366" class="lnkocn">366</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="366">
    Although <tt>lb config</tt> creates a skeletal configuration in the <tt>config/</tt> directory, to accomplish your goals, you may need to provide additional files in subdirectories of <tt>config/</tt>. Depending on where the files are stored in the configuration, they may be copied into the live system's filesystem or into the binary image filesystem, or may provide build-time configurations of the system that would be cumbersome to pass as command-line options. You may include things such as custom lists of packages, custom artwork, or hook scripts to run either at build time or at boot time, boosting the already considerable flexibility of debian-live with code of your own.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#367" class="lnkocn">367</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="367"><a name="367"></a>
    <a name="c7.4" ></a><a name="h7.4" ></a>7.4 Customization tasks
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#368" class="lnkocn">368</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="368">
    The following chapters are organized by the kinds of customization task users typically perform:  <a href="#customizing-package-installation">Customizing package installation</a>,   <a href="#customizing-contents">Customizing contents</a>  and  <a href="#customizing-locale-and-language">Customizing locale and language</a>  cover just a few of the things you might want to do.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#369" class="lnkocn">369</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="369"><a name="369"></a>
    Customizing package installation
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#370" class="lnkocn">370</a></label>
  <h4 class="norm" id="370"><a name="370"></a>
    <a name="h8" ></a><a name="customizing_package_installation" ></a><a name="customizing-package-installation" ></a>8. Customizing package installation
  </h4>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#371" class="lnkocn">371</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="371">
    Perhaps the most basic customization of a live system is the selection of packages to be included in the image. This chapter guides you through the various build-time options to customize <i>live-build</i>'s installation of packages. The broadest choices influencing which packages are available to install in the image are the distribution and archive areas. To ensure decent download speeds, you should choose a nearby distribution mirror. You can also add your own repositories for backports, experimental or custom packages, or include packages directly as files. You can define lists of packages, including metapackages which will install many related packages at once, such as packages for a particular desktop or language. Finally, a number of options give some control over <i>apt</i>, or if you prefer, <i>aptitude</i>, at build time when packages are installed. You may find these handy if you use a proxy, want to disable installation of recommended packages to save space, or need to control which versions of packages are installed via APT pinning, to name a few possibilities.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#372" class="lnkocn">372</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="372"><a name="372"></a>
    <a name="c8.1" ></a><a name="h8.1" ></a>8.1 Package sources
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#373" class="lnkocn">373</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="373"><a name="373"></a>
    <a name="c8.1.1" ></a><a name="h8.1.1" ></a>8.1.1 Distribution, archive areas and mode
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#374" class="lnkocn">374</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="374">
    The distribution you choose has the broadest impact on which packages are available to include in your live image. Specify the codename, which defaults to <b>buster</b> for the <b>buster</b> version of <i>live-build</i>. Any current distribution carried in the archive may be specified by its codename here. (See  <a href="#terms">Terms</a>  for more details.) The <tt>--distribution</tt> option not only influences the source of packages within the archive, but also instructs <i>live-build</i> to behave as needed to build each supported distribution. For example, to build against the <b>unstable</b> release, <b>sid</b>, specify:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#375" class="lnkocn">375</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="375">
    $ lb config --distribution sid<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#376" class="lnkocn">376</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="376">
    Within the distribution archive, archive areas are major divisions of the archive. In Debian, these are <tt>main</tt>, <tt>contrib</tt> and <tt>non-free</tt>. Only <tt>main</tt> contains software that is part of the Debian distribution, hence that is the default. One or more values may be specified, e.g.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#377" class="lnkocn">377</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="377">
    $ lb config --archive-areas "main contrib non-free"<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#378" class="lnkocn">378</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="378">
    Experimental support is available for some Debian derivatives through a <tt>--mode</tt> option. By default, this option is set to <tt>debian</tt> only if you are building on a Debian or on an unknown system. If <tt>lb config</tt> is invoked on any of the supported derivatives, it will default to create an image of that derivative. If <tt>lb config</tt> is run in e.g. <tt>ubuntu</tt> mode, the distribution names and archive areas for the specified derivative are supported instead of the ones for Debian. The mode also modifies <i>live-build</i> behaviour to suit the derivatives.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#379" class="lnkocn">379</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="379">
    <b>Note:</b> The projects for whom these modes were added are primarily responsible for supporting users of these options. The Live Systems Project, in turn, provides development support on a best-effort basis only, based on feedback from the derivative projects as we do not develop or support these derivatives ourselves.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#380" class="lnkocn">380</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="380"><a name="380"></a>
    <a name="c8.1.2" ></a><a name="h8.1.2" ></a>8.1.2 Distribution mirrors
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#381" class="lnkocn">381</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="381">
    The Debian archive is replicated across a large network of mirrors around the world so that people in each region can choose a nearby mirror for best download speed. Each of the <tt>--mirror-*</tt> options governs which distribution mirror is used at various stages of the build. Recall from  <a href="#stages-of-the-build">Stages of the build</a>  that the <b>bootstrap</b> stage is when the chroot is initially populated by <i>debootstrap</i> with a minimal system, and the <b>chroot</b> stage is when the chroot used to construct the live system's filesystem is built. Thus, the corresponding mirror switches are used for those stages, and later, in the <b>binary</b> stage, the <tt>--mirror-binary</tt> and <tt>--mirror-binary-security</tt> values are used, superseding any mirrors used in an earlier stage.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#382" class="lnkocn">382</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="382"><a name="382"></a>
    <a name="h8.1.3" ></a><a name="distribution-mirrors-build-time" ></a>8.1.3 Distribution mirrors used at build time
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#383" class="lnkocn">383</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="383">
    To set the distribution mirrors used at build time to point at a local mirror, it is sufficient to set <tt>--mirror-bootstrap</tt> and <tt>--mirror-chroot-security</tt> as follows.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#384" class="lnkocn">384</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="384">
    $ lb config --mirror-bootstrap http://localhost/debian/ \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;--mirror-chroot-security http://localhost/debian-security/<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#385" class="lnkocn">385</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="385">
    The chroot mirror, specified by <tt>--mirror-chroot</tt>, defaults to the <tt>--mirror-bootstrap</tt> value.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#386" class="lnkocn">386</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="386"><a name="386"></a>
    <a name="c8.1.4" ></a><a name="h8.1.4" ></a>8.1.4 Distribution mirrors used at run time
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#387" class="lnkocn">387</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="387">
    The <tt>--mirror-binary*</tt> options govern the distribution mirrors placed in the binary image. These may be used to install additional packages while running the live system. The defaults employ <tt>httpredir.debian.org</tt>, a service that chooses a geographically close mirror based, among other things, on the user's IP family and the availability of the mirrors. This is a suitable choice when you cannot predict which mirror will be best for all of your users. Or you may specify your own values as shown in the example below. An image built from this configuration would only be suitable for users on a network where "<tt>mirror</tt>" is reachable.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#388" class="lnkocn">388</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="388">
    $ lb config --mirror-binary http://mirror/debian/ \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;--mirror-binary-security http://mirror/debian-security/ \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;--mirror-binary-backports http://mirror/debian-backports/<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#389" class="lnkocn">389</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="389"><a name="389"></a>
    <a name="h8.1.5" ></a><a name="additional-repositories" ></a>8.1.5 Additional repositories
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#390" class="lnkocn">390</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="390">
    You may add more repositories, broadening your package choices beyond what is available in your target distribution. These may be, for example, for backports, experimental or custom packages. To configure additional repositories, create <tt>config/archives/your-repository.list.chroot</tt>, and/or <tt>config/archives/your-repository.list.binary</tt> files. As with the <tt>--mirror-*</tt> options, these govern the repositories used in the <b>chroot</b> stage when building the image, and in the <b>binary</b> stage, i.e. for use when running the live system.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#391" class="lnkocn">391</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="391">
    For example, <tt>config/archives/live.list.chroot</tt> allows you to install packages from the debian-live snapshot repository at live system build time.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#392" class="lnkocn">392</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="392">
    deb http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/ sid-snapshots main contrib non-free<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#393" class="lnkocn">393</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="393">
    If you add the same line to <tt>config/archives/live.list.binary</tt>, the repository will be added to your live system's <tt>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/</tt> directory.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#394" class="lnkocn">394</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="394">
    If such files exist, they will be picked up automatically.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#395" class="lnkocn">395</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="395">
    You should also put the GPG key used to sign the repository into <tt>config/archives/your-repository.key.{binary,chroot}</tt> files.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#396" class="lnkocn">396</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="396">
    Should you need custom APT pinning, such APT preferences snippets can be placed in <tt>config/archives/your-repository.pref.{binary,chroot}</tt> files and will be automatically added to your live system's <tt>/etc/apt/preferences.d/</tt> directory.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#397" class="lnkocn">397</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="397"><a name="397"></a>
    <a name="h8.2" ></a><a name="choosing-packages-to-install" ></a>8.2 Choosing packages to install
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#398" class="lnkocn">398</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="398">
    There are a number of ways to choose which packages <i>live-build</i> will install in your image, covering a variety of different needs. You can simply name individual packages to install in a package list. You can also use metapackages in those lists, or select them using package control file fields. And finally, you may place package files in your <tt>config/</tt> tree, which is well suited to testing of new or experimental packages before they are available from a repository.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#399" class="lnkocn">399</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="399"><a name="399"></a>
    <a name="h8.2.1" ></a><a name="package-lists" ></a>8.2.1 Package lists
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#400" class="lnkocn">400</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="400">
    Package lists are a powerful way of expressing which packages should be installed. The list syntax supports conditional sections which makes it easy to build lists and adapt them for use in multiple configurations. Package names may also be injected into the list using shell helpers at build time.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#401" class="lnkocn">401</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="401">
    <b>Note:</b>  The behaviour of <i>live-build</i> when specifying a package that does not exist is determined by your choice of APT utility. See  <a href="#choosing-apt-or-aptitude">Choosing apt or aptitude</a>  for more details.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#402" class="lnkocn">402</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="402"><a name="402"></a>
    <a name="h8.2.2" ></a><a name="using-metapackages" ></a>8.2.2 Using metapackages
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#403" class="lnkocn">403</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="403">
    The simplest way to populate your package list is to use a task metapackage maintained by your distribution. For example:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#404" class="lnkocn">404</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="404">
    $ lb config<br>
$ echo task-gnome-desktop &gt; config/package-lists/desktop.list.chroot<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#405" class="lnkocn">405</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="405">
    This supercedes the older predefined list method supported in <tt>live-build</tt> 2.x. Unlike predefined lists, task metapackages are not specific to the Live System project. Instead, they are maintained by specialist working groups within the distribution and therefore reflect the consensus of each group about which packages best serve the needs of the intended users. They also cover a much broader range of use cases than the predefined lists they replace.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#406" class="lnkocn">406</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="406">
    All task metapackages are prefixed <tt>task-</tt>, so a quick way to determine which are available (though it may contain a handful of false hits that match the name but aren't metapackages) is to match on the package name with:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#407" class="lnkocn">407</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="407">
    $ apt-cache search --names-only ^task-<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#408" class="lnkocn">408</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="408">
    In addition to these, you will find other metapackages with various purposes. Some are subsets of broader task packages, like <tt>gnome-core</tt>, while others are individual specialized parts of a Debian Pure Blend, such as the <tt>education-*</tt> metapackages. To list all metapackages in the archive, install the <tt>debtags</tt> package and list all packages with the <tt>role::metapackage</tt> tag as follows:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#409" class="lnkocn">409</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="409">
    $ debtags search role::metapackage<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#410" class="lnkocn">410</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="410"><a name="410"></a>
    <a name="c8.2.3" ></a><a name="h8.2.3" ></a>8.2.3 Local package lists
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#411" class="lnkocn">411</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="411">
    Whether you list metapackages, individual packages, or a combination of both, all local package lists are stored in <tt>config/package-lists/</tt>. Since more than one list can be used, this lends itself well to modular designs. For example, you may decide to devote one list to a particular choice of desktop, another to a collection of related packages that might as easily be used on top of a different desktop. This allows you to experiment with different combinations of sets of packages with a minimum of fuss, sharing common lists between different live image projects.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#412" class="lnkocn">412</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="412">
    Package lists that exist in this directory need to have a <tt>.list</tt> suffix in order to be processed, and then an additional stage suffix, <tt>.chroot</tt> or <tt>.binary</tt> to indicate which stage the list is for.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#413" class="lnkocn">413</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="413">
    <b>Note:</b> If you don't specify the stage suffix, the list will be used for both stages. Normally, you want to specify <tt>.list.chroot</tt> so that the packages will only be installed in the live filesystem and not have an extra copy of the <tt>.deb</tt> placed on the medium.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#414" class="lnkocn">414</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="414"><a name="414"></a>
    <a name="c8.2.4" ></a><a name="h8.2.4" ></a>8.2.4 Local binary package lists
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#415" class="lnkocn">415</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="415">
    To make a binary stage list, place a file suffixed with <tt>.list.binary</tt> in <tt>config/package-lists/</tt>. These packages are not installed in the live filesystem, but are included on the live medium under <tt>pool/</tt>. You would typically use such a list with one of the non-live installer variants. As mentioned above, if you want this list to be the same as your chroot stage list, simply use the <tt>.list</tt> suffix by itself.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#416" class="lnkocn">416</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="416"><a name="416"></a>
    <a name="h8.2.5" ></a><a name="generated-package-lists" ></a>8.2.5 Generated package lists
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#417" class="lnkocn">417</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="417">
    It sometimes happens that the best way to compose a list is to generate it with a script. Any line starting with an exclamation point indicates a command to be executed within the chroot when the image is built. For example, one might include the line <tt>! grep-aptavail -n -sPackage -FPriority standard | sort</tt> in a package list to produce a sorted list of available packages with <tt>Priority: standard</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#418" class="lnkocn">418</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="418">
    In fact, selecting packages with the <tt>grep-aptavail</tt> command (from the <tt>dctrl-tools</tt> package) is so useful that <tt>live-build</tt> provides a <tt>Packages</tt> helper script as a convenience. This script takes two arguments: <tt>field</tt> and <tt>pattern</tt>. Thus, you can create a list with the following contents:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#419" class="lnkocn">419</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="419">
    $ lb config<br>
$ echo '! Packages Priority standard' &gt; config/package-lists/standard.list.chroot<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#420" class="lnkocn">420</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="420"><a name="420"></a>
    <a name="c8.2.6" ></a><a name="h8.2.6" ></a>8.2.6 Using conditionals inside package lists
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#421" class="lnkocn">421</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="421">
    Any of the <i>live-build</i> configuration variables stored in <tt>config/*</tt> (minus the <tt>LB_</tt> prefix) may be used in conditional statements in package lists. Generally, this means any <tt>lb config</tt> option uppercased and with dashes changed to underscores. But in practice, it is only the ones that influence package selection that make sense, such as <tt>DISTRIBUTION</tt>, <tt>ARCHITECTURES</tt> or <tt>ARCHIVE_AREAS</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#422" class="lnkocn">422</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="422">
    For example, to install <tt>ia32-libs</tt> if the <tt>--architectures amd64</tt> is specified:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#423" class="lnkocn">423</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="423">
    #if ARCHITECTURES amd64<br>
ia32-libs<br>
#endif<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#424" class="lnkocn">424</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="424">
    You may test for any one of a number of values, e.g. to install <i>memtest86+</i> if either <tt>--architectures i386</tt> or <tt>--architectures amd64</tt> is specified:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#425" class="lnkocn">425</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="425">
    #if ARCHITECTURES i386 amd64<br>
memtest86+<br>
#endif<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#426" class="lnkocn">426</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="426">
    You may also test against variables that may contain more than one value, e.g. to install <i>vrms</i> if either <tt>contrib</tt> or <tt>non-free</tt> is specified via <tt>--archive-areas</tt>:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#427" class="lnkocn">427</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="427">
    #if ARCHIVE_AREAS contrib non-free<br>
vrms<br>
#endif<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#428" class="lnkocn">428</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="428">
    The nesting of conditionals is not supported.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#429" class="lnkocn">429</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="429"><a name="429"></a>
    <a name="c8.2.7" ></a><a name="h8.2.7" ></a>8.2.7 Removing packages at install time
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#430" class="lnkocn">430</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="430">
    You can list packages in files with <tt>.list.chroot_live</tt> and <tt>.list.chroot_install</tt> suffixes inside the <tt>config/package-lists</tt> directory. If both a live and an install list exist, the packages in the <tt>.list.chroot_live</tt> list are removed with a hook after the installation (if the user uses the installer). The packages in the <tt>.list.chroot_install</tt> list are present both in the live system and in the installed system. This is a special tweak for the installer and may be useful if you have <tt>--debian-installer live</tt> set in your config, and wish to remove live system-specific packages at install time.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#431" class="lnkocn">431</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="431"><a name="431"></a>
    <a name="h8.2.8" ></a><a name="desktop-and-language-tasks" ></a>8.2.8 Desktop and language tasks
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#432" class="lnkocn">432</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="432">
    Desktop and language tasks are special cases that need some extra planning and configuration. Live images are different from Debian Installer images in this respect. In the Debian Installer, if the medium was prepared for a particular desktop environment flavour, the corresponding task will be automatically installed. Thus, there are internal <tt>gnome-desktop</tt>, <tt>kde-desktop</tt>, <tt>lxde-desktop</tt> and <tt>xfce-desktop</tt> tasks, none of which are offered in <tt>tasksel</tt>'s menu. Likewise, there are no menu entries for tasks for languages, but the user's language choice during the install influences the selection of corresponding language tasks.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#433" class="lnkocn">433</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="433">
    When developing a desktop live image, the image typically boots directly to a working desktop, the choices of both desktop and default language having been made at build time, not at run time as in the case of the Debian Installer. That's not to say that a live image couldn't be built to support multiple desktops or multiple languages and offer the user a choice, but that is not <i>live-build</i>'s default behaviour.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#434" class="lnkocn">434</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="434">
    Because there is no provision made automatically for language tasks, which include such things as language-specific fonts and input-method packages, if you want them, you need to specify them in your configuration. For example, a GNOME desktop image containing support for German might include these task metapackages:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#435" class="lnkocn">435</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="435">
    $ lb config<br>
$ echo "task-gnome-desktop task-laptop" &gt;&gt; config/package-lists/my.list.chroot<br>
$ echo "task-german task-german-desktop task-german-gnome-desktop" &gt;&gt; config/package-lists/my.list.chroot<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#436" class="lnkocn">436</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="436"><a name="436"></a>
    <a name="h8.2.9" ></a><a name="kernel-flavour-and-version" ></a>8.2.9 Kernel flavour and version
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#437" class="lnkocn">437</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="437">
    One or more kernel flavours will be included in your image by default, depending on the architecture. You can choose different flavours via the <tt>--linux-flavours</tt> option. Each flavour is suffixed to the default stub <tt>linux-image</tt> to form each metapackage name which in turn depends on an exact kernel package to be included in your image.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#438" class="lnkocn">438</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="438">
    Thus by default, an <tt>amd64</tt> architecture image will include the <tt>linux-image-amd64</tt> flavour metapackage, and an <tt>i386</tt> architecture image will include the <tt>linux-image-586</tt> metapackage.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#439" class="lnkocn">439</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="439">
    When more than one kernel package version is available in your configured archives, you can specify a different kernel package name stub with the <tt>--linux-packages</tt> option. For example, supposing you are building an <tt>amd64</tt> architecture image and add the experimental archive for testing purposes so you can install the <tt>linux-image-3.18.0-trunk-amd64</tt> kernel. You would configure that image as follows:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#440" class="lnkocn">440</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="440">
    $ lb config --linux-packages linux-image-3.18.0-trunk<br>
$ echo "deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ experimental main" &gt; config/archives/experimental.list.chroot<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#441" class="lnkocn">441</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="441"><a name="441"></a>
    <a name="h8.2.10" ></a><a name="custom-kernels" ></a>8.2.10 Custom kernels
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#442" class="lnkocn">442</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="442">
    You can build and include your own custom kernels, so long as they are integrated within the Debian package management system. The <i>live-build</i> system does not support kernels not built as <tt>.deb</tt> packages.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#443" class="lnkocn">443</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="443">
    The proper and recommended way to deploy your own kernel packages is to follow the instructions in the <tt>kernel-handbook</tt>. Remember to modify the ABI and flavour suffixes appropriately, then include a complete build of the <tt>linux</tt> and matching <tt>linux-latest</tt> packages in your repository.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#444" class="lnkocn">444</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="444">
    If you opt to build the kernel packages without the matching metapackages, you need to specify an appropriate <tt>--linux-packages</tt> stub as discussed in  <a href="#kernel-flavour-and-version">Kernel flavour and version</a>.  As we explain in  <a href="#installing-modified-or-third-party-packages">Installing modified or third-party packages</a>,  it is best if you include your custom kernel packages in your own repository, though the alternatives discussed in that section work as well.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#445" class="lnkocn">445</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="445">
    It is beyond the scope of this document to give advice on how to customize your kernel. However, you must at least ensure your configuration satisfies these minimum requirements:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#446" class="lnkocn">446</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="446">
    Use an initial ramdisk.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#447" class="lnkocn">447</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="447">
    Include the union filesystem module (i.e. usually <tt>aufs</tt>).
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#448" class="lnkocn">448</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="448">
    Include any other filesystem modules required by your configuration (i.e. usually <tt>squashfs</tt>).
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#449" class="lnkocn">449</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="449"><a name="449"></a>
    <a name="h8.3" ></a><a name="installing-modified-or-third-party-packages" ></a>8.3 Installing modified or  third-party packages
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#450" class="lnkocn">450</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="450">
    While it is against the philosophy of a live system, it may sometimes be necessary to build a live system with modified versions of packages that are in the Debian repository. This may be to modify or support additional features, languages and branding, or even to remove elements of existing packages that are undesirable. Similarly, "third-party" packages may be used to add bespoke and/or proprietary functionality.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#451" class="lnkocn">451</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="451">
    This section does not cover advice regarding building or maintaining modified packages. Joachim Breitner's 'How to fork privately' method from ‹<a href="http://www.joachim-breitner.de/blog/archives/282-How-to-fork-privately.html" target="_top">http://www.joachim-breitner.de/blog/archives/282-How-to-fork-privately.html</a>› may be of interest, however. The creation of bespoke packages is covered in the Debian New Maintainers' Guide at ‹<a href="https://www.debian.org/doc/maint-guide/" target="_top">https://www.debian.org/doc/maint-guide/</a>› and elsewhere.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#452" class="lnkocn">452</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="452">
    There are two ways of installing modified custom packages:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#453" class="lnkocn">453</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="453">
    <tt>packages.chroot</tt>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#454" class="lnkocn">454</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="454">
    Using a custom APT repository
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#455" class="lnkocn">455</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="455">
    Using <tt>packages.chroot</tt> is simpler to achieve and useful for "one-off" customizations but has a number of drawbacks, while using a custom APT repository is more time-consuming to set up.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#456" class="lnkocn">456</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="456"><a name="456"></a>
    <a name="c8.3.1" ></a><a name="h8.3.1" ></a>8.3.1 Using <tt>packages.chroot</tt> to install custom packages
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#457" class="lnkocn">457</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="457">
    To install a custom package, simply copy it to the <tt>config/packages.chroot/</tt> directory. Packages that are inside this directory will be automatically installed into the live system during build - you do not need to specify them elsewhere.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#458" class="lnkocn">458</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="458">
    Packages <b>must</b> be named in the prescribed way. One simple way to do this is to use <tt>dpkg-name</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#459" class="lnkocn">459</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="459">
    Using <tt>packages.chroot</tt> for installation of custom packages has disadvantages:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#460" class="lnkocn">460</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="460">
    It is not possible to use secure APT.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#461" class="lnkocn">461</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="461">
    You must install all appropriate packages in the <tt>config/packages.chroot/</tt> directory.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#462" class="lnkocn">462</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="462">
    It does not lend itself to storing live system configurations in revision control.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#463" class="lnkocn">463</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="463"><a name="463"></a>
    <a name="c8.3.2" ></a><a name="h8.3.2" ></a>8.3.2 Using an APT repository to install custom packages
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#464" class="lnkocn">464</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="464">
    Unlike using <tt>packages.chroot</tt>, when using a custom APT repository you must ensure that you specify the packages elsewhere. See  <a href="#choosing-packages-to-install">Choosing packages to install</a>  for details.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#465" class="lnkocn">465</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="465">
    While it may seem unnecessary effort to create an APT repository to install custom packages, the infrastructure can be easily re-used at a later date to offer updates of the modified packages.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#466" class="lnkocn">466</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="466"><a name="466"></a>
    <a name="c8.3.3" ></a><a name="h8.3.3" ></a>8.3.3 Custom packages and APT
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#467" class="lnkocn">467</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="467">
    <i>live-build</i> uses APT to install all packages into the live system so will therefore inherit behaviours from this program. One relevant example is that (assuming a default configuration) given a package available in two different repositories with different version numbers, APT will elect to install the package with the higher version number.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#468" class="lnkocn">468</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="468">
    Because of this, you may wish to increment the version number in your custom packages' <tt>debian/changelog</tt> files to ensure that your modified version is installed over one in the official Debian repositories. This may also be achieved by altering the live system's APT pinning preferences - see  <a href="#apt-pinning">APT pinning</a>  for more information.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#469" class="lnkocn">469</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="469"><a name="469"></a>
    <a name="c8.4" ></a><a name="h8.4" ></a>8.4 Configuring APT at build time
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#470" class="lnkocn">470</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="470">
    You can configure APT through a number of options applied only at build time. (APT configuration used in the running live system may be configured in the normal way for live system contents, that is, by including the appropriate configurations through <tt>config/includes.chroot/</tt>.) For a complete list, look for options starting with <tt>apt</tt> in the <tt>lb_config</tt> man page.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#471" class="lnkocn">471</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="471"><a name="471"></a>
    <a name="h8.4.1" ></a><a name="choosing-apt-or-aptitude" ></a>8.4.1 Choosing apt or aptitude
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#472" class="lnkocn">472</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="472">
    You can elect to use either <i>apt</i> or <i>aptitude</i> when installing packages at build time. Which utility is used is governed by the <tt>--apt</tt> argument to <tt>lb config</tt>. Choose the method implementing the preferred behaviour for package installation, the notable difference being how missing packages are handled.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#473" class="lnkocn">473</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="473">
    <tt>apt</tt>: With this method, if a missing package is specified, the package installation will fail. This is the default setting.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#474" class="lnkocn">474</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="474">
    <tt>aptitude</tt>: With this method, if a missing package is specified, the package installation will succeed.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#475" class="lnkocn">475</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="475"><a name="475"></a>
    <a name="c8.4.2" ></a><a name="h8.4.2" ></a>8.4.2 Using a proxy with APT
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#476" class="lnkocn">476</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="476">
    One commonly required APT configuration is to deal with building an image behind a proxy. You may specify your APT proxy with the <tt>--apt-ftp-proxy</tt> or <tt>--apt-http-proxy</tt> options as needed, e.g.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#477" class="lnkocn">477</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="477">
    $ lb config --apt-http-proxy http://proxy/<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#478" class="lnkocn">478</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="478"><a name="478"></a>
    <a name="h8.4.3" ></a><a name="tweaking-apt-to-save-space" ></a>8.4.3 Tweaking APT to save space
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#479" class="lnkocn">479</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="479">
    You may find yourself needing to save some space on the image medium, in which case one or the other or both of the following options may be of interest.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#480" class="lnkocn">480</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="480">
    If you don't want to include APT indices in the image, you can omit those with:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#481" class="lnkocn">481</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="481">
    $ lb config --apt-indices false<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#482" class="lnkocn">482</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="482">
    This will not influence the entries in <tt>/etc/apt/sources.list</tt>, but merely whether <tt>/var/lib/apt</tt> contains the indices files or not. The tradeoff is that APT needs those indices in order to operate in the live system, so before performing <tt>apt-cache search</tt> or <tt>apt-get install</tt>, for instance, the user must <tt>apt-get update</tt> first to create those indices.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#483" class="lnkocn">483</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="483">
    If you find the installation of recommended packages bloats your image too much, provided you are prepared to deal with the consequences discussed below, you may disable that default option of APT with:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#484" class="lnkocn">484</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="484">
    $ lb config --apt-recommends false<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#485" class="lnkocn">485</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="485">
    The most important consequence of turning off recommends is that <tt>live-boot</tt> and <tt>live-config</tt> themselves recommend some packages that provide important functionality used by most Live configurations, such as <tt>user-setup</tt> which <tt>live-config</tt> recommends and is used to create the live user. In all but the most exceptional circumstances you need to add back at least some of these recommends to your package lists or else your image will not work as expected, if at all. Look at the recommended packages for each of the <tt>live-*</tt> packages included in your build and if you are not certain you can omit them, add them back into your package lists.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#486" class="lnkocn">486</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="486">
    The more general consequence is that if you don't install recommended packages for any given package, that is, "packages that would be found together with this one in all but unusual installations" (Debian Policy Manual, section 7.2), some packages that users of your Live system actually need may be omitted. Therefore, we suggest you review the difference turning off recommends makes to your packages list (see the <tt>binary.packages</tt> file generated by <tt>lb build</tt>) and re-include in your list any missing packages that you still want installed. Alternatively, if you find you only want a small number of recommended packages left out, leave recommends enabled and set a negative APT pin priority on selected packages to prevent them from being installed, as explained in  <a href="#apt-pinning">APT pinning</a>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#487" class="lnkocn">487</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="487"><a name="487"></a>
    <a name="c8.4.4" ></a><a name="h8.4.4" ></a>8.4.4 Passing options to apt or aptitude
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#488" class="lnkocn">488</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="488">
    If there is not a <tt>lb config</tt> option to alter APT's behaviour in the way you need, use <tt>--apt-options</tt> or <tt>--aptitude-options</tt> to pass any options through to your configured APT tool. See the man pages for <tt>apt</tt> and <tt>aptitude</tt> for details. Note that both options have default values that you will need to retain in addition to any overrides you may provide. So, for example, suppose you have included something from <tt>snapshot.debian.org</tt> for testing purposes and want to specify <tt>Acquire::Check-Valid-Until=false</tt> to make APT happy with the stale <tt>Release</tt> file, you would do so as per the following example, appending the new option after the default value <tt>--yes</tt>:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#489" class="lnkocn">489</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="489">
    $ lb config --apt-options "--yes -oAcquire::Check-Valid-Until=false"<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#490" class="lnkocn">490</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="490">
    Please check the man pages to fully understand these options and when to use them. This is an example only and should not be construed as advice to configure your image this way. This option would not be appropriate for, say, a final release of a live image.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#491" class="lnkocn">491</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="491">
    For more complicated APT configurations involving <tt>apt.conf</tt> options you might want to create a <tt>config/apt/apt.conf</tt> file instead. See also the other <tt>apt-*</tt> options for a few convenient shortcuts for frequently needed options.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#492" class="lnkocn">492</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="492"><a name="492"></a>
    <a name="h8.4.5" ></a><a name="apt-pinning" ></a>8.4.5 APT pinning
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#493" class="lnkocn">493</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="493">
    For background, please first read the <tt>apt_preferences(5)</tt> man page. APT pinning can be configured either for build time, or else for run time. For the former, create <tt>config/archives/*.pref</tt>, <tt>config/archives/*.pref.chroot</tt>, and <tt>config/apt/preferences</tt>. For the latter, create <tt>config/includes.chroot/etc/apt/preferences</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#494" class="lnkocn">494</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="494">
    Let's say you are building a <b>buster</b> live system but need all the live packages that end up in the binary image to be installed from <b>sid</b> at build time. You need to add <b>sid</b> to your APT sources and pin the live packages from it higher, but all other packages from it lower, than the default priority. Thus, only the packages you want are installed from <b>sid</b> at build time and all others are taken from the target system distribution, <b>buster</b>. The following will accomplish this:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#495" class="lnkocn">495</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="495">
    $ echo "deb http://mirror/debian/ sid main" &gt; config/archives/sid.list.chroot<br>
$ cat &gt;&gt; config/archives/sid.pref.chroot &lt;&lt; EOF<br>
Package: live-*<br>
Pin: release n=sid<br>
Pin-Priority: 600<br><br>
Package: *<br>
Pin: release n=sid<br>
Pin-Priority: 1<br>
EOF<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#496" class="lnkocn">496</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="496">
    Negative pin priorities will prevent a package from being installed, as in the case where you do not want a package that is recommended by another package. Suppose you are building an LXDE image using <tt>task-lxde-desktop</tt> in <tt>config/package-lists/desktop.list.chroot</tt>, but don't want the user prompted to store wifi passwords in the keyring. This metapackage depends on <i>lxde-core</i>, which recommends <i>gksu</i>, which in turn recommends <i>gnome-keyring</i>. So you want to omit the recommended <i>gnome-keyring</i> package. This can be done by adding the following stanza to <tt>config/apt/preferences</tt>:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#497" class="lnkocn">497</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="497">
    Package: gnome-keyring<br>
Pin: version *<br>
Pin-Priority: -1<br>
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#498" class="lnkocn">498</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="498"><a name="498"></a>
    Customizing contents
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#499" class="lnkocn">499</a></label>
  <h4 class="norm" id="499"><a name="499"></a>
    <a name="h9" ></a><a name="customizing_contents" ></a><a name="customizing-contents" ></a>9. Customizing contents
  </h4>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#500" class="lnkocn">500</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="500">
    This chapter discusses fine-tuning customization of the live system contents beyond merely choosing which packages to include. Includes allow you to add or replace arbitrary files in your live system image, hooks allow you to execute arbitrary commands at different stages of the build and at boot time, and preseeding allows you to configure packages when they are installed by supplying answers to debconf questions.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#501" class="lnkocn">501</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="501"><a name="501"></a>
    <a name="h9.1" ></a><a name="includes" ></a>9.1 Includes
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#502" class="lnkocn">502</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="502">
    While ideally a live system would include files entirely provided by unmodified packages, it is sometimes convenient to provide or modify some content by means of files. Using includes, it is possible to add (or replace) arbitrary files in your live system image. <i>live-build</i> provides two mechanisms for using them:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#503" class="lnkocn">503</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="503">
    Chroot local includes: These allow you to add or replace files to the chroot/Live filesystem. Please see  <a href="#live-chroot-local-includes">Live/chroot local includes</a>  for more information.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#504" class="lnkocn">504</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="504">
    Binary local includes: These allow you to add or replace files in the binary image. Please see  <a href="#binary-local-includes">Binary local includes</a>  for more information.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#505" class="lnkocn">505</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="505">
    Please see  <a href="#terms">Terms</a>  for more information about the distinction between the "Live" and "binary" images.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#506" class="lnkocn">506</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="506"><a name="506"></a>
    <a name="h9.1.1" ></a><a name="live-chroot-local-includes" ></a>9.1.1 Live/chroot local includes
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#507" class="lnkocn">507</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="507">
    Chroot local includes can be used to add or replace files in the chroot/Live filesystem so that they may be used in the Live system. A typical use is to populate the skeleton user directory (<tt>/etc/skel</tt>) used by the Live system to create the live user's home directory. Another is to supply configuration files that can be simply added or replaced in the image without processing; see  <a href="#chroot-local-hooks">Chroot local hooks</a>  if processing is needed.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#508" class="lnkocn">508</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="508">
    To include files, simply add them to your <tt>config/includes.chroot</tt> directory. This directory corresponds to the root directory <tt>/</tt> of the live system. For example, to add a file <tt>/var/www/index.html</tt> in the live system, use:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#509" class="lnkocn">509</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="509">
    $ mkdir -p config/includes.chroot/var/www<br>
$ cp /path/to/my/index.html config/includes.chroot/var/www<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#510" class="lnkocn">510</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="510">
    Your configuration will then have the following layout:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#511" class="lnkocn">511</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="511">
    -- config<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[...]<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|-- includes.chroot<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`-- var<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`-- www<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`-- index.html<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[...]<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#512" class="lnkocn">512</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="512">
    Chroot local includes are installed after package installation so that files installed by packages are overwritten.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#513" class="lnkocn">513</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="513"><a name="513"></a>
    <a name="h9.1.2" ></a><a name="binary-local-includes" ></a>9.1.2 Binary local includes
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#514" class="lnkocn">514</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="514">
    To include material such as documentation or videos on the medium filesystem so that it is accessible immediately upon insertion of the medium without booting the Live system, you can use binary local includes. This works in a similar fashion to chroot local includes. For example, suppose the files <tt>~/video_demo.*</tt> are demo videos of the live system described by and linked to by an HTML index page. Simply copy the material to <tt>config/includes.binary/</tt> as follows:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#515" class="lnkocn">515</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="515">
    $ cp ~/video_demo.* config/includes.binary/<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#516" class="lnkocn">516</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="516">
    These files will now appear in the root directory of the live medium.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#517" class="lnkocn">517</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="517"><a name="517"></a>
    <a name="h9.2" ></a><a name="hooks" ></a>9.2 Hooks
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#518" class="lnkocn">518</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="518">
    Hooks allow commands to be run in the chroot and binary stages of the build in order to customize the image. Depending on whether you are building a live image or a regular system image you have to place your hooks in <tt>config/hooks/live</tt> or <tt>config/hooks/normal</tt> respectively. These are frequently referred to as local hooks because they are executed inside the build environment.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#519" class="lnkocn">519</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="519">
    There are also boot-time hooks that allow you to run commands once the image has already been built, during the boot process.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#520" class="lnkocn">520</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="520"><a name="520"></a>
    <a name="h9.2.1" ></a><a name="chroot-local-hooks" ></a>9.2.1 Chroot local hooks
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#521" class="lnkocn">521</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="521">
    To run commands in the chroot stage, create a hook script with a <tt>.hook.chroot</tt> suffix containing the commands either in the <tt>config/hooks/live</tt> or <tt>config/hooks/normal</tt> directories. The hook will run in the chroot after the rest of your chroot configuration has been applied, so remember to ensure your configuration includes all packages and files your hook needs in order to run. See the example chroot hook scripts for various common chroot customization tasks provided in <tt>/usr/share/doc/live-build/examples/hooks</tt> which you can copy or symlink to use them in your own configuration.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#522" class="lnkocn">522</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="522"><a name="522"></a>
    <a name="c9.2.2" ></a><a name="h9.2.2" ></a>9.2.2 Binary local hooks
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#523" class="lnkocn">523</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="523">
    To run commands in the binary stage, create a hook script with a <tt>.hook.binary</tt> suffix containing the commands either in the <tt>config/hooks/live</tt> or <tt>config/hooks/normal</tt> directories. The hook will run after all other binary commands are run, but before binary_checksums, the very last binary command. The commands in your hook do not run in the chroot, so take care not to modify any files outside of the build tree, or you may damage your build system! See the example binary hook scripts for various common binary customization tasks provided in <tt>/usr/share/doc/live-build/examples/hooks</tt> which you can copy or symlink to use them in your own configuration.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#524" class="lnkocn">524</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="524"><a name="524"></a>
    <a name="h9.2.3" ></a><a name="boot-time-hooks" ></a>9.2.3 Boot-time hooks
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#525" class="lnkocn">525</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="525">
    To execute commands at boot time, you can supply <i>live-config</i> hooks as explained in the "Customization" section of its man page. Examine <i>live-config</i>'s own hooks provided in <tt>/lib/live/config/</tt>, noting the sequence numbers. Then provide your own hook prefixed with an appropriate sequence number, either as a chroot local include in <tt>config/includes.chroot/lib/live/config/</tt>, or as a custom package as discussed in  <a href="#installing-modified-or-third-party-packages">Installing modified or third-party packages</a>.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#526" class="lnkocn">526</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="526"><a name="526"></a>
    <a name="c9.3" ></a><a name="h9.3" ></a>9.3 Preseeding Debconf questions
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#527" class="lnkocn">527</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="527">
    Files in the <tt>config/preseed/</tt> directory suffixed with <tt>.cfg</tt> followed by the stage (<tt>.chroot</tt> or <tt>.binary</tt>) are considered to be debconf preseed files and are installed by <i>live-build</i> using <tt>debconf-set-selections</tt> during the corresponding stage.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#528" class="lnkocn">528</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="528">
    For more information about debconf, please see <tt>debconf(7)</tt> in the <i>debconf</i> package.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#529" class="lnkocn">529</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="529"><a name="529"></a>
    Customizing run time behaviours
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#530" class="lnkocn">530</a></label>
  <h4 class="norm" id="530"><a name="530"></a>
    <a name="h10" ></a><a name="customizing_run_time_behaviours" ></a><a name="customizing-run-time-behaviours" ></a>10. Customizing run time behaviours
  </h4>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#531" class="lnkocn">531</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="531">
    All configuration that is done during run time is done by <i>live-config</i>. Here are some of the most common options of <i>live-config</i> that users are interested in. A full list of all possibilities can be found in the man page of <i>live-config</i>.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#532" class="lnkocn">532</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="532"><a name="532"></a>
    <a name="c10.1" ></a><a name="h10.1" ></a>10.1 Customizing the live user
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#533" class="lnkocn">533</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="533">
    One important consideration is that the live user is created by <i>live-boot</i> at boot time, not by <i>live-build</i> at build time. This not only influences where materials relating to the live user are introduced in your build, as discussed in  <a href="#live-chroot-local-includes">Live/chroot local includes</a>,  but also any groups and permissions associated with the live user.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#534" class="lnkocn">534</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="534">
    You can specify additional groups that the live user will belong to by using any of the possibilities to configure <i>live-config</i>. For example, to add the live user to the <tt>fuse</tt> group, you can either add the following file in <tt>config/includes.chroot/etc/live/config/user-setup.conf</tt>:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#535" class="lnkocn">535</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="535">
    LIVE_USER_DEFAULT_GROUPS="audio cdrom dip floppy video plugdev netdev powerdev scanner bluetooth fuse"<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#536" class="lnkocn">536</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="536">
    or use <tt>live-config.user-default-groups=audio,cdrom,dip,floppy,video,plugdev,netdev,powerdev,scanner,bluetooth,fuse</tt> as a boot parameter.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#537" class="lnkocn">537</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="537">
    It is also possible to change the default username "user" and the default password "live". If you want to do that for any reason, you can easily achieve it as follows:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#538" class="lnkocn">538</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="538">
    To change the default username you can simply specify it in your config:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#539" class="lnkocn">539</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="539">
    $ lb config --bootappend-live "boot=live components username=live-user"<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#540" class="lnkocn">540</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="540">
    One possible way of changing the default password is by means of a hook as described in  <a href="#boot-time-hooks">Boot-time hooks</a>.  In order to do that you can use the "passwd" hook from <tt>/usr/share/doc/live-config/examples/hooks</tt>, prefix it accordingly (e.g. 2000-passwd) and add it to <tt>config/includes.chroot/lib/live/config/</tt>
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#541" class="lnkocn">541</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="541"><a name="541"></a>
    <a name="h10.2" ></a><a name="customizing-locale-and-language" ></a>10.2 Customizing locale and language
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#542" class="lnkocn">542</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="542">
    When the live system boots, language is involved in two steps:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#543" class="lnkocn">543</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="543">
    the locale generation
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#544" class="lnkocn">544</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="544">
    setting the keyboard configuration
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#545" class="lnkocn">545</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="545">
    The default locale when building a Live system is <tt>locales=en_US.UTF-8</tt>. To define the locale that should be generated, use the <tt>locales</tt> parameter in the <tt>--bootappend-live</tt> option of <tt>lb config</tt>, e.g.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#546" class="lnkocn">546</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="546">
    $ lb config --bootappend-live "boot=live components locales=de_CH.UTF-8"<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#547" class="lnkocn">547</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="547">
    Multiple locales may be specified as a comma-delimited list.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#548" class="lnkocn">548</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="548">
    This parameter, as well as the keyboard configuration parameters indicated below, can also be used at the kernel command line. You can specify a locale by <tt>language_country</tt> (in which case the default encoding is used) or the full <tt>language_country.encoding</tt> word. A list of supported locales and the encoding for each can be found in <tt>/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#549" class="lnkocn">549</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="549">
    Both the console and X keyboard configuration are performed by <tt>live-config</tt> using the <tt>console-setup</tt> package. To configure them, use the <tt>keyboard-layouts</tt>, <tt>keyboard-variants</tt>, <tt>keyboard-options</tt> and <tt>keyboard-model</tt> boot parameters via the <tt>--bootappend-live</tt> option. Valid options for these can be found in <tt>/usr/share/X11/xkb/rules/base.lst</tt>. To find layouts and variants for a given language, try searching for the English name of the language and/or the country where the language is spoken, e.g:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#550" class="lnkocn">550</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="550">
    $ egrep -i '(^!|german.*switzerland)' /usr/share/X11/xkb/rules/base.lst<br>
! model<br>
! layout<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ch&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;German (Switzerland)<br>
! variant<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;legacy&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ch: German (Switzerland, legacy)<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;de_nodeadkeys&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ch: German (Switzerland, eliminate dead keys)<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;de_sundeadkeys&nbsp;&nbsp;ch: German (Switzerland, Sun dead keys)<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;de_mac&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ch: German (Switzerland, Macintosh)<br>
! option<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#551" class="lnkocn">551</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="551">
    Note that each variant lists the layout to which it applies in the description.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#552" class="lnkocn">552</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="552">
    Often, only the layout needs to be configured. For example, to get the locale files for German and Swiss German keyboard layout in X use:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#553" class="lnkocn">553</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="553">
    $ lb config --bootappend-live "boot=live components locales=de_CH.UTF-8 keyboard-layouts=ch"<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#554" class="lnkocn">554</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="554">
    However, for very specific use cases, you may wish to include other parameters. For example, to set up a French system with a French-Dvorak layout (called Bepo) on a TypeMatrix EZ-Reach 2030 USB keyboard, use:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#555" class="lnkocn">555</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="555">
    $ lb config --bootappend-live \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"boot=live components locales=fr_FR.UTF-8 keyboard-layouts=fr keyboard-variants=bepo keyboard-model=tm2030usb"<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#556" class="lnkocn">556</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="556">
    Multiple values may be specified as comma-delimited lists for each of the <tt>keyboard-*</tt> options, with the exception of <tt>keyboard-model</tt>, which accepts only one value. Please see the <tt>keyboard(5)</tt> man page for details and examples of <tt>XKBMODEL</tt>, <tt>XKBLAYOUT</tt>, <tt>XKBVARIANT</tt> and <tt>XKBOPTIONS</tt> variables. If multiple <tt>keyboard-variants</tt> values are given, they will be matched one-to-one with <tt>keyboard-layouts</tt> values (see <tt>setxkbmap(1)</tt> <tt>-variant</tt> option). Empty values are allowed; e.g. to define two layouts, the default being US QWERTY and the other being US Dvorak, use:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#557" class="lnkocn">557</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="557">
    $ lb config --bootappend-live \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"boot=live components keyboard-layouts=us,us keyboard-variants=,dvorak"<br>
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#558" class="lnkocn">558</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="558"><a name="558"></a>
    <a name="h10.3" ></a><a name="persistence" ></a>10.3 Persistence
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#559" class="lnkocn">559</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="559">
    A live cd paradigm is a pre-installed system which runs from read-only media, like a cdrom, where writes and modifications do not survive reboots of the host hardware which runs it.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#560" class="lnkocn">560</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="560">
    A live system is a generalization of this paradigm and thus supports other media in addition to CDs; but still, in its default behaviour, it should be considered read-only and all the run-time evolutions of the system are lost at shutdown.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#561" class="lnkocn">561</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="561">
    'Persistence' is a common name for different kinds of solutions for saving across reboots some, or all, of this run-time evolution of the system. To understand how it works it would be handy to know that even if the system is booted and run from read-only media, modifications to the files and directories are written on writable media, typically a ram disk (tmpfs) and ram disks' data do not survive reboots.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#562" class="lnkocn">562</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="562">
    The data stored on this ramdisk should be saved on a writable persistent medium like local storage media, a network share or even a session of a multisession (re)writable CD/DVD. All these media are supported in live systems in different ways, and all but the last one require a special boot parameter to be specified at boot time: <tt>persistence</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#563" class="lnkocn">563</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="563">
    If the boot parameter <tt>persistence</tt> is set (and <tt>nopersistence</tt> is not set), local storage media (e.g. hard disks, USB drives) will be probed for persistence volumes during boot. It is possible to restrict which types of persistence volumes to use by specifying certain boot parameters described in the <i>live-boot</i>(7) man page. A persistence volume is any of the following:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#564" class="lnkocn">564</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="564">
    a partition, identified by its GPT name.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#565" class="lnkocn">565</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="565">
    a filesystem, identified by its filesystem label.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#566" class="lnkocn">566</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="566">
    an image file located on the root of any readable filesystem (even an NTFS partition of a foreign OS), identified by its filename.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#567" class="lnkocn">567</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="567">
    The volume label for overlays must be <tt>persistence</tt> but it will be ignored unless it contains in its root a file named <tt>persistence.conf</tt> which is used to fully customize the volume's persistence, this is to say, specifying the directories that you want to save in your persistence volume after a reboot. See  <a href="#persistence-conf">The persistence.conf file</a>  for more details.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#568" class="lnkocn">568</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="568">
    Here are some examples of how to prepare a volume to be used for persistence. It can be, for instance, an ext4 partition on a hard disk or on a usb key created with, e.g.:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#569" class="lnkocn">569</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="569">
    # mkfs.ext4 -L persistence /dev/sdb1<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#570" class="lnkocn">570</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="570">
    See also  <a href="#using-usb-extra-space">Using the space left on a USB stick</a>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#571" class="lnkocn">571</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="571">
    If you already have a partition on your device, you could just change the label with one of the following:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#572" class="lnkocn">572</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="572">
    # tune2fs -L persistence /dev/sdb1 # for ext2,3,4 filesystems<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#573" class="lnkocn">573</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="573">
    Here's an example of how to create an ext4-based image file to be used for persistence:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#574" class="lnkocn">574</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="574">
    $ dd if=/dev/null of=persistence bs=1 count=0 seek=1G # for a 1GB sized image file<br>
$ /sbin/mkfs.ext4 -F persistence<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#575" class="lnkocn">575</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="575">
    Once the image file is created, as an example, to make <tt>/usr</tt> persistent but only saving the changes you make to that directory and not all the contents of <tt>/usr</tt>, you can use the "union" option. If the image file is located in your home directory, copy it to the root of your hard drive's filesystem and mount it in <tt>/mnt</tt> as follows:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#576" class="lnkocn">576</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="576">
    # cp persistence /<br>
# mount -t ext4 /persistence /mnt<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#577" class="lnkocn">577</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="577">
    Then, create the <tt>persistence.conf</tt> file adding content and unmount the image file.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#578" class="lnkocn">578</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="578">
    # echo "/usr union" &gt;&gt; /mnt/persistence.conf<br>
# umount /mnt<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#579" class="lnkocn">579</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="579">
    Now, reboot into your live medium with the boot parameter "persistence".
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#580" class="lnkocn">580</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="580"><a name="580"></a>
    <a name="h10.3.1" ></a><a name="persistence-conf" ></a>10.3.1 The persistence.conf file
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#581" class="lnkocn">581</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="581">
    A volume with the label <tt>persistence</tt> must be configured by means of the <tt>persistence.conf</tt> file to make arbitrary directories persistent. That file, located on the volume's filesystem root, controls which directories it makes persistent, and in which way.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#582" class="lnkocn">582</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="582">
    How custom overlay mounts are configured is described in full detail in the persistence.conf(5) man page, but a simple example should be sufficient for most uses. Let's say we want to make our home directory and APT cache persistent in an ext4 filesystem on the /dev/sdb1 partition:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#583" class="lnkocn">583</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="583">
    # mkfs.ext4 -L persistence /dev/sdb1<br>
# mount -t ext4 /dev/sdb1 /mnt<br>
# echo "/home" &gt;&gt; /mnt/persistence.conf<br>
# echo "/var/cache/apt" &gt;&gt; /mnt/persistence.conf<br>
# umount /mnt<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#584" class="lnkocn">584</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="584">
    Then we reboot. During the first boot the contents of <tt>/home</tt> and <tt>/var/cache/apt</tt> will be copied into the persistence volume, and from then on all changes to these directories will live in the persistence volume. Please note that any paths listed in the <tt>persistence.conf</tt> file cannot contain white spaces or the special <tt>.</tt> and <tt>..</tt> path components. Also, neither <tt>/lib</tt>, <tt>/lib/live</tt> (or any of their sub-directories) nor <tt>/</tt> can be made persistent using custom mounts. As a workaround for this limitation you can add <tt>/ union</tt> to your <tt>persistence.conf</tt> file to achieve full persistence.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#585" class="lnkocn">585</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="585"><a name="585"></a>
    <a name="c10.3.2" ></a><a name="h10.3.2" ></a>10.3.2 Using more than one persistence store
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#586" class="lnkocn">586</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="586">
    There are different methods of using multiple persistence store for different use cases. For instance, using several volumes at the same time or selecting only one, among various, for very specific purposes.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#587" class="lnkocn">587</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="587">
    Several different custom overlay volumes (with their own <tt>persistence.conf</tt> files) can be used at the same time, but if several volumes make the same directory persistent, only one of them will be used. If any two mounts are "nested" (i.e. one is a sub-directory of the other) the parent will be mounted before the child so no mount will be hidden by the other. Nested custom mounts are problematic if they are listed in the same <tt>persistence.conf</tt> file. See the persistence.conf(5) man page for how to handle that case if you really need it (hint: you usually don't).
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#588" class="lnkocn">588</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="588">
    One possible use case: If you wish to store the user data i.e. <tt>/home</tt> and the superuser data i.e. <tt>/root</tt> in different partitions, create two partitions with the <tt>persistence</tt> label and add a <tt>persistence.conf</tt> file in each one like this, <tt># echo "/home" &gt; persistence.conf</tt> for the first partition that will save the user's files and <tt># echo "/root" &gt; persistence.conf</tt> for the second partition which will store the superuser's files. Finally, use the <tt>persistence</tt> boot parameter.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#589" class="lnkocn">589</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="589">
    If a user would need multiple persistence store of the same type for different locations or testing, such as <tt>private</tt> and <tt>work</tt>, the boot parameter <tt>persistence-label</tt> used in conjunction with the boot parameter <tt>persistence</tt> will allow for multiple but unique persistence media. An example would be if a user wanted to use a persistence partition labeled <tt>private</tt> for personal data like browser bookmarks or other types, they would use the boot parameters: <tt>persistence</tt> <tt>persistence-label=private</tt>. And to store work related data, like documents, research projects or other types, they would use the boot parameters: <tt>persistence</tt> <tt>persistence-label=work</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#590" class="lnkocn">590</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="590">
    It is important to remember that each of these volumes, <tt>private</tt> and <tt>work</tt>, also needs a <tt>persistence.conf</tt> file in its root. The <i>live-boot</i> man page contains more information about how to use these labels with legacy names.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#591" class="lnkocn">591</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="591"><a name="591"></a>
    <a name="c10.3.3" ></a><a name="h10.3.3" ></a>10.3.3 Using persistence with encryption
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#592" class="lnkocn">592</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="592">
    Using the persistence feature means that some sensible data might get exposed to risk. Especially if the persistent data is stored on a portable device such as a usb stick or an external hard drive. That is when encryption comes in handy. Even if the entire procedure might seem complicated because of the number of steps to be taken, it is really easy to handle encrypted partitions with <i>live-boot</i>. In order to use <b>luks</b>, which is the supported encryption type, you need to install <i>cryptsetup</i> both on the machine you are creating the encrypted partition with and also in the live system you are going to use the encrypted persistent partition with.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#593" class="lnkocn">593</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="593">
    To install <i>cryptsetup</i> on your machine:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#594" class="lnkocn">594</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="594">
    # apt-get install cryptsetup<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#595" class="lnkocn">595</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="595">
    To install <i>cryptsetup</i> in your live system, add it to your package-lists:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#596" class="lnkocn">596</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="596">
    $ lb config<br>
$ echo "cryptsetup" &gt; config/package-lists/encryption.list.chroot<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#597" class="lnkocn">597</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="597">
    Once you have your live system with <i>cryptsetup</i>, you basically only need to create a new partition, encrypt it and boot with the <tt>persistence</tt> and <tt>persistence-encryption=luks</tt> parameters. We could have already anticipated this step and added the boot parameters following the usual procedure:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#598" class="lnkocn">598</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="598">
    $ lb config --bootappend-live "boot=live components persistence persistence-encryption=luks"<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#599" class="lnkocn">599</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="599">
    Let's go into the details for all of those who are not familiar with encryption. In the following example we are going to use a partition on a usb stick which corresponds to <tt>/dev/sdc2</tt>. Please be warned that you need to determine which partition is the one you are going to use in your specific case.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#600" class="lnkocn">600</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="600">
    The first step is plugging in your usb stick and determine which device it is. The recommended method of listing devices in <i>live-manual</i> is using <tt>ls -l /dev/disk/by-id</tt>. After that, create a new partition and then, encrypt it with a passphrase as follows:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#601" class="lnkocn">601</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="601">
    # cryptsetup --verify-passphrase luksFormat /dev/sdc2<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#602" class="lnkocn">602</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="602">
    Then open the luks partition in the virtual device mapper. Use any name you like. We use <b>live</b> here as an example:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#603" class="lnkocn">603</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="603">
    # cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdc2 live<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#604" class="lnkocn">604</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="604">
    The next step is filling the device with zeros before creating the filesystem:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#605" class="lnkocn">605</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="605">
    # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/mapper/live<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#606" class="lnkocn">606</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="606">
    Now, we are ready to create the filesystem. Notice that we are adding the label <tt>persistence</tt> so that the device is mounted as persistence store at boot time.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#607" class="lnkocn">607</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="607">
    # mkfs.ext4 -L persistence /dev/mapper/live<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#608" class="lnkocn">608</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="608">
    To continue with our setup, we need to mount the device, for example in <tt>/mnt</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#609" class="lnkocn">609</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="609">
    # mount /dev/mapper/live /mnt<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#610" class="lnkocn">610</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="610">
    And create the <tt>persistence.conf</tt> file in the root of the partition. This is, as explained before, strictly necessary. See  <a href="#persistence-conf">The persistence.conf file</a>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#611" class="lnkocn">611</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="611">
    # echo "/ union" &gt; /mnt/persistence.conf<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#612" class="lnkocn">612</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="612">
    Then unmount the mount point:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#613" class="lnkocn">613</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="613">
    # umount /mnt<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#614" class="lnkocn">614</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="614">
    And optionally, although it might be a good way of securing the data we have just added to the partition, we can close the device:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#615" class="lnkocn">615</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="615">
    # cryptsetup luksClose live<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#616" class="lnkocn">616</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="616">
    Let's summarize the process. So far, we have created an encryption capable live system, which can be copied to a usb stick as explained in  <a href="#copying-iso-hybrid-to-usb">Copying an ISO hybrid image to a USB stick</a>.  We have also created an encrypted partition, which can be located in the same usb stick to carry it around and we have configured the encrypted partition to be used as persistence store. So now, we only need to boot the live system. At boot time, <i>live-boot</i> will prompt us for the passphrase and will mount the encrypted partition to be used for persistence.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#617" class="lnkocn">617</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="617"><a name="617"></a>
    Customizing the binary image
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#618" class="lnkocn">618</a></label>
  <h4 class="norm" id="618"><a name="618"></a>
    <a name="h11" ></a><a name="customizing_the_binary_image" ></a><a name="customizing-binary" ></a>11. Customizing the binary image
  </h4>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#619" class="lnkocn">619</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="619"><a name="619"></a>
    <a name="c11.1" ></a><a name="h11.1" ></a>11.1 Bootloaders
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#620" class="lnkocn">620</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="620">
    <i>live-build</i> uses <i>syslinux</i> and some of its derivatives (depending on the image type) as bootloaders by default. They can be easily customized to suit your needs.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#621" class="lnkocn">621</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="621">
    In order to use a full theme, copy <tt>/usr/share/live/build/bootloaders</tt> into <tt>config/bootloaders</tt> and edit the files in there. If you do not want to bother modifying all supported bootloader configurations, only providing a local customized copy of one of the bootloaders, e.g. <b>isolinux</b> in <tt>config/bootloaders/isolinux</tt> is enough too, depending on your use case.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#622" class="lnkocn">622</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="622">
    When modifying one of the default themes, if you want to use a personalized background image that will be displayed together with the boot menu, add a splash.png picture of 640x480 pixels. Then, remove the splash.svg file.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#623" class="lnkocn">623</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="623">
    There are many possibilities when it comes to making changes. For instance, syslinux derivatives are configured by default with a timeout of 0 (zero) which means that they will pause indefinitely at their splash screen until you press a key.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#624" class="lnkocn">624</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="624">
    To modify the boot timeout of a default <tt>iso-hybrid</tt> image just edit a default <b>isolinux.cfg</b> file specifying the timeout in units of 1/10 seconds. A modified <b>isolinux.cfg</b> to boot after five seconds would be similar to this:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#625" class="lnkocn">625</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="625">
    include menu.cfg<br>
default vesamenu.c32<br>
prompt 0<br>
timeout 50<br>
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#626" class="lnkocn">626</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="626"><a name="626"></a>
    <a name="c11.2" ></a><a name="h11.2" ></a>11.2 ISO metadata
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#627" class="lnkocn">627</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="627">
    When creating an ISO9660 binary image, you can use the following options to add various textual metadata for your image. This can help you easily identify the version or configuration of an image without booting it.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#628" class="lnkocn">628</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="628">
    <tt>LB_ISO_APPLICATION/--iso-application NAME</tt>: This should describe the application that will be on the image. The maximum length for this field is 128 characters.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#629" class="lnkocn">629</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="629">
    <tt>LB_ISO_PREPARER/--iso-preparer NAME</tt>: This should describe the preparer of the image, usually with some contact details. The default for this option is the <i>live-build</i> version you are using, which may help with debugging later. The maximum length for this field is 128 characters.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#630" class="lnkocn">630</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="630">
    <tt>LB_ISO_PUBLISHER/--iso-publisher NAME</tt>: This should describe the publisher of the image, usually with some contact details. The maximum length for this field is 128 characters.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#631" class="lnkocn">631</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="631">
    <tt>LB_ISO_VOLUME/--iso-volume NAME</tt>: This should specify the volume ID of the image. This is used as a user-visible label on some platforms such as Windows and Apple Mac OS. The maximum length for this field is 32 characters.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#632" class="lnkocn">632</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="632"><a name="632"></a>
    Customizing Debian Installer
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#633" class="lnkocn">633</a></label>
  <h4 class="norm" id="633"><a name="633"></a>
    <a name="h12" ></a><a name="customizing_debian_installer" ></a><a name="customizing-installer" ></a>12. Customizing Debian Installer
  </h4>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#634" class="lnkocn">634</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="634">
    Live system images can be integrated with Debian Installer. There are a number of different types of installation, varying in what is included and how the installer operates.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#635" class="lnkocn">635</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="635">
    Please note the careful use of capital letters when referring to the "Debian Installer" in this section - when used like this we refer explicitly to the official installer for the Debian system, not anything else. It is often seen abbreviated to "d-i".
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#636" class="lnkocn">636</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="636"><a name="636"></a>
    <a name="c12.1" ></a><a name="h12.1" ></a>12.1 Types of Debian Installer
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#637" class="lnkocn">637</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="637">
    The three main types of installer are:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#638" class="lnkocn">638</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="638">
    <b>"Normal" Debian Installer</b>: This is a normal live system image with a separate kernel and initrd which (when selected from the appropriate bootloader) launches into a standard Debian Installer instance, just as if you had downloaded a CD image of Debian and booted it. Images containing a live system and such an otherwise independent installer are often referred to as "combined images".
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#639" class="lnkocn">639</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="639">
    On such images, Debian is installed by fetching and installing .deb packages using <i>debootstrap</i>, from local media or some network-based network, resulting in a default Debian system being installed to the hard disk.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#640" class="lnkocn">640</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="640">
    This whole process can be preseeded and customized in a number of ways; see the relevant pages in the Debian Installer manual for more information. Once you have a working preseeding file, <i>live-build</i> can automatically put it in the image and enable it for you.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#641" class="lnkocn">641</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="641">
    <b>"Live" Debian Installer</b>: This is a live system image with a separate kernel and initrd which (when selected from the appropriate bootloader) launches into an instance of the Debian Installer.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#642" class="lnkocn">642</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="642">
    Installation will proceed in an identical fashion to the "normal" installation described above, but at the actual package installation stage, instead of using <i>debootstrap</i> to fetch and install packages, the live filesystem image is copied to the target. This is achieved with a special udeb called <i>live-installer</i>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#643" class="lnkocn">643</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="643">
    After this stage, the Debian Installer continues as normal, installing and configuring items such as bootloaders and local users, etc.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#644" class="lnkocn">644</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="644">
    <b>Note:</b> to support both normal and live installer entries in the bootloader of the same live medium, you must disable <i>live-installer</i> by preseeding <tt>live-installer/enable=false</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#645" class="lnkocn">645</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="645">
    <b>"Desktop" Debian Installer</b>: Regardless of the type of Debian Installer included, <tt>d-i</tt> can be launched from the Desktop by clicking on an icon. This is user friendlier in some situations. In order to make use of this, the <i>debian-installer-launcher</i> package needs to be included.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#646" class="lnkocn">646</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="646">
    Note that by default, <i>live-build</i> does not include Debian Installer images in the images, it needs to be specifically enabled with <tt>lb config</tt>. Also, please note that for the "Desktop" installer to work, the kernel of the live system must match the kernel <tt>d-i</tt> uses for the specified architecture. For example:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#647" class="lnkocn">647</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="647">
    $ lb config --architectures i386 --linux-flavours 586 \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;--debian-installer live<br>
$ echo debian-installer-launcher &gt;&gt; config/package-lists/my.list.chroot<br>
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#648" class="lnkocn">648</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="648"><a name="648"></a>
    <a name="c12.2" ></a><a name="h12.2" ></a>12.2 Customizing Debian Installer by preseeding
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#649" class="lnkocn">649</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="649">
    As described in the Debian Installer Manual, Appendix B at ‹<a href="https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/i386/apb.html" target="_top">https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/i386/apb.html</a>›, "Preseeding provides a way to set answers to questions asked during the installation process, without having to manually enter the answers while the installation is running. This makes it possible to fully automate most types of installation and even offers some features not available during normal installations." This kind of customization is best accomplished with <i>live-build</i> by placing the configuration in a <tt>preseed.cfg</tt> file included in <tt>config/includes.installer/</tt>. For example, to preseed setting the locale to <tt>en_US</tt>:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#650" class="lnkocn">650</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="650">
    $ echo "d-i debian-installer/locale string en_US" \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&gt;&gt; config/includes.installer/preseed.cfg<br>
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#651" class="lnkocn">651</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="651"><a name="651"></a>
    <a name="c12.3" ></a><a name="h12.3" ></a>12.3 Customizing Debian Installer content
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#652" class="lnkocn">652</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="652">
    For experimental or debugging purposes, you might want to include locally built <tt>d-i</tt> component udeb packages. Place these in <tt>config/packages.binary/</tt> to include them in the image. Additional or replacement files and directories may be included in the installer initrd as well, in a similar fashion to  <a href="#live-chroot-local-includes">Live/chroot local includes</a>,  by placing the material in <tt>config/includes.installer/</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#653" class="lnkocn">653</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="653"><a name="653"></a>
    Proiect
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#654" class="lnkocn">654</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="654"><a name="654"></a>
    Contributing to the project
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#655" class="lnkocn">655</a></label>
  <h4 class="norm" id="655"><a name="655"></a>
    <a name="h13" ></a><a name="contributing_to_the_project" ></a><a name="contributing-to-project" ></a>13. Contributing to the project
  </h4>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#656" class="lnkocn">656</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="656">
    When submitting a contribution, please clearly identify its copyright holder and include any applicable licensing statement. Note that to be accepted, the contribution must be licensed under the same license as the rest of the documents, namely, GPL version 3 or later.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#657" class="lnkocn">657</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="657">
    Contributions to the project, such as translations and patches, are greatly welcome. Anyone can directly commit to the repositories, however, we ask you to send bigger changes to the mailing list to discuss them first. See the section  <a href="#contact">Contact</a>  for more information.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#658" class="lnkocn">658</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="658">
    The Live Systems Project uses Git as version control system and source code management. As explained in  <a href="#git-repositories">Git repositories</a>  there are two main development branches: <b>debian</b> and <b>debian-next</b>. Everybody can commit to the debian-next branches of the <i>live-boot</i>, <i>live-build</i>, <i>live-config</i>, <i>live-images</i>, <i>live-manual</i> and <i>live-tools</i> repositories.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#659" class="lnkocn">659</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="659">
    However, there are certain restrictions. The server will reject:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#660" class="lnkocn">660</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="660">
    Non fast-forward pushes.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#661" class="lnkocn">661</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="661">
    Merge commits.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#662" class="lnkocn">662</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="662">
    Adding or removing tags or branches.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#663" class="lnkocn">663</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="663">
    Even though all commits might be revised, we ask you to use your common sense and make good commits with good commit messages.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#664" class="lnkocn">664</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="664">
    Write commit messages that consist of complete, meaningful sentences in English, starting with a capital letter and ending with a full stop. Usually, these will start with the form "Fixing/Adding/Removing/Correcting/Translating/...".
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#665" class="lnkocn">665</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="665">
    Write good commit messages. The first line must be an accurate summary of the contents of the commit which will be included in the changelog. If you need to make some further explanations, write them below leaving a blank line after the first one and then another blank line after each paragraph. Lines of paragraphs should not exceed 80 characters in length.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#666" class="lnkocn">666</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="666">
    Commit atomically, this is to say, do not mix unrelated things in the same commit. Make one different commit for each change you make.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#667" class="lnkocn">667</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="667"><a name="667"></a>
    <a name="c13.1" ></a><a name="h13.1" ></a>13.1 Making changes
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#668" class="lnkocn">668</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="668">
    In order to push to the repositories, you must follow the following procedure. Here we use <i>live-manual</i> as an example so replace it with the name of the repository you want to work with. For detailed information on how to edit <i>live-manual</i> see  <a href="#how-to-contribute">Contributing to this document</a>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#669" class="lnkocn">669</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="669">
    Fetch the public commit key:
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#670" class="lnkocn">670</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="670">
    $ mkdir -p ~/.ssh/keys<br>
$ wget http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/other/keys/git@debian-live.alioth.debian.org -O ~/.ssh/keys/git@debian-live.alioth.debian.org<br>
$ wget http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/other/keys/git@debian-live.alioth.debian.org.pub -O ~/.ssh/keys/git@debian-live.alioth.debian.org.pub<br>
$ chmod 0600 ~/.ssh/keys/git@debian-live.alioth.debian.org*<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#671" class="lnkocn">671</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="671">
    Adaugati urmatoarea sectiuna la openssh-client config:
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#672" class="lnkocn">672</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="672">
    $ cat &gt;&gt; ~/.ssh/config &lt;&lt; EOF<br>
Host debian-live.alioth.debian.org<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hostname debian-live.alioth.debian.org<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;User git<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;IdentitiesOnly yes<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;IdentityFile ~/.ssh/keys/git@debian-live.alioth.debian.org<br>
EOF<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#673" class="lnkocn">673</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="673">
    Check out a clone of <i>live-manual</i> through ssh:
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#674" class="lnkocn">674</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="674">
    $ git clone ssh://git.debian.org/git/debian-live/live-manual.git<br>
$ cd live-manual &amp;&amp; git checkout debian-next<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#675" class="lnkocn">675</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="675">
    Make sure you have Git author and email set:
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#676" class="lnkocn">676</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="676">
    &nbsp;&nbsp;$ git config user.name "John Doe"<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;$ git config user.email john@example.org<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#677" class="lnkocn">677</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="677">
    <b>Important:</b> Remember that you should commit any changes on the <b>debian-next</b> branch.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#678" class="lnkocn">678</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="678">
    Make your changes. In this example you would first write a new section dealing with applying patches and then prepare to commit adding the files and writing your commit message like this:
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#679" class="lnkocn">679</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="679">
    $ git commit -a -m "Adding a section on applying patches."<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#680" class="lnkocn">680</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="680">
    Primite commit-ul la server:
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#681" class="lnkocn">681</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="681">
    $ git push<br>
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#682" class="lnkocn">682</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="682"><a name="682"></a>
    <a name="h13.2" ></a><a name="translation-of-manpages" ></a>13.2 Translation of man pages
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#683" class="lnkocn">683</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="683">
    You can also contribute to the project working on the translation of the man pages for the different live-* packages that the project maintains. The procedure is different depending on whether you are starting a translation from scratch or continue working on an already existing one:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#684" class="lnkocn">684</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="684">
    Working on an already existing translation
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#685" class="lnkocn">685</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="685">
    If you want to maintain the translation of an already existing language you have to make your changes to your <tt>manpages/po/${LANGUAGE}/*.po</tt> file or files and then run <tt>make rebuild</tt> from inside the <tt>manpages/</tt> directory. This will update the actual man pages in <tt>manpages/${LANGUAGE}/*</tt>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#686" class="lnkocn">686</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="686">
    Starting a new translation from scratch
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#687" class="lnkocn">687</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="687">
    In order to add a new translation of any of the project's man pages you have to follow a similar procedure. It could be summarized as follows:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#688" class="lnkocn">688</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="i2" id="688">
    Open the <tt>manpages/pot/</tt> file or files in your favourite editor, such as <i>poedit</i>, and save it as a .po file in <tt>manpages/po/${LANGUAGE}/</tt>. (You will have to create your <tt>${LANGUAGE}/</tt> directory).
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#689" class="lnkocn">689</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="i2" id="689">
    Run <tt>make rebuild</tt> from inside the <tt>manpages/</tt> directory to create the <tt>manpages/${LANGUAGE}/</tt> files which will contain the actual man pages.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#690" class="lnkocn">690</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="690">
    Remember that you will have to add all the directories and files, then make the commit and finally push to the git server.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#691" class="lnkocn">691</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="691"><a name="691"></a>
    Reporting bugs
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#692" class="lnkocn">692</a></label>
  <h4 class="norm" id="692"><a name="692"></a>
    <a name="h14" ></a><a name="reporting_bugs" ></a><a name="bugs" ></a>14. Reporting bugs
  </h4>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#693" class="lnkocn">693</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="693">
    Live systems are far from being perfect, but we want to make it as close as possible to perfect - with your help. Do not hesitate to report a bug. It is better to fill a report twice than never. However, this chapter includes recommendations on how to file good bug reports.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#694" class="lnkocn">694</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="694">
    For the impatient:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#695" class="lnkocn">695</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="695">
    Always check first the image status updates on our homepage at ‹<a href="http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/" target="_top">http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/</a>› for known issues.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#696" class="lnkocn">696</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="696">
    Before submitting a bug report always try to reproduce the bug with the <b>most recent versions</b> of the branch of <i>live-build</i>, <i>live-boot</i>, <i>live-config</i> and <i>live-tools</i> that you're using (like the newest 4.x version of <i>live-build</i> if you're using <i>live-build</i> 4).
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#697" class="lnkocn">697</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="697">
    Try to give <b>as specific information as possible</b> about the bug. This includes (at least) the version of <i>live-build</i>, <i>live-boot</i>, <i>live-config</i>, and <i>live-tools</i> used and the distribution of the live system you are building.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#698" class="lnkocn">698</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="698"><a name="698"></a>
    <a name="c14.1" ></a><a name="h14.1" ></a>14.1 Known issues
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#699" class="lnkocn">699</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="699">
    Since Debian <b>testing</b> and Debian <b>unstable</b> distributions are moving targets, when you specify either of them as the target system distribution, a successful build may not always be possible.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#700" class="lnkocn">700</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="700">
    If this causes too much difficulty for you, do not build a system based on <b>testing</b> or <b>unstable</b>, but rather, use <b>stable</b>. <i>live-build</i> always defaults to the <b>stable</b> release.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#701" class="lnkocn">701</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="701">
    Currently known issues are listed under the section 'status' on our homepage at ‹<a href="http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/" target="_top">http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/</a>›.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#702" class="lnkocn">702</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="702">
    It is out of the scope of this manual to train you to correctly identify and fix problems in packages of the development distributions, however, there are two things you can always try: If a build fails when the target distribution is <b>testing</b>, try <b>unstable</b>. If <b>unstable</b> does not work either, revert to <b>testing</b> and pin the newer version of the failing package from <b>unstable</b> (see  <a href="#apt-pinning">APT pinning</a>  for details).
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#703" class="lnkocn">703</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="703"><a name="703"></a>
    <a name="c14.2" ></a><a name="h14.2" ></a>14.2 Rebuild from scratch
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#704" class="lnkocn">704</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="704">
    To ensure that a particular bug is not caused by an uncleanly built system, please always rebuild the whole live system from scratch to see if the bug is reproducible.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#705" class="lnkocn">705</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="705"><a name="705"></a>
    <a name="c14.3" ></a><a name="h14.3" ></a>14.3 Use up-to-date packages
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#706" class="lnkocn">706</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="706">
    Using outdated packages can cause significant problems when trying to reproduce (and ultimately fix) your problem. Make sure your build system is up-to-date and any packages included in your image are up-to-date as well.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#707" class="lnkocn">707</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="707"><a name="707"></a>
    <a name="h14.4" ></a><a name="collect-information" ></a>14.4 Collect information
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#708" class="lnkocn">708</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="708">
    Please provide enough information with your report. Include, at least, the exact version of <i>live-build</i> where the bug is encountered and the steps to reproduce it. Please use your common sense and provide any other relevant information if you think that it might help in solving the problem.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#709" class="lnkocn">709</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="709">
    To make the most out of your bug report, we require at least the following information:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#710" class="lnkocn">710</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="710">
    Architecture of the host system
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#711" class="lnkocn">711</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="711">
    Distribution of the host system
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#712" class="lnkocn">712</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="712">
    Version of <i>live-build</i> on the host system
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#713" class="lnkocn">713</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="713">
    Version of <i>debootstrap</i> on the host system
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#714" class="lnkocn">714</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="714">
    Architecture of the live system
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#715" class="lnkocn">715</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="715">
    Distribution of the live system
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#716" class="lnkocn">716</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="716">
    Version of <i>live-boot</i> on the live system
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#717" class="lnkocn">717</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="717">
    Version of <i>live-config</i> on the live system
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#718" class="lnkocn">718</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="718">
    Version of <i>live-tools</i> on the live system
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#719" class="lnkocn">719</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="719">
    You can generate a log of the build process by using the <tt>tee</tt> command. We recommend doing this automatically with an <tt>auto/build</tt> script (see  <a href="#managing-a-configuration">Managing a configuration</a>  for details).
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#720" class="lnkocn">720</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="720">
    # lb build 2&gt;&amp;1 | tee build.log<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#721" class="lnkocn">721</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="721">
    At boot time, <i>live-boot</i> and <i>live-config</i> store their logfiles in <tt>/var/log/live/</tt>. Check them for error messages.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#722" class="lnkocn">722</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="722">
    Additionally, to rule out other errors, it is always a good idea to tar up your <tt>config/</tt> directory and upload it somewhere (do <b>not</b> send it as an attachment to the mailing list), so that we can try to reproduce the errors you encountered. If this is difficult (e.g. due to size) you can use the output of <tt>lb config --dump</tt> which produces a summary of your config tree (i.e. lists files in subdirectories of <tt>config/</tt> but does not include them).
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#723" class="lnkocn">723</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="723">
    Remember to send in any logs that were produced with English locale settings, e.g. run your <i>live-build</i> commands with a leading <tt>LC_ALL=C</tt> or <tt>LC_ALL=en_US</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#724" class="lnkocn">724</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="724"><a name="724"></a>
    <a name="c14.5" ></a><a name="h14.5" ></a>14.5 Isolate the failing case if possible
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#725" class="lnkocn">725</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="725">
    If possible, isolate the failing case to the smallest possible change that breaks. It is not always easy to do this so if you cannot manage it for your report, do not worry. However, if you plan your development cycle well, using small enough change sets per iteration, you may be able to isolate the problem by constructing a simpler 'base' configuration that closely matches your actual configuration plus just the broken change set added to it. If you have a hard time sorting out which of your changes broke, it may be that you are including too much in each change set and should develop in smaller increments.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#726" class="lnkocn">726</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="726"><a name="726"></a>
    <a name="c14.6" ></a><a name="h14.6" ></a>14.6 Use the correct package to report the bug against
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#727" class="lnkocn">727</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="727">
    If you do not know what component is responsible for the bug or if the bug is a general bug concerning live systems, you can fill a bug against the debian-live pseudo-package.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#728" class="lnkocn">728</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="728">
    However, we would appreciate it if you try to narrow it down according to where the bug appears.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#729" class="lnkocn">729</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="729"><a name="729"></a>
    <a name="c14.6.1" ></a><a name="h14.6.1" ></a>14.6.1 At build time while bootstrapping
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#730" class="lnkocn">730</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="730">
    <i>live-build</i> first bootstraps a basic Debian system with <i>debootstrap</i>. If a bug appears here, check if the error is related to a specific Debian package (most likely), or if it is related to the bootstrapping tool itself.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#731" class="lnkocn">731</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="731">
    In both cases, this is not a bug in the live system, but rather in Debian itself and probably we cannot fix it directly. Please report such a bug against the bootstrapping tool or the failing package.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#732" class="lnkocn">732</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="732"><a name="732"></a>
    <a name="c14.6.2" ></a><a name="h14.6.2" ></a>14.6.2 At build time while installing packages
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#733" class="lnkocn">733</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="733">
    <i>live-build</i> installs additional packages from the Debian archive and depending on the Debian distribution used and the daily archive state, it can fail. If a bug appears here, check if the error is also reproducible on a normal system.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#734" class="lnkocn">734</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="734">
    If this is the case, this is not a bug in the live system, but rather in Debian - please report it against the failing package. Running <i>debootstrap</i> separately from the Live system build or running <tt>lb bootstrap --debug</tt> will give you more information.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#735" class="lnkocn">735</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="735">
    Also, if you are using a local mirror and/or any sort of proxy and you are experiencing a problem, please always reproduce it first by bootstrapping from an official mirror.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#736" class="lnkocn">736</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="736"><a name="736"></a>
    <a name="c14.6.3" ></a><a name="h14.6.3" ></a>14.6.3 At boot time
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#737" class="lnkocn">737</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="737">
    If your image does not boot, please report it to the mailing list together with the information requested in  <a href="#collect-information">Collect information</a>.  Do not forget to mention, how/when the image failed exactly, whether using virtualization or real hardware. If you are using a virtualization technology of any kind, please always run it on real hardware before reporting a bug. Providing a screenshot of the failure is also very helpful.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#738" class="lnkocn">738</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="738"><a name="738"></a>
    <a name="c14.6.4" ></a><a name="h14.6.4" ></a>14.6.4 At run time
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#739" class="lnkocn">739</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="739">
    If a package was successfully installed, but fails while actually running the Live system, this is probably a bug in the live system. However:
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#740" class="lnkocn">740</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="740"><a name="740"></a>
    <a name="c14.7" ></a><a name="h14.7" ></a>14.7 Do the research
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#741" class="lnkocn">741</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="741">
    Before filing the bug, please search the web for the particular error message or symptom you are getting. As it is highly unlikely that you are the only person experiencing a particular problem. There is always a chance that it has been discussed elsewhere and a possible solution, patch, or workaround has been proposed.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#742" class="lnkocn">742</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="742">
    You should pay particular attention to the live systems mailing list, as well as the homepage, as these are likely to contain the most up-to-date information. If such information exists, always include the references to it in your bug report.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#743" class="lnkocn">743</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="743">
    In addition, you should check the current bug lists for <i>live-build</i>, <i>live-boot</i>, <i>live-config</i> and <i>live-tools</i> to see whether something similar has already been reported.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#744" class="lnkocn">744</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="744"><a name="744"></a>
    <a name="c14.8" ></a><a name="h14.8" ></a>14.8 Where to report bugs
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#745" class="lnkocn">745</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="745">
    The Live Systems Project keeps track of all bugs in the Bug Tracking System (BTS). For information on how to use the system, please see ‹<a href="https://bugs.debian.org/" target="_top">https://bugs.debian.org/</a>›. You can also submit the bugs by using the <tt>reportbug</tt> command from the package with the same name.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#746" class="lnkocn">746</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="746">
    In general, you should report build time errors against the <i>live-build</i> package, boot time errors against <i>live-boot</i>, and run time errors against <i>live-config</i>. If you are unsure of which package is appropriate or need more help before submitting a bug report, please report it against the debian-live pseudo-package. We will then take care about it and reassign it where appropriate.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#747" class="lnkocn">747</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="747">
    Please note that bugs found in distributions derived from Debian (such as Ubuntu and others) should <b>not</b> be reported to the Debian BTS unless they can be also reproduced on a Debian system using official Debian packages.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#748" class="lnkocn">748</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="748"><a name="748"></a>
    Coding Style
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#749" class="lnkocn">749</a></label>
  <h4 class="norm" id="749"><a name="749"></a>
    <a name="h15" ></a><a name="coding_style" ></a><a name="coding-style" ></a>15. Coding Style
  </h4>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#750" class="lnkocn">750</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="750">
    This chapter documents the coding style used in live systems.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#751" class="lnkocn">751</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="751"><a name="751"></a>
    <a name="c15.1" ></a><a name="h15.1" ></a>15.1 Compatibility
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#752" class="lnkocn">752</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="752">
    Don't use syntax or semantics that are unique to the Bash shell. For example, the use of array constructs.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#753" class="lnkocn">753</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="753">
    Only use the POSIX subset - for example, use $(foo) over `foo`.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#754" class="lnkocn">754</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="754">
    You can check your scripts with 'sh -n' and 'checkbashisms'.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#755" class="lnkocn">755</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="755">
    Make sure all shell code runs with 'set -e'.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#756" class="lnkocn">756</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="756"><a name="756"></a>
    <a name="c15.2" ></a><a name="h15.2" ></a>15.2 Indenting
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#757" class="lnkocn">757</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="757">
    Always use tabs over spaces.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#758" class="lnkocn">758</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="758"><a name="758"></a>
    <a name="c15.3" ></a><a name="h15.3" ></a>15.3 Wrapping
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#759" class="lnkocn">759</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="759">
    Generally, lines are 80 chars at maximum.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#760" class="lnkocn">760</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="760">
    Use the "Linux style" of line breaks:
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#761" class="lnkocn">761</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="761">
    Bad:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#762" class="lnkocn">762</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="762">
    if foo; then<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bar<br>
fi<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#763" class="lnkocn">763</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="763">
    Good:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#764" class="lnkocn">764</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="764">
    if foo<br>
then<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bar<br>
fi<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#765" class="lnkocn">765</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="765">
    The same holds for functions:
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#766" class="lnkocn">766</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="766">
    Bad:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#767" class="lnkocn">767</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="767">
    Foo () {<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bar<br>
}<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#768" class="lnkocn">768</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="768">
    Good:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#769" class="lnkocn">769</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="769">
    Foo ()<br>
{<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bar<br>
}<br>
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#770" class="lnkocn">770</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="770"><a name="770"></a>
    <a name="c15.4" ></a><a name="h15.4" ></a>15.4 Variables
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#771" class="lnkocn">771</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="771">
    Variables are always in capital letters.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#772" class="lnkocn">772</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="772">
    Variables used in <i>live-build</i> always start with <tt>LB_</tt> prefix.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#773" class="lnkocn">773</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="773">
    Internal temporary variables in <i>live-build</i> should start with the <tt>&#095;LB_</tt> prefix.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#774" class="lnkocn">774</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="774">
    Local variables start with <i>live-build</i> <tt>&#095;&#095;LB_</tt> prefix.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#775" class="lnkocn">775</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="775">
    Variables in connection to a boot parameter in <i>live-config</i> start with <tt>LIVE_</tt>.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#776" class="lnkocn">776</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="776">
    All other variables in <i>live-config</i> start with <tt>_</tt> prefix.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#777" class="lnkocn">777</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="777">
    Use braces around variables; e.g. write <tt>${FOO}</tt> instead of <tt>$FOO</tt>.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#778" class="lnkocn">778</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="778">
    Always protect variables with quotes to respect potential whitespaces: write <tt>"${FOO}"</tt> not <tt>${FOO}</tt>.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#779" class="lnkocn">779</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="779">
    For consistency reasons, always use quotes when assigning values to variables:
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#780" class="lnkocn">780</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="780">
    Bad:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#781" class="lnkocn">781</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="781">
    FOO=bar<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#782" class="lnkocn">782</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="782">
    Good:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#783" class="lnkocn">783</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="783">
    FOO="bar"<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#784" class="lnkocn">784</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="784">
    If multiple variables are used, quote the full expression:
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#785" class="lnkocn">785</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="785">
    Bad:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#786" class="lnkocn">786</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="786">
    if [ -f "${FOO}"/foo/"${BAR}"/bar ]<br>
then<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;foobar<br>
fi<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#787" class="lnkocn">787</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="787">
    Good:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#788" class="lnkocn">788</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="788">
    if [ -f "${FOO}/foo/${BAR}/bar" ]<br>
then<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;foobar<br>
fi<br>
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#789" class="lnkocn">789</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="789"><a name="789"></a>
    <a name="c15.5" ></a><a name="h15.5" ></a>15.5 Miscellaneous
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#790" class="lnkocn">790</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="790">
    Use "<tt>|</tt>" (without the surround quotes) as a separator in calls to sed, e.g. "<tt>sed -e 's|foo|bar|'</tt>" (without "").
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#791" class="lnkocn">791</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="791">
    Don't use the <tt>test</tt> command for comparisons or tests, use "<tt>[</tt>" "<tt>]</tt>" (without ""); e.g. "<tt>if [ -x /bin/foo ]; ...</tt>" and not "<tt>if test -x /bin/foo; ...</tt>".
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#792" class="lnkocn">792</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="792">
    Use <tt>case</tt> wherever possible over <tt>test</tt>, as it's easier to read and faster in execution.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#793" class="lnkocn">793</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="793">
    Use capitalized names for functions to limit messing with the users environment.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#794" class="lnkocn">794</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="794"><a name="794"></a>
    Procedures
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#795" class="lnkocn">795</a></label>
  <h4 class="norm" id="795"><a name="795"></a>
    <a name="h16" ></a><a name="procedures" ></a>16. Procedures
  </h4>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#796" class="lnkocn">796</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="796">
    This chapter documents the procedures within the Live Systems Project for various tasks that need cooperation with other teams in Debian.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#797" class="lnkocn">797</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="797"><a name="797"></a>
    <a name="c16.1" ></a><a name="h16.1" ></a>16.1 Major Releases
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#798" class="lnkocn">798</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="798">
    Releasing a new stable major version of Debian includes a lot of different teams working together to make it happen. At some point, the Live team comes in and builds live system images. The requirements to do this are:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#799" class="lnkocn">799</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="799">
    A mirror containing the released versions for the debian and debian-security archives which the debian-live buildd can access.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#800" class="lnkocn">800</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="800">
    The names of the image need to be known (e.g. debian-live-VERSION-ARCH-FLAVOUR.iso).
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#801" class="lnkocn">801</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="801">
    The data from debian-cd needs to be synced (udeb exclude lists).
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#802" class="lnkocn">802</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="802">
    Images are built and mirrored on cdimage.debian.org.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#803" class="lnkocn">803</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="803"><a name="803"></a>
    <a name="c16.2" ></a><a name="h16.2" ></a>16.2 Point Releases
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#804" class="lnkocn">804</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="804">
    Again, we need updated mirrors of debian and debian-security.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#805" class="lnkocn">805</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="805">
    Images are built and mirrored on cdimage.debian.org.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#806" class="lnkocn">806</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="806">
    Send announcement mail.
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#807" class="lnkocn">807</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="807"><a name="807"></a>
    <a name="c16.2.1" ></a><a name="h16.2.1" ></a>16.2.1 Last Point Release of a Debian Release
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#808" class="lnkocn">808</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="808">
    Remember to adjust both chroot and binary mirrors when building the last set of images for a Debian release after it has been moved away from ftp.debian.org to archive.debian.org. That way, old prebuilt live images are still useful without user modifications.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#809" class="lnkocn">809</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="809"><a name="809"></a>
    <a name="c16.2.2" ></a><a name="h16.2.2" ></a>16.2.2 Point release announcement template
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#810" class="lnkocn">810</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="810">
    An announcement mail for point releases can be generated using the template below and the following command:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#811" class="lnkocn">811</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="811">
    $ sed \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-e 's|@MAJOR@|9.0|g' \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-e 's|@MINOR@|9.0.1|g' \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-e 's|@CODENAME@|stretch|g' \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-e 's|@ANNOUNCE@|2017/msgXXXXX.html|g'<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#812" class="lnkocn">812</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="812">
    Please check the mail carefully before sending and pass it to others for proof-reading.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#813" class="lnkocn">813</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="813">
    Updated Live @MAJOR@: @MINOR@ released<br><br>
The Live Systems Project is pleased to announce the @MINOR@ update of the<br>
Live images for the stable distribution Debian @MAJOR@ (codename "@CODENAME@").<br><br>
The images are available for download at:<br><br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/cdimage/release/current/&gt;<br> <br>
and later at:<br><br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/release/current-live/&gt;<br> <br>
This update includes the changes of the Debian @MINOR@ release:<br><br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;https://lists.debian.org/debian-announce/@ANNOUNCE@&gt;<br> <br>
Additionally it includes the following Live-specific changes:<br><br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;* [INSERT LIVE-SPECIFIC CHANGE HERE]<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;* [INSERT LIVE-SPECIFIC CHANGE HERE]<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;* [LARGER ISSUES MAY DESERVE THEIR OWN SECTION]<br><br>
About Live Systems<br>
------------------<br>
The Live Systems Project produces the tools used to build official<br>
live systems and the official live images themselves for Debian.<br><br>
About Debian<br>
------------<br>
The Debian Project is an association of Free Software developers who<br>
volunteer their time and effort in order to produce the completely free<br>
operating system Debian.<br><br>
Contact Information<br>
-------------------<br>
For further information, please visit the Live Systems web pages at<br>
&lt;http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/&gt;, or contact the Live Systems team at<br>
&lt;debian-live@lists.debian.org&gt;.<br>
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#814" class="lnkocn">814</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="814"><a name="814"></a>
    Git repositories
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#815" class="lnkocn">815</a></label>
  <h4 class="norm" id="815"><a name="815"></a>
    <a name="h17" ></a><a name="git_repositories" ></a><a name="git-repositories" ></a>17. Git repositories
  </h4>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#816" class="lnkocn">816</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="816">
    The list of all the available repositories of the Live Systems Project can be found at ‹<a href="http://http://anonscm.debian.org/cgit/debian-live/" target="_top">http://http://anonscm.debian.org/cgit/debian-live/</a>›. The project's git URLs have the form: <tt>protocol://http://anonscm.debian.org/git/debian-live/repository</tt>. Thus, in order to clone <i>live-manual</i> read-only, launch:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#817" class="lnkocn">817</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="817">
    $ git clone git://http://anonscm.debian.org/git/debian-live/live-manual.git<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#818" class="lnkocn">818</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="818">
    Or,
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#819" class="lnkocn">819</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="819">
    $ git clone https://http://anonscm.debian.org/git/debian-live/live-manual.git<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#820" class="lnkocn">820</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="820">
    Or,
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#821" class="lnkocn">821</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="821">
    $ git clone http://http://anonscm.debian.org/git/debian-live/live-manual.git<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#822" class="lnkocn">822</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="822">
    The cloning addresses with write permission have the form: <tt>ssh://git.debian.org/git/debian-live/repository</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#823" class="lnkocn">823</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="823">
    So, again, to clone <i>live-manual</i> over ssh you must type:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#824" class="lnkocn">824</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="824">
    $ git clone ssh://git.debian.org/git/debian-live/live-manual.git<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#825" class="lnkocn">825</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="825">
    The git tree is made up of several different branches. The <b>debian</b> and the <b>debian-next</b> branches are particularly noteworthy because they contain the actual work that will eventually be included in each new release.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#826" class="lnkocn">826</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="826">
    After cloning any of the existing repositories, you will be on the <b>debian</b> branch. This is appropriate to take a look at the state of the project's latest release but before starting work it is crucial to switch to the <b>debian-next</b> branch. To do so:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#827" class="lnkocn">827</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="827">
    $ git checkout debian-next<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#828" class="lnkocn">828</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="828">
    The <b>debian-next</b> branch, which is not always fast-forward, is where all the changes are committed first before being merged into the <b>debian</b> branch. To make an analogy, it is like a testing ground. If you are working on this branch and need to pull, you will have to do a <tt>git pull --rebase</tt> so that your local modifications are staged while pulling from the server and then your changes will be put on top of it all.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#829" class="lnkocn">829</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="829"><a name="829"></a>
    <a name="c17.1" ></a><a name="h17.1" ></a>17.1 Handling multiple repositories
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#830" class="lnkocn">830</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="830">
    If you intend to clone several of the live systems repositories and want to switch to the <b>debian-next</b> branch right away to check the latest code, write a patch or contribute with a translation you ought to know that the git server provides a <tt>mrconfig</tt> file to ease the handling of multiple repositories. In order to use it you need to install the <i>mr</i> package and after that, launch:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#831" class="lnkocn">831</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="831">
    $&nbsp;&nbsp;mr bootstrap http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/other/mr/mrconfig<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#832" class="lnkocn">832</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="832">
    This command will automatically clone and checkout to the <b>debian-next</b> branch the development repositories of the Debian packages produced by the project. These include, among others, the <i>live-images</i> repository, which contains the configurations used for the prebuilt images that the project publishes for general use. For more information on how to use this repository, see  <a href="#clone-configuration-via-git">Clone a configuration published via Git</a>
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#833" class="lnkocn">833</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="833"><a name="833"></a>
    Exemple
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#834" class="lnkocn">834</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="834"><a name="834"></a>
    Exemple
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#835" class="lnkocn">835</a></label>
  <h4 class="norm" id="835"><a name="835"></a>
    <a name="h18" ></a><a name="examples" ></a>18. Examples
  </h4>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#836" class="lnkocn">836</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="836">
    This chapter covers example builds for specific use cases with live systems. If you are new to building your own live system images, we recommend you first look at the three tutorials in sequence, as each one teaches new techniques that will help you use and understand the remaining examples.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#837" class="lnkocn">837</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="837"><a name="837"></a>
    <a name="h18.1" ></a><a name="using-the-examples" ></a>18.1 Using the examples
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#838" class="lnkocn">838</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="838">
    To use these examples you need a system to build them on that meets the requirements listed in  <a href="#requirements">Requirements</a>  and has <i>live-build</i> installed as described in  <a href="#installing-live-build">Installing live-build</a>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#839" class="lnkocn">839</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="839">
    Note that, for the sake of brevity, in these examples we do not specify a local mirror to use for the build. You can speed up downloads considerably if you use a local mirror. You may specify the options when you use <tt>lb config</tt>, as described in  <a href="#distribution-mirrors-build-time">Distribution mirrors used at build time</a>,  or for more convenience, set the default for your build system in <tt>/etc/live/build.conf</tt>. Simply create this file and in it, set the corresponding <tt>LB_MIRROR_*</tt> variables to your preferred mirror. All other mirrors used in the build will be defaulted from these values. For example:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#840" class="lnkocn">840</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="840">
    LB_MIRROR_BOOTSTRAP="http://mirror/debian/" <br>
LB_MIRROR_CHROOT_SECURITY="http://mirror/debian-security/" <br>
LB_MIRROR_CHROOT_BACKPORTS="http://mirror/debian-backports/"<br>
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#841" class="lnkocn">841</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="841"><a name="841"></a>
    <a name="h18.2" ></a><a name="tutorial-1" ></a>18.2 Tutorial 1: A default image
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#842" class="lnkocn">842</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="842">
    <b>Use case:</b> Create a simple first image, learning the basics of <i>live-build</i>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#843" class="lnkocn">843</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="843">
    In this tutorial, we will build a default ISO hybrid live system image containing only base packages (no Xorg) and some live system support packages, as a first exercise in using <i>live-build</i>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#844" class="lnkocn">844</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="844">
    You can't get much simpler than this:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#845" class="lnkocn">845</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="845">
    $ mkdir tutorial1 ; cd tutorial1 ; lb config<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#846" class="lnkocn">846</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="846">
    Examine the contents of the <tt>config/</tt> directory if you wish. You will see stored here a skeletal configuration, ready to customize or, in this case, use immediately to build a default image.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#847" class="lnkocn">847</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="847">
    Now, as superuser, build the image, saving a log as you build with <tt>tee</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#848" class="lnkocn">848</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="848">
    # lb build 2&gt;&amp;1 | tee build.log<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#849" class="lnkocn">849</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="849">
    Assuming all goes well, after a while, the current directory will contain <tt>live-image-i386.hybrid.iso</tt>. This ISO hybrid image can be booted directly in a virtual machine as described in  <a href="#testing-iso-with-qemu">Testing an ISO image with Qemu</a>  and  <a href="#testing-iso-with-virtualbox">Testing an ISO image with VirtualBox</a>,  or else imaged onto optical media or a USB flash device as described in  <a href="#burning-iso-image">Burning an ISO image to a physical medium</a>  and  <a href="#copying-iso-hybrid-to-usb">Copying an ISO hybrid image to a USB stick</a>,  respectively.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#850" class="lnkocn">850</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="850"><a name="850"></a>
    <a name="h18.3" ></a><a name="tutorial-2" ></a>18.3 Tutorial 2: A web browser utility
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#851" class="lnkocn">851</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="851">
    <b>Use case:</b> Create a web browser utility image, learning how to apply customizations.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#852" class="lnkocn">852</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="852">
    In this tutorial, we will create an image suitable for use as a web browser utility, serving as an introduction to customizing live system images.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#853" class="lnkocn">853</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="853">
    $ mkdir tutorial2<br>
$ cd tutorial2<br>
$ lb config<br>
$ echo "task-lxde-desktop iceweasel" &gt;&gt; config/package-lists/my.list.chroot<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#854" class="lnkocn">854</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="854">
    Our choice of LXDE for this example reflects our desire to provide a minimal desktop environment, since the focus of the image is the single use we have in mind, the web browser. We could go even further and provide a default configuration for the web browser in <tt>config/includes.chroot/etc/iceweasel/profile/</tt>, or additional support packages for viewing various kinds of web content, but we leave this as an exercise for the reader.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#855" class="lnkocn">855</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="855">
    Build the image, again as superuser, keeping a log as in  <a href="#tutorial-1">Tutorial 1</a>:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#856" class="lnkocn">856</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="856">
    # lb build 2&gt;&amp;1 | tee build.log<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#857" class="lnkocn">857</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="857">
    Again, verify the image is OK and test, as in  <a href="#tutorial-1">Tutorial 1</a>.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#858" class="lnkocn">858</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="858"><a name="858"></a>
    <a name="h18.4" ></a><a name="tutorial-3" ></a>18.4 Tutorial 3: A personalized image
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#859" class="lnkocn">859</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="859">
    <b>Use case:</b> Create a project to build a personalized image, containing your favourite software to take with you on a USB stick wherever you go, and evolving in successive revisions as your needs and preferences change.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#860" class="lnkocn">860</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="860">
    Since we will be changing our personalized image over a number of revisions, and we want to track those changes, trying things experimentally and possibly reverting them if things don't work out, we will keep our configuration in the popular <tt>git</tt> version control system. We will also use the best practice of autoconfiguration via <tt>auto</tt> scripts as described in  <a href="#managing-a-configuration">Managing a configuration</a>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#861" class="lnkocn">861</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="861"><a name="861"></a>
    <a name="c18.4.1" ></a><a name="h18.4.1" ></a>18.4.1 First revision
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#862" class="lnkocn">862</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="862">
    $ mkdir -p tutorial3/auto<br>
$ cp /usr/share/doc/live-build/examples/auto/* tutorial3/auto/<br>
$ cd tutorial3<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#863" class="lnkocn">863</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="863">
    Edit <tt>auto/config</tt> to read as follows:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#864" class="lnkocn">864</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="864">
    #!/bin/sh<br><br>
lb config noauto \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;--architectures i386 \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;--linux-flavours 686-pae \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"${@}"<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#865" class="lnkocn">865</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="865">
    Perform <tt>lb config</tt> to generate the config tree, using the <tt>auto/config</tt> script you just created:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#866" class="lnkocn">866</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="866">
    $ lb config<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#867" class="lnkocn">867</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="867">
    Now populate your local package list:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#868" class="lnkocn">868</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="868">
    $ echo "task-lxde-desktop iceweasel xchat" &gt;&gt; config/package-lists/my.list.chroot<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#869" class="lnkocn">869</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="869">
    First, <tt>--architectures i386</tt> ensures that on our <tt>amd64</tt> build system, we build a 32-bit version suitable for use on most machines. Second, we use <tt>--linux-flavours 686-pae</tt> because we don't anticipate using this image on much older systems. Third, we have chosen the <i>lxde</i> task metapackage to give us a minimal desktop. And finally, we have added two initial favourite packages: <i>iceweasel</i> and <i>xchat</i>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#870" class="lnkocn">870</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="870">
    Now, build the image:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#871" class="lnkocn">871</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="871">
    # lb build<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#872" class="lnkocn">872</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="872">
    Note that unlike in the first two tutorials, we no longer have to type <tt>2&gt;&amp;1 | tee build.log</tt> as that is now included in <tt>auto/build</tt>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#873" class="lnkocn">873</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="873">
    Once you've tested the image (as in  <a href="#tutorial-1">Tutorial 1</a>)  and are satisfied it works, it's time to initialize our <tt>git</tt> repository, adding only the auto scripts we just created, and then make the first commit:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#874" class="lnkocn">874</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="874">
    $ git init<br>
$ cp /usr/share/doc/live-build/examples/gitignore .gitignore<br>
$ git add .<br>
$ git commit -m "Initial import."<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#875" class="lnkocn">875</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="875"><a name="875"></a>
    <a name="c18.4.2" ></a><a name="h18.4.2" ></a>18.4.2 Second revision
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#876" class="lnkocn">876</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="876">
    In this revision, we're going to clean up from the first build, add the <i>vlc</i> package to our configuration, rebuild, test and commit.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#877" class="lnkocn">877</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="877">
    The <tt>lb clean</tt> command will clean up all generated files from the previous build except for the cache, which saves having to re-download packages. This ensures that the subsequent <tt>lb build</tt> will re-run all stages to regenerate the files from our new configuration.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#878" class="lnkocn">878</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="878">
    # lb clean<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#879" class="lnkocn">879</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="879">
    Now append the <i>vlc</i> package to our local package list in <tt>config/package-lists/my.list.chroot</tt>:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#880" class="lnkocn">880</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="880">
    $ echo vlc &gt;&gt; config/package-lists/my.list.chroot<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#881" class="lnkocn">881</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="881">
    Build again:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#882" class="lnkocn">882</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="882">
    # lb build<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#883" class="lnkocn">883</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="883">
    Test, and when you're satisfied, commit the next revision:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#884" class="lnkocn">884</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="884">
    $ git commit -a -m "Adding vlc media player."<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#885" class="lnkocn">885</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="885">
    Of course, more complicated changes to the configuration are possible, perhaps adding files in subdirectories of <tt>config/</tt>. When you commit new revisions, just take care not to hand edit or commit the top-level files in <tt>config</tt> containing <tt>LB_*</tt> variables, as these are build products, too, and are always cleaned up by <tt>lb clean</tt> and re-created with <tt>lb config</tt> via their respective <tt>auto</tt> scripts.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#886" class="lnkocn">886</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="886">
    We've come to the end of our tutorial series. While many more kinds of customization are possible, even just using the few features explored in these simple examples, an almost infinite variety of different images can be created. The remaining examples in this section cover several other use cases drawn from the collected experiences of users of live systems.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#887" class="lnkocn">887</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="887"><a name="887"></a>
    <a name="c18.5" ></a><a name="h18.5" ></a>18.5 A VNC Kiosk Client
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#888" class="lnkocn">888</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="888">
    <b>Use case:</b> Create an image with <i>live-build</i> to boot directly to a VNC server.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#889" class="lnkocn">889</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="889">
    Make a build directory and create an skeletal configuration inside it, disabling recommends to make a minimal system. And then create two initial package lists: the first one generated with a script provided by <i>live-build</i> named <tt>Packages</tt> (see  <a href="#generated-package-lists">Generated package lists</a>),  and the second one including <i>xorg</i>, <i>gdm3</i>, <i>metacity</i> and <i>xvnc4viewer</i>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#890" class="lnkocn">890</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="890">
    $ mkdir vnc-kiosk-client<br>
$ cd vnc-kiosk-client<br>
$ lb config -a i386 -k 686-pae --apt-recommends false<br>
$ echo '! Packages Priority standard' &gt; config/package-lists/standard.list.chroot<br>
$ echo "xorg gdm3 metacity xvnc4viewer" &gt; config/package-lists/my.list.chroot<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#891" class="lnkocn">891</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="891">
    As explained in  <a href="#tweaking-apt-to-save-space">Tweaking APT to save space</a>  you may need to re-add some recommended packages to make your image work properly.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#892" class="lnkocn">892</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="892">
    An easy way to list recommends is using <i>apt-cache</i>. For example:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#893" class="lnkocn">893</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="893">
    $ apt-cache depends live-config live-boot<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#894" class="lnkocn">894</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="894">
    In this example we found out that we had to re-include several packages recommended by <i>live-config</i> and <i>live-boot</i>: <tt>user-setup</tt> to make autologin work and <tt>sudo</tt> as an essential program to shutdown the system. Besides, it could be handy to add <tt>live-tools</tt> to be able to copy the image to RAM and <tt>eject</tt> to eventually eject the live medium. So:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#895" class="lnkocn">895</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="895">
    $ echo "live-tools user-setup sudo eject" &gt; config/package-lists/recommends.list.chroot<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#896" class="lnkocn">896</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="896">
    After that, create the directory <tt>/etc/skel</tt> in <tt>config/includes.chroot</tt> and put a custom <tt>.xsession</tt> in it for the default user that will launch <i>metacity</i> and start <i>xvncviewer</i>, connecting to port <tt>5901</tt> on a server at <tt>192.168.1.2</tt>:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#897" class="lnkocn">897</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="897">
    $ mkdir -p config/includes.chroot/etc/skel<br>
$ cat &gt; config/includes.chroot/etc/skel/.xsession &lt;&lt; EOF<br>
#!/bin/sh<br><br>
/usr/bin/metacity &amp;<br>
/usr/bin/xvncviewer 192.168.1.2:1<br><br>
exit<br>
EOF<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#898" class="lnkocn">898</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="898">
    Build the image:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#899" class="lnkocn">899</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="899">
    # lb build<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#900" class="lnkocn">900</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="900">
    Enjoy.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#901" class="lnkocn">901</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="901"><a name="901"></a>
    <a name="c18.6" ></a><a name="h18.6" ></a>18.6 A base image for a 128MB USB key
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#902" class="lnkocn">902</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="902">
    <b>Use case:</b> Create a default image with some components removed in order to fit on a 128MB USB key with a little space left over to use as you see fit.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#903" class="lnkocn">903</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="903">
    When optimizing an image to fit a certain media size, you need to understand the tradeoffs you are making between size and functionality. In this example, we trim only so much as to make room for additional material within a 128MB media size, but without doing anything to destroy the integrity of the packages contained within, such as the purging of locale data via the <i>localepurge</i> package, or other such "intrusive" optimizations. Of particular note, we use <tt>--debootstrap-options</tt> to create a minimal system from scratch.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#904" class="lnkocn">904</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="904">
    $ lb config --apt-indices false --apt-recommends false --debootstrap-options "--variant=minbase" --firmware-chroot false --memtest none<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#905" class="lnkocn">905</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="905">
    To make the image work properly, we must re-add, at least, two recommended packages which are left out by the <tt>--apt-recommends false</tt> option. See  <a href="#tweaking-apt-to-save-space">Tweaking APT to save space</a>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#906" class="lnkocn">906</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="906">
    $ echo "user-setup sudo" &gt; config/package-lists/recommends.list.chroot<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#907" class="lnkocn">907</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="907">
    Now, build the image in the usual way:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#908" class="lnkocn">908</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="908">
    # lb build 2&gt;&amp;1 | tee build.log<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#909" class="lnkocn">909</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="909">
    On the author's system at the time of writing this, the above configuration produced a 110MB image. This compares favourably with the 192MB image produced by the default configuration in  <a href="#tutorial-1">Tutorial 1</a>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#910" class="lnkocn">910</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="910">
    Leaving off APT's indices with <tt>--apt-indices false</tt> saves a fair amount of space, the tradeoff being that you need to do an <tt>apt-get update</tt> before using <i>apt</i> in the live system. Dropping recommended packages with <tt>--apt-recommends false</tt> saves some additional space, at the expense of omitting some packages you might otherwise expect to be there. <tt>--debootstrap-options "--variant=minbase"</tt> bootstraps a minimal system from the start. Not automatically including firmware packages with <tt>--firmware-chroot false</tt> saves some space too. And finally, <tt>--memtest none</tt> prevents the installation of a memory tester.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#911" class="lnkocn">911</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="911">
    <b>Note:</b> A minimal system can also be achieved using hooks, like for example the <tt>stripped.hook.chroot</tt> hook found in <tt>/usr/share/doc/live-build/examples/hooks</tt>. It may shave off additional small amounts of space and produce an image of 91MB. However, it does so by removal of documentation and other files from packages installed on the system. This violates the integrity of those packages and that, as the comment header warns, may have unforeseen consequences. That is why using a minimal <i>debootstrap</i> is the recommended way of achieving this goal.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#912" class="lnkocn">912</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="912"><a name="912"></a>
    <a name="c18.7" ></a><a name="h18.7" ></a>18.7 A localized GNOME desktop and installer
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#913" class="lnkocn">913</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="913">
    <b>Use case:</b> Create a GNOME desktop image, localized for Switzerland and including an installer.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#914" class="lnkocn">914</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="914">
    We want to make an iso-hybrid image for i386 architecture using our preferred desktop, in this case GNOME, containing all of the same packages that would be installed by the standard Debian installer for GNOME.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#915" class="lnkocn">915</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="915">
    Our initial problem is the discovery of the names of the appropriate language tasks. Currently, <i>live-build</i> cannot help with this. While we might get lucky and find this by trial-and-error, there is a tool, <tt>grep-dctrl</tt>, which can be used to dig it out of the task descriptions in tasksel-data, so to prepare, make sure you have both of those things:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#916" class="lnkocn">916</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="916">
    # apt-get install dctrl-tools tasksel-data<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#917" class="lnkocn">917</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="917">
    Now we can search for the appropriate tasks, first with:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#918" class="lnkocn">918</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="918">
    $ grep-dctrl -FTest-lang de /usr/share/tasksel/descs/debian-tasks.desc -sTask<br>
Task: german<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#919" class="lnkocn">919</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="919">
    By this command, we discover the task is called, plainly enough, german. Now to find the related tasks:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#920" class="lnkocn">920</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="920">
    $ grep-dctrl -FEnhances german /usr/share/tasksel/descs/debian-tasks.desc -sTask<br>
Task: german-desktop<br>
Task: german-kde-desktop<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#921" class="lnkocn">921</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="921">
    At boot time we will generate the <b>de_CH.UTF-8</b> locale and select the <b>ch</b> keyboard layout. Now let's put the pieces together. Recalling from  <a href="#using-metapackages">Using metapackages</a>  that task metapackages are prefixed <tt>task-</tt>, we just specify these language boot parameters, then add standard priority packages and all our discovered task metapackages to our package list as follows:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#922" class="lnkocn">922</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="922">
    $ mkdir live-gnome-ch<br>
$ cd live-gnome-ch<br>
$ lb config \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-a i386 \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;--bootappend-live "boot=live components locales=de_CH.UTF-8 keyboard-layouts=ch" \<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;--debian-installer live<br>
$ echo '! Packages Priority standard' &gt; config/package-lists/standard.list.chroot<br>
$ echo task-gnome-desktop task-german task-german-desktop &gt;&gt; config/package-lists/desktop.list.chroot<br>
$ echo debian-installer-launcher &gt;&gt; config/package-lists/installer.list.chroot<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#923" class="lnkocn">923</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="923">
    Note that we have included the <i>debian-installer-launcher</i> package to launch the installer from the live desktop. The <tt>586</tt> kernel flavour, which is currently necessary for the launcher to work properly, will be included by default.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#924" class="lnkocn">924</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="924"><a name="924"></a>
    Anexă
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#925" class="lnkocn">925</a></label>
  <h1 class="norm" id="925"><a name="925"></a>
    Style guide
  </h1>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#926" class="lnkocn">926</a></label>
  <h4 class="norm" id="926"><a name="926"></a>
    <a name="h19" ></a><a name="style_guide" ></a><a name="style-guide" ></a>19. Style guide
  </h4>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#927" class="lnkocn">927</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="927"><a name="927"></a>
    <a name="c19.1" ></a><a name="h19.1" ></a>19.1 Guidelines for authors
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#928" class="lnkocn">928</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="928">
    This section deals with some general considerations to be taken into account when writing technical documentation for <i>live-manual</i>. They are divided into linguistic features and recommended procedures.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#929" class="lnkocn">929</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="929">
    <b>Note:</b>  Authors should first read  <a href="#how-to-contribute">Contributing to this document</a>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#930" class="lnkocn">930</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="930"><a name="930"></a>
    <a name="c19.1.1" ></a><a name="h19.1.1" ></a>19.1.1 Linguistic features
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#931" class="lnkocn">931</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="931">
    <i>Use plain English</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#932" class="lnkocn">932</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="932">
    Keep in mind that a high percentage of your readers are not native speakers of English. So as a general rule try to use short, meaningful sentences, followed by a full stop.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#933" class="lnkocn">933</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="933">
    This does not mean that you have to use a simplistic, naive style. It is a suggestion to try to avoid, as much as possible, complex subordinate sentences that make the text difficult to understand for non-native speakers of English.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#934" class="lnkocn">934</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="934">
    <i>Variety of English</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#935" class="lnkocn">935</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="935">
    The most widely spread varieties of English are British and American so it is very likely that most authors will use either one or the other. In a collaborative environment, the ideal variety would be "International English" but it is very difficult, not to say impossible, to decide on which variety among all the existing ones, is the best to use.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#936" class="lnkocn">936</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="936">
    We expect that different varieties may mix without creating misunderstandings but in general terms you should try to be coherent and before deciding on using British, American or any other English flavour at your discretion, please take a look at how other people write and try to imitate them.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#937" class="lnkocn">937</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="937">
    <i>Be balanced</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#938" class="lnkocn">938</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="938">
    Do not be biased. Avoid including references to ideologies completely unrelated to <i>live-manual</i>. Technical writing should be as neutral as possible. It is in the very nature of scientific writing.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#939" class="lnkocn">939</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="939">
    <i>Be politically correct</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#940" class="lnkocn">940</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="940">
    Try to avoid sexist language as much as possible. If you need to make references to the third person singular preferably use "they" rather than "he" or "she" or awkward inventions such as "s/he", "s(he)" and the like.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#941" class="lnkocn">941</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="941">
    <i>Be concise</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#942" class="lnkocn">942</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="942">
    Go straight to the point and do not wander around aimlessly. Give as much information as necessary but do not give more information than necessary, this is to say, do not explain unnecessary details. Your readers are intelligent. Presume some previous knowledge on their part.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#943" class="lnkocn">943</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="943">
    <i>Minimize translation work</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#944" class="lnkocn">944</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="944">
    Keep in mind that whatever you write will have to be translated into several other languages. This implies that a number of people will have to do an extra work if you add useless or redundant information.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#945" class="lnkocn">945</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="945">
    <i>Be coherent</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#946" class="lnkocn">946</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="946">
    As suggested before, it is almost impossible to standardize a collaborative document into a perfectly unified whole. However, every effort on your side to write in a coherent way with the rest of the authors will be appreciated.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#947" class="lnkocn">947</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="947">
    <i>Be cohesive</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#948" class="lnkocn">948</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="948">
    Use as many text-forming devices as necessary to make your text cohesive and unambiguous. (Text-forming devices are linguistic markers such as connectors).
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#949" class="lnkocn">949</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="949">
    <i>Be descriptive</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#950" class="lnkocn">950</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="950">
    It is preferable to describe the point in one or several paragraphs than merely using a number of sentences in a typical "changelog" style. Describe it! Your readers will appreciate it.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#951" class="lnkocn">951</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="951">
    <i>Dictionary</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#952" class="lnkocn">952</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="952">
    Look up the meaning of words in a dictionary or encyclopedia if you do not know how to express certain concepts in English. But keep in mind that a dictionary can either be your best friend or can turn into your worst enemy if you do not know how to use it correctly.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#953" class="lnkocn">953</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="953">
    English has the largest vocabulary that exists (with over one million words). Many of these words are borrowings from other languages. When looking up the meaning of words in a bilingual dictionary the tendency of a non-native speaker of English is to choose the one that sounds more similar in their mother tongue. This often turns into an excessively formal discourse which does not sound quite natural in English.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#954" class="lnkocn">954</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="954">
    As a general rule, if a concept can be expressed using different synonyms, it is a good advice to choose the first word proposed by the dictionary. If in doubt, choosing words of Germanic origin (Usually monosyllabic words) is often the right thing to do. Be warned that these two techniques might produce a rather informal discourse but at least your choice of words will be of wide use and generally accepted.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#955" class="lnkocn">955</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="955">
    Using a dictionary of collocations is recommended. They are extremely helpful when it comes to know which words usually occur together.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#956" class="lnkocn">956</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="956">
    Again it is a good practice to learn from the work of others. Using a search engine to check how other authors use certain expressions may help a lot.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#957" class="lnkocn">957</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="957">
    <i>False friends, idioms and other idiomatic expressions</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#958" class="lnkocn">958</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="958">
    Watch out for false friends. No matter how proficient you are in a foreign language you cannot help falling from time to time in the trap of the so called "false friends", words that look similar in two languages but whose meanings or uses might be completely different.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#959" class="lnkocn">959</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="959">
    Try to avoid idioms as much as possible. "Idioms" are expressions that may convey a completely different meaning from what their individual words seem to mean. Sometimes, idioms might be difficult to understand even for native speakers of English!
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#960" class="lnkocn">960</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="960">
    <i>Avoid slang, abbreviations, contractions...</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#961" class="lnkocn">961</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="961">
    Even though you are encouraged to use plain, everyday English, technical writing belongs to the formal register of the language.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#962" class="lnkocn">962</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="962">
    Try to avoid slang, unusual abbreviations that are difficult to understand and above all contractions that try to imitate the spoken language. Not to mention typical irc and family friendly expressions.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#963" class="lnkocn">963</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="963"><a name="963"></a>
    <a name="c19.1.2" ></a><a name="h19.1.2" ></a>19.1.2 Procedures
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#964" class="lnkocn">964</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="964">
    <i>Test before write</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#965" class="lnkocn">965</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="965">
    It is important that authors test their examples before adding them to <i>live-manual</i> to ensure that everything works as described. Testing on a clean chroot or VM can be a good starting point. Besides, it would be ideal if the tests were then carried out on different machines with different hardware to spot possible problems that may arise.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#966" class="lnkocn">966</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="966">
    <i>Examples</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#967" class="lnkocn">967</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="967">
    When providing an example try to be as specific as you can. An example is, after all, just an example.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#968" class="lnkocn">968</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="968">
    It is often better to use a line that only applies to a specific case than using abstractions that may confuse your readers. In this case you can provide a brief explanation of the effects of the proposed example.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#969" class="lnkocn">969</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="969">
    There may be some exceptions when the example suggests using some potentially dangerous commands that, if misused, may cause data loss or other similar undesirable effects. In this case you should provide a thorough explanation of the possible side effects.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#970" class="lnkocn">970</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="970">
    <i>External links</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#971" class="lnkocn">971</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="971">
    Links to external sites should only be used when the information on those sites is crucial when it comes to understanding a special point. Even so, try to use links to external sites as sparsely as possible. Internet links are likely to change from time to time resulting in broken links and leaving your arguments in an incomplete state.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#972" class="lnkocn">972</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="972">
    Besides, people who read the manual offline will not have the chance to follow those links.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#973" class="lnkocn">973</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="973">
    <i>Avoid branding and things that violate the license under which the manual is published</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#974" class="lnkocn">974</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="974">
    Try to avoid branding as much as possible. Keep in mind that other downstream projects might make use of the documentation you write. So you are complicating things for them if you add certain specific material.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#975" class="lnkocn">975</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="975">
    <i>live-manual</i> is licensed under the GNU GPL. This has a number of implications that apply to the distribution of the material (of any kind, including copyrighted graphics or logos) that is published with it.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#976" class="lnkocn">976</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="976">
    <i>Write a first draft, revise, edit, improve, redo if necessary</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#977" class="lnkocn">977</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="977">
    - Brainstorm!. You need to organize your ideas first in a logical sequence of events.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#978" class="lnkocn">978</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="978">
    - Once you have somehow organized those ideas in your mind write a first draft.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#979" class="lnkocn">979</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="979">
    - Revise grammar, syntax and spelling. Keep in mind that the proper names of the releases, such as <b>buster</b> or <b>sid</b>, should not be capitalized when referred to as code names. In order to check the spelling you can run the "spell" target. i.e. <tt>make spell</tt>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#980" class="lnkocn">980</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="980">
    - Improve your statements and redo any part if necessary.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#981" class="lnkocn">981</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="981">
    <i>Chapters</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#982" class="lnkocn">982</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="982">
    Use the conventional numbering system for chapters and subtitles. e.g. 1, 1.1, 1.1.1, 1.1.2 ... 1.2, 1.2.1, 1.2.2 ... 2, 2.1 ... and so on. See markup below.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#983" class="lnkocn">983</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="983">
    If you have to enumerate a series of steps or stages in your description, you can also use ordinal numbers: First, second, third ... or First, Then, After that, Finally ... Alternatively you can use bulleted items.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#984" class="lnkocn">984</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="984">
    <i>Markup</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#985" class="lnkocn">985</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="985">
    And last but not least, <i>live-manual</i> uses  <a href="http://www.sisudoc.org/">SiSU</a>  to process the text files and produce a multiple format output. It is recommended to take a look at  <a href="http://www.sisudoc.org/sisu/en/html/sisu_manual/markup.html">SiSU's manual</a>  to get familiar with its markup, or else type:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#986" class="lnkocn">986</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="986">
    $ sisu --help markup<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#987" class="lnkocn">987</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="987">
    Here are some markup examples that may prove useful:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#988" class="lnkocn">988</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="988">
    - For emphasis/bold text:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#989" class="lnkocn">989</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="989">
    *{foo}* or !{foo}!<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#990" class="lnkocn">990</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="990">
    produces: <b>foo</b> or <b>foo</b>. Use it to emphasize certain key words.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#991" class="lnkocn">991</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="991">
    - For italics:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#992" class="lnkocn">992</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="992">
    /{foo}/<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#993" class="lnkocn">993</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="993">
    produces: <i>foo</i>. Use them e.g. for the names of Debian packages.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#994" class="lnkocn">994</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="994">
    - For monospace:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#995" class="lnkocn">995</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="995">
    #{foo}#<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#996" class="lnkocn">996</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="996">
    produces: <tt>foo</tt>. Use it e.g. for the names of commands. And also to highlight some key words or things like paths.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#997" class="lnkocn">997</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="997">
    - For code blocks:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#998" class="lnkocn">998</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="998">
    code{<br><br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;$ foo<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;# bar<br><br>
}code<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#999" class="lnkocn">999</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="999">
    produces:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1000" class="lnkocn">1000</a></label>
  <p class="code" id="1000">
    $ foo<br>
# bar<br>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1001" class="lnkocn">1001</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="1001">
    Use <tt>code{</tt> to open and <tt>}code</tt> to close the tags. It is important to remember to leave a space at the beginning of each line of code.
  </p>
</div>

<br><hr width=90% /><br>
<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1002" class="lnkocn">1002</a></label>
  <h5 class="norm" id="1002"><a name="1002"></a>
    <a name="h19.2" ></a><a name="guidelines-translators" ></a>19.2 Guidelines for translators
  </h5>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1003" class="lnkocn">1003</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="1003">
    This section deals with some general considerations to be taken into account when translating the contents of <i>live-manual</i>.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1004" class="lnkocn">1004</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="1004">
    As a general recommendation, translators should have read and understood the translation rules that apply to their specific languages. Usually, translation groups and mailing lists provide information on how to produce translated work that complies with Debian quality standards.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1005" class="lnkocn">1005</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="1005">
    <b>Note:</b>  Translators should also read  <a href="#how-to-contribute">Contributing to this document</a>.  In particular the section  <a href="#translation">Translation</a>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1006" class="lnkocn">1006</a></label>
  <h6 class="norm" id="1006"><a name="1006"></a>
    <a name="c19.2.1" ></a><a name="h19.2.1" ></a>19.2.1 Translation hints
  </h6>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1007" class="lnkocn">1007</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="1007">
    <i>Comments</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1008" class="lnkocn">1008</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="1008">
    The role of the translator is to convey as faithfully as possible the meaning of words, sentences, paragraphs and texts as written by the original authors into their target language.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1009" class="lnkocn">1009</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="1009">
    So they should refrain from adding personal comments or extra bits of information of their own. If they want to add a comment for other translators working on the same documents, they can leave it in the space reserved for that. That is, the header of the strings in the <b>po</b> files preceded by a number sign <b>#</b>. Most graphical translation programs can automatically handle those types of comments.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1010" class="lnkocn">1010</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="1010">
    <i>TN, Translator's Note</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1011" class="lnkocn">1011</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="1011">
    It is perfectly acceptable however, to include a word or an expression in brackets in the translated text if, and only if, that makes the meaning of a difficult word or expression clearer to the reader. Inside the brackets the translator should make evident that the addition was theirs using the abbreviation "TN" or "Translator's Note".
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1012" class="lnkocn">1012</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="1012">
    <i>Impersonal sentences</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1013" class="lnkocn">1013</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="1013">
    Documents written in English make an extensive use of the impersonal form "you". In some other languages that do not share this characteristic, this might give the false impression that the original texts are directly addressing the reader when they are actually not doing so. Translators must be aware of that fact and reflect it in their language as accurately as possible.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1014" class="lnkocn">1014</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="1014">
    <i>False friends</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1015" class="lnkocn">1015</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="1015">
    The trap of "false friends" explained before especially applies to translators. Double check the meaning of suspicious false friends if in doubt.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1016" class="lnkocn">1016</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="1016">
    <i>Markup</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1017" class="lnkocn">1017</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="1017">
    Translators working initially with <b>pot</b> files and later on with <b>po</b> files will find many markup features in the strings. They can translate the text anyway, as long as it is translatable, but it is extremely important that they use exactly the same markup as the original English version.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1018" class="lnkocn">1018</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="1018">
    <i>Code blocks</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1019" class="lnkocn">1019</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="1019">
    Even though the code blocks are usually untranslatable, including them in the translation is the only way to score a 100% complete translation. And even though it means more work at first because it might require the intervention of the translators if the code changes, it is the best way, in the long run, to identify what has already been translated and what has not when checking the integrity of the .po files.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1020" class="lnkocn">1020</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="1020">
    <i>Newlines</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1021" class="lnkocn">1021</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="1021">
    The translated texts need to have the exact same newlines as the original texts. Be careful to press the "Enter" key or type <b>\n</b> if they appear in the original files. These newlines often appear, for instance, in the code blocks.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1022" class="lnkocn">1022</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="1022">
    Make no mistake, this does not mean that the translated text needs to have the same length as the English version. That is nearly impossible.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1023" class="lnkocn">1023</a></label>
  <ul>
  <li class="bullet" id="1023">
    <i>Untranslatable strings</i>
  </li>
  </ul>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1024" class="lnkocn">1024</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="1024">
    Translators should never translate:
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1025" class="lnkocn">1025</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="1025">
    - The code names of releases (which should be written in lowercase)
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1026" class="lnkocn">1026</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="1026">
    - The names of programs
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1027" class="lnkocn">1027</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="1027">
    - The commands given as examples
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1028" class="lnkocn">1028</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="1028">
    - Metadata (often between colons <b>:metadata:</b>)
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1029" class="lnkocn">1029</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="1029">
    - Links
  </p>
</div>

<div class="substance">
  <label class="ocn"><a href="#1030" class="lnkocn">1030</a></label>
  <p class="i0" id="1030">
    - Paths
  </p>
</div>

</div>

<div class="main_column">
<table summary="table of contents scroll navigation band" id="toc" width="100%" bgcolor="#ffffff">
<tr><td width="20%">
   <table summary="home button / home information" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
 <tr><td align="left" bgcolor="#ffffff">
  <p class="tiny_left"><a href="http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/manual" target="_top">
    Live manual
  </a></p>
  <p class="tiny_left"><a href="http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org" target="_top">
    Live Systems
  </a></p>
 </td></tr>
 </table>
</td>
<td width="75%" align="center">
  
<table summary="segment navigation available documents types: toc,doc,pdf,concordance" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff">
  
  
</tr></table>
</td>
<td width="20%">
  &nbsp;
</td></tr>
</table>
<p>

<a name="bottom" id="bottom"></a>
<a name="end" id="end"></a>
</div>

</body>
</html>