/usr/share/lyx/syntax.default is in lyx-common 2.2.2-1.
This file is owned by root:root, with mode 0o644.
The actual contents of the file can be viewed below.
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% It tells how many arguments each command takes, and which of them
% (if any) are optional.
% It is taken from the list of commands originally written by John Weiss
% 1997-03-11 for reLyX plus the math commands from math_hash.C
%
% Also had to add textrm etc. commands and many size commands (like \small)
%
% I left in things like units of measure (\depth) because reLyX will think
% that they're commands, and this way it will know they don't take any
% arguments...
%
% There are almost certainly commands in here we don't need -- but that
% shouldn't matter
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% The first thing listed here is commands that are hard-coded into reLyX.
% Redefining these commands in a new syntax file will probably not help%
% and may break things.
\#
\$
\%
\&
\@
\_
\{
\}
~
\hfill
\i
\j
\L
\l
\LaTeX
\LaTeXe
\LyX
\ldots
\TeX
\"{}
$$
\'{}
\(
\)
\-
\.{}
\={}
\[
\]
\\[]
\\*[]
\^{}
\`{}
\~{}
\b{}
%\begin{}[] %tex2lyx will get confused if \begin is found in this file!
%\begin{}[]{} % All of these show the different variations of \begin (jpw)
%\begin{}{}
%\begin{}{}{}
%\begin{}[][][]{}
%\begin{}(,)
%\begin{}(,)(,)
%\begin{}{}[]{}
\bf
\bibitem[]{}
\bibliography{}
\bibliographystyle{}
\c{}
\cite[]{}
% Natbib citations can usually have two optional args
\citet[][]{}
\Citet[][]{}
\citet*[][]{}
\Citet*[][]{}
\citealt[][]{}
\Citealt[][]{}
\citealt*[][]{}
\Citealt*[][]{}
\citep[][]{}
\Citep[][]{}
\citep*[][]{}
\Citep*[][]{}
\citealp[][]{}
\Citealp[][]{}
\citealp*[][]{}
\Citealp*[][]{}
\citeauthor[]{}
\Citeauthor[]{}
\citeauthor*[]{}
\Citeauthor*[]{}
\citeyear[]{}
\citeyearpar[][]{}
% jurabib supports some natbib commands and additionally:
\fullcite[][]{}
\footcite[][]{}
\footcitet[][]{}
\footcitealt[][]{}
\footcitep[][]{}
\footcitealp[][]{}
\footciteauthor[]{}
\footciteyear[]{}
\footciteyearpar[][]{}
\citefield[]{}
\citetitle[]{}
\cline{ - }
\d{}
\documentclass[]{}[]
\documentstyle[]{}
\em
\emph{}
%\end{} %tex2lyx will get confused if \end is found in this file!
\epsf{}
\epsfbox{}
\epsffile{}
\epsfig{}
\epsfxsize
\epsfysize
\fancyhead[]{}
\footnote[]{}
\footnotesize
\H{}
\hline
\huge
\Huge
\include{}
\includegraphics[,][,]{} % btw, LyX doesn't support graphicx, just graphics
\input{}
\it
\item[] % Has two variants (jpw) Other variant is unsupported (adk)
\label{}
\large
\Large
\LARGE
\marginpar[]{}
\multicolumn{}{}{}
\newline
\noindent
\normalsize
\noun{} % LyX style for nouns (appears in lyx-generated files)
\pageref{}
\psfig{}
\ref{}
\rm
\sc
\sf
\sl
\t{ }
\textmd{} % I had to add these (adk)
\textbf{} % :
\textrm{} % :
\textsf{} % :
\texttt{} % :
\textup{} % :
\textit{} % :
\textsl{} % :
\textsc{} % :
\textbar
\textbackslash
\textgreater
\textless
\scriptsize
\small
\tiny
\tt
\u{}
\underbar{} % LyX generated files use underbar instead of underline
\underline{}
\v{}
% Units of measure. These get used only within the arguments of
% commands that take some length quantity.
\depth
\fill
\height
\totalheight
\width
%
% Length variables
%
\abovedisplay
\abovedisplayshortskip
\arraycolsep
\arrayrulewidth
\arraystretch
\baselineskip
\baselinestretch
\belowdisplayskip
\belowdisplayshortskip
\bigskipamount
\columnsep
\columnseprule
\dblfloatsep
\dbltextfloatsep
\doublerulesep
\evensidemargin
\fboxrule
\fboxsep
\floatsep
\footnotesep
\footskip
\headheight
\headsep
\hoffset
\intextsep
\itemindent
\itemsep
\jot
\labelsep
\labelwidth
\leftmargin
\leftmargini
\leftmarginii
\leftmarginiii
\leftmarginiv
\leftmarginv
\leftmarginvi
\listparindent
\marginpush
\marginparsep
\marginparwidth
\mathindent
\medskipamount
\oddsidemargin
\paperheight
\paperwidth
\parindent
\parsep
\parskip
\partopsep
\rightmargin
\smallskipamount
\tabbingsep
\tabcolsep
\textfloatsep
\textheight
\textwidth
\topmargin
\topsep
\topskip
\unitlength
\voffset
%
% Commands that act like single characters and insert something. This
% excludes the commands that place accents on characters, since they
% require arguments, whereas these don't. Also excluded are commands
% that insert a specified amount of space [again, that requires
% arguments] and those that insert lists, since a list isn't a single
% object.
%
\ % A "\" followed by a space.
\,
\/
\AA
\aa
\AE
\ae
\bigskip
\copyright
\dag
\ddag
\DH
\dh
\DJ
\dj
\dotfill
\dots
\guillemotleft
\guillemotright
\guilsinglleft
\guilsinglright
\hrulefill
\lq
\medskip
\NG
\ng
\O
\o
\OE
\oe
\P
\pounds
\quad
\qquad
\quotedblbase
\quotesinglebase
\rq
\S
\SS
\smallskip
\ss
\textbullet
\textemdash
\textendash
\textexclamdown
\textperiodcenter
\textquestiondown
\textquotedblleft
\textquotedblright
\textquoteleft
\textquoteright
\textvisiblespace
\textcompwordmark
\textquotedbl
\TH
\th
\thechapter
\theenumi
\theenumii
\theenumiii
\theenumiv
\theequation
\thefigure
\thefootnote
\thempfootnote
\thepage
\theparagraph
\thepart
\thesection
\thesubsection
\thesubsubsection
\thesubparagraph
\thetable
\vfill
%
% The LaTeX commands. As per Alejandro's request, I've omitted all of
% the math commands he appears to support in Mathed. I'm also
% omitting commands used primarily for defining new class and style
% files. (jpw)
%
% For some reason, John didn't write {} after \" and some of the other
% accent commands (adk)
% He also didn't include the \textsc{} equivalent to {\sc}
% Because any commands with arguments in parentheses (rather than braces or
% brackets) appear in a picture environment, which reLyX doesn't support,
% we can comment those out.
%
% These are the commands you're mostly likely to want to redefine in your own
% syntax files
%
% Arguments whose text is "translate" will have regular LaTeX in them (as
% opposed to commands with special syntax) which should be translated by
% tex2lyx like regular LaTeX. \mbox{} is an obvious example. LyX doesn't
% support it, but only the "\mbox{" and the "}" need to be in TeX mode.
% "translate" should be specified for as many arguments aspossible.
% Besides the better on-screen display of the contents (a math inset looks
% better than a formula in ERT), it enables LyX to apply some fixes to LaTeX
% limitations: For example, footnotes in section headings do not work in
% LaTeX, but LyX produces preamble code to fix that. Of course this works only
% for footnote insets and not for footnotes in ERT. Example:
% \section{title \texorpdfstring{\footnote{foo}}{bar}}
% is some code that may occur in a .tex file created by LyX. The re-import
% works only because the first argument of \texorpdfstring is specified as
% translatable in this file.
% If a command puts the contents of an argument inside an own group, use
% "group" instead of "translate". Otherwise things like font changes would
% survive the end of the group in LyX (bug 3036).
\abstractname
\Acrobatmenu{}{} % from the hyperref package
\addcontentsline{}{}{translate}
\address{}
\addtime{}
\addtocontents{}{translate} % one argument was missing here (JMarc)
\addtocounter{}{}
\addtolength{}{}
\addvspace{}
\Alph{}
\alph{}
\alsoname
\and
\appendix % had to add this -Ak
\appendixname
\arabic{}
\author{}
\backmatter
%\bezier{}(,)(,)(,) % picture
\bfdefault
\bibliographyunit[]
\bibname
\botfigrule
\bottomfraction
\caption[]{}
\cc{}
\ce{}
\cf{}
\ccname
\centering
\centerline{translate}
\chapter[]{}
\chapter*{}
\chaptername
\check{}
\CheckCommand{}[][]{}
\CheckCommand*{}[][]{}
\CheckCommandx{}[][]{} % xargs.sty
\CheckCommandx*{}[][]{} % xargs.sty
%\circle{} % picture environment (JMarc)
%\circle*{}
\cleardoublepage
\clearpage
\closing{}
\color[]{,,} % Two variants of this command and the next (jpw)
%\color{}
\colorspec[]{,,}{}
%\colorspec{}{}
%\contentsline{}{\numberline{} }{} % Appears only in .toc file (JMarc)
\contentsname
%\dashbox{}(,)[]{} %picture
\date{}
\dblfigrule
\dblfloatpagefraction
\dbltopfraction
\DeclareRobustCommand{}[][]{}
\DeclareRobustCommand*{}[][]{}
\DeclareRobustCommandx{}[][]{} % xargs.sty
\DeclareRobustCommandx*{}[][]{} % xargs.sty
\def{}{}
\definecolor{}{}{,,}
\DeleteShortVerb{} % from doc.sty, argument must be verbatim
\DescribeMacro{}
\discretionary{}{}{}
\encl{}
\enclname
\enlargethispage{}
\enlargethispage*{}
\ensuremath{}
\extracolsep{}
\fbox{translate}
\fcolorbox[]{,,}{,,}{} % Two variants of this command
%\fcolorbox{}{}{}
\figurename
\floatpagefraction
\flushbottom
\fnsymbol{}
\fontfamily{}
\fontseries{}
\fontshape{}
\fontsize{}{}
\footnotemark[]
\footnoterule
\footnotetext[]{translate}
% LaTeX has \frame{}, but beamer has \frame[]{}, so use the latter
\frame[]{translate}
\framebox[][]{translate} % Two variants of this command
%\framebox(,)[]{} % picture variant
\frenchspacing
\frontmatter
\fussy
\glossary{translate}
\glossaryentry{}{} %only in .glo file (JMarc)
% \graphpaper[](,)(,) %picture
\headtoname
\href{}{translate} % from the hyperref package
\hspace{}
\hspace*{}
\hyperdef{}{}{translate} % from the hyperref package
\hyperlink{}{translate} % from the hyperref package
\hyperref{}{}{translate} % from the hyperref package
\hypertarget{}{translate} % from the hyperref package
\hyphenation{}
\iflanguage{}{}{}
\ifthenelse
\includegraphics*[,][,]{} % LyX 1.0 doesn't support clipping figures
\indent
\index{translate}
\indexentry{}{} % only in .idx files (JMarc)
\indexname
\indexspace
\invisible
\itdefault
% This variant of \item might break reLyX!
% \item{} % Only appears in unsupported theindex environment
\k{}
\kill
\labelnumi
\labelnumii
\labelnumiii
\labelnumiv
\labelitemi
\labelitemii
\labelitemiii
\labelitemiv
\language{}
% We need this because the arguments must not be interpreted
\let{item}{item}
% \line(,){} %picture
\linebreak[]
\linethickness{}
\listfigurename
\listofalgorithms %AMStex?
\listoffigures
\listoftables
\listtablename
\location{}
\mainmatter
\makebox[][]{translate}
% \makebox(,)[]{} %picture variant
\makeglossary
\makeindex
\makelabel{translate}
\makelabels
\maketitle
\MakeShortVerb{} % from doc.sty, argument must be verbatim
\markboth{group}{group}
\markright{group}
\mathversion{}
\mbox{translate}
\mddefault
% \multiput(,)(,){}{} %picture
\name{}
\newboolean{}
\newcommand{}[][]{}
\newcommand*{}[][]{}
\newcommandx{}[][]{} % xargs.sty
\newcommandx∗{}[][]{} % xargs.sty
\newcounter{}[]
\newenvironment{}[][]{}{}
\newenvironment*{}[][]{}{}
\newenvironmentx{}[][]{}{} % xargs.sty
\newenvironmentx*{}[][]{}{} % xargs.sty
\newfont{}{ scaled }
\newlength{}
\newpage
\newsavebox{}
\newtheorem{}[]{translate}[]
\nocite{}
\nocorr
\nolinebreak[]
\nonfrenchspacing
\nopagebreak[]
\normalcolor
\normalfont
\normalmarginpar
\notesname
\numberline{}{}
\onecolumn
\onlynotes{}
\onlyslides{}
\opening{}
% \oval(,)[] %picture
\pagebreak[]
\pagecolor[]{,,}
% \pagecolor{} % tex2lyx can first care about this when fileformat 351 is supported
\pagename
\pagenumbering{}
\par
\paragraph[]{}
\paragraph*{}
%\parbox[]{}{} % reLyX treats next line same as this one (adk)
\parbox[][][]{}{translate}
\part[]{}
\part*{}
\partname
\pdfbookmark[]{}{} % from the hyperref package
\pdfstringdef{}{} % from the hyperref package
\poptabs
\prefacename
\printindex[]{}
\protect
\providecommand{}[][]{}
\providecommand*{}[][]{}
\providecommandx{}[][]{} % xargs.sty
\providecommandx*{}[][]{} % xargs.sty
\ps
\psfrag{}[][][][]{translate}
\psfrag*{}[][][][]{translate}
\pushtabs
% \put(,){} %picture
\putbib[]
% \qbezier[](,)(,)(,) %picture
\r{}
\raggedbottom
\raggedleft
\raggedright
\raisebox{}[][]{translate}
\reflectbox{translate}
\refname
\refstepcounter{}
\renewcommand{}[][]{}
\renewcommand*{}[][]{}
\renewcommandx{}[][]{} % xargs.sty
\renewcommandx∗{}[][]{} % xargs.sty
\renewenvironment{}[][]{}{}
\renewenvironment*{}[][]{}{}
%\renewenvironment{}[]{}{}
\renewenvironmentx{}[][]{}{} % xargs.sty
\renewenvironmentx*{}[][]{}{} % xargs.sty
\resizebox{}{}{translate}
\resizebox*{}{}{translate}
\reversemarginpar
\rmdefault
\Roman{}
\roman{}
\rotatebox{}{translate}
\rule[]{}{}
\samepage
\savebox{}[][]{}
% \savebox{}(,)[]{} %picture
\sbox{}{}
\scalebox{}[]{translate}
\scdefault
\section[]{}
\section*{}
\see
\seename
\selectfont
\selectlanguage{}
\setboolean{}{}
\setcounter{}{}
\setlength{}{}
\settime{}
\settodepth{}{}
\settoheight{}{}
\settowidth{}{}
\sfdefault
\shortstack[]{translate}
\showhyphens{}
\signature{}
\sindex[]{translate} %splitidx.sty
\sldefault
\sloppy
\stepcounter{}
\stretch{}
%\subitem{} % unsupported theindex environment
\subcaption[translate]{translate}
\subcaptionbox[translate]{translate}[][]{translate} % subcaption.sty
\subcaptionbox*{translate}[][]{translate} % subcaption.sty
\subjectname
\subfigure[translate][translate]{translate} % obsolete subfigure.sty
\subparagraph[]{} % These "sub" versions of the sectioning commands weren't
\subparagraph*{} % in the original commandlist for some reason (adk)
\subref{} % subcaption.sty
\subref*{} % subcaption.sty
\subsection[]{} %
\subsection*{} %
\subsubsection[]{} %
\subsubsection*{} %
%\subsubitem{} % unsupported theindex environment
\subtable[translate][translate]{translate} % obsolete subfigure.sty
\suppressfloats[]
\symbol{}
\tablename
\tableofcontents
\tabularnewline[]
\telephone{translate}
\texorpdfstring{translate}{translate} % from the hyperref package
\textcircled{translate}
\textcolor[]{,,}{translate}
%\textcolor{}{}
\textbf{translate} % hardcoded, but needed nevertheless for \let\xyz\textbf
\textnormal{translate} % hardcoded, but needed nevertheless for \let\xyz\textnormal
\textmd{translate} % hardcoded, but needed nevertheless for \let\xyz\textmd
\textit{translate} % hardcoded, but needed nevertheless for \let\xyz\textit
\textrm{translate} % hardcoded, but needed nevertheless for \let\xyz\textrm
\textsc{translate} % hardcoded, but needed nevertheless for \let\xyz\textsc
\textsf{translate} % hardcoded, but needed nevertheless for \let\xyz\textsf
\textsl{translate} % hardcoded, but needed nevertheless for \let\xyz\textsl
\texttt{translate} % hardcoded, but needed nevertheless for \let\xyz\texttt
\textup{translate} % hardcoded, but needed nevertheless for \let\xyz\textup
\textfraction
\thanks{translate}
\thicklines
\thinlines
\thispagestyle{}
\title{}
\today
\topfigrule
\topfraction
\ttdefault
\twocolumn[]
\updefault
\usebox{}
\usecounter{}
\usefont{}{}{}{}
\usepackage[]{}[]
\value{}
% \vector(,){} %picture
% \verb|| % tex2lyx fails on \verb, see http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/4468 and http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/5408
% \verb*||
\visible
\vline
\vspace{}
\vspace*{}
\whiledo{}{}
\xymatrix{} % this is basically an array => the contents would be parsed badly (bug 8396)
% LaTeX environments.
% They have always one extra "argument":
% It contains "translate" if the contents of the environment contains normal
% LaTeX code that can be translated to LyX.
\begin{environments}
bibunit[]{translate}
psmatrix[]{}
subfigure[]{translate} % subcaption.sty
subtable[]{translate} % subcaption.sty
theorem[]{translate} % from amsthm.sty and probably others
thebibliography{}
tikzpicture[]{}
\end{environments}
% Environments that start math mode.
% $...$, $$...$$, \(...\) and \[...\] are hardcoded in tex2lyx.
% The arguments are currently ignored (apart from displaymath).
\begin{mathenvironments}
equation{displaymath}
equation*{displaymath}
eqnarray{displaymath}
eqnarray*{displaymath}
align{displaymath}
align*{displaymath}
gather{displaymath}
gather*{displaymath}
multline{displaymath}
multline*{displaymath}
math{}
displaymath{displaymath}
flalign{displaymath}
flalign{displaymath}
% These require extra args
alignat{}{displaymath}
alignat*{displaymath}
xalignat{}{displaymath}
xalignat*{}{displaymath}
xxalignat{}{displaymath}
% These are not known by LyX but work nevertheless:
empheq[]{}{displaymath}
\end{mathenvironments}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Sweave stuff
\Sexpr{}
\SweaveOpts{}
\SweaveInput{}
\SweaveSyntax{}
\Scoderef{}
\Rcode{}
\Robject{}
\Rcommand{}
\Rfunction{}
\Rfunarg{}
\Rpackage{}
\Rclass{}
\Rmethod{}
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