This file is indexed.

/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/cmd2.py is in python-cmd2 0.6.9-1.

This file is owned by root:root, with mode 0o644.

The actual contents of the file can be viewed below.

   1
   2
   3
   4
   5
   6
   7
   8
   9
  10
  11
  12
  13
  14
  15
  16
  17
  18
  19
  20
  21
  22
  23
  24
  25
  26
  27
  28
  29
  30
  31
  32
  33
  34
  35
  36
  37
  38
  39
  40
  41
  42
  43
  44
  45
  46
  47
  48
  49
  50
  51
  52
  53
  54
  55
  56
  57
  58
  59
  60
  61
  62
  63
  64
  65
  66
  67
  68
  69
  70
  71
  72
  73
  74
  75
  76
  77
  78
  79
  80
  81
  82
  83
  84
  85
  86
  87
  88
  89
  90
  91
  92
  93
  94
  95
  96
  97
  98
  99
 100
 101
 102
 103
 104
 105
 106
 107
 108
 109
 110
 111
 112
 113
 114
 115
 116
 117
 118
 119
 120
 121
 122
 123
 124
 125
 126
 127
 128
 129
 130
 131
 132
 133
 134
 135
 136
 137
 138
 139
 140
 141
 142
 143
 144
 145
 146
 147
 148
 149
 150
 151
 152
 153
 154
 155
 156
 157
 158
 159
 160
 161
 162
 163
 164
 165
 166
 167
 168
 169
 170
 171
 172
 173
 174
 175
 176
 177
 178
 179
 180
 181
 182
 183
 184
 185
 186
 187
 188
 189
 190
 191
 192
 193
 194
 195
 196
 197
 198
 199
 200
 201
 202
 203
 204
 205
 206
 207
 208
 209
 210
 211
 212
 213
 214
 215
 216
 217
 218
 219
 220
 221
 222
 223
 224
 225
 226
 227
 228
 229
 230
 231
 232
 233
 234
 235
 236
 237
 238
 239
 240
 241
 242
 243
 244
 245
 246
 247
 248
 249
 250
 251
 252
 253
 254
 255
 256
 257
 258
 259
 260
 261
 262
 263
 264
 265
 266
 267
 268
 269
 270
 271
 272
 273
 274
 275
 276
 277
 278
 279
 280
 281
 282
 283
 284
 285
 286
 287
 288
 289
 290
 291
 292
 293
 294
 295
 296
 297
 298
 299
 300
 301
 302
 303
 304
 305
 306
 307
 308
 309
 310
 311
 312
 313
 314
 315
 316
 317
 318
 319
 320
 321
 322
 323
 324
 325
 326
 327
 328
 329
 330
 331
 332
 333
 334
 335
 336
 337
 338
 339
 340
 341
 342
 343
 344
 345
 346
 347
 348
 349
 350
 351
 352
 353
 354
 355
 356
 357
 358
 359
 360
 361
 362
 363
 364
 365
 366
 367
 368
 369
 370
 371
 372
 373
 374
 375
 376
 377
 378
 379
 380
 381
 382
 383
 384
 385
 386
 387
 388
 389
 390
 391
 392
 393
 394
 395
 396
 397
 398
 399
 400
 401
 402
 403
 404
 405
 406
 407
 408
 409
 410
 411
 412
 413
 414
 415
 416
 417
 418
 419
 420
 421
 422
 423
 424
 425
 426
 427
 428
 429
 430
 431
 432
 433
 434
 435
 436
 437
 438
 439
 440
 441
 442
 443
 444
 445
 446
 447
 448
 449
 450
 451
 452
 453
 454
 455
 456
 457
 458
 459
 460
 461
 462
 463
 464
 465
 466
 467
 468
 469
 470
 471
 472
 473
 474
 475
 476
 477
 478
 479
 480
 481
 482
 483
 484
 485
 486
 487
 488
 489
 490
 491
 492
 493
 494
 495
 496
 497
 498
 499
 500
 501
 502
 503
 504
 505
 506
 507
 508
 509
 510
 511
 512
 513
 514
 515
 516
 517
 518
 519
 520
 521
 522
 523
 524
 525
 526
 527
 528
 529
 530
 531
 532
 533
 534
 535
 536
 537
 538
 539
 540
 541
 542
 543
 544
 545
 546
 547
 548
 549
 550
 551
 552
 553
 554
 555
 556
 557
 558
 559
 560
 561
 562
 563
 564
 565
 566
 567
 568
 569
 570
 571
 572
 573
 574
 575
 576
 577
 578
 579
 580
 581
 582
 583
 584
 585
 586
 587
 588
 589
 590
 591
 592
 593
 594
 595
 596
 597
 598
 599
 600
 601
 602
 603
 604
 605
 606
 607
 608
 609
 610
 611
 612
 613
 614
 615
 616
 617
 618
 619
 620
 621
 622
 623
 624
 625
 626
 627
 628
 629
 630
 631
 632
 633
 634
 635
 636
 637
 638
 639
 640
 641
 642
 643
 644
 645
 646
 647
 648
 649
 650
 651
 652
 653
 654
 655
 656
 657
 658
 659
 660
 661
 662
 663
 664
 665
 666
 667
 668
 669
 670
 671
 672
 673
 674
 675
 676
 677
 678
 679
 680
 681
 682
 683
 684
 685
 686
 687
 688
 689
 690
 691
 692
 693
 694
 695
 696
 697
 698
 699
 700
 701
 702
 703
 704
 705
 706
 707
 708
 709
 710
 711
 712
 713
 714
 715
 716
 717
 718
 719
 720
 721
 722
 723
 724
 725
 726
 727
 728
 729
 730
 731
 732
 733
 734
 735
 736
 737
 738
 739
 740
 741
 742
 743
 744
 745
 746
 747
 748
 749
 750
 751
 752
 753
 754
 755
 756
 757
 758
 759
 760
 761
 762
 763
 764
 765
 766
 767
 768
 769
 770
 771
 772
 773
 774
 775
 776
 777
 778
 779
 780
 781
 782
 783
 784
 785
 786
 787
 788
 789
 790
 791
 792
 793
 794
 795
 796
 797
 798
 799
 800
 801
 802
 803
 804
 805
 806
 807
 808
 809
 810
 811
 812
 813
 814
 815
 816
 817
 818
 819
 820
 821
 822
 823
 824
 825
 826
 827
 828
 829
 830
 831
 832
 833
 834
 835
 836
 837
 838
 839
 840
 841
 842
 843
 844
 845
 846
 847
 848
 849
 850
 851
 852
 853
 854
 855
 856
 857
 858
 859
 860
 861
 862
 863
 864
 865
 866
 867
 868
 869
 870
 871
 872
 873
 874
 875
 876
 877
 878
 879
 880
 881
 882
 883
 884
 885
 886
 887
 888
 889
 890
 891
 892
 893
 894
 895
 896
 897
 898
 899
 900
 901
 902
 903
 904
 905
 906
 907
 908
 909
 910
 911
 912
 913
 914
 915
 916
 917
 918
 919
 920
 921
 922
 923
 924
 925
 926
 927
 928
 929
 930
 931
 932
 933
 934
 935
 936
 937
 938
 939
 940
 941
 942
 943
 944
 945
 946
 947
 948
 949
 950
 951
 952
 953
 954
 955
 956
 957
 958
 959
 960
 961
 962
 963
 964
 965
 966
 967
 968
 969
 970
 971
 972
 973
 974
 975
 976
 977
 978
 979
 980
 981
 982
 983
 984
 985
 986
 987
 988
 989
 990
 991
 992
 993
 994
 995
 996
 997
 998
 999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
"""Variant on standard library's cmd with extra features.

To use, simply import cmd2.Cmd instead of cmd.Cmd; use precisely as though you
were using the standard library's cmd, while enjoying the extra features.

Searchable command history (commands: "hi", "li", "run")
Load commands from file, save to file, edit commands in file
Multi-line commands
Case-insensitive commands
Special-character shortcut commands (beyond cmd's "@" and "!")
Settable environment parameters
Optional _onchange_{paramname} called when environment parameter changes
Parsing commands with `optparse` options (flags)
Redirection to file with >, >>; input from file with <
Easy transcript-based testing of applications (see example/example.py)
Bash-style ``select`` available

Note that redirection with > and | will only work if `self.stdout.write()`
is used in place of `print`.  The standard library's `cmd` module is
written to use `self.stdout.write()`,

- Catherine Devlin, Jan 03 2008 - catherinedevlin.blogspot.com

mercurial repository at http://www.assembla.com/wiki/show/python-cmd2
"""
import cmd
import re
import os
import sys
import optparse
import subprocess
import tempfile
import doctest
import unittest
import datetime
import urllib
import glob
import traceback
import platform
import copy
from code import InteractiveConsole
from optparse import make_option
import pyparsing

__version__ = '0.6.9a'

try:
    raw_input
except NameError:
    raw_input = input

if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
    pyparsing.ParserElement.enablePackrat()

"""
Packrat is causing Python3 errors that I don't understand.

> /usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.2/lib/python3.2/site-packages/pyparsing-1.5.6-py3.2.egg/pyparsing.py(999)scanString()
-> nextLoc,tokens = parseFn( instring, preloc, callPreParse=False )
(Pdb) n
NameError: global name 'exc' is not defined

(Pdb) parseFn
<bound method Or._parseCache of {Python style comment ^ C style comment}>

Bug report filed: https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=617311&aid=3381439&group_id=97203
"""

class OptionParser(optparse.OptionParser):
    def exit(self, status=0, msg=None):
        self.values._exit = True
        if msg:
            print (msg)

    def print_help(self, *args, **kwargs):
        try:
            print (self._func.__doc__)
        except AttributeError:
            pass
        optparse.OptionParser.print_help(self, *args, **kwargs)

    def error(self, msg):
        """error(msg : string)

        Print a usage message incorporating 'msg' to stderr and exit.
        If you override this in a subclass, it should not return -- it
        should either exit or raise an exception.
        """
        raise optparse.OptParseError(msg)


def remaining_args(oldArgs, newArgList):
    '''
    Preserves the spacing originally in the argument after
    the removal of options.

    >>> remaining_args('-f bar   bar   cow', ['bar', 'cow'])
    'bar   cow'
    '''
    pattern = '\s+'.join(re.escape(a) for a in newArgList) + '\s*$'
    matchObj = re.search(pattern, oldArgs)
    return oldArgs[matchObj.start():]


def _attr_get_(obj, attr):
    '''Returns an attribute's value, or None (no error) if undefined.
       Analagous to .get() for dictionaries.  Useful when checking for
       value of options that may not have been defined on a given
       method.'''
    try:
        return getattr(obj, attr)
    except AttributeError:
        return None


def _which(editor):
    try:
        return subprocess.Popen(['which', editor], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT).communicate()[0]
    except OSError:
        return None

optparse.Values.get = _attr_get_

options_defined = [] # used to distinguish --options from SQL-style --comments


def options(option_list, arg_desc="arg"):
    '''Used as a decorator and passed a list of optparse-style options,
       alters a cmd2 method to populate its ``opts`` argument from its
       raw text argument.

       Example: transform
       def do_something(self, arg):

       into
       @options([make_option('-q', '--quick', action="store_true",
                 help="Makes things fast")],
                 "source dest")
       def do_something(self, arg, opts):
           if opts.quick:
               self.fast_button = True
       '''
    if not isinstance(option_list, list):
        option_list = [option_list]
    for opt in option_list:
        options_defined.append(pyparsing.Literal(opt.get_opt_string()))
    def option_setup(func):
        optionParser = OptionParser()
        for opt in option_list:
            optionParser.add_option(opt)
        optionParser.set_usage("%s [options] %s" % (func.__name__[3:], arg_desc))
        optionParser._func = func
        def new_func(instance, arg):
            try:
                opts, newArgList = optionParser.parse_args(arg.split())
                # Must find the remaining args in the original argument list, but
                # mustn't include the command itself
                #if hasattr(arg, 'parsed') and newArgList[0] == arg.parsed.command:
                #    newArgList = newArgList[1:]
                newArgs = remaining_args(arg, newArgList)
                if isinstance(arg, ParsedString):
                    arg = arg.with_args_replaced(newArgs)
                else:
                    arg = newArgs
            except optparse.OptParseError as e:
                print (e)
                optionParser.print_help()
                return
            if hasattr(opts, '_exit'):
                return None
            result = func(instance, arg, opts)
            return result

        new_func.__doc__ = '%s\n%s' % (func.__doc__, optionParser.format_help())
        return new_func
    return option_setup


class PasteBufferError(EnvironmentError):
    if sys.platform[:3] == 'win':
        errmsg = """Redirecting to or from paste buffer requires pywin32
to be installed on operating system.
Download from http://sourceforge.net/projects/pywin32/"""
    elif sys.platform[:3] == 'dar':
        # Use built in pbcopy on Mac OSX
        pass
    else:
        errmsg = """Redirecting to or from paste buffer requires xclip
to be installed on operating system.
On Debian/Ubuntu, 'sudo apt-get install xclip' will install it."""
    def __init__(self):
        Exception.__init__(self, self.errmsg)

pastebufferr = """Redirecting to or from paste buffer requires %s
to be installed on operating system.
%s"""

if sys.platform == "win32":
    try:
        import win32clipboard
        def get_paste_buffer():
            win32clipboard.OpenClipboard(0)
            try:
                result = win32clipboard.GetClipboardData()
            except TypeError:
                result = ''  #non-text
            win32clipboard.CloseClipboard()
            return result
        def write_to_paste_buffer(txt):
            win32clipboard.OpenClipboard(0)
            win32clipboard.EmptyClipboard()
            win32clipboard.SetClipboardText(txt)
            win32clipboard.CloseClipboard()
    except ImportError:
        def get_paste_buffer(*args):
            raise OSError(pastebufferr % ('pywin32', 'Download from http://sourceforge.net/projects/pywin32/'))
        write_to_paste_buffer = get_paste_buffer
elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
    can_clip = False
    try:
        # test for pbcopy - AFAIK, should always be installed on MacOS
        subprocess.check_call('pbcopy -help', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
        can_clip = True
    except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, OSError, IOError):
        pass
    if can_clip:
        def get_paste_buffer():
            pbcopyproc = subprocess.Popen('pbcopy -help', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
            return pbcopyproc.stdout.read()
        def write_to_paste_buffer(txt):
            pbcopyproc = subprocess.Popen('pbcopy', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
            pbcopyproc.communicate(txt.encode())
    else:
        def get_paste_buffer(*args):
            raise OSError(pastebufferr % ('pbcopy', 'On MacOS X - error should not occur - part of the default installation'))
        write_to_paste_buffer = get_paste_buffer
else:
    can_clip = False
    try:
        subprocess.check_call('xclip -o -sel clip', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
        can_clip = True
    except AttributeError:  # check_call not defined, Python < 2.5
        try:
            teststring = 'Testing for presence of xclip.'
            xclipproc = subprocess.Popen('xclip -sel clip', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
            xclipproc.stdin.write(teststring)
            xclipproc.stdin.close()
            xclipproc = subprocess.Popen('xclip -o -sel clip', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
            if xclipproc.stdout.read() == teststring:
                can_clip = True
        except Exception: # hate a bare Exception call, but exception classes vary too much b/t stdlib versions
            pass
    except Exception:
        pass # something went wrong with xclip and we cannot use it
    if can_clip:
        def get_paste_buffer():
            xclipproc = subprocess.Popen('xclip -o -sel clip', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
            return xclipproc.stdout.read()
        def write_to_paste_buffer(txt):
            xclipproc = subprocess.Popen('xclip -sel clip', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
            xclipproc.stdin.write(txt.encode())
            xclipproc.stdin.close()
            # but we want it in both the "primary" and "mouse" clipboards
            xclipproc = subprocess.Popen('xclip', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
            xclipproc.stdin.write(txt.encode())
            xclipproc.stdin.close()
    else:
        def get_paste_buffer(*args):
            raise OSError(pastebufferr % ('xclip', 'On Debian/Ubuntu, install with "sudo apt-get install xclip"'))
        write_to_paste_buffer = get_paste_buffer

pyparsing.ParserElement.setDefaultWhitespaceChars(' \t')


class ParsedString(str):
    def full_parsed_statement(self):
        new = ParsedString('%s %s' % (self.parsed.command, self.parsed.args))
        new.parsed = self.parsed
        new.parser = self.parser
        return new

    def with_args_replaced(self, newargs):
        new = ParsedString(newargs)
        new.parsed = self.parsed
        new.parser = self.parser
        new.parsed['args'] = newargs
        new.parsed.statement['args'] = newargs
        return new

class StubbornDict(dict):
    '''Dictionary that tolerates many input formats.
    Create it with stubbornDict(arg) factory function.

    >>> d = StubbornDict(large='gross', small='klein')
    >>> sorted(d.items())
    [('large', 'gross'), ('small', 'klein')]
    >>> d.append(['plain', '  plaid'])
    >>> sorted(d.items())
    [('large', 'gross'), ('plaid', ''), ('plain', ''), ('small', 'klein')]
    >>> d += '   girl Frauelein, Maedchen\\n\\n shoe schuh'
    >>> sorted(d.items())
    [('girl', 'Frauelein, Maedchen'), ('large', 'gross'), ('plaid', ''), ('plain', ''), ('shoe', 'schuh'), ('small', 'klein')]
    '''
    def update(self, arg):
        dict.update(self, StubbornDict.to_dict(arg))
    append = update

    def __iadd__(self, arg):
        self.update(arg)
        return self

    def __add__(self, arg):
        selfcopy = copy.copy(self)
        selfcopy.update(stubbornDict(arg))
        return selfcopy

    def __radd__(self, arg):
        selfcopy = copy.copy(self)
        selfcopy.update(stubbornDict(arg))
        return selfcopy

    @classmethod
    def to_dict(cls, arg):
        'Generates dictionary from string or list of strings'
        if hasattr(arg, 'splitlines'):
            arg = arg.splitlines()
        if hasattr(arg, '__reversed__'):
            result = {}
            for a in arg:
                a = a.strip()
                if a:
                    key_val = a.split(None, 1)
                    key = key_val[0]
                    if len(key_val) > 1:
                        val = key_val[1]
                    else:
                        val = ''
                    result[key] = val
        else:
            result = arg
        return result


def stubbornDict(*arg, **kwarg):
    '''
    >>> sorted(stubbornDict('cow a bovine\\nhorse an equine').items())
    [('cow', 'a bovine'), ('horse', 'an equine')]
    >>> sorted(stubbornDict(['badger', 'porcupine a poky creature']).items())
    [('badger', ''), ('porcupine', 'a poky creature')]
    >>> sorted(stubbornDict(turtle='has shell', frog='jumpy').items())
    [('frog', 'jumpy'), ('turtle', 'has shell')]
    '''
    result = {}
    for a in arg:
        result.update(StubbornDict.to_dict(a))
    result.update(kwarg)
    return StubbornDict(result)


def replace_with_file_contents(fname):
    if fname:
        try:
            result = open(os.path.expanduser(fname[0])).read()
        except IOError:
            result = '< %s' % fname[0]  # wasn't a file after all
    else:
        result = get_paste_buffer()
    return result


class EmbeddedConsoleExit(SystemExit):
    pass


class EmptyStatement(Exception):
    pass


def ljust(x, width, fillchar=' '):
    'analogous to str.ljust, but works for lists'
    if hasattr(x, 'ljust'):
        return x.ljust(width, fillchar)
    else:
        if len(x) < width:
            x = (x + [fillchar] * width)[:width]
        return x

class Cmd(cmd.Cmd):
    echo = False
    case_insensitive = True     # Commands recognized regardless of case
    continuation_prompt = '> '
    timing = False              # Prints elapsed time for each command
    # make sure your terminators are not in legalChars!
    legalChars = u'!#$%.:?@_' + pyparsing.alphanums + pyparsing.alphas8bit
    shortcuts = {'?': 'help', '!': 'shell', '@': 'load', '@@': '_relative_load'}
    excludeFromHistory = '''run r list l history hi ed edit li eof'''.split()
    default_to_shell = False
    noSpecialParse = 'set ed edit exit'.split()
    defaultExtension = 'txt'            # For ``save``, ``load``, etc.
    default_file_name = 'command.txt'   # For ``save``, ``load``, etc.
    abbrev = True                       # Abbreviated commands recognized
    current_script_dir = None
    reserved_words = []
    feedback_to_output = False          # Do include nonessentials in >, | output
    quiet = False                       # Do not suppress nonessential output
    debug = False
    locals_in_py = True
    kept_state = None
    redirector = '>'                    # for sending output to file
    settable = stubbornDict('''
        prompt
        colors                Colorized output (*nix only)
        continuation_prompt   On 2nd+ line of input
        debug                 Show full error stack on error
        default_file_name     for ``save``, ``load``, etc.
        editor                Program used by ``edit``
        case_insensitive      upper- and lower-case both OK
        feedback_to_output    include nonessentials in `|`, `>` results
        quiet                 Don't print nonessential feedback
        echo                  Echo command issued into output
        timing                Report execution times
        abbrev                Accept abbreviated commands
        ''')

    def poutput(self, msg):
        '''Convenient shortcut for self.stdout.write(); adds newline if necessary.'''
        if msg:
            self.stdout.write(msg)
            if msg[-1] != '\n':
                self.stdout.write('\n')

    def perror(self, errmsg, statement=None):
        if self.debug:
            traceback.print_exc()
        print (str(errmsg))

    def pfeedback(self, msg):
        """For printing nonessential feedback.  Can be silenced with `quiet`.
           Inclusion in redirected output is controlled by `feedback_to_output`."""
        if not self.quiet:
            if self.feedback_to_output:
                self.poutput(msg)
            else:
                print (msg)
    _STOP_AND_EXIT = True  # distinguish end of script file from actual exit
    _STOP_SCRIPT_NO_EXIT = -999
    editor = os.environ.get('EDITOR')
    if not editor:
        if sys.platform[:3] == 'win':
            editor = 'notepad'
        else:
            for editor in ['gedit', 'kate', 'vim', 'vi', 'emacs', 'nano', 'pico']:
                if _which(editor):
                    break

    colorcodes =    {'bold':{True:'\x1b[1m',False:'\x1b[22m'},
                  'cyan':{True:'\x1b[36m',False:'\x1b[39m'},
                  'blue':{True:'\x1b[34m',False:'\x1b[39m'},
                  'red':{True:'\x1b[31m',False:'\x1b[39m'},
                  'magenta':{True:'\x1b[35m',False:'\x1b[39m'},
                  'green':{True:'\x1b[32m',False:'\x1b[39m'},
                  'underline':{True:'\x1b[4m',False:'\x1b[24m'}}
    colors = (platform.system() != 'Windows')
    def colorize(self, val, color):
        '''Given a string (``val``), returns that string wrapped in UNIX-style
           special characters that turn on (and then off) text color and style.
           If the ``colors`` environment paramter is ``False``, or the application
           is running on Windows, will return ``val`` unchanged.
           ``color`` should be one of the supported strings (or styles):
           red/blue/green/cyan/magenta, bold, underline'''
        if self.colors and (self.stdout == self.initial_stdout):
            return self.colorcodes[color][True] + val + self.colorcodes[color][False]
        return val

    def do_cmdenvironment(self, args):
        '''Summary report of interactive parameters.'''
        self.stdout.write("""
        Commands are %(casesensitive)scase-sensitive.
        Commands may be terminated with: %(terminators)s
        Settable parameters: %(settable)s\n""" % \
        { 'casesensitive': (self.case_insensitive and 'not ') or '',
          'terminators': str(self.terminators),
          'settable': ' '.join(self.settable)
        })

    def do_help(self, arg):
        if arg:
            funcname = self.func_named(arg)
            if funcname:
                fn = getattr(self, funcname)
                try:
                    fn.optionParser.print_help(file=self.stdout)
                except AttributeError:
                    cmd.Cmd.do_help(self, funcname[3:])
        else:
            cmd.Cmd.do_help(self, arg)

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        cmd.Cmd.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
        self.initial_stdout = sys.stdout
        self.history = History()
        self.pystate = {}
        self.shortcuts = sorted(self.shortcuts.items(), reverse=True)
        self.keywords = self.reserved_words + [fname[3:] for fname in dir(self)
                                               if fname.startswith('do_')]
        self._init_parser()

    def do_shortcuts(self, args):
        """Lists single-key shortcuts available."""
        result = "\n".join('%s: %s' % (sc[0], sc[1]) for sc in sorted(self.shortcuts))
        self.stdout.write("Single-key shortcuts for other commands:\n%s\n" % (result))

    prefixParser = pyparsing.Empty()
    commentGrammars = pyparsing.Or([pyparsing.pythonStyleComment, pyparsing.cStyleComment])
    commentGrammars.addParseAction(lambda x: '')
    commentInProgress  = pyparsing.Literal('/*') + pyparsing.SkipTo(
        pyparsing.stringEnd ^ '*/')
    terminators = [';']
    blankLinesAllowed = False
    multilineCommands = []

    def _init_parser(self):
        r'''
        >>> c = Cmd()
        >>> c.multilineCommands = ['multiline']
        >>> c.case_insensitive = True
        >>> c._init_parser()
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('').dump())
        []
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('').dump())
        []
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('/* empty command */').dump())
        []
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('plainword').dump())
        ['plainword', '']
        - command: plainword
        - statement: ['plainword', '']
          - command: plainword
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('termbare;').dump())
        ['termbare', '', ';', '']
        - command: termbare
        - statement: ['termbare', '', ';']
          - command: termbare
          - terminator: ;
        - terminator: ;
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('termbare; suffx').dump())
        ['termbare', '', ';', 'suffx']
        - command: termbare
        - statement: ['termbare', '', ';']
          - command: termbare
          - terminator: ;
        - suffix: suffx
        - terminator: ;
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('barecommand').dump())
        ['barecommand', '']
        - command: barecommand
        - statement: ['barecommand', '']
          - command: barecommand
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('COMmand with args').dump())
        ['command', 'with args']
        - args: with args
        - command: command
        - statement: ['command', 'with args']
          - args: with args
          - command: command
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('command with args and terminator; and suffix').dump())
        ['command', 'with args and terminator', ';', 'and suffix']
        - args: with args and terminator
        - command: command
        - statement: ['command', 'with args and terminator', ';']
          - args: with args and terminator
          - command: command
          - terminator: ;
        - suffix: and suffix
        - terminator: ;
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('simple | piped').dump())
        ['simple', '', '|', ' piped']
        - command: simple
        - pipeTo:  piped
        - statement: ['simple', '']
          - command: simple
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('double-pipe || is not a pipe').dump())
        ['double', '-pipe || is not a pipe']
        - args: -pipe || is not a pipe
        - command: double
        - statement: ['double', '-pipe || is not a pipe']
          - args: -pipe || is not a pipe
          - command: double
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('command with args, terminator;sufx | piped').dump())
        ['command', 'with args, terminator', ';', 'sufx', '|', ' piped']
        - args: with args, terminator
        - command: command
        - pipeTo:  piped
        - statement: ['command', 'with args, terminator', ';']
          - args: with args, terminator
          - command: command
          - terminator: ;
        - suffix: sufx
        - terminator: ;
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('output into > afile.txt').dump())
        ['output', 'into', '>', 'afile.txt']
        - args: into
        - command: output
        - output: >
        - outputTo: afile.txt
        - statement: ['output', 'into']
          - args: into
          - command: output
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('output into;sufx | pipethrume plz > afile.txt').dump())
        ['output', 'into', ';', 'sufx', '|', ' pipethrume plz', '>', 'afile.txt']
        - args: into
        - command: output
        - output: >
        - outputTo: afile.txt
        - pipeTo:  pipethrume plz
        - statement: ['output', 'into', ';']
          - args: into
          - command: output
          - terminator: ;
        - suffix: sufx
        - terminator: ;
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('output to paste buffer >> ').dump())
        ['output', 'to paste buffer', '>>', '']
        - args: to paste buffer
        - command: output
        - output: >>
        - statement: ['output', 'to paste buffer']
          - args: to paste buffer
          - command: output
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('ignore the /* commented | > */ stuff;').dump())
        ['ignore', 'the /* commented | > */ stuff', ';', '']
        - args: the /* commented | > */ stuff
        - command: ignore
        - statement: ['ignore', 'the /* commented | > */ stuff', ';']
          - args: the /* commented | > */ stuff
          - command: ignore
          - terminator: ;
        - terminator: ;
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('has > inside;').dump())
        ['has', '> inside', ';', '']
        - args: > inside
        - command: has
        - statement: ['has', '> inside', ';']
          - args: > inside
          - command: has
          - terminator: ;
        - terminator: ;
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('multiline has > inside an unfinished command').dump())
        ['multiline', ' has > inside an unfinished command']
        - multilineCommand: multiline
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('multiline has > inside;').dump())
        ['multiline', 'has > inside', ';', '']
        - args: has > inside
        - multilineCommand: multiline
        - statement: ['multiline', 'has > inside', ';']
          - args: has > inside
          - multilineCommand: multiline
          - terminator: ;
        - terminator: ;
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('multiline command /* with comment in progress;').dump())
        ['multiline', ' command /* with comment in progress;']
        - multilineCommand: multiline
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('multiline command /* with comment complete */ is done;').dump())
        ['multiline', 'command /* with comment complete */ is done', ';', '']
        - args: command /* with comment complete */ is done
        - multilineCommand: multiline
        - statement: ['multiline', 'command /* with comment complete */ is done', ';']
          - args: command /* with comment complete */ is done
          - multilineCommand: multiline
          - terminator: ;
        - terminator: ;
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('multiline command ends\n\n').dump())
        ['multiline', 'command ends', '\n', '\n']
        - args: command ends
        - multilineCommand: multiline
        - statement: ['multiline', 'command ends', '\n', '\n']
          - args: command ends
          - multilineCommand: multiline
          - terminator: ['\n', '\n']
        - terminator: ['\n', '\n']
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('multiline command "with term; ends" now\n\n').dump())
        ['multiline', 'command "with term; ends" now', '\n', '\n']
        - args: command "with term; ends" now
        - multilineCommand: multiline
        - statement: ['multiline', 'command "with term; ends" now', '\n', '\n']
          - args: command "with term; ends" now
          - multilineCommand: multiline
          - terminator: ['\n', '\n']
        - terminator: ['\n', '\n']
        >>> print (c.parser.parseString('what if "quoted strings /* seem to " start comments?').dump())
        ['what', 'if "quoted strings /* seem to " start comments?']
        - args: if "quoted strings /* seem to " start comments?
        - command: what
        - statement: ['what', 'if "quoted strings /* seem to " start comments?']
          - args: if "quoted strings /* seem to " start comments?
          - command: what
        '''
        #outputParser = (pyparsing.Literal('>>') | (pyparsing.WordStart() + '>') | pyparsing.Regex('[^=]>'))('output')
        outputParser = (pyparsing.Literal(self.redirector *2) | \
                       (pyparsing.WordStart() + self.redirector) | \
                        pyparsing.Regex('[^=]' + self.redirector))('output')

        terminatorParser = pyparsing.Or([(hasattr(t, 'parseString') and t) or pyparsing.Literal(t) for t in self.terminators])('terminator')
        stringEnd = pyparsing.stringEnd ^ '\nEOF'
        self.multilineCommand = pyparsing.Or([pyparsing.Keyword(c, caseless=self.case_insensitive) for c in self.multilineCommands])('multilineCommand')
        oneLineCommand = (~self.multilineCommand + pyparsing.Word(self.legalChars))('command')
        pipe = pyparsing.Keyword('|', identChars='|')
        self.commentGrammars.ignore(pyparsing.quotedString).setParseAction(lambda x: '')
        doNotParse = self.commentGrammars | self.commentInProgress | pyparsing.quotedString
        afterElements = \
            pyparsing.Optional(pipe + pyparsing.SkipTo(outputParser ^ stringEnd, ignore=doNotParse)('pipeTo')) + \
            pyparsing.Optional(outputParser + pyparsing.SkipTo(stringEnd, ignore=doNotParse).setParseAction(lambda x: x[0].strip())('outputTo'))
        if self.case_insensitive:
            self.multilineCommand.setParseAction(lambda x: x[0].lower())
            oneLineCommand.setParseAction(lambda x: x[0].lower())
        if self.blankLinesAllowed:
            self.blankLineTerminationParser = pyparsing.NoMatch
        else:
            self.blankLineTerminator = (pyparsing.lineEnd + pyparsing.lineEnd)('terminator')
            self.blankLineTerminator.setResultsName('terminator')
            self.blankLineTerminationParser = ((self.multilineCommand ^ oneLineCommand) + pyparsing.SkipTo(self.blankLineTerminator, ignore=doNotParse).setParseAction(lambda x: x[0].strip())('args') + self.blankLineTerminator)('statement')
        self.multilineParser = (((self.multilineCommand ^ oneLineCommand) + pyparsing.SkipTo(terminatorParser, ignore=doNotParse).setParseAction(lambda x: x[0].strip())('args') + terminatorParser)('statement') +
                                pyparsing.SkipTo(outputParser ^ pipe ^ stringEnd, ignore=doNotParse).setParseAction(lambda x: x[0].strip())('suffix') + afterElements)
        self.multilineParser.ignore(self.commentInProgress)
        self.singleLineParser = ((oneLineCommand + pyparsing.SkipTo(terminatorParser ^ stringEnd ^ pipe ^ outputParser, ignore=doNotParse).setParseAction(lambda x:x[0].strip())('args'))('statement') +
                                 pyparsing.Optional(terminatorParser) + afterElements)
        #self.multilineParser = self.multilineParser.setResultsName('multilineParser')
        #self.singleLineParser = self.singleLineParser.setResultsName('singleLineParser')
        self.blankLineTerminationParser = self.blankLineTerminationParser.setResultsName('statement')
        self.parser = self.prefixParser + (
            stringEnd |
            self.multilineParser |
            self.singleLineParser |
            self.blankLineTerminationParser |
            self.multilineCommand + pyparsing.SkipTo(stringEnd, ignore=doNotParse)
            )
        self.parser.ignore(self.commentGrammars)

        inputMark = pyparsing.Literal('<')
        inputMark.setParseAction(lambda x: '')
        fileName = pyparsing.Word(self.legalChars + '/\\')
        inputFrom = fileName('inputFrom')
        inputFrom.setParseAction(replace_with_file_contents)
        # a not-entirely-satisfactory way of distinguishing < as in "import from" from <
        # as in "lesser than"
        self.inputParser = inputMark + pyparsing.Optional(inputFrom) + pyparsing.Optional('>') + \
                           pyparsing.Optional(fileName) + (pyparsing.stringEnd | '|')
        self.inputParser.ignore(self.commentInProgress)

    def preparse(self, raw, **kwargs):
        return raw
    def postparse(self, parseResult):
        return parseResult

    def parsed(self, raw, **kwargs):
        if isinstance(raw, ParsedString):
            p = raw
        else:
            # preparse is an overridable hook; default makes no changes
            s = self.preparse(raw, **kwargs)
            s = self.inputParser.transformString(s.lstrip())
            s = self.commentGrammars.transformString(s)
            for (shortcut, expansion) in self.shortcuts:
                if s.lower().startswith(shortcut):
                    s = s.replace(shortcut, expansion + ' ', 1)
                    break
            result = self.parser.parseString(s)
            result['raw'] = raw
            result['command'] = result.multilineCommand or result.command
            result = self.postparse(result)
            p = ParsedString(result.args)
            p.parsed = result
            p.parser = self.parsed
        for (key, val) in kwargs.items():
            p.parsed[key] = val
        return p

    def postparsing_precmd(self, statement):
        stop = 0
        return stop, statement
    def postparsing_postcmd(self, stop):
        return stop

    def func_named(self, arg):
        result = None
        target = 'do_' + arg
        if target in dir(self):
            result = target
        else:
            if self.abbrev:   # accept shortened versions of commands
                funcs = [fname for fname in self.keywords if fname.startswith(arg)]
                if len(funcs) == 1:
                    result = 'do_' + funcs[0]
        return result
    def onecmd_plus_hooks(self, line):
        # The outermost level of try/finally nesting can be condensed once
        # Python 2.4 support can be dropped.
        stop = 0
        try:
            try:
                statement = self.complete_statement(line)
                (stop, statement) = self.postparsing_precmd(statement)
                if stop:
                    return self.postparsing_postcmd(stop)
                if statement.parsed.command not in self.excludeFromHistory:
                    self.history.append(statement.parsed.raw)
                try:
                    self.redirect_output(statement)
                    timestart = datetime.datetime.now()
                    statement = self.precmd(statement)
                    stop = self.onecmd(statement)
                    stop = self.postcmd(stop, statement)
                    if self.timing:
                        self.pfeedback('Elapsed: %s' % str(datetime.datetime.now() - timestart))
                finally:
                    self.restore_output(statement)
            except EmptyStatement:
                return 0
            except Exception as e:
                self.perror(str(e), statement)
        finally:
            return self.postparsing_postcmd(stop)
    def complete_statement(self, line):
        """Keep accepting lines of input until the command is complete."""
        if (not line) or (
            not pyparsing.Or(self.commentGrammars).
                setParseAction(lambda x: '').transformString(line)):
            raise EmptyStatement()
        statement = self.parsed(line)
        while statement.parsed.multilineCommand and (statement.parsed.terminator == ''):
            statement = '%s\n%s' % (statement.parsed.raw,
                                    self.pseudo_raw_input(self.continuation_prompt))
            statement = self.parsed(statement)
        if not statement.parsed.command:
            raise EmptyStatement()
        return statement

    def redirect_output(self, statement):
        if statement.parsed.pipeTo:
            self.kept_state = Statekeeper(self, ('stdout',))
            self.kept_sys = Statekeeper(sys, ('stdout',))
            self.redirect = subprocess.Popen(statement.parsed.pipeTo, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
            sys.stdout = self.stdout = self.redirect.stdin
        elif statement.parsed.output:
            if (not statement.parsed.outputTo) and (not can_clip):
                raise EnvironmentError('Cannot redirect to paste buffer; install ``xclip`` and re-run to enable')
            self.kept_state = Statekeeper(self, ('stdout',))
            self.kept_sys = Statekeeper(sys, ('stdout',))
            if statement.parsed.outputTo:
                mode = 'w'
                if statement.parsed.output == 2 * self.redirector:
                    mode = 'a'
                sys.stdout = self.stdout = open(os.path.expanduser(statement.parsed.outputTo), mode)
            else:
                sys.stdout = self.stdout = tempfile.TemporaryFile(mode="w+")
                if statement.parsed.output == '>>':
                    self.stdout.write(get_paste_buffer())

    def restore_output(self, statement):
        if self.kept_state:
            if statement.parsed.output:
                if not statement.parsed.outputTo:
                    self.stdout.seek(0)
                    write_to_paste_buffer(self.stdout.read())
            elif statement.parsed.pipeTo:
                for result in self.redirect.communicate():
                    self.kept_state.stdout.write(result or '')
            self.stdout.close()
            self.kept_state.restore()
            self.kept_sys.restore()
            self.kept_state = None

    def onecmd(self, line):
        """Interpret the argument as though it had been typed in response
        to the prompt.

        This may be overridden, but should not normally need to be;
        see the precmd() and postcmd() methods for useful execution hooks.
        The return value is a flag indicating whether interpretation of
        commands by the interpreter should stop.

        This (`cmd2`) version of `onecmd` already override's `cmd`'s `onecmd`.

        """
        statement = self.parsed(line)
        self.lastcmd = statement.parsed.raw
        funcname = self.func_named(statement.parsed.command)
        if not funcname:
            return self._default(statement)
        try:
            func = getattr(self, funcname)
        except AttributeError:
            return self._default(statement)
        stop = func(statement)
        return stop

    def _default(self, statement):
        arg = statement.full_parsed_statement()
        if self.default_to_shell:
            result = os.system(arg)
            if not result:
                return self.postparsing_postcmd(None)
        return self.postparsing_postcmd(self.default(arg))

    def pseudo_raw_input(self, prompt):
        """copied from cmd's cmdloop; like raw_input, but accounts for changed stdin, stdout"""

        if self.use_rawinput:
            try:
                line = raw_input(prompt)
            except EOFError:
                line = 'EOF'
        else:
            self.stdout.write(prompt)
            self.stdout.flush()
            line = self.stdin.readline()
            if not len(line):
                line = 'EOF'
            else:
                if line[-1] == '\n': # this was always true in Cmd
                    line = line[:-1]
        return line

    def _cmdloop(self, intro=None):
        """Repeatedly issue a prompt, accept input, parse an initial prefix
        off the received input, and dispatch to action methods, passing them
        the remainder of the line as argument.
        """

        # An almost perfect copy from Cmd; however, the pseudo_raw_input portion
        # has been split out so that it can be called separately

        self.preloop()
        if self.use_rawinput and self.completekey:
            try:
                import readline
                self.old_completer = readline.get_completer()
                readline.set_completer(self.complete)
                readline.parse_and_bind(self.completekey+": complete")
            except ImportError:
                pass
        try:
            if intro is not None:
                self.intro = intro
            if self.intro:
                self.stdout.write(str(self.intro)+"\n")
            stop = None
            while not stop:
                if self.cmdqueue:
                    line = self.cmdqueue.pop(0)
                else:
                    line = self.pseudo_raw_input(self.prompt)
                if (self.echo) and (isinstance(self.stdin, file)):
                    self.stdout.write(line + '\n')
                stop = self.onecmd_plus_hooks(line)
            self.postloop()
        finally:
            if self.use_rawinput and self.completekey:
                try:
                    import readline
                    readline.set_completer(self.old_completer)
                except ImportError:
                    pass
            return stop

    def do_EOF(self, arg):
        return self._STOP_SCRIPT_NO_EXIT # End of script; should not exit app
    do_eof = do_EOF

    def do_quit(self, arg):
        return self._STOP_AND_EXIT
    do_exit = do_quit
    do_q = do_quit

    def select(self, options, prompt='Your choice? '):
        '''Presents a numbered menu to the user.  Modelled after
           the bash shell's SELECT.  Returns the item chosen.

           Argument ``options`` can be:

             | a single string -> will be split into one-word options
             | a list of strings -> will be offered as options
             | a list of tuples -> interpreted as (value, text), so
                                   that the return value can differ from
                                   the text advertised to the user '''
        if isinstance(options, basestring):
            options = zip(options.split(), options.split())
        fulloptions = []
        for opt in options:
            if isinstance(opt, basestring):
                fulloptions.append((opt, opt))
            else:
                try:
                    fulloptions.append((opt[0], opt[1]))
                except IndexError:
                    fulloptions.append((opt[0], opt[0]))
        for (idx, (value, text)) in enumerate(fulloptions):
            self.poutput('  %2d. %s\n' % (idx+1, text))
        while True:
            response = raw_input(prompt)
            try:
                response = int(response)
                result = fulloptions[response - 1][0]
                break
            except ValueError:
                pass # loop and ask again
        return result

    @options([make_option('-l', '--long', action="store_true",
                 help="describe function of parameter")])
    def do_show(self, arg, opts):
        '''Shows value of a parameter.'''
        param = arg.strip().lower()
        result = {}
        maxlen = 0
        for p in self.settable:
            if (not param) or p.startswith(param):
                result[p] = '%s: %s' % (p, str(getattr(self, p)))
                maxlen = max(maxlen, len(result[p]))
        if result:
            for p in sorted(result):
                if opts.long:
                    self.poutput('%s # %s' % (result[p].ljust(maxlen), self.settable[p]))
                else:
                    self.poutput(result[p])
        else:
            raise NotImplementedError("Parameter '%s' not supported (type 'show' for list of parameters)." % param)

    def do_set(self, arg):
        '''
        Sets a cmd2 parameter.  Accepts abbreviated parameter names so long
        as there is no ambiguity.  Call without arguments for a list of
        settable parameters with their values.'''
        try:
            statement, paramName, val = arg.parsed.raw.split(None, 2)
            val = val.strip()
            paramName = paramName.strip().lower()
            if paramName not in self.settable:
                hits = [p for p in self.settable if p.startswith(paramName)]
                if len(hits) == 1:
                    paramName = hits[0]
                else:
                    return self.do_show(paramName)
            currentVal = getattr(self, paramName)
            if (val[0] == val[-1]) and val[0] in ("'", '"'):
                val = val[1:-1]
            else:
                val = cast(currentVal, val)
            setattr(self, paramName, val)
            self.stdout.write('%s - was: %s\nnow: %s\n' % (paramName, currentVal, val))
            if currentVal != val:
                try:
                    onchange_hook = getattr(self, '_onchange_%s' % paramName)
                    onchange_hook(old=currentVal, new=val)
                except AttributeError:
                    pass
        except (ValueError, AttributeError, NotSettableError) as e:
            self.do_show(arg)

    def do_pause(self, arg):
        'Displays the specified text then waits for the user to press RETURN.'
        raw_input(arg + '\n')

    def do_shell(self, arg):
        'execute a command as if at the OS prompt.'
        os.system(arg)

    def do_py(self, arg):
        '''
        py <command>: Executes a Python command.
        py: Enters interactive Python mode.
        End with ``Ctrl-D`` (Unix) / ``Ctrl-Z`` (Windows), ``quit()``, '`exit()``.
        Non-python commands can be issued with ``cmd("your command")``.
        Run python code from external files with ``run("filename.py")``
        '''
        self.pystate['self'] = self
        arg = arg.parsed.raw[2:].strip()
        localvars = (self.locals_in_py and self.pystate) or {}
        interp = InteractiveConsole(locals=localvars)
        interp.runcode('import sys, os;sys.path.insert(0, os.getcwd())')
        if arg.strip():
            interp.runcode(arg)
        else:
            def quit():
                raise EmbeddedConsoleExit
            def onecmd_plus_hooks(arg):
                return self.onecmd_plus_hooks(arg + '\n')
            def run(arg):
                try:
                    file = open(arg)
                    interp.runcode(file.read())
                    file.close()
                except IOError as e:
                    self.perror(e)
            self.pystate['quit'] = quit
            self.pystate['exit'] = quit
            self.pystate['cmd'] = onecmd_plus_hooks
            self.pystate['run'] = run
            try:
                cprt = 'Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.'
                keepstate = Statekeeper(sys, ('stdin','stdout'))
                sys.stdout = self.stdout
                sys.stdin = self.stdin
                interp.interact(banner= "Python %s on %s\n%s\n(%s)\n%s" %
                       (sys.version, sys.platform, cprt, self.__class__.__name__, self.do_py.__doc__))
            except EmbeddedConsoleExit:
                pass
            keepstate.restore()

    @options([make_option('-s', '--script', action="store_true", help="Script format; no separation lines"),
             ], arg_desc = '(limit on which commands to include)')
    def do_history(self, arg, opts):
        """history [arg]: lists past commands issued

        | no arg:         list all
        | arg is integer: list one history item, by index
        | arg is string:  string search
        | arg is /enclosed in forward-slashes/: regular expression search
        """
        if arg:
            history = self.history.get(arg)
        else:
            history = self.history
        for hi in history:
            if opts.script:
                self.poutput(hi)
            else:
                self.stdout.write(hi.pr())
    def last_matching(self, arg):
        try:
            if arg:
                return self.history.get(arg)[-1]
            else:
                return self.history[-1]
        except IndexError:
            return None
    def do_list(self, arg):
        """list [arg]: lists last command issued

        no arg -> list most recent command
        arg is integer -> list one history item, by index
        a..b, a:b, a:, ..b -> list spans from a (or start) to b (or end)
        arg is string -> list all commands matching string search
        arg is /enclosed in forward-slashes/ -> regular expression search
        """
        try:
            history = self.history.span(arg or '-1')
        except IndexError:
            history = self.history.search(arg)
        for hi in history:
            self.poutput(hi.pr())

    do_hi = do_history
    do_l = do_list
    do_li = do_list

    def do_ed(self, arg):
        """ed: edit most recent command in text editor
        ed [N]: edit numbered command from history
        ed [filename]: edit specified file name

        commands are run after editor is closed.
        "set edit (program-name)" or set  EDITOR environment variable
        to control which editing program is used."""
        if not self.editor:
            raise EnvironmentError("Please use 'set editor' to specify your text editing program of choice.")
        filename = self.default_file_name
        if arg:
            try:
                buffer = self.last_matching(int(arg))
            except ValueError:
                filename = arg
                buffer = ''
        else:
            buffer = self.history[-1]

        if buffer:
            f = open(os.path.expanduser(filename), 'w')
            f.write(buffer or '')
            f.close()

        os.system('%s %s' % (self.editor, filename))
        self.do__load(filename)
    do_edit = do_ed

    saveparser = (pyparsing.Optional(pyparsing.Word(pyparsing.nums)^'*')("idx") +
                  pyparsing.Optional(pyparsing.Word(legalChars + '/\\'))("fname") +
                  pyparsing.stringEnd)
    def do_save(self, arg):
        """`save [N] [filename.ext]`

        Saves command from history to file.

        | N => Number of command (from history), or `*`;
        |      most recent command if omitted"""

        try:
            args = self.saveparser.parseString(arg)
        except pyparsing.ParseException:
            self.perror('Could not understand save target %s' % arg)
            raise SyntaxError(self.do_save.__doc__)
        fname = args.fname or self.default_file_name
        if args.idx == '*':
            saveme = '\n\n'.join(self.history[:])
        elif args.idx:
            saveme = self.history[int(args.idx)-1]
        else:
            saveme = self.history[-1]
        try:
            f = open(os.path.expanduser(fname), 'w')
            f.write(saveme)
            f.close()
            self.pfeedback('Saved to %s' % (fname))
        except Exception as e:
            self.perror('Error saving %s' % (fname))
            raise

    def read_file_or_url(self, fname):
        # TODO: not working on localhost
        if isinstance(fname, file):
            result = open(fname, 'r')
        else:
            match = self.urlre.match(fname)
            if match:
                result = urllib.urlopen(match.group(1))
            else:
                fname = os.path.expanduser(fname)
                try:
                    result = open(os.path.expanduser(fname), 'r')
                except IOError:
                    result = open('%s.%s' % (os.path.expanduser(fname),
                                             self.defaultExtension), 'r')
        return result

    def do__relative_load(self, arg=None):
        '''
        Runs commands in script at file or URL; if this is called from within an
        already-running script, the filename will be interpreted relative to the
        already-running script's directory.'''
        if arg:
            arg = arg.split(None, 1)
            targetname, args = arg[0], (arg[1:] or [''])[0]
            targetname = os.path.join(self.current_script_dir or '', targetname)
            self.do__load('%s %s' % (targetname, args))

    urlre = re.compile('(https?://[-\\w\\./]+)')
    def do_load(self, arg=None):
        """Runs script of command(s) from a file or URL."""
        if arg is None:
            targetname = self.default_file_name
        else:
            arg = arg.split(None, 1)
            targetname, args = arg[0], (arg[1:] or [''])[0].strip()
        try:
            target = self.read_file_or_url(targetname)
        except IOError as e:
            self.perror('Problem accessing script from %s: \n%s' % (targetname, e))
            return
        keepstate = Statekeeper(self, ('stdin','use_rawinput','prompt',
                                       'continuation_prompt','current_script_dir'))
        self.stdin = target
        self.use_rawinput = False
        self.prompt = self.continuation_prompt = ''
        self.current_script_dir = os.path.split(targetname)[0]
        stop = self._cmdloop()
        self.stdin.close()
        keepstate.restore()
        self.lastcmd = ''
        return stop and (stop != self._STOP_SCRIPT_NO_EXIT)
    do__load = do_load  # avoid an unfortunate legacy use of do_load from sqlpython

    def do_run(self, arg):
        """run [arg]: re-runs an earlier command

        no arg -> run most recent command
        arg is integer -> run one history item, by index
        arg is string -> run most recent command by string search
        arg is /enclosed in forward-slashes/ -> run most recent by regex
        """
        'run [N]: runs the SQL that was run N commands ago'
        runme = self.last_matching(arg)
        self.pfeedback(runme)
        if runme:
            stop = self.onecmd_plus_hooks(runme)
    do_r = do_run

    def fileimport(self, statement, source):
        try:
            f = open(os.path.expanduser(source))
        except IOError:
            self.stdout.write("Couldn't read from file %s\n" % source)
            return ''
        data = f.read()
        f.close()
        return data

    def runTranscriptTests(self, callargs):
        class TestMyAppCase(Cmd2TestCase):
            CmdApp = self.__class__
        self.__class__.testfiles = callargs
        sys.argv = [sys.argv[0]] # the --test argument upsets unittest.main()
        testcase = TestMyAppCase()
        runner = unittest.TextTestRunner()
        result = runner.run(testcase)
        result.printErrors()

    def run_commands_at_invocation(self, callargs):
        for initial_command in callargs:
            if self.onecmd_plus_hooks(initial_command + '\n'):
                return self._STOP_AND_EXIT

    def cmdloop(self):
        parser = optparse.OptionParser()
        parser.add_option('-t', '--test', dest='test',
               action="store_true",
               help='Test against transcript(s) in FILE (wildcards OK)')
        (callopts, callargs) = parser.parse_args()
        if callopts.test:
            self.runTranscriptTests(callargs)
        else:
            if not self.run_commands_at_invocation(callargs):
                self._cmdloop()

class HistoryItem(str):
    listformat = '-------------------------[%d]\n%s\n'
    def __init__(self, instr):
        str.__init__(self)
        self.lowercase = self.lower()
        self.idx = None
    def pr(self):
        return self.listformat % (self.idx, str(self))

class History(list):
    '''A list of HistoryItems that knows how to respond to user requests.
    >>> h = History([HistoryItem('first'), HistoryItem('second'), HistoryItem('third'), HistoryItem('fourth')])
    >>> h.span('-2..')
    ['third', 'fourth']
    >>> h.span('2..3')
    ['second', 'third']
    >>> h.span('3')
    ['third']
    >>> h.span(':')
    ['first', 'second', 'third', 'fourth']
    >>> h.span('2..')
    ['second', 'third', 'fourth']
    >>> h.span('-1')
    ['fourth']
    >>> h.span('-2..-3')
    ['third', 'second']
    >>> h.search('o')
    ['second', 'fourth']
    >>> h.search('/IR/')
    ['first', 'third']
    '''
    def zero_based_index(self, onebased):
        result = onebased
        if result > 0:
            result -= 1
        return result
    def to_index(self, raw):
        if raw:
            result = self.zero_based_index(int(raw))
        else:
            result = None
        return result
    def search(self, target):
        target = target.strip()
        if target[0] == target[-1] == '/' and len(target) > 1:
            target = target[1:-1]
        else:
            target = re.escape(target)
        pattern = re.compile(target, re.IGNORECASE)
        return [s for s in self if pattern.search(s)]
    spanpattern = re.compile(r'^\s*(?P<start>\-?\d+)?\s*(?P<separator>:|(\.{2,}))?\s*(?P<end>\-?\d+)?\s*$')
    def span(self, raw):
        if raw.lower() in ('*', '-', 'all'):
            raw = ':'
        results = self.spanpattern.search(raw)
        if not results:
            raise IndexError
        if not results.group('separator'):
            return [self[self.to_index(results.group('start'))]]
        start = self.to_index(results.group('start'))
        end = self.to_index(results.group('end'))
        reverse = False
        if end is not None:
            if end < start:
                (start, end) = (end, start)
                reverse = True
            end += 1
        result = self[start:end]
        if reverse:
            result.reverse()
        return result

    rangePattern = re.compile(r'^\s*(?P<start>[\d]+)?\s*\-\s*(?P<end>[\d]+)?\s*$')
    def append(self, new):
        new = HistoryItem(new)
        list.append(self, new)
        new.idx = len(self)
    def extend(self, new):
        for n in new:
            self.append(n)

    def get(self, getme=None, fromEnd=False):
        if not getme:
            return self
        try:
            getme = int(getme)
            if getme < 0:
                return self[:(-1 * getme)]
            else:
                return [self[getme-1]]
        except IndexError:
            return []
        except ValueError:
            rangeResult = self.rangePattern.search(getme)
            if rangeResult:
                start = rangeResult.group('start') or None
                end = rangeResult.group('start') or None
                if start:
                    start = int(start) - 1
                if end:
                    end = int(end)
                return self[start:end]

            getme = getme.strip()

            if getme.startswith(r'/') and getme.endswith(r'/'):
                finder = re.compile(getme[1:-1], re.DOTALL | re.MULTILINE | re.IGNORECASE)
                def isin(hi):
                    return finder.search(hi)
            else:
                def isin(hi):
                    return (getme.lower() in hi.lowercase)
            return [itm for itm in self if isin(itm)]

class NotSettableError(Exception):
    pass

def cast(current, new):
    """Tries to force a new value into the same type as the current."""
    typ = type(current)
    if typ == bool:
        try:
            return bool(int(new))
        except (ValueError, TypeError):
            pass
        try:
            new = new.lower()
        except:
            pass
        if (new=='on') or (new[0] in ('y','t')):
            return True
        if (new=='off') or (new[0] in ('n','f')):
            return False
    else:
        try:
            return typ(new)
        except:
            pass
    print ("Problem setting parameter (now %s) to %s; incorrect type?" % (current, new))
    return current

class Statekeeper(object):
    def __init__(self, obj, attribs):
        self.obj = obj
        self.attribs = attribs
        if self.obj:
            self.save()
    def save(self):
        for attrib in self.attribs:
            setattr(self, attrib, getattr(self.obj, attrib))
    def restore(self):
        if self.obj:
            for attrib in self.attribs:
                setattr(self.obj, attrib, getattr(self, attrib))

class Borg(object):
    '''All instances of any Borg subclass will share state.
    from Python Cookbook, 2nd Ed., recipe 6.16'''
    _shared_state = {}
    def __new__(cls, *a, **k):
        obj = object.__new__(cls, *a, **k)
        obj.__dict__ = cls._shared_state
        return obj

class OutputTrap(Borg):
    '''Instantiate  an OutputTrap to divert/capture ALL stdout output.  For use in unit testing.
    Call `tearDown()` to return to normal output.'''
    def __init__(self):
        self.contents = ''
        self.old_stdout = sys.stdout
        sys.stdout = self
    def write(self, txt):
        self.contents += txt
    def read(self):
        result = self.contents
        self.contents = ''
        return result
    def tearDown(self):
        sys.stdout = self.old_stdout
        self.contents = ''


class Cmd2TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
    '''Subclass this, setting CmdApp, to make a unittest.TestCase class
       that will execute the commands in a transcript file and expect the results shown.
       See example.py'''
    CmdApp = None
    def fetchTranscripts(self):
        self.transcripts = {}
        for fileset in self.CmdApp.testfiles:
            for fname in glob.glob(fileset):
                tfile = open(fname)
                self.transcripts[fname] = iter(tfile.readlines())
                tfile.close()
        if not len(self.transcripts):
            raise StandardError("No test files found - nothing to test.")
    def setUp(self):
        if self.CmdApp:
            self.outputTrap = OutputTrap()
            self.cmdapp = self.CmdApp()
            self.fetchTranscripts()
    def runTest(self): # was testall
        if self.CmdApp:
            its = sorted(self.transcripts.items())
            for (fname, transcript) in its:
                self._test_transcript(fname, transcript)
    regexPattern = pyparsing.QuotedString(quoteChar=r'/', escChar='\\', multiline=True, unquoteResults=True)
    regexPattern.ignore(pyparsing.cStyleComment)
    notRegexPattern = pyparsing.Word(pyparsing.printables)
    notRegexPattern.setParseAction(lambda t: re.escape(t[0]))
    expectationParser = regexPattern | notRegexPattern
    anyWhitespace = re.compile(r'\s', re.DOTALL | re.MULTILINE)
    def _test_transcript(self, fname, transcript):
        lineNum = 0
        finished = False
        line = transcript.next()
        lineNum += 1
        tests_run = 0
        while not finished:
            # Scroll forward to where actual commands begin
            while not line.startswith(self.cmdapp.prompt):
                try:
                    line = transcript.next()
                except StopIteration:
                    finished = True
                    break
                lineNum += 1
            command = [line[len(self.cmdapp.prompt):]]
            line = transcript.next()
            # Read the entirety of a multi-line command
            while line.startswith(self.cmdapp.continuation_prompt):
                command.append(line[len(self.cmdapp.continuation_prompt):])
                try:
                    line = transcript.next()
                except StopIteration:
                    raise (StopIteration,
                           'Transcript broke off while reading command beginning at line %d with\n%s'
                           % (command[0]))
                lineNum += 1
            command = ''.join(command)
            # Send the command into the application and capture the resulting output
            stop = self.cmdapp.onecmd_plus_hooks(command)
            #TODO: should act on ``stop``
            result = self.outputTrap.read()
            # Read the expected result from transcript
            if line.startswith(self.cmdapp.prompt):
                message = '\nFile %s, line %d\nCommand was:\n%r\nExpected: (nothing)\nGot:\n%r\n'%\
                    (fname, lineNum, command, result)
                self.assert_(not(result.strip()), message)
                continue
            expected = []
            while not line.startswith(self.cmdapp.prompt):
                expected.append(line)
                try:
                    line = transcript.next()
                except StopIteration:
                    finished = True
                    break
                lineNum += 1
            expected = ''.join(expected)
            # Compare actual result to expected
            message = '\nFile %s, line %d\nCommand was:\n%s\nExpected:\n%s\nGot:\n%s\n'%\
                (fname, lineNum, command, expected, result)
            expected = self.expectationParser.transformString(expected)
            # checking whitespace is a pain - let's skip it
            expected = self.anyWhitespace.sub('', expected)
            result = self.anyWhitespace.sub('', result)
            self.assert_(re.match(expected, result, re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL), message)

    def tearDown(self):
        if self.CmdApp:
            self.outputTrap.tearDown()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    doctest.testmod(optionflags = doctest.NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE)

'''
To make your application transcript-testable, replace

::

  app = MyApp()
  app.cmdloop()

with

::

  app = MyApp()
  cmd2.run(app)

Then run a session of your application and paste the entire screen contents
into a file, ``transcript.test``, and invoke the test like::

  python myapp.py --test transcript.test

Wildcards can be used to test against multiple transcript files.
'''