This file is indexed.

/usr/share/php/phpseclib/Crypt/RSA.php is in php-phpseclib 2.0.4-1.

This file is owned by root:root, with mode 0o644.

The actual contents of the file can be viewed below.

   1
   2
   3
   4
   5
   6
   7
   8
   9
  10
  11
  12
  13
  14
  15
  16
  17
  18
  19
  20
  21
  22
  23
  24
  25
  26
  27
  28
  29
  30
  31
  32
  33
  34
  35
  36
  37
  38
  39
  40
  41
  42
  43
  44
  45
  46
  47
  48
  49
  50
  51
  52
  53
  54
  55
  56
  57
  58
  59
  60
  61
  62
  63
  64
  65
  66
  67
  68
  69
  70
  71
  72
  73
  74
  75
  76
  77
  78
  79
  80
  81
  82
  83
  84
  85
  86
  87
  88
  89
  90
  91
  92
  93
  94
  95
  96
  97
  98
  99
 100
 101
 102
 103
 104
 105
 106
 107
 108
 109
 110
 111
 112
 113
 114
 115
 116
 117
 118
 119
 120
 121
 122
 123
 124
 125
 126
 127
 128
 129
 130
 131
 132
 133
 134
 135
 136
 137
 138
 139
 140
 141
 142
 143
 144
 145
 146
 147
 148
 149
 150
 151
 152
 153
 154
 155
 156
 157
 158
 159
 160
 161
 162
 163
 164
 165
 166
 167
 168
 169
 170
 171
 172
 173
 174
 175
 176
 177
 178
 179
 180
 181
 182
 183
 184
 185
 186
 187
 188
 189
 190
 191
 192
 193
 194
 195
 196
 197
 198
 199
 200
 201
 202
 203
 204
 205
 206
 207
 208
 209
 210
 211
 212
 213
 214
 215
 216
 217
 218
 219
 220
 221
 222
 223
 224
 225
 226
 227
 228
 229
 230
 231
 232
 233
 234
 235
 236
 237
 238
 239
 240
 241
 242
 243
 244
 245
 246
 247
 248
 249
 250
 251
 252
 253
 254
 255
 256
 257
 258
 259
 260
 261
 262
 263
 264
 265
 266
 267
 268
 269
 270
 271
 272
 273
 274
 275
 276
 277
 278
 279
 280
 281
 282
 283
 284
 285
 286
 287
 288
 289
 290
 291
 292
 293
 294
 295
 296
 297
 298
 299
 300
 301
 302
 303
 304
 305
 306
 307
 308
 309
 310
 311
 312
 313
 314
 315
 316
 317
 318
 319
 320
 321
 322
 323
 324
 325
 326
 327
 328
 329
 330
 331
 332
 333
 334
 335
 336
 337
 338
 339
 340
 341
 342
 343
 344
 345
 346
 347
 348
 349
 350
 351
 352
 353
 354
 355
 356
 357
 358
 359
 360
 361
 362
 363
 364
 365
 366
 367
 368
 369
 370
 371
 372
 373
 374
 375
 376
 377
 378
 379
 380
 381
 382
 383
 384
 385
 386
 387
 388
 389
 390
 391
 392
 393
 394
 395
 396
 397
 398
 399
 400
 401
 402
 403
 404
 405
 406
 407
 408
 409
 410
 411
 412
 413
 414
 415
 416
 417
 418
 419
 420
 421
 422
 423
 424
 425
 426
 427
 428
 429
 430
 431
 432
 433
 434
 435
 436
 437
 438
 439
 440
 441
 442
 443
 444
 445
 446
 447
 448
 449
 450
 451
 452
 453
 454
 455
 456
 457
 458
 459
 460
 461
 462
 463
 464
 465
 466
 467
 468
 469
 470
 471
 472
 473
 474
 475
 476
 477
 478
 479
 480
 481
 482
 483
 484
 485
 486
 487
 488
 489
 490
 491
 492
 493
 494
 495
 496
 497
 498
 499
 500
 501
 502
 503
 504
 505
 506
 507
 508
 509
 510
 511
 512
 513
 514
 515
 516
 517
 518
 519
 520
 521
 522
 523
 524
 525
 526
 527
 528
 529
 530
 531
 532
 533
 534
 535
 536
 537
 538
 539
 540
 541
 542
 543
 544
 545
 546
 547
 548
 549
 550
 551
 552
 553
 554
 555
 556
 557
 558
 559
 560
 561
 562
 563
 564
 565
 566
 567
 568
 569
 570
 571
 572
 573
 574
 575
 576
 577
 578
 579
 580
 581
 582
 583
 584
 585
 586
 587
 588
 589
 590
 591
 592
 593
 594
 595
 596
 597
 598
 599
 600
 601
 602
 603
 604
 605
 606
 607
 608
 609
 610
 611
 612
 613
 614
 615
 616
 617
 618
 619
 620
 621
 622
 623
 624
 625
 626
 627
 628
 629
 630
 631
 632
 633
 634
 635
 636
 637
 638
 639
 640
 641
 642
 643
 644
 645
 646
 647
 648
 649
 650
 651
 652
 653
 654
 655
 656
 657
 658
 659
 660
 661
 662
 663
 664
 665
 666
 667
 668
 669
 670
 671
 672
 673
 674
 675
 676
 677
 678
 679
 680
 681
 682
 683
 684
 685
 686
 687
 688
 689
 690
 691
 692
 693
 694
 695
 696
 697
 698
 699
 700
 701
 702
 703
 704
 705
 706
 707
 708
 709
 710
 711
 712
 713
 714
 715
 716
 717
 718
 719
 720
 721
 722
 723
 724
 725
 726
 727
 728
 729
 730
 731
 732
 733
 734
 735
 736
 737
 738
 739
 740
 741
 742
 743
 744
 745
 746
 747
 748
 749
 750
 751
 752
 753
 754
 755
 756
 757
 758
 759
 760
 761
 762
 763
 764
 765
 766
 767
 768
 769
 770
 771
 772
 773
 774
 775
 776
 777
 778
 779
 780
 781
 782
 783
 784
 785
 786
 787
 788
 789
 790
 791
 792
 793
 794
 795
 796
 797
 798
 799
 800
 801
 802
 803
 804
 805
 806
 807
 808
 809
 810
 811
 812
 813
 814
 815
 816
 817
 818
 819
 820
 821
 822
 823
 824
 825
 826
 827
 828
 829
 830
 831
 832
 833
 834
 835
 836
 837
 838
 839
 840
 841
 842
 843
 844
 845
 846
 847
 848
 849
 850
 851
 852
 853
 854
 855
 856
 857
 858
 859
 860
 861
 862
 863
 864
 865
 866
 867
 868
 869
 870
 871
 872
 873
 874
 875
 876
 877
 878
 879
 880
 881
 882
 883
 884
 885
 886
 887
 888
 889
 890
 891
 892
 893
 894
 895
 896
 897
 898
 899
 900
 901
 902
 903
 904
 905
 906
 907
 908
 909
 910
 911
 912
 913
 914
 915
 916
 917
 918
 919
 920
 921
 922
 923
 924
 925
 926
 927
 928
 929
 930
 931
 932
 933
 934
 935
 936
 937
 938
 939
 940
 941
 942
 943
 944
 945
 946
 947
 948
 949
 950
 951
 952
 953
 954
 955
 956
 957
 958
 959
 960
 961
 962
 963
 964
 965
 966
 967
 968
 969
 970
 971
 972
 973
 974
 975
 976
 977
 978
 979
 980
 981
 982
 983
 984
 985
 986
 987
 988
 989
 990
 991
 992
 993
 994
 995
 996
 997
 998
 999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
<?php

/**
 * Pure-PHP PKCS#1 (v2.1) compliant implementation of RSA.
 *
 * PHP version 5
 *
 * Here's an example of how to encrypt and decrypt text with this library:
 * <code>
 * <?php
 *    include 'phpseclib/autoload.php';
 *
 *    $rsa = new \phpseclib\Crypt\RSA();
 *    extract($rsa->createKey());
 *
 *    $plaintext = 'terrafrost';
 *
 *    $rsa->loadKey($privatekey);
 *    $ciphertext = $rsa->encrypt($plaintext);
 *
 *    $rsa->loadKey($publickey);
 *    echo $rsa->decrypt($ciphertext);
 * ?>
 * </code>
 *
 * Here's an example of how to create signatures and verify signatures with this library:
 * <code>
 * <?php
 *    include 'phpseclib/autoload.php';
 *
 *    $rsa = new \phpseclib\Crypt\RSA();
 *    extract($rsa->createKey());
 *
 *    $plaintext = 'terrafrost';
 *
 *    $rsa->loadKey($privatekey);
 *    $signature = $rsa->sign($plaintext);
 *
 *    $rsa->loadKey($publickey);
 *    echo $rsa->verify($plaintext, $signature) ? 'verified' : 'unverified';
 * ?>
 * </code>
 *
 * @category  Crypt
 * @package   RSA
 * @author    Jim Wigginton <terrafrost@php.net>
 * @copyright 2009 Jim Wigginton
 * @license   http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.html  MIT License
 * @link      http://phpseclib.sourceforge.net
 */

namespace phpseclib\Crypt;

use phpseclib\Math\BigInteger;

/**
 * Pure-PHP PKCS#1 compliant implementation of RSA.
 *
 * @package RSA
 * @author  Jim Wigginton <terrafrost@php.net>
 * @access  public
 */
class RSA
{
    /**#@+
     * @access public
     * @see self::encrypt()
     * @see self::decrypt()
     */
    /**
     * Use {@link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_Asymmetric_Encryption_Padding Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding}
     * (OAEP) for encryption / decryption.
     *
     * Uses sha1 by default.
     *
     * @see self::setHash()
     * @see self::setMGFHash()
     */
    const ENCRYPTION_OAEP = 1;
    /**
     * Use PKCS#1 padding.
     *
     * Although self::ENCRYPTION_OAEP offers more security, including PKCS#1 padding is necessary for purposes of backwards
     * compatibility with protocols (like SSH-1) written before OAEP's introduction.
     */
    const ENCRYPTION_PKCS1 = 2;
    /**
     * Do not use any padding
     *
     * Although this method is not recommended it can none-the-less sometimes be useful if you're trying to decrypt some legacy
     * stuff, if you're trying to diagnose why an encrypted message isn't decrypting, etc.
     */
    const ENCRYPTION_NONE = 3;
    /**#@-*/

    /**#@+
     * @access public
     * @see self::sign()
     * @see self::verify()
     * @see self::setHash()
    */
    /**
     * Use the Probabilistic Signature Scheme for signing
     *
     * Uses sha1 by default.
     *
     * @see self::setSaltLength()
     * @see self::setMGFHash()
     */
    const SIGNATURE_PSS = 1;
    /**
     * Use the PKCS#1 scheme by default.
     *
     * Although self::SIGNATURE_PSS offers more security, including PKCS#1 signing is necessary for purposes of backwards
     * compatibility with protocols (like SSH-2) written before PSS's introduction.
     */
    const SIGNATURE_PKCS1 = 2;
    /**#@-*/

    /**#@+
     * @access private
     * @see \phpseclib\Crypt\RSA::createKey()
    */
    /**
     * ASN1 Integer
     */
    const ASN1_INTEGER = 2;
    /**
     * ASN1 Bit String
     */
    const ASN1_BITSTRING = 3;
    /**
     * ASN1 Octet String
     */
    const ASN1_OCTETSTRING = 4;
    /**
     * ASN1 Object Identifier
     */
    const ASN1_OBJECT = 6;
    /**
     * ASN1 Sequence (with the constucted bit set)
     */
    const ASN1_SEQUENCE = 48;
    /**#@-*/

    /**#@+
     * @access private
     * @see \phpseclib\Crypt\RSA::__construct()
    */
    /**
     * To use the pure-PHP implementation
     */
    const MODE_INTERNAL = 1;
    /**
     * To use the OpenSSL library
     *
     * (if enabled; otherwise, the internal implementation will be used)
     */
    const MODE_OPENSSL = 2;
    /**#@-*/

    /**#@+
     * @access public
     * @see \phpseclib\Crypt\RSA::createKey()
     * @see \phpseclib\Crypt\RSA::setPrivateKeyFormat()
    */
    /**
     * PKCS#1 formatted private key
     *
     * Used by OpenSSH
     */
    const PRIVATE_FORMAT_PKCS1 = 0;
    /**
     * PuTTY formatted private key
     */
    const PRIVATE_FORMAT_PUTTY = 1;
    /**
     * XML formatted private key
     */
    const PRIVATE_FORMAT_XML = 2;
    /**
     * PKCS#8 formatted private key
     */
    const PRIVATE_FORMAT_PKCS8 = 8;
    /**#@-*/

    /**#@+
     * @access public
     * @see \phpseclib\Crypt\RSA::createKey()
     * @see \phpseclib\Crypt\RSA::setPublicKeyFormat()
    */
    /**
     * Raw public key
     *
     * An array containing two \phpseclib\Math\BigInteger objects.
     *
     * The exponent can be indexed with any of the following:
     *
     * 0, e, exponent, publicExponent
     *
     * The modulus can be indexed with any of the following:
     *
     * 1, n, modulo, modulus
     */
    const PUBLIC_FORMAT_RAW = 3;
    /**
     * PKCS#1 formatted public key (raw)
     *
     * Used by File/X509.php
     *
     * Has the following header:
     *
     * -----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
     *
     * Analogous to ssh-keygen's pem format (as specified by -m)
     */
    const PUBLIC_FORMAT_PKCS1 = 4;
    const PUBLIC_FORMAT_PKCS1_RAW = 4;
    /**
     * XML formatted public key
     */
    const PUBLIC_FORMAT_XML = 5;
    /**
     * OpenSSH formatted public key
     *
     * Place in $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys
     */
    const PUBLIC_FORMAT_OPENSSH = 6;
    /**
     * PKCS#1 formatted public key (encapsulated)
     *
     * Used by PHP's openssl_public_encrypt() and openssl's rsautl (when -pubin is set)
     *
     * Has the following header:
     *
     * -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
     *
     * Analogous to ssh-keygen's pkcs8 format (as specified by -m). Although PKCS8
     * is specific to private keys it's basically creating a DER-encoded wrapper
     * for keys. This just extends that same concept to public keys (much like ssh-keygen)
     */
    const PUBLIC_FORMAT_PKCS8 = 7;
    /**#@-*/

    /**
     * Precomputed Zero
     *
     * @var \phpseclib\Math\BigInteger
     * @access private
     */
    var $zero;

    /**
     * Precomputed One
     *
     * @var \phpseclib\Math\BigInteger
     * @access private
     */
    var $one;

    /**
     * Private Key Format
     *
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    var $privateKeyFormat = self::PRIVATE_FORMAT_PKCS1;

    /**
     * Public Key Format
     *
     * @var int
     * @access public
     */
    var $publicKeyFormat = self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_PKCS8;

    /**
     * Modulus (ie. n)
     *
     * @var \phpseclib\Math\BigInteger
     * @access private
     */
    var $modulus;

    /**
     * Modulus length
     *
     * @var \phpseclib\Math\BigInteger
     * @access private
     */
    var $k;

    /**
     * Exponent (ie. e or d)
     *
     * @var \phpseclib\Math\BigInteger
     * @access private
     */
    var $exponent;

    /**
     * Primes for Chinese Remainder Theorem (ie. p and q)
     *
     * @var array
     * @access private
     */
    var $primes;

    /**
     * Exponents for Chinese Remainder Theorem (ie. dP and dQ)
     *
     * @var array
     * @access private
     */
    var $exponents;

    /**
     * Coefficients for Chinese Remainder Theorem (ie. qInv)
     *
     * @var array
     * @access private
     */
    var $coefficients;

    /**
     * Hash name
     *
     * @var string
     * @access private
     */
    var $hashName;

    /**
     * Hash function
     *
     * @var \phpseclib\Crypt\Hash
     * @access private
     */
    var $hash;

    /**
     * Length of hash function output
     *
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    var $hLen;

    /**
     * Length of salt
     *
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    var $sLen;

    /**
     * Hash function for the Mask Generation Function
     *
     * @var \phpseclib\Crypt\Hash
     * @access private
     */
    var $mgfHash;

    /**
     * Length of MGF hash function output
     *
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    var $mgfHLen;

    /**
     * Encryption mode
     *
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    var $encryptionMode = self::ENCRYPTION_OAEP;

    /**
     * Signature mode
     *
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    var $signatureMode = self::SIGNATURE_PSS;

    /**
     * Public Exponent
     *
     * @var mixed
     * @access private
     */
    var $publicExponent = false;

    /**
     * Password
     *
     * @var string
     * @access private
     */
    var $password = false;

    /**
     * Components
     *
     * For use with parsing XML formatted keys.  PHP's XML Parser functions use utilized - instead of PHP's DOM functions -
     * because PHP's XML Parser functions work on PHP4 whereas PHP's DOM functions - although surperior - don't.
     *
     * @see self::_start_element_handler()
     * @var array
     * @access private
     */
    var $components = array();

    /**
     * Current String
     *
     * For use with parsing XML formatted keys.
     *
     * @see self::_character_handler()
     * @see self::_stop_element_handler()
     * @var mixed
     * @access private
     */
    var $current;

    /**
     * OpenSSL configuration file name.
     *
     * Set to null to use system configuration file.
     * @see self::createKey()
     * @var mixed
     * @Access public
     */
    var $configFile;

    /**
     * Public key comment field.
     *
     * @var string
     * @access private
     */
    var $comment = 'phpseclib-generated-key';

    /**
     * The constructor
     *
     * If you want to make use of the openssl extension, you'll need to set the mode manually, yourself.  The reason
     * \phpseclib\Crypt\RSA doesn't do it is because OpenSSL doesn't fail gracefully.  openssl_pkey_new(), in particular, requires
     * openssl.cnf be present somewhere and, unfortunately, the only real way to find out is too late.
     *
     * @return \phpseclib\Crypt\RSA
     * @access public
     */
    function __construct()
    {
        $this->configFile = dirname(__FILE__) . '/../openssl.cnf';

        if (!defined('CRYPT_RSA_MODE')) {
            switch (true) {
                // Math/BigInteger's openssl requirements are a little less stringent than Crypt/RSA's. in particular,
                // Math/BigInteger doesn't require an openssl.cfg file whereas Crypt/RSA does. so if Math/BigInteger
                // can't use OpenSSL it can be pretty trivially assumed, then, that Crypt/RSA can't either.
                case defined('MATH_BIGINTEGER_OPENSSL_DISABLE'):
                    define('CRYPT_RSA_MODE', self::MODE_INTERNAL);
                    break;
                case extension_loaded('openssl') && file_exists($this->configFile):
                    // some versions of XAMPP have mismatched versions of OpenSSL which causes it not to work
                    ob_start();
                    @phpinfo();
                    $content = ob_get_contents();
                    ob_end_clean();

                    preg_match_all('#OpenSSL (Header|Library) Version(.*)#im', $content, $matches);

                    $versions = array();
                    if (!empty($matches[1])) {
                        for ($i = 0; $i < count($matches[1]); $i++) {
                            $fullVersion = trim(str_replace('=>', '', strip_tags($matches[2][$i])));

                            // Remove letter part in OpenSSL version
                            if (!preg_match('/(\d+\.\d+\.\d+)/i', $fullVersion, $m)) {
                                $versions[$matches[1][$i]] = $fullVersion;
                            } else {
                                $versions[$matches[1][$i]] = $m[0];
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    // it doesn't appear that OpenSSL versions were reported upon until PHP 5.3+
                    switch (true) {
                        case !isset($versions['Header']):
                        case !isset($versions['Library']):
                        case $versions['Header'] == $versions['Library']:
                        case version_compare($versions['Header'], '1.0.0') >= 0 && version_compare($versions['Library'], '1.0.0') >= 0:
                            define('CRYPT_RSA_MODE', self::MODE_OPENSSL);
                            break;
                        default:
                            define('CRYPT_RSA_MODE', self::MODE_INTERNAL);
                            define('MATH_BIGINTEGER_OPENSSL_DISABLE', true);
                    }
                    break;
                default:
                    define('CRYPT_RSA_MODE', self::MODE_INTERNAL);
            }
        }

        $this->zero = new BigInteger();
        $this->one = new BigInteger(1);

        $this->hash = new Hash('sha1');
        $this->hLen = $this->hash->getLength();
        $this->hashName = 'sha1';
        $this->mgfHash = new Hash('sha1');
        $this->mgfHLen = $this->mgfHash->getLength();
    }

    /**
     * Create public / private key pair
     *
     * Returns an array with the following three elements:
     *  - 'privatekey': The private key.
     *  - 'publickey':  The public key.
     *  - 'partialkey': A partially computed key (if the execution time exceeded $timeout).
     *                  Will need to be passed back to \phpseclib\Crypt\RSA::createKey() as the third parameter for further processing.
     *
     * @access public
     * @param int $bits
     * @param int $timeout
     * @param array $p
     */
    function createKey($bits = 1024, $timeout = false, $partial = array())
    {
        if (!defined('CRYPT_RSA_EXPONENT')) {
            // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65537_%28number%29
            define('CRYPT_RSA_EXPONENT', '65537');
        }
        // per <http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~hovav/dist/survey.pdf#page=5>, this number ought not result in primes smaller
        // than 256 bits. as a consequence if the key you're trying to create is 1024 bits and you've set CRYPT_RSA_SMALLEST_PRIME
        // to 384 bits then you're going to get a 384 bit prime and a 640 bit prime (384 + 1024 % 384). at least if
        // CRYPT_RSA_MODE is set to self::MODE_INTERNAL. if CRYPT_RSA_MODE is set to self::MODE_OPENSSL then
        // CRYPT_RSA_SMALLEST_PRIME is ignored (ie. multi-prime RSA support is more intended as a way to speed up RSA key
        // generation when there's a chance neither gmp nor OpenSSL are installed)
        if (!defined('CRYPT_RSA_SMALLEST_PRIME')) {
            define('CRYPT_RSA_SMALLEST_PRIME', 4096);
        }

        // OpenSSL uses 65537 as the exponent and requires RSA keys be 384 bits minimum
        if (CRYPT_RSA_MODE == self::MODE_OPENSSL && $bits >= 384 && CRYPT_RSA_EXPONENT == 65537) {
            $config = array();
            if (isset($this->configFile)) {
                $config['config'] = $this->configFile;
            }
            $rsa = openssl_pkey_new(array('private_key_bits' => $bits) + $config);
            openssl_pkey_export($rsa, $privatekey, null, $config);
            $publickey = openssl_pkey_get_details($rsa);
            $publickey = $publickey['key'];

            $privatekey = call_user_func_array(array($this, '_convertPrivateKey'), array_values($this->_parseKey($privatekey, self::PRIVATE_FORMAT_PKCS1)));
            $publickey = call_user_func_array(array($this, '_convertPublicKey'), array_values($this->_parseKey($publickey, self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_PKCS1)));

            // clear the buffer of error strings stemming from a minimalistic openssl.cnf
            while (openssl_error_string() !== false) {
            }

            return array(
                'privatekey' => $privatekey,
                'publickey' => $publickey,
                'partialkey' => false
            );
        }

        static $e;
        if (!isset($e)) {
            $e = new BigInteger(CRYPT_RSA_EXPONENT);
        }

        extract($this->_generateMinMax($bits));
        $absoluteMin = $min;
        $temp = $bits >> 1; // divide by two to see how many bits P and Q would be
        if ($temp > CRYPT_RSA_SMALLEST_PRIME) {
            $num_primes = floor($bits / CRYPT_RSA_SMALLEST_PRIME);
            $temp = CRYPT_RSA_SMALLEST_PRIME;
        } else {
            $num_primes = 2;
        }
        extract($this->_generateMinMax($temp + $bits % $temp));
        $finalMax = $max;
        extract($this->_generateMinMax($temp));

        $generator = new BigInteger();

        $n = $this->one->copy();
        if (!empty($partial)) {
            extract(unserialize($partial));
        } else {
            $exponents = $coefficients = $primes = array();
            $lcm = array(
                'top' => $this->one->copy(),
                'bottom' => false
            );
        }

        $start = time();
        $i0 = count($primes) + 1;

        do {
            for ($i = $i0; $i <= $num_primes; $i++) {
                if ($timeout !== false) {
                    $timeout-= time() - $start;
                    $start = time();
                    if ($timeout <= 0) {
                        return array(
                            'privatekey' => '',
                            'publickey'  => '',
                            'partialkey' => serialize(array(
                                'primes' => $primes,
                                'coefficients' => $coefficients,
                                'lcm' => $lcm,
                                'exponents' => $exponents
                            ))
                        );
                    }
                }

                if ($i == $num_primes) {
                    list($min, $temp) = $absoluteMin->divide($n);
                    if (!$temp->equals($this->zero)) {
                        $min = $min->add($this->one); // ie. ceil()
                    }
                    $primes[$i] = $generator->randomPrime($min, $finalMax, $timeout);
                } else {
                    $primes[$i] = $generator->randomPrime($min, $max, $timeout);
                }

                if ($primes[$i] === false) { // if we've reached the timeout
                    if (count($primes) > 1) {
                        $partialkey = '';
                    } else {
                        array_pop($primes);
                        $partialkey = serialize(array(
                            'primes' => $primes,
                            'coefficients' => $coefficients,
                            'lcm' => $lcm,
                            'exponents' => $exponents
                        ));
                    }

                    return array(
                        'privatekey' => '',
                        'publickey'  => '',
                        'partialkey' => $partialkey
                    );
                }

                // the first coefficient is calculated differently from the rest
                // ie. instead of being $primes[1]->modInverse($primes[2]), it's $primes[2]->modInverse($primes[1])
                if ($i > 2) {
                    $coefficients[$i] = $n->modInverse($primes[$i]);
                }

                $n = $n->multiply($primes[$i]);

                $temp = $primes[$i]->subtract($this->one);

                // textbook RSA implementations use Euler's totient function instead of the least common multiple.
                // see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_totient_function
                $lcm['top'] = $lcm['top']->multiply($temp);
                $lcm['bottom'] = $lcm['bottom'] === false ? $temp : $lcm['bottom']->gcd($temp);

                $exponents[$i] = $e->modInverse($temp);
            }

            list($temp) = $lcm['top']->divide($lcm['bottom']);
            $gcd = $temp->gcd($e);
            $i0 = 1;
        } while (!$gcd->equals($this->one));

        $d = $e->modInverse($temp);

        $coefficients[2] = $primes[2]->modInverse($primes[1]);

        // from <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#appendix-A.1.2>:
        // RSAPrivateKey ::= SEQUENCE {
        //     version           Version,
        //     modulus           INTEGER,  -- n
        //     publicExponent    INTEGER,  -- e
        //     privateExponent   INTEGER,  -- d
        //     prime1            INTEGER,  -- p
        //     prime2            INTEGER,  -- q
        //     exponent1         INTEGER,  -- d mod (p-1)
        //     exponent2         INTEGER,  -- d mod (q-1)
        //     coefficient       INTEGER,  -- (inverse of q) mod p
        //     otherPrimeInfos   OtherPrimeInfos OPTIONAL
        // }

        return array(
            'privatekey' => $this->_convertPrivateKey($n, $e, $d, $primes, $exponents, $coefficients),
            'publickey'  => $this->_convertPublicKey($n, $e),
            'partialkey' => false
        );
    }

    /**
     * Convert a private key to the appropriate format.
     *
     * @access private
     * @see self::setPrivateKeyFormat()
     * @param string $RSAPrivateKey
     * @return string
     */
    function _convertPrivateKey($n, $e, $d, $primes, $exponents, $coefficients)
    {
        $signed = $this->privateKeyFormat != self::PRIVATE_FORMAT_XML;
        $num_primes = count($primes);
        $raw = array(
            'version' => $num_primes == 2 ? chr(0) : chr(1), // two-prime vs. multi
            'modulus' => $n->toBytes($signed),
            'publicExponent' => $e->toBytes($signed),
            'privateExponent' => $d->toBytes($signed),
            'prime1' => $primes[1]->toBytes($signed),
            'prime2' => $primes[2]->toBytes($signed),
            'exponent1' => $exponents[1]->toBytes($signed),
            'exponent2' => $exponents[2]->toBytes($signed),
            'coefficient' => $coefficients[2]->toBytes($signed)
        );

        // if the format in question does not support multi-prime rsa and multi-prime rsa was used,
        // call _convertPublicKey() instead.
        switch ($this->privateKeyFormat) {
            case self::PRIVATE_FORMAT_XML:
                if ($num_primes != 2) {
                    return false;
                }
                return "<RSAKeyValue>\r\n" .
                       '  <Modulus>' . base64_encode($raw['modulus']) . "</Modulus>\r\n" .
                       '  <Exponent>' . base64_encode($raw['publicExponent']) . "</Exponent>\r\n" .
                       '  <P>' . base64_encode($raw['prime1']) . "</P>\r\n" .
                       '  <Q>' . base64_encode($raw['prime2']) . "</Q>\r\n" .
                       '  <DP>' . base64_encode($raw['exponent1']) . "</DP>\r\n" .
                       '  <DQ>' . base64_encode($raw['exponent2']) . "</DQ>\r\n" .
                       '  <InverseQ>' . base64_encode($raw['coefficient']) . "</InverseQ>\r\n" .
                       '  <D>' . base64_encode($raw['privateExponent']) . "</D>\r\n" .
                       '</RSAKeyValue>';
                break;
            case self::PRIVATE_FORMAT_PUTTY:
                if ($num_primes != 2) {
                    return false;
                }
                $key = "PuTTY-User-Key-File-2: ssh-rsa\r\nEncryption: ";
                $encryption = (!empty($this->password) || is_string($this->password)) ? 'aes256-cbc' : 'none';
                $key.= $encryption;
                $key.= "\r\nComment: " . $this->comment . "\r\n";
                $public = pack(
                    'Na*Na*Na*',
                    strlen('ssh-rsa'),
                    'ssh-rsa',
                    strlen($raw['publicExponent']),
                    $raw['publicExponent'],
                    strlen($raw['modulus']),
                    $raw['modulus']
                );
                $source = pack(
                    'Na*Na*Na*Na*',
                    strlen('ssh-rsa'),
                    'ssh-rsa',
                    strlen($encryption),
                    $encryption,
                    strlen($this->comment),
                    $this->comment,
                    strlen($public),
                    $public
                );
                $public = base64_encode($public);
                $key.= "Public-Lines: " . ((strlen($public) + 63) >> 6) . "\r\n";
                $key.= chunk_split($public, 64);
                $private = pack(
                    'Na*Na*Na*Na*',
                    strlen($raw['privateExponent']),
                    $raw['privateExponent'],
                    strlen($raw['prime1']),
                    $raw['prime1'],
                    strlen($raw['prime2']),
                    $raw['prime2'],
                    strlen($raw['coefficient']),
                    $raw['coefficient']
                );
                if (empty($this->password) && !is_string($this->password)) {
                    $source.= pack('Na*', strlen($private), $private);
                    $hashkey = 'putty-private-key-file-mac-key';
                } else {
                    $private.= Random::string(16 - (strlen($private) & 15));
                    $source.= pack('Na*', strlen($private), $private);
                    $sequence = 0;
                    $symkey = '';
                    while (strlen($symkey) < 32) {
                        $temp = pack('Na*', $sequence++, $this->password);
                        $symkey.= pack('H*', sha1($temp));
                    }
                    $symkey = substr($symkey, 0, 32);
                    $crypto = new AES();

                    $crypto->setKey($symkey);
                    $crypto->disablePadding();
                    $private = $crypto->encrypt($private);
                    $hashkey = 'putty-private-key-file-mac-key' . $this->password;
                }

                $private = base64_encode($private);
                $key.= 'Private-Lines: ' . ((strlen($private) + 63) >> 6) . "\r\n";
                $key.= chunk_split($private, 64);
                $hash = new Hash('sha1');
                $hash->setKey(pack('H*', sha1($hashkey)));
                $key.= 'Private-MAC: ' . bin2hex($hash->hash($source)) . "\r\n";

                return $key;
            default: // eg. self::PRIVATE_FORMAT_PKCS1
                $components = array();
                foreach ($raw as $name => $value) {
                    $components[$name] = pack('Ca*a*', self::ASN1_INTEGER, $this->_encodeLength(strlen($value)), $value);
                }

                $RSAPrivateKey = implode('', $components);

                if ($num_primes > 2) {
                    $OtherPrimeInfos = '';
                    for ($i = 3; $i <= $num_primes; $i++) {
                        // OtherPrimeInfos ::= SEQUENCE SIZE(1..MAX) OF OtherPrimeInfo
                        //
                        // OtherPrimeInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
                        //     prime             INTEGER,  -- ri
                        //     exponent          INTEGER,  -- di
                        //     coefficient       INTEGER   -- ti
                        // }
                        $OtherPrimeInfo = pack('Ca*a*', self::ASN1_INTEGER, $this->_encodeLength(strlen($primes[$i]->toBytes(true))), $primes[$i]->toBytes(true));
                        $OtherPrimeInfo.= pack('Ca*a*', self::ASN1_INTEGER, $this->_encodeLength(strlen($exponents[$i]->toBytes(true))), $exponents[$i]->toBytes(true));
                        $OtherPrimeInfo.= pack('Ca*a*', self::ASN1_INTEGER, $this->_encodeLength(strlen($coefficients[$i]->toBytes(true))), $coefficients[$i]->toBytes(true));
                        $OtherPrimeInfos.= pack('Ca*a*', self::ASN1_SEQUENCE, $this->_encodeLength(strlen($OtherPrimeInfo)), $OtherPrimeInfo);
                    }
                    $RSAPrivateKey.= pack('Ca*a*', self::ASN1_SEQUENCE, $this->_encodeLength(strlen($OtherPrimeInfos)), $OtherPrimeInfos);
                }

                $RSAPrivateKey = pack('Ca*a*', self::ASN1_SEQUENCE, $this->_encodeLength(strlen($RSAPrivateKey)), $RSAPrivateKey);

                if ($this->privateKeyFormat == self::PRIVATE_FORMAT_PKCS8) {
                    $rsaOID = pack('H*', '300d06092a864886f70d0101010500'); // hex version of MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUA
                    $RSAPrivateKey = pack(
                        'Ca*a*Ca*a*',
                        self::ASN1_INTEGER,
                        "\01\00",
                        $rsaOID,
                        4,
                        $this->_encodeLength(strlen($RSAPrivateKey)),
                        $RSAPrivateKey
                    );
                    $RSAPrivateKey = pack('Ca*a*', self::ASN1_SEQUENCE, $this->_encodeLength(strlen($RSAPrivateKey)), $RSAPrivateKey);
                    if (!empty($this->password) || is_string($this->password)) {
                        $salt = Random::string(8);
                        $iterationCount = 2048;

                        $crypto = new DES();
                        $crypto->setPassword($this->password, 'pbkdf1', 'md5', $salt, $iterationCount);
                        $RSAPrivateKey = $crypto->encrypt($RSAPrivateKey);

                        $parameters = pack(
                            'Ca*a*Ca*N',
                            self::ASN1_OCTETSTRING,
                            $this->_encodeLength(strlen($salt)),
                            $salt,
                            self::ASN1_INTEGER,
                            $this->_encodeLength(4),
                            $iterationCount
                        );
                        $pbeWithMD5AndDES_CBC = "\x2a\x86\x48\x86\xf7\x0d\x01\x05\x03";

                        $encryptionAlgorithm = pack(
                            'Ca*a*Ca*a*',
                            self::ASN1_OBJECT,
                            $this->_encodeLength(strlen($pbeWithMD5AndDES_CBC)),
                            $pbeWithMD5AndDES_CBC,
                            self::ASN1_SEQUENCE,
                            $this->_encodeLength(strlen($parameters)),
                            $parameters
                        );

                        $RSAPrivateKey = pack(
                            'Ca*a*Ca*a*',
                            self::ASN1_SEQUENCE,
                            $this->_encodeLength(strlen($encryptionAlgorithm)),
                            $encryptionAlgorithm,
                            self::ASN1_OCTETSTRING,
                            $this->_encodeLength(strlen($RSAPrivateKey)),
                            $RSAPrivateKey
                        );

                        $RSAPrivateKey = pack('Ca*a*', self::ASN1_SEQUENCE, $this->_encodeLength(strlen($RSAPrivateKey)), $RSAPrivateKey);

                        $RSAPrivateKey = "-----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----\r\n" .
                                         chunk_split(base64_encode($RSAPrivateKey), 64) .
                                         '-----END ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----';
                    } else {
                        $RSAPrivateKey = "-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----\r\n" .
                                         chunk_split(base64_encode($RSAPrivateKey), 64) .
                                         '-----END PRIVATE KEY-----';
                    }
                    return $RSAPrivateKey;
                }

                if (!empty($this->password) || is_string($this->password)) {
                    $iv = Random::string(8);
                    $symkey = pack('H*', md5($this->password . $iv)); // symkey is short for symmetric key
                    $symkey.= substr(pack('H*', md5($symkey . $this->password . $iv)), 0, 8);
                    $des = new TripleDES();
                    $des->setKey($symkey);
                    $des->setIV($iv);
                    $iv = strtoupper(bin2hex($iv));
                    $RSAPrivateKey = "-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----\r\n" .
                                     "Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED\r\n" .
                                     "DEK-Info: DES-EDE3-CBC,$iv\r\n" .
                                     "\r\n" .
                                     chunk_split(base64_encode($des->encrypt($RSAPrivateKey)), 64) .
                                     '-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----';
                } else {
                    $RSAPrivateKey = "-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----\r\n" .
                                     chunk_split(base64_encode($RSAPrivateKey), 64) .
                                     '-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----';
                }

                return $RSAPrivateKey;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Convert a public key to the appropriate format
     *
     * @access private
     * @see self::setPublicKeyFormat()
     * @param string $RSAPrivateKey
     * @return string
     */
    function _convertPublicKey($n, $e)
    {
        $signed = $this->publicKeyFormat != self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_XML;

        $modulus = $n->toBytes($signed);
        $publicExponent = $e->toBytes($signed);

        switch ($this->publicKeyFormat) {
            case self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_RAW:
                return array('e' => $e->copy(), 'n' => $n->copy());
            case self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_XML:
                return "<RSAKeyValue>\r\n" .
                       '  <Modulus>' . base64_encode($modulus) . "</Modulus>\r\n" .
                       '  <Exponent>' . base64_encode($publicExponent) . "</Exponent>\r\n" .
                       '</RSAKeyValue>';
                break;
            case self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_OPENSSH:
                // from <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4253#page-15>:
                // string    "ssh-rsa"
                // mpint     e
                // mpint     n
                $RSAPublicKey = pack('Na*Na*Na*', strlen('ssh-rsa'), 'ssh-rsa', strlen($publicExponent), $publicExponent, strlen($modulus), $modulus);
                $RSAPublicKey = 'ssh-rsa ' . base64_encode($RSAPublicKey) . ' ' . $this->comment;

                return $RSAPublicKey;
            default: // eg. self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_PKCS1_RAW or self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_PKCS1
                // from <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#appendix-A.1.1>:
                // RSAPublicKey ::= SEQUENCE {
                //     modulus           INTEGER,  -- n
                //     publicExponent    INTEGER   -- e
                // }
                $components = array(
                    'modulus' => pack('Ca*a*', self::ASN1_INTEGER, $this->_encodeLength(strlen($modulus)), $modulus),
                    'publicExponent' => pack('Ca*a*', self::ASN1_INTEGER, $this->_encodeLength(strlen($publicExponent)), $publicExponent)
                );

                $RSAPublicKey = pack(
                    'Ca*a*a*',
                    self::ASN1_SEQUENCE,
                    $this->_encodeLength(strlen($components['modulus']) + strlen($components['publicExponent'])),
                    $components['modulus'],
                    $components['publicExponent']
                );

                if ($this->publicKeyFormat == self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_PKCS1_RAW) {
                    $RSAPublicKey = "-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----\r\n" .
                                    chunk_split(base64_encode($RSAPublicKey), 64) .
                                    '-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----';
                } else {
                    // sequence(oid(1.2.840.113549.1.1.1), null)) = rsaEncryption.
                    $rsaOID = pack('H*', '300d06092a864886f70d0101010500'); // hex version of MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUA
                    $RSAPublicKey = chr(0) . $RSAPublicKey;
                    $RSAPublicKey = chr(3) . $this->_encodeLength(strlen($RSAPublicKey)) . $RSAPublicKey;

                    $RSAPublicKey = pack(
                        'Ca*a*',
                        self::ASN1_SEQUENCE,
                        $this->_encodeLength(strlen($rsaOID . $RSAPublicKey)),
                        $rsaOID . $RSAPublicKey
                    );

                    $RSAPublicKey = "-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----\r\n" .
                                     chunk_split(base64_encode($RSAPublicKey), 64) .
                                     '-----END PUBLIC KEY-----';
                }

                return $RSAPublicKey;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Break a public or private key down into its constituant components
     *
     * @access private
     * @see self::_convertPublicKey()
     * @see self::_convertPrivateKey()
     * @param string $key
     * @param int $type
     * @return array
     */
    function _parseKey($key, $type)
    {
        if ($type != self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_RAW && !is_string($key)) {
            return false;
        }

        switch ($type) {
            case self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_RAW:
                if (!is_array($key)) {
                    return false;
                }
                $components = array();
                switch (true) {
                    case isset($key['e']):
                        $components['publicExponent'] = $key['e']->copy();
                        break;
                    case isset($key['exponent']):
                        $components['publicExponent'] = $key['exponent']->copy();
                        break;
                    case isset($key['publicExponent']):
                        $components['publicExponent'] = $key['publicExponent']->copy();
                        break;
                    case isset($key[0]):
                        $components['publicExponent'] = $key[0]->copy();
                }
                switch (true) {
                    case isset($key['n']):
                        $components['modulus'] = $key['n']->copy();
                        break;
                    case isset($key['modulo']):
                        $components['modulus'] = $key['modulo']->copy();
                        break;
                    case isset($key['modulus']):
                        $components['modulus'] = $key['modulus']->copy();
                        break;
                    case isset($key[1]):
                        $components['modulus'] = $key[1]->copy();
                }
                return isset($components['modulus']) && isset($components['publicExponent']) ? $components : false;
            case self::PRIVATE_FORMAT_PKCS1:
            case self::PRIVATE_FORMAT_PKCS8:
            case self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_PKCS1:
                /* Although PKCS#1 proposes a format that public and private keys can use, encrypting them is
                   "outside the scope" of PKCS#1.  PKCS#1 then refers you to PKCS#12 and PKCS#15 if you're wanting to
                   protect private keys, however, that's not what OpenSSL* does.  OpenSSL protects private keys by adding
                   two new "fields" to the key - DEK-Info and Proc-Type.  These fields are discussed here:

                   http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1421#section-4.6.1.1
                   http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1421#section-4.6.1.3

                   DES-EDE3-CBC as an algorithm, however, is not discussed anywhere, near as I can tell.
                   DES-CBC and DES-EDE are discussed in RFC1423, however, DES-EDE3-CBC isn't, nor is its key derivation
                   function.  As is, the definitive authority on this encoding scheme isn't the IETF but rather OpenSSL's
                   own implementation.  ie. the implementation *is* the standard and any bugs that may exist in that
                   implementation are part of the standard, as well.

                   * OpenSSL is the de facto standard.  It's utilized by OpenSSH and other projects */
                if (preg_match('#DEK-Info: (.+),(.+)#', $key, $matches)) {
                    $iv = pack('H*', trim($matches[2]));
                    $symkey = pack('H*', md5($this->password . substr($iv, 0, 8))); // symkey is short for symmetric key
                    $symkey.= pack('H*', md5($symkey . $this->password . substr($iv, 0, 8)));
                    // remove the Proc-Type / DEK-Info sections as they're no longer needed
                    $key = preg_replace('#^(?:Proc-Type|DEK-Info): .*#m', '', $key);
                    $ciphertext = $this->_extractBER($key);
                    if ($ciphertext === false) {
                        $ciphertext = $key;
                    }
                    switch ($matches[1]) {
                        case 'AES-256-CBC':
                            $crypto = new AES();
                            break;
                        case 'AES-128-CBC':
                            $symkey = substr($symkey, 0, 16);
                            $crypto = new AES();
                            break;
                        case 'DES-EDE3-CFB':
                            $crypto = new TripleDES(Base::MODE_CFB);
                            break;
                        case 'DES-EDE3-CBC':
                            $symkey = substr($symkey, 0, 24);
                            $crypto = new TripleDES();
                            break;
                        case 'DES-CBC':
                            $crypto = new DES();
                            break;
                        default:
                            return false;
                    }
                    $crypto->setKey($symkey);
                    $crypto->setIV($iv);
                    $decoded = $crypto->decrypt($ciphertext);
                } else {
                    $decoded = $this->_extractBER($key);
                }

                if ($decoded !== false) {
                    $key = $decoded;
                }

                $components = array();

                if (ord($this->_string_shift($key)) != self::ASN1_SEQUENCE) {
                    return false;
                }
                if ($this->_decodeLength($key) != strlen($key)) {
                    return false;
                }

                $tag = ord($this->_string_shift($key));
                /* intended for keys for which OpenSSL's asn1parse returns the following:

                    0:d=0  hl=4 l= 631 cons: SEQUENCE
                    4:d=1  hl=2 l=   1 prim:  INTEGER           :00
                    7:d=1  hl=2 l=  13 cons:  SEQUENCE
                    9:d=2  hl=2 l=   9 prim:   OBJECT            :rsaEncryption
                   20:d=2  hl=2 l=   0 prim:   NULL
                   22:d=1  hl=4 l= 609 prim:  OCTET STRING

                   ie. PKCS8 keys*/

                if ($tag == self::ASN1_INTEGER && substr($key, 0, 3) == "\x01\x00\x30") {
                    $this->_string_shift($key, 3);
                    $tag = self::ASN1_SEQUENCE;
                }

                if ($tag == self::ASN1_SEQUENCE) {
                    $temp = $this->_string_shift($key, $this->_decodeLength($key));
                    if (ord($this->_string_shift($temp)) != self::ASN1_OBJECT) {
                        return false;
                    }
                    $length = $this->_decodeLength($temp);
                    switch ($this->_string_shift($temp, $length)) {
                        case "\x2a\x86\x48\x86\xf7\x0d\x01\x01\x01": // rsaEncryption
                            break;
                        case "\x2a\x86\x48\x86\xf7\x0d\x01\x05\x03": // pbeWithMD5AndDES-CBC
                            /*
                               PBEParameter ::= SEQUENCE {
                                   salt OCTET STRING (SIZE(8)),
                                   iterationCount INTEGER }
                            */
                            if (ord($this->_string_shift($temp)) != self::ASN1_SEQUENCE) {
                                return false;
                            }
                            if ($this->_decodeLength($temp) != strlen($temp)) {
                                return false;
                            }
                            $this->_string_shift($temp); // assume it's an octet string
                            $salt = $this->_string_shift($temp, $this->_decodeLength($temp));
                            if (ord($this->_string_shift($temp)) != self::ASN1_INTEGER) {
                                return false;
                            }
                            $this->_decodeLength($temp);
                            list(, $iterationCount) = unpack('N', str_pad($temp, 4, chr(0), STR_PAD_LEFT));
                            $this->_string_shift($key); // assume it's an octet string
                            $length = $this->_decodeLength($key);
                            if (strlen($key) != $length) {
                                return false;
                            }

                            $crypto = new DES();
                            $crypto->setPassword($this->password, 'pbkdf1', 'md5', $salt, $iterationCount);
                            $key = $crypto->decrypt($key);
                            if ($key === false) {
                                return false;
                            }
                            return $this->_parseKey($key, self::PRIVATE_FORMAT_PKCS1);
                        default:
                            return false;
                    }
                    /* intended for keys for which OpenSSL's asn1parse returns the following:

                        0:d=0  hl=4 l= 290 cons: SEQUENCE
                        4:d=1  hl=2 l=  13 cons:  SEQUENCE
                        6:d=2  hl=2 l=   9 prim:   OBJECT            :rsaEncryption
                       17:d=2  hl=2 l=   0 prim:   NULL
                       19:d=1  hl=4 l= 271 prim:  BIT STRING */
                    $tag = ord($this->_string_shift($key)); // skip over the BIT STRING / OCTET STRING tag
                    $this->_decodeLength($key); // skip over the BIT STRING / OCTET STRING length
                    // "The initial octet shall encode, as an unsigned binary integer wtih bit 1 as the least significant bit, the number of
                    //  unused bits in the final subsequent octet. The number shall be in the range zero to seven."
                    //  -- http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/com17/languages/X.690-0207.pdf (section 8.6.2.2)
                    if ($tag == self::ASN1_BITSTRING) {
                        $this->_string_shift($key);
                    }
                    if (ord($this->_string_shift($key)) != self::ASN1_SEQUENCE) {
                        return false;
                    }
                    if ($this->_decodeLength($key) != strlen($key)) {
                        return false;
                    }
                    $tag = ord($this->_string_shift($key));
                }
                if ($tag != self::ASN1_INTEGER) {
                    return false;
                }

                $length = $this->_decodeLength($key);
                $temp = $this->_string_shift($key, $length);
                if (strlen($temp) != 1 || ord($temp) > 2) {
                    $components['modulus'] = new BigInteger($temp, 256);
                    $this->_string_shift($key); // skip over self::ASN1_INTEGER
                    $length = $this->_decodeLength($key);
                    $components[$type == self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_PKCS1 ? 'publicExponent' : 'privateExponent'] = new BigInteger($this->_string_shift($key, $length), 256);

                    return $components;
                }
                if (ord($this->_string_shift($key)) != self::ASN1_INTEGER) {
                    return false;
                }
                $length = $this->_decodeLength($key);
                $components['modulus'] = new BigInteger($this->_string_shift($key, $length), 256);
                $this->_string_shift($key);
                $length = $this->_decodeLength($key);
                $components['publicExponent'] = new BigInteger($this->_string_shift($key, $length), 256);
                $this->_string_shift($key);
                $length = $this->_decodeLength($key);
                $components['privateExponent'] = new BigInteger($this->_string_shift($key, $length), 256);
                $this->_string_shift($key);
                $length = $this->_decodeLength($key);
                $components['primes'] = array(1 => new BigInteger($this->_string_shift($key, $length), 256));
                $this->_string_shift($key);
                $length = $this->_decodeLength($key);
                $components['primes'][] = new BigInteger($this->_string_shift($key, $length), 256);
                $this->_string_shift($key);
                $length = $this->_decodeLength($key);
                $components['exponents'] = array(1 => new BigInteger($this->_string_shift($key, $length), 256));
                $this->_string_shift($key);
                $length = $this->_decodeLength($key);
                $components['exponents'][] = new BigInteger($this->_string_shift($key, $length), 256);
                $this->_string_shift($key);
                $length = $this->_decodeLength($key);
                $components['coefficients'] = array(2 => new BigInteger($this->_string_shift($key, $length), 256));

                if (!empty($key)) {
                    if (ord($this->_string_shift($key)) != self::ASN1_SEQUENCE) {
                        return false;
                    }
                    $this->_decodeLength($key);
                    while (!empty($key)) {
                        if (ord($this->_string_shift($key)) != self::ASN1_SEQUENCE) {
                            return false;
                        }
                        $this->_decodeLength($key);
                        $key = substr($key, 1);
                        $length = $this->_decodeLength($key);
                        $components['primes'][] = new BigInteger($this->_string_shift($key, $length), 256);
                        $this->_string_shift($key);
                        $length = $this->_decodeLength($key);
                        $components['exponents'][] = new BigInteger($this->_string_shift($key, $length), 256);
                        $this->_string_shift($key);
                        $length = $this->_decodeLength($key);
                        $components['coefficients'][] = new BigInteger($this->_string_shift($key, $length), 256);
                    }
                }

                return $components;
            case self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_OPENSSH:
                $parts = explode(' ', $key, 3);

                $key = isset($parts[1]) ? base64_decode($parts[1]) : false;
                if ($key === false) {
                    return false;
                }

                $comment = isset($parts[2]) ? $parts[2] : false;

                $cleanup = substr($key, 0, 11) == "\0\0\0\7ssh-rsa";

                if (strlen($key) <= 4) {
                    return false;
                }
                extract(unpack('Nlength', $this->_string_shift($key, 4)));
                $publicExponent = new BigInteger($this->_string_shift($key, $length), -256);
                if (strlen($key) <= 4) {
                    return false;
                }
                extract(unpack('Nlength', $this->_string_shift($key, 4)));
                $modulus = new BigInteger($this->_string_shift($key, $length), -256);

                if ($cleanup && strlen($key)) {
                    if (strlen($key) <= 4) {
                        return false;
                    }
                    extract(unpack('Nlength', $this->_string_shift($key, 4)));
                    $realModulus = new BigInteger($this->_string_shift($key, $length), -256);
                    return strlen($key) ? false : array(
                        'modulus' => $realModulus,
                        'publicExponent' => $modulus,
                        'comment' => $comment
                    );
                } else {
                    return strlen($key) ? false : array(
                        'modulus' => $modulus,
                        'publicExponent' => $publicExponent,
                        'comment' => $comment
                    );
                }
            // http://www.w3.org/TR/xmldsig-core/#sec-RSAKeyValue
            // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Signature
            case self::PRIVATE_FORMAT_XML:
            case self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_XML:
                $this->components = array();

                $xml = xml_parser_create('UTF-8');
                xml_set_object($xml, $this);
                xml_set_element_handler($xml, '_start_element_handler', '_stop_element_handler');
                xml_set_character_data_handler($xml, '_data_handler');
                // add <xml></xml> to account for "dangling" tags like <BitStrength>...</BitStrength> that are sometimes added
                if (!xml_parse($xml, '<xml>' . $key . '</xml>')) {
                    return false;
                }

                return isset($this->components['modulus']) && isset($this->components['publicExponent']) ? $this->components : false;
            // from PuTTY's SSHPUBK.C
            case self::PRIVATE_FORMAT_PUTTY:
                $components = array();
                $key = preg_split('#\r\n|\r|\n#', $key);
                $type = trim(preg_replace('#PuTTY-User-Key-File-2: (.+)#', '$1', $key[0]));
                if ($type != 'ssh-rsa') {
                    return false;
                }
                $encryption = trim(preg_replace('#Encryption: (.+)#', '$1', $key[1]));
                $comment = trim(preg_replace('#Comment: (.+)#', '$1', $key[2]));

                $publicLength = trim(preg_replace('#Public-Lines: (\d+)#', '$1', $key[3]));
                $public = base64_decode(implode('', array_map('trim', array_slice($key, 4, $publicLength))));
                $public = substr($public, 11);
                extract(unpack('Nlength', $this->_string_shift($public, 4)));
                $components['publicExponent'] = new BigInteger($this->_string_shift($public, $length), -256);
                extract(unpack('Nlength', $this->_string_shift($public, 4)));
                $components['modulus'] = new BigInteger($this->_string_shift($public, $length), -256);

                $privateLength = trim(preg_replace('#Private-Lines: (\d+)#', '$1', $key[$publicLength + 4]));
                $private = base64_decode(implode('', array_map('trim', array_slice($key, $publicLength + 5, $privateLength))));

                switch ($encryption) {
                    case 'aes256-cbc':
                        $symkey = '';
                        $sequence = 0;
                        while (strlen($symkey) < 32) {
                            $temp = pack('Na*', $sequence++, $this->password);
                            $symkey.= pack('H*', sha1($temp));
                        }
                        $symkey = substr($symkey, 0, 32);
                        $crypto = new AES();
                }

                if ($encryption != 'none') {
                    $crypto->setKey($symkey);
                    $crypto->disablePadding();
                    $private = $crypto->decrypt($private);
                    if ($private === false) {
                        return false;
                    }
                }

                extract(unpack('Nlength', $this->_string_shift($private, 4)));
                if (strlen($private) < $length) {
                    return false;
                }
                $components['privateExponent'] = new BigInteger($this->_string_shift($private, $length), -256);
                extract(unpack('Nlength', $this->_string_shift($private, 4)));
                if (strlen($private) < $length) {
                    return false;
                }
                $components['primes'] = array(1 => new BigInteger($this->_string_shift($private, $length), -256));
                extract(unpack('Nlength', $this->_string_shift($private, 4)));
                if (strlen($private) < $length) {
                    return false;
                }
                $components['primes'][] = new BigInteger($this->_string_shift($private, $length), -256);

                $temp = $components['primes'][1]->subtract($this->one);
                $components['exponents'] = array(1 => $components['publicExponent']->modInverse($temp));
                $temp = $components['primes'][2]->subtract($this->one);
                $components['exponents'][] = $components['publicExponent']->modInverse($temp);

                extract(unpack('Nlength', $this->_string_shift($private, 4)));
                if (strlen($private) < $length) {
                    return false;
                }
                $components['coefficients'] = array(2 => new BigInteger($this->_string_shift($private, $length), -256));

                return $components;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the key size
     *
     * More specifically, this returns the size of the modulo in bits.
     *
     * @access public
     * @return int
     */
    function getSize()
    {
        return !isset($this->modulus) ? 0 : strlen($this->modulus->toBits());
    }

    /**
     * Start Element Handler
     *
     * Called by xml_set_element_handler()
     *
     * @access private
     * @param resource $parser
     * @param string $name
     * @param array $attribs
     */
    function _start_element_handler($parser, $name, $attribs)
    {
        //$name = strtoupper($name);
        switch ($name) {
            case 'MODULUS':
                $this->current = &$this->components['modulus'];
                break;
            case 'EXPONENT':
                $this->current = &$this->components['publicExponent'];
                break;
            case 'P':
                $this->current = &$this->components['primes'][1];
                break;
            case 'Q':
                $this->current = &$this->components['primes'][2];
                break;
            case 'DP':
                $this->current = &$this->components['exponents'][1];
                break;
            case 'DQ':
                $this->current = &$this->components['exponents'][2];
                break;
            case 'INVERSEQ':
                $this->current = &$this->components['coefficients'][2];
                break;
            case 'D':
                $this->current = &$this->components['privateExponent'];
        }
        $this->current = '';
    }

    /**
     * Stop Element Handler
     *
     * Called by xml_set_element_handler()
     *
     * @access private
     * @param resource $parser
     * @param string $name
     */
    function _stop_element_handler($parser, $name)
    {
        if (isset($this->current)) {
            $this->current = new BigInteger(base64_decode($this->current), 256);
            unset($this->current);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Data Handler
     *
     * Called by xml_set_character_data_handler()
     *
     * @access private
     * @param resource $parser
     * @param string $data
     */
    function _data_handler($parser, $data)
    {
        if (!isset($this->current) || is_object($this->current)) {
            return;
        }
        $this->current.= trim($data);
    }

    /**
     * Loads a public or private key
     *
     * Returns true on success and false on failure (ie. an incorrect password was provided or the key was malformed)
     *
     * @access public
     * @param string $key
     * @param int $type optional
     */
    function loadKey($key, $type = false)
    {
        if ($key instanceof RSA) {
            $this->privateKeyFormat = $key->privateKeyFormat;
            $this->publicKeyFormat = $key->publicKeyFormat;
            $this->k = $key->k;
            $this->hLen = $key->hLen;
            $this->sLen = $key->sLen;
            $this->mgfHLen = $key->mgfHLen;
            $this->encryptionMode = $key->encryptionMode;
            $this->signatureMode = $key->signatureMode;
            $this->password = $key->password;
            $this->configFile = $key->configFile;
            $this->comment = $key->comment;

            if (is_object($key->hash)) {
                $this->hash = new Hash($key->hash->getHash());
            }
            if (is_object($key->mgfHash)) {
                $this->mgfHash = new Hash($key->mgfHash->getHash());
            }

            if (is_object($key->modulus)) {
                $this->modulus = $key->modulus->copy();
            }
            if (is_object($key->exponent)) {
                $this->exponent = $key->exponent->copy();
            }
            if (is_object($key->publicExponent)) {
                $this->publicExponent = $key->publicExponent->copy();
            }

            $this->primes = array();
            $this->exponents = array();
            $this->coefficients = array();

            foreach ($this->primes as $prime) {
                $this->primes[] = $prime->copy();
            }
            foreach ($this->exponents as $exponent) {
                $this->exponents[] = $exponent->copy();
            }
            foreach ($this->coefficients as $coefficient) {
                $this->coefficients[] = $coefficient->copy();
            }

            return true;
        }

        if ($type === false) {
            $types = array(
                self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_RAW,
                self::PRIVATE_FORMAT_PKCS1,
                self::PRIVATE_FORMAT_XML,
                self::PRIVATE_FORMAT_PUTTY,
                self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_OPENSSH
            );
            foreach ($types as $type) {
                $components = $this->_parseKey($key, $type);
                if ($components !== false) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        } else {
            $components = $this->_parseKey($key, $type);
        }

        if ($components === false) {
            return false;
        }

        if (isset($components['comment']) && $components['comment'] !== false) {
            $this->comment = $components['comment'];
        }
        $this->modulus = $components['modulus'];
        $this->k = strlen($this->modulus->toBytes());
        $this->exponent = isset($components['privateExponent']) ? $components['privateExponent'] : $components['publicExponent'];
        if (isset($components['primes'])) {
            $this->primes = $components['primes'];
            $this->exponents = $components['exponents'];
            $this->coefficients = $components['coefficients'];
            $this->publicExponent = $components['publicExponent'];
        } else {
            $this->primes = array();
            $this->exponents = array();
            $this->coefficients = array();
            $this->publicExponent = false;
        }

        switch ($type) {
            case self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_OPENSSH:
            case self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_RAW:
                $this->setPublicKey();
                break;
            case self::PRIVATE_FORMAT_PKCS1:
                switch (true) {
                    case strpos($key, '-BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-') !== false:
                    case strpos($key, '-BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-') !== false:
                        $this->setPublicKey();
                }
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the password
     *
     * Private keys can be encrypted with a password.  To unset the password, pass in the empty string or false.
     * Or rather, pass in $password such that empty($password) && !is_string($password) is true.
     *
     * @see self::createKey()
     * @see self::loadKey()
     * @access public
     * @param string $password
     */
    function setPassword($password = false)
    {
        $this->password = $password;
    }

    /**
     * Defines the public key
     *
     * Some private key formats define the public exponent and some don't.  Those that don't define it are problematic when
     * used in certain contexts.  For example, in SSH-2, RSA authentication works by sending the public key along with a
     * message signed by the private key to the server.  The SSH-2 server looks the public key up in an index of public keys
     * and if it's present then proceeds to verify the signature.  Problem is, if your private key doesn't include the public
     * exponent this won't work unless you manually add the public exponent. phpseclib tries to guess if the key being used
     * is the public key but in the event that it guesses incorrectly you might still want to explicitly set the key as being
     * public.
     *
     * Do note that when a new key is loaded the index will be cleared.
     *
     * Returns true on success, false on failure
     *
     * @see self::getPublicKey()
     * @access public
     * @param string $key optional
     * @param int $type optional
     * @return bool
     */
    function setPublicKey($key = false, $type = false)
    {
        // if a public key has already been loaded return false
        if (!empty($this->publicExponent)) {
            return false;
        }

        if ($key === false && !empty($this->modulus)) {
            $this->publicExponent = $this->exponent;
            return true;
        }

        if ($type === false) {
            $types = array(
                self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_RAW,
                self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_PKCS1,
                self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_XML,
                self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_OPENSSH
            );
            foreach ($types as $type) {
                $components = $this->_parseKey($key, $type);
                if ($components !== false) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        } else {
            $components = $this->_parseKey($key, $type);
        }

        if ($components === false) {
            return false;
        }

        if (empty($this->modulus) || !$this->modulus->equals($components['modulus'])) {
            $this->modulus = $components['modulus'];
            $this->exponent = $this->publicExponent = $components['publicExponent'];
            return true;
        }

        $this->publicExponent = $components['publicExponent'];

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Defines the private key
     *
     * If phpseclib guessed a private key was a public key and loaded it as such it might be desirable to force
     * phpseclib to treat the key as a private key. This function will do that.
     *
     * Do note that when a new key is loaded the index will be cleared.
     *
     * Returns true on success, false on failure
     *
     * @see self::getPublicKey()
     * @access public
     * @param string $key optional
     * @param int $type optional
     * @return bool
     */
    function setPrivateKey($key = false, $type = false)
    {
        if ($key === false && !empty($this->publicExponent)) {
            $this->publicExponent = false;
            return true;
        }

        $rsa = new RSA();
        if (!$rsa->loadKey($key, $type)) {
            return false;
        }
        $rsa->publicExponent = false;

        // don't overwrite the old key if the new key is invalid
        $this->loadKey($rsa);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the public key
     *
     * The public key is only returned under two circumstances - if the private key had the public key embedded within it
     * or if the public key was set via setPublicKey().  If the currently loaded key is supposed to be the public key this
     * function won't return it since this library, for the most part, doesn't distinguish between public and private keys.
     *
     * @see self::getPublicKey()
     * @access public
     * @param string $key
     * @param int $type optional
     */
    function getPublicKey($type = self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_PKCS8)
    {
        if (empty($this->modulus) || empty($this->publicExponent)) {
            return false;
        }

        $oldFormat = $this->publicKeyFormat;
        $this->publicKeyFormat = $type;
        $temp = $this->_convertPublicKey($this->modulus, $this->publicExponent);
        $this->publicKeyFormat = $oldFormat;
        return $temp;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the public key's fingerprint
     *
     * The public key's fingerprint is returned, which is equivalent to running `ssh-keygen -lf rsa.pub`. If there is
     * no public key currently loaded, false is returned.
     * Example output (md5): "c1:b1:30:29:d7:b8:de:6c:97:77:10:d7:46:41:63:87" (as specified by RFC 4716)
     *
     * @access public
     * @param string $algorithm The hashing algorithm to be used. Valid options are 'md5' and 'sha256'. False is returned
     * for invalid values.
     * @return mixed
     */
    function getPublicKeyFingerprint($algorithm = 'md5')
    {
        if (empty($this->modulus) || empty($this->publicExponent)) {
            return false;
        }

        $modulus = $this->modulus->toBytes(true);
        $publicExponent = $this->publicExponent->toBytes(true);

        $RSAPublicKey = pack('Na*Na*Na*', strlen('ssh-rsa'), 'ssh-rsa', strlen($publicExponent), $publicExponent, strlen($modulus), $modulus);

        switch ($algorithm) {
            case 'sha256':
                $hash = new Hash('sha256');
                $base = base64_encode($hash->hash($RSAPublicKey));
                return substr($base, 0, strlen($base) - 1);
            case 'md5':
                return substr(chunk_split(md5($RSAPublicKey), 2, ':'), 0, -1);
            default:
                return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the private key
     *
     * The private key is only returned if the currently loaded key contains the constituent prime numbers.
     *
     * @see self::getPublicKey()
     * @access public
     * @param string $key
     * @param int $type optional
     * @return mixed
     */
    function getPrivateKey($type = self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_PKCS1)
    {
        if (empty($this->primes)) {
            return false;
        }

        $oldFormat = $this->privateKeyFormat;
        $this->privateKeyFormat = $type;
        $temp = $this->_convertPrivateKey($this->modulus, $this->publicExponent, $this->exponent, $this->primes, $this->exponents, $this->coefficients);
        $this->privateKeyFormat = $oldFormat;
        return $temp;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a minimalistic private key
     *
     * Returns the private key without the prime number constituants.  Structurally identical to a public key that
     * hasn't been set as the public key
     *
     * @see self::getPrivateKey()
     * @access private
     * @param string $key
     * @param int $type optional
     */
    function _getPrivatePublicKey($mode = self::PUBLIC_FORMAT_PKCS8)
    {
        if (empty($this->modulus) || empty($this->exponent)) {
            return false;
        }

        $oldFormat = $this->publicKeyFormat;
        $this->publicKeyFormat = $mode;
        $temp = $this->_convertPublicKey($this->modulus, $this->exponent);
        $this->publicKeyFormat = $oldFormat;
        return $temp;
    }

    /**
     *  __toString() magic method
     *
     * @access public
     * @return string
     */
    function __toString()
    {
        $key = $this->getPrivateKey($this->privateKeyFormat);
        if ($key !== false) {
            return $key;
        }
        $key = $this->_getPrivatePublicKey($this->publicKeyFormat);
        return $key !== false ? $key : '';
    }

    /**
     *  __clone() magic method
     *
     * @access public
     * @return Crypt_RSA
     */
    function __clone()
    {
        $key = new RSA();
        $key->loadKey($this);
        return $key;
    }

    /**
     * Generates the smallest and largest numbers requiring $bits bits
     *
     * @access private
     * @param int $bits
     * @return array
     */
    function _generateMinMax($bits)
    {
        $bytes = $bits >> 3;
        $min = str_repeat(chr(0), $bytes);
        $max = str_repeat(chr(0xFF), $bytes);
        $msb = $bits & 7;
        if ($msb) {
            $min = chr(1 << ($msb - 1)) . $min;
            $max = chr((1 << $msb) - 1) . $max;
        } else {
            $min[0] = chr(0x80);
        }

        return array(
            'min' => new BigInteger($min, 256),
            'max' => new BigInteger($max, 256)
        );
    }

    /**
     * DER-decode the length
     *
     * DER supports lengths up to (2**8)**127, however, we'll only support lengths up to (2**8)**4.  See
     * {@link http://itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/com17/languages/X.690-0207.pdf#p=13 X.690 paragraph 8.1.3} for more information.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param string $string
     * @return int
     */
    function _decodeLength(&$string)
    {
        $length = ord($this->_string_shift($string));
        if ($length & 0x80) { // definite length, long form
            $length&= 0x7F;
            $temp = $this->_string_shift($string, $length);
            list(, $length) = unpack('N', substr(str_pad($temp, 4, chr(0), STR_PAD_LEFT), -4));
        }
        return $length;
    }

    /**
     * DER-encode the length
     *
     * DER supports lengths up to (2**8)**127, however, we'll only support lengths up to (2**8)**4.  See
     * {@link http://itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/com17/languages/X.690-0207.pdf#p=13 X.690 paragraph 8.1.3} for more information.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param int $length
     * @return string
     */
    function _encodeLength($length)
    {
        if ($length <= 0x7F) {
            return chr($length);
        }

        $temp = ltrim(pack('N', $length), chr(0));
        return pack('Ca*', 0x80 | strlen($temp), $temp);
    }

    /**
     * String Shift
     *
     * Inspired by array_shift
     *
     * @param string $string
     * @param int $index
     * @return string
     * @access private
     */
    function _string_shift(&$string, $index = 1)
    {
        $substr = substr($string, 0, $index);
        $string = substr($string, $index);
        return $substr;
    }

    /**
     * Determines the private key format
     *
     * @see self::createKey()
     * @access public
     * @param int $format
     */
    function setPrivateKeyFormat($format)
    {
        $this->privateKeyFormat = $format;
    }

    /**
     * Determines the public key format
     *
     * @see self::createKey()
     * @access public
     * @param int $format
     */
    function setPublicKeyFormat($format)
    {
        $this->publicKeyFormat = $format;
    }

    /**
     * Determines which hashing function should be used
     *
     * Used with signature production / verification and (if the encryption mode is self::ENCRYPTION_OAEP) encryption and
     * decryption.  If $hash isn't supported, sha1 is used.
     *
     * @access public
     * @param string $hash
     */
    function setHash($hash)
    {
        // \phpseclib\Crypt\Hash supports algorithms that PKCS#1 doesn't support.  md5-96 and sha1-96, for example.
        switch ($hash) {
            case 'md2':
            case 'md5':
            case 'sha1':
            case 'sha256':
            case 'sha384':
            case 'sha512':
                $this->hash = new Hash($hash);
                $this->hashName = $hash;
                break;
            default:
                $this->hash = new Hash('sha1');
                $this->hashName = 'sha1';
        }
        $this->hLen = $this->hash->getLength();
    }

    /**
     * Determines which hashing function should be used for the mask generation function
     *
     * The mask generation function is used by self::ENCRYPTION_OAEP and self::SIGNATURE_PSS and although it's
     * best if Hash and MGFHash are set to the same thing this is not a requirement.
     *
     * @access public
     * @param string $hash
     */
    function setMGFHash($hash)
    {
        // \phpseclib\Crypt\Hash supports algorithms that PKCS#1 doesn't support.  md5-96 and sha1-96, for example.
        switch ($hash) {
            case 'md2':
            case 'md5':
            case 'sha1':
            case 'sha256':
            case 'sha384':
            case 'sha512':
                $this->mgfHash = new Hash($hash);
                break;
            default:
                $this->mgfHash = new Hash('sha1');
        }
        $this->mgfHLen = $this->mgfHash->getLength();
    }

    /**
     * Determines the salt length
     *
     * To quote from {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#page-38 RFC3447#page-38}:
     *
     *    Typical salt lengths in octets are hLen (the length of the output
     *    of the hash function Hash) and 0.
     *
     * @access public
     * @param int $format
     */
    function setSaltLength($sLen)
    {
        $this->sLen = $sLen;
    }

    /**
     * Integer-to-Octet-String primitive
     *
     * See {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#section-4.1 RFC3447#section-4.1}.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param \phpseclib\Math\BigInteger $x
     * @param int $xLen
     * @return string
     */
    function _i2osp($x, $xLen)
    {
        $x = $x->toBytes();
        if (strlen($x) > $xLen) {
            user_error('Integer too large');
            return false;
        }
        return str_pad($x, $xLen, chr(0), STR_PAD_LEFT);
    }

    /**
     * Octet-String-to-Integer primitive
     *
     * See {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#section-4.2 RFC3447#section-4.2}.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param string $x
     * @return \phpseclib\Math\BigInteger
     */
    function _os2ip($x)
    {
        return new BigInteger($x, 256);
    }

    /**
     * Exponentiate with or without Chinese Remainder Theorem
     *
     * See {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#section-5.1.1 RFC3447#section-5.1.2}.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param \phpseclib\Math\BigInteger $x
     * @return \phpseclib\Math\BigInteger
     */
    function _exponentiate($x)
    {
        switch (true) {
            case empty($this->primes):
            case $this->primes[1]->equals($this->zero):
            case empty($this->coefficients):
            case $this->coefficients[2]->equals($this->zero):
            case empty($this->exponents):
            case $this->exponents[1]->equals($this->zero):
                return $x->modPow($this->exponent, $this->modulus);
        }

        $num_primes = count($this->primes);

        if (defined('CRYPT_RSA_DISABLE_BLINDING')) {
            $m_i = array(
                1 => $x->modPow($this->exponents[1], $this->primes[1]),
                2 => $x->modPow($this->exponents[2], $this->primes[2])
            );
            $h = $m_i[1]->subtract($m_i[2]);
            $h = $h->multiply($this->coefficients[2]);
            list(, $h) = $h->divide($this->primes[1]);
            $m = $m_i[2]->add($h->multiply($this->primes[2]));

            $r = $this->primes[1];
            for ($i = 3; $i <= $num_primes; $i++) {
                $m_i = $x->modPow($this->exponents[$i], $this->primes[$i]);

                $r = $r->multiply($this->primes[$i - 1]);

                $h = $m_i->subtract($m);
                $h = $h->multiply($this->coefficients[$i]);
                list(, $h) = $h->divide($this->primes[$i]);

                $m = $m->add($r->multiply($h));
            }
        } else {
            $smallest = $this->primes[1];
            for ($i = 2; $i <= $num_primes; $i++) {
                if ($smallest->compare($this->primes[$i]) > 0) {
                    $smallest = $this->primes[$i];
                }
            }

            $one = new BigInteger(1);

            $r = $one->random($one, $smallest->subtract($one));

            $m_i = array(
                1 => $this->_blind($x, $r, 1),
                2 => $this->_blind($x, $r, 2)
            );
            $h = $m_i[1]->subtract($m_i[2]);
            $h = $h->multiply($this->coefficients[2]);
            list(, $h) = $h->divide($this->primes[1]);
            $m = $m_i[2]->add($h->multiply($this->primes[2]));

            $r = $this->primes[1];
            for ($i = 3; $i <= $num_primes; $i++) {
                $m_i = $this->_blind($x, $r, $i);

                $r = $r->multiply($this->primes[$i - 1]);

                $h = $m_i->subtract($m);
                $h = $h->multiply($this->coefficients[$i]);
                list(, $h) = $h->divide($this->primes[$i]);

                $m = $m->add($r->multiply($h));
            }
        }

        return $m;
    }

    /**
     * Performs RSA Blinding
     *
     * Protects against timing attacks by employing RSA Blinding.
     * Returns $x->modPow($this->exponents[$i], $this->primes[$i])
     *
     * @access private
     * @param \phpseclib\Math\BigInteger $x
     * @param \phpseclib\Math\BigInteger $r
     * @param int $i
     * @return \phpseclib\Math\BigInteger
     */
    function _blind($x, $r, $i)
    {
        $x = $x->multiply($r->modPow($this->publicExponent, $this->primes[$i]));
        $x = $x->modPow($this->exponents[$i], $this->primes[$i]);

        $r = $r->modInverse($this->primes[$i]);
        $x = $x->multiply($r);
        list(, $x) = $x->divide($this->primes[$i]);

        return $x;
    }

    /**
     * Performs blinded RSA equality testing
     *
     * Protects against a particular type of timing attack described.
     *
     * See {@link http://codahale.com/a-lesson-in-timing-attacks/ A Lesson In Timing Attacks (or, Don't use MessageDigest.isEquals)}
     *
     * Thanks for the heads up singpolyma!
     *
     * @access private
     * @param string $x
     * @param string $y
     * @return bool
     */
    function _equals($x, $y)
    {
        if (strlen($x) != strlen($y)) {
            return false;
        }

        $result = 0;
        for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($x); $i++) {
            $result |= ord($x[$i]) ^ ord($y[$i]);
        }

        return $result == 0;
    }

    /**
     * RSAEP
     *
     * See {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#section-5.1.1 RFC3447#section-5.1.1}.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param \phpseclib\Math\BigInteger $m
     * @return \phpseclib\Math\BigInteger
     */
    function _rsaep($m)
    {
        if ($m->compare($this->zero) < 0 || $m->compare($this->modulus) > 0) {
            user_error('Message representative out of range');
            return false;
        }
        return $this->_exponentiate($m);
    }

    /**
     * RSADP
     *
     * See {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#section-5.1.2 RFC3447#section-5.1.2}.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param \phpseclib\Math\BigInteger $c
     * @return \phpseclib\Math\BigInteger
     */
    function _rsadp($c)
    {
        if ($c->compare($this->zero) < 0 || $c->compare($this->modulus) > 0) {
            user_error('Ciphertext representative out of range');
            return false;
        }
        return $this->_exponentiate($c);
    }

    /**
     * RSASP1
     *
     * See {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#section-5.2.1 RFC3447#section-5.2.1}.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param \phpseclib\Math\BigInteger $m
     * @return \phpseclib\Math\BigInteger
     */
    function _rsasp1($m)
    {
        if ($m->compare($this->zero) < 0 || $m->compare($this->modulus) > 0) {
            user_error('Message representative out of range');
            return false;
        }
        return $this->_exponentiate($m);
    }

    /**
     * RSAVP1
     *
     * See {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#section-5.2.2 RFC3447#section-5.2.2}.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param \phpseclib\Math\BigInteger $s
     * @return \phpseclib\Math\BigInteger
     */
    function _rsavp1($s)
    {
        if ($s->compare($this->zero) < 0 || $s->compare($this->modulus) > 0) {
            user_error('Signature representative out of range');
            return false;
        }
        return $this->_exponentiate($s);
    }

    /**
     * MGF1
     *
     * See {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#appendix-B.2.1 RFC3447#appendix-B.2.1}.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param string $mgfSeed
     * @param int $mgfLen
     * @return string
     */
    function _mgf1($mgfSeed, $maskLen)
    {
        // if $maskLen would yield strings larger than 4GB, PKCS#1 suggests a "Mask too long" error be output.

        $t = '';
        $count = ceil($maskLen / $this->mgfHLen);
        for ($i = 0; $i < $count; $i++) {
            $c = pack('N', $i);
            $t.= $this->mgfHash->hash($mgfSeed . $c);
        }

        return substr($t, 0, $maskLen);
    }

    /**
     * RSAES-OAEP-ENCRYPT
     *
     * See {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#section-7.1.1 RFC3447#section-7.1.1} and
     * {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_Asymmetric_Encryption_Padding OAES}.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param string $m
     * @param string $l
     * @return string
     */
    function _rsaes_oaep_encrypt($m, $l = '')
    {
        $mLen = strlen($m);

        // Length checking

        // if $l is larger than two million terrabytes and you're using sha1, PKCS#1 suggests a "Label too long" error
        // be output.

        if ($mLen > $this->k - 2 * $this->hLen - 2) {
            user_error('Message too long');
            return false;
        }

        // EME-OAEP encoding

        $lHash = $this->hash->hash($l);
        $ps = str_repeat(chr(0), $this->k - $mLen - 2 * $this->hLen - 2);
        $db = $lHash . $ps . chr(1) . $m;
        $seed = Random::string($this->hLen);
        $dbMask = $this->_mgf1($seed, $this->k - $this->hLen - 1);
        $maskedDB = $db ^ $dbMask;
        $seedMask = $this->_mgf1($maskedDB, $this->hLen);
        $maskedSeed = $seed ^ $seedMask;
        $em = chr(0) . $maskedSeed . $maskedDB;

        // RSA encryption

        $m = $this->_os2ip($em);
        $c = $this->_rsaep($m);
        $c = $this->_i2osp($c, $this->k);

        // Output the ciphertext C

        return $c;
    }

    /**
     * RSAES-OAEP-DECRYPT
     *
     * See {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#section-7.1.2 RFC3447#section-7.1.2}.  The fact that the error
     * messages aren't distinguishable from one another hinders debugging, but, to quote from RFC3447#section-7.1.2:
     *
     *    Note.  Care must be taken to ensure that an opponent cannot
     *    distinguish the different error conditions in Step 3.g, whether by
     *    error message or timing, or, more generally, learn partial
     *    information about the encoded message EM.  Otherwise an opponent may
     *    be able to obtain useful information about the decryption of the
     *    ciphertext C, leading to a chosen-ciphertext attack such as the one
     *    observed by Manger [36].
     *
     * As for $l...  to quote from {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#page-17 RFC3447#page-17}:
     *
     *    Both the encryption and the decryption operations of RSAES-OAEP take
     *    the value of a label L as input.  In this version of PKCS #1, L is
     *    the empty string; other uses of the label are outside the scope of
     *    this document.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param string $c
     * @param string $l
     * @return string
     */
    function _rsaes_oaep_decrypt($c, $l = '')
    {
        // Length checking

        // if $l is larger than two million terrabytes and you're using sha1, PKCS#1 suggests a "Label too long" error
        // be output.

        if (strlen($c) != $this->k || $this->k < 2 * $this->hLen + 2) {
            user_error('Decryption error');
            return false;
        }

        // RSA decryption

        $c = $this->_os2ip($c);
        $m = $this->_rsadp($c);
        if ($m === false) {
            user_error('Decryption error');
            return false;
        }
        $em = $this->_i2osp($m, $this->k);

        // EME-OAEP decoding

        $lHash = $this->hash->hash($l);
        $y = ord($em[0]);
        $maskedSeed = substr($em, 1, $this->hLen);
        $maskedDB = substr($em, $this->hLen + 1);
        $seedMask = $this->_mgf1($maskedDB, $this->hLen);
        $seed = $maskedSeed ^ $seedMask;
        $dbMask = $this->_mgf1($seed, $this->k - $this->hLen - 1);
        $db = $maskedDB ^ $dbMask;
        $lHash2 = substr($db, 0, $this->hLen);
        $m = substr($db, $this->hLen);
        if ($lHash != $lHash2) {
            user_error('Decryption error');
            return false;
        }
        $m = ltrim($m, chr(0));
        if (ord($m[0]) != 1) {
            user_error('Decryption error');
            return false;
        }

        // Output the message M

        return substr($m, 1);
    }

    /**
     * Raw Encryption / Decryption
     *
     * Doesn't use padding and is not recommended.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param string $m
     * @return string
     */
    function _raw_encrypt($m)
    {
        $temp = $this->_os2ip($m);
        $temp = $this->_rsaep($temp);
        return  $this->_i2osp($temp, $this->k);
    }

    /**
     * RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5-ENCRYPT
     *
     * See {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#section-7.2.1 RFC3447#section-7.2.1}.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param string $m
     * @return string
     */
    function _rsaes_pkcs1_v1_5_encrypt($m)
    {
        $mLen = strlen($m);

        // Length checking

        if ($mLen > $this->k - 11) {
            user_error('Message too long');
            return false;
        }

        // EME-PKCS1-v1_5 encoding

        $psLen = $this->k - $mLen - 3;
        $ps = '';
        while (strlen($ps) != $psLen) {
            $temp = Random::string($psLen - strlen($ps));
            $temp = str_replace("\x00", '', $temp);
            $ps.= $temp;
        }
        $type = 2;
        // see the comments of _rsaes_pkcs1_v1_5_decrypt() to understand why this is being done
        if (defined('CRYPT_RSA_PKCS15_COMPAT') && (!isset($this->publicExponent) || $this->exponent !== $this->publicExponent)) {
            $type = 1;
            // "The padding string PS shall consist of k-3-||D|| octets. ... for block type 01, they shall have value FF"
            $ps = str_repeat("\xFF", $psLen);
        }
        $em = chr(0) . chr($type) . $ps . chr(0) . $m;

        // RSA encryption
        $m = $this->_os2ip($em);
        $c = $this->_rsaep($m);
        $c = $this->_i2osp($c, $this->k);

        // Output the ciphertext C

        return $c;
    }

    /**
     * RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5-DECRYPT
     *
     * See {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#section-7.2.2 RFC3447#section-7.2.2}.
     *
     * For compatibility purposes, this function departs slightly from the description given in RFC3447.
     * The reason being that RFC2313#section-8.1 (PKCS#1 v1.5) states that ciphertext's encrypted by the
     * private key should have the second byte set to either 0 or 1 and that ciphertext's encrypted by the
     * public key should have the second byte set to 2.  In RFC3447 (PKCS#1 v2.1), the second byte is supposed
     * to be 2 regardless of which key is used.  For compatibility purposes, we'll just check to make sure the
     * second byte is 2 or less.  If it is, we'll accept the decrypted string as valid.
     *
     * As a consequence of this, a private key encrypted ciphertext produced with \phpseclib\Crypt\RSA may not decrypt
     * with a strictly PKCS#1 v1.5 compliant RSA implementation.  Public key encrypted ciphertext's should but
     * not private key encrypted ciphertext's.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param string $c
     * @return string
     */
    function _rsaes_pkcs1_v1_5_decrypt($c)
    {
        // Length checking

        if (strlen($c) != $this->k) { // or if k < 11
            user_error('Decryption error');
            return false;
        }

        // RSA decryption

        $c = $this->_os2ip($c);
        $m = $this->_rsadp($c);

        if ($m === false) {
            user_error('Decryption error');
            return false;
        }
        $em = $this->_i2osp($m, $this->k);

        // EME-PKCS1-v1_5 decoding

        if (ord($em[0]) != 0 || ord($em[1]) > 2) {
            user_error('Decryption error');
            return false;
        }

        $ps = substr($em, 2, strpos($em, chr(0), 2) - 2);
        $m = substr($em, strlen($ps) + 3);

        if (strlen($ps) < 8) {
            user_error('Decryption error');
            return false;
        }

        // Output M

        return $m;
    }

    /**
     * EMSA-PSS-ENCODE
     *
     * See {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#section-9.1.1 RFC3447#section-9.1.1}.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param string $m
     * @param int $emBits
     */
    function _emsa_pss_encode($m, $emBits)
    {
        // if $m is larger than two million terrabytes and you're using sha1, PKCS#1 suggests a "Label too long" error
        // be output.

        $emLen = ($emBits + 1) >> 3; // ie. ceil($emBits / 8)
        $sLen = $this->sLen !== null ? $this->sLen : $this->hLen;

        $mHash = $this->hash->hash($m);
        if ($emLen < $this->hLen + $sLen + 2) {
            user_error('Encoding error');
            return false;
        }

        $salt = Random::string($sLen);
        $m2 = "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0" . $mHash . $salt;
        $h = $this->hash->hash($m2);
        $ps = str_repeat(chr(0), $emLen - $sLen - $this->hLen - 2);
        $db = $ps . chr(1) . $salt;
        $dbMask = $this->_mgf1($h, $emLen - $this->hLen - 1);
        $maskedDB = $db ^ $dbMask;
        $maskedDB[0] = ~chr(0xFF << ($emBits & 7)) & $maskedDB[0];
        $em = $maskedDB . $h . chr(0xBC);

        return $em;
    }

    /**
     * EMSA-PSS-VERIFY
     *
     * See {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#section-9.1.2 RFC3447#section-9.1.2}.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param string $m
     * @param string $em
     * @param int $emBits
     * @return string
     */
    function _emsa_pss_verify($m, $em, $emBits)
    {
        // if $m is larger than two million terrabytes and you're using sha1, PKCS#1 suggests a "Label too long" error
        // be output.

        $emLen = ($emBits + 1) >> 3; // ie. ceil($emBits / 8);
        $sLen = $this->sLen !== null ? $this->sLen : $this->hLen;

        $mHash = $this->hash->hash($m);
        if ($emLen < $this->hLen + $sLen + 2) {
            return false;
        }

        if ($em[strlen($em) - 1] != chr(0xBC)) {
            return false;
        }

        $maskedDB = substr($em, 0, -$this->hLen - 1);
        $h = substr($em, -$this->hLen - 1, $this->hLen);
        $temp = chr(0xFF << ($emBits & 7));
        if ((~$maskedDB[0] & $temp) != $temp) {
            return false;
        }
        $dbMask = $this->_mgf1($h, $emLen - $this->hLen - 1);
        $db = $maskedDB ^ $dbMask;
        $db[0] = ~chr(0xFF << ($emBits & 7)) & $db[0];
        $temp = $emLen - $this->hLen - $sLen - 2;
        if (substr($db, 0, $temp) != str_repeat(chr(0), $temp) || ord($db[$temp]) != 1) {
            return false;
        }
        $salt = substr($db, $temp + 1); // should be $sLen long
        $m2 = "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0" . $mHash . $salt;
        $h2 = $this->hash->hash($m2);
        return $this->_equals($h, $h2);
    }

    /**
     * RSASSA-PSS-SIGN
     *
     * See {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#section-8.1.1 RFC3447#section-8.1.1}.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param string $m
     * @return string
     */
    function _rsassa_pss_sign($m)
    {
        // EMSA-PSS encoding

        $em = $this->_emsa_pss_encode($m, 8 * $this->k - 1);

        // RSA signature

        $m = $this->_os2ip($em);
        $s = $this->_rsasp1($m);
        $s = $this->_i2osp($s, $this->k);

        // Output the signature S

        return $s;
    }

    /**
     * RSASSA-PSS-VERIFY
     *
     * See {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#section-8.1.2 RFC3447#section-8.1.2}.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param string $m
     * @param string $s
     * @return string
     */
    function _rsassa_pss_verify($m, $s)
    {
        // Length checking

        if (strlen($s) != $this->k) {
            user_error('Invalid signature');
            return false;
        }

        // RSA verification

        $modBits = 8 * $this->k;

        $s2 = $this->_os2ip($s);
        $m2 = $this->_rsavp1($s2);
        if ($m2 === false) {
            user_error('Invalid signature');
            return false;
        }
        $em = $this->_i2osp($m2, $modBits >> 3);
        if ($em === false) {
            user_error('Invalid signature');
            return false;
        }

        // EMSA-PSS verification

        return $this->_emsa_pss_verify($m, $em, $modBits - 1);
    }

    /**
     * EMSA-PKCS1-V1_5-ENCODE
     *
     * See {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#section-9.2 RFC3447#section-9.2}.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param string $m
     * @param int $emLen
     * @return string
     */
    function _emsa_pkcs1_v1_5_encode($m, $emLen)
    {
        $h = $this->hash->hash($m);
        if ($h === false) {
            return false;
        }

        // see http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#page-43
        switch ($this->hashName) {
            case 'md2':
                $t = pack('H*', '3020300c06082a864886f70d020205000410');
                break;
            case 'md5':
                $t = pack('H*', '3020300c06082a864886f70d020505000410');
                break;
            case 'sha1':
                $t = pack('H*', '3021300906052b0e03021a05000414');
                break;
            case 'sha256':
                $t = pack('H*', '3031300d060960864801650304020105000420');
                break;
            case 'sha384':
                $t = pack('H*', '3041300d060960864801650304020205000430');
                break;
            case 'sha512':
                $t = pack('H*', '3051300d060960864801650304020305000440');
        }
        $t.= $h;
        $tLen = strlen($t);

        if ($emLen < $tLen + 11) {
            user_error('Intended encoded message length too short');
            return false;
        }

        $ps = str_repeat(chr(0xFF), $emLen - $tLen - 3);

        $em = "\0\1$ps\0$t";

        return $em;
    }

    /**
     * RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5-SIGN
     *
     * See {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#section-8.2.1 RFC3447#section-8.2.1}.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param string $m
     * @return string
     */
    function _rsassa_pkcs1_v1_5_sign($m)
    {
        // EMSA-PKCS1-v1_5 encoding

        $em = $this->_emsa_pkcs1_v1_5_encode($m, $this->k);
        if ($em === false) {
            user_error('RSA modulus too short');
            return false;
        }

        // RSA signature

        $m = $this->_os2ip($em);
        $s = $this->_rsasp1($m);
        $s = $this->_i2osp($s, $this->k);

        // Output the signature S

        return $s;
    }

    /**
     * RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5-VERIFY
     *
     * See {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#section-8.2.2 RFC3447#section-8.2.2}.
     *
     * @access private
     * @param string $m
     * @return string
     */
    function _rsassa_pkcs1_v1_5_verify($m, $s)
    {
        // Length checking

        if (strlen($s) != $this->k) {
            user_error('Invalid signature');
            return false;
        }

        // RSA verification

        $s = $this->_os2ip($s);
        $m2 = $this->_rsavp1($s);
        if ($m2 === false) {
            user_error('Invalid signature');
            return false;
        }
        $em = $this->_i2osp($m2, $this->k);
        if ($em === false) {
            user_error('Invalid signature');
            return false;
        }

        // EMSA-PKCS1-v1_5 encoding

        $em2 = $this->_emsa_pkcs1_v1_5_encode($m, $this->k);
        if ($em2 === false) {
            user_error('RSA modulus too short');
            return false;
        }

        // Compare
        return $this->_equals($em, $em2);
    }

    /**
     * Set Encryption Mode
     *
     * Valid values include self::ENCRYPTION_OAEP and self::ENCRYPTION_PKCS1.
     *
     * @access public
     * @param int $mode
     */
    function setEncryptionMode($mode)
    {
        $this->encryptionMode = $mode;
    }

    /**
     * Set Signature Mode
     *
     * Valid values include self::SIGNATURE_PSS and self::SIGNATURE_PKCS1
     *
     * @access public
     * @param int $mode
     */
    function setSignatureMode($mode)
    {
        $this->signatureMode = $mode;
    }

    /**
     * Set public key comment.
     *
     * @access public
     * @param string $comment
     */
    function setComment($comment)
    {
        $this->comment = $comment;
    }

    /**
     * Get public key comment.
     *
     * @access public
     * @return string
     */
    function getComment()
    {
        return $this->comment;
    }

    /**
     * Encryption
     *
     * Both self::ENCRYPTION_OAEP and self::ENCRYPTION_PKCS1 both place limits on how long $plaintext can be.
     * If $plaintext exceeds those limits it will be broken up so that it does and the resultant ciphertext's will
     * be concatenated together.
     *
     * @see self::decrypt()
     * @access public
     * @param string $plaintext
     * @return string
     */
    function encrypt($plaintext)
    {
        switch ($this->encryptionMode) {
            case self::ENCRYPTION_NONE:
                $plaintext = str_split($plaintext, $this->k);
                $ciphertext = '';
                foreach ($plaintext as $m) {
                    $ciphertext.= $this->_raw_encrypt($m);
                }
                return $ciphertext;
            case self::ENCRYPTION_PKCS1:
                $length = $this->k - 11;
                if ($length <= 0) {
                    return false;
                }

                $plaintext = str_split($plaintext, $length);
                $ciphertext = '';
                foreach ($plaintext as $m) {
                    $ciphertext.= $this->_rsaes_pkcs1_v1_5_encrypt($m);
                }
                return $ciphertext;
            //case self::ENCRYPTION_OAEP:
            default:
                $length = $this->k - 2 * $this->hLen - 2;
                if ($length <= 0) {
                    return false;
                }

                $plaintext = str_split($plaintext, $length);
                $ciphertext = '';
                foreach ($plaintext as $m) {
                    $ciphertext.= $this->_rsaes_oaep_encrypt($m);
                }
                return $ciphertext;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Decryption
     *
     * @see self::encrypt()
     * @access public
     * @param string $plaintext
     * @return string
     */
    function decrypt($ciphertext)
    {
        if ($this->k <= 0) {
            return false;
        }

        $ciphertext = str_split($ciphertext, $this->k);
        $ciphertext[count($ciphertext) - 1] = str_pad($ciphertext[count($ciphertext) - 1], $this->k, chr(0), STR_PAD_LEFT);

        $plaintext = '';

        switch ($this->encryptionMode) {
            case self::ENCRYPTION_NONE:
                $decrypt = '_raw_encrypt';
                break;
            case self::ENCRYPTION_PKCS1:
                $decrypt = '_rsaes_pkcs1_v1_5_decrypt';
                break;
            //case self::ENCRYPTION_OAEP:
            default:
                $decrypt = '_rsaes_oaep_decrypt';
        }

        foreach ($ciphertext as $c) {
            $temp = $this->$decrypt($c);
            if ($temp === false) {
                return false;
            }
            $plaintext.= $temp;
        }

        return $plaintext;
    }

    /**
     * Create a signature
     *
     * @see self::verify()
     * @access public
     * @param string $message
     * @return string
     */
    function sign($message)
    {
        if (empty($this->modulus) || empty($this->exponent)) {
            return false;
        }

        switch ($this->signatureMode) {
            case self::SIGNATURE_PKCS1:
                return $this->_rsassa_pkcs1_v1_5_sign($message);
            //case self::SIGNATURE_PSS:
            default:
                return $this->_rsassa_pss_sign($message);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Verifies a signature
     *
     * @see self::sign()
     * @access public
     * @param string $message
     * @param string $signature
     * @return bool
     */
    function verify($message, $signature)
    {
        if (empty($this->modulus) || empty($this->exponent)) {
            return false;
        }

        switch ($this->signatureMode) {
            case self::SIGNATURE_PKCS1:
                return $this->_rsassa_pkcs1_v1_5_verify($message, $signature);
            //case self::SIGNATURE_PSS:
            default:
                return $this->_rsassa_pss_verify($message, $signature);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Extract raw BER from Base64 encoding
     *
     * @access private
     * @param string $str
     * @return string
     */
    function _extractBER($str)
    {
        /* X.509 certs are assumed to be base64 encoded but sometimes they'll have additional things in them
         * above and beyond the ceritificate.
         * ie. some may have the following preceding the -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- line:
         *
         * Bag Attributes
         *     localKeyID: 01 00 00 00
         * subject=/O=organization/OU=org unit/CN=common name
         * issuer=/O=organization/CN=common name
         */
        $temp = preg_replace('#.*?^-+[^-]+-+[\r\n ]*$#ms', '', $str, 1);
        // remove the -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- and -----END CERTIFICATE----- stuff
        $temp = preg_replace('#-+[^-]+-+#', '', $temp);
        // remove new lines
        $temp = str_replace(array("\r", "\n", ' '), '', $temp);
        $temp = preg_match('#^[a-zA-Z\d/+]*={0,2}$#', $temp) ? base64_decode($temp) : false;
        return $temp != false ? $temp : $str;
    }
}