This file is indexed.

/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/shapefile.py is in python3-pyshp 1.2.10-1.

This file is owned by root:root, with mode 0o644.

The actual contents of the file can be viewed below.

   1
   2
   3
   4
   5
   6
   7
   8
   9
  10
  11
  12
  13
  14
  15
  16
  17
  18
  19
  20
  21
  22
  23
  24
  25
  26
  27
  28
  29
  30
  31
  32
  33
  34
  35
  36
  37
  38
  39
  40
  41
  42
  43
  44
  45
  46
  47
  48
  49
  50
  51
  52
  53
  54
  55
  56
  57
  58
  59
  60
  61
  62
  63
  64
  65
  66
  67
  68
  69
  70
  71
  72
  73
  74
  75
  76
  77
  78
  79
  80
  81
  82
  83
  84
  85
  86
  87
  88
  89
  90
  91
  92
  93
  94
  95
  96
  97
  98
  99
 100
 101
 102
 103
 104
 105
 106
 107
 108
 109
 110
 111
 112
 113
 114
 115
 116
 117
 118
 119
 120
 121
 122
 123
 124
 125
 126
 127
 128
 129
 130
 131
 132
 133
 134
 135
 136
 137
 138
 139
 140
 141
 142
 143
 144
 145
 146
 147
 148
 149
 150
 151
 152
 153
 154
 155
 156
 157
 158
 159
 160
 161
 162
 163
 164
 165
 166
 167
 168
 169
 170
 171
 172
 173
 174
 175
 176
 177
 178
 179
 180
 181
 182
 183
 184
 185
 186
 187
 188
 189
 190
 191
 192
 193
 194
 195
 196
 197
 198
 199
 200
 201
 202
 203
 204
 205
 206
 207
 208
 209
 210
 211
 212
 213
 214
 215
 216
 217
 218
 219
 220
 221
 222
 223
 224
 225
 226
 227
 228
 229
 230
 231
 232
 233
 234
 235
 236
 237
 238
 239
 240
 241
 242
 243
 244
 245
 246
 247
 248
 249
 250
 251
 252
 253
 254
 255
 256
 257
 258
 259
 260
 261
 262
 263
 264
 265
 266
 267
 268
 269
 270
 271
 272
 273
 274
 275
 276
 277
 278
 279
 280
 281
 282
 283
 284
 285
 286
 287
 288
 289
 290
 291
 292
 293
 294
 295
 296
 297
 298
 299
 300
 301
 302
 303
 304
 305
 306
 307
 308
 309
 310
 311
 312
 313
 314
 315
 316
 317
 318
 319
 320
 321
 322
 323
 324
 325
 326
 327
 328
 329
 330
 331
 332
 333
 334
 335
 336
 337
 338
 339
 340
 341
 342
 343
 344
 345
 346
 347
 348
 349
 350
 351
 352
 353
 354
 355
 356
 357
 358
 359
 360
 361
 362
 363
 364
 365
 366
 367
 368
 369
 370
 371
 372
 373
 374
 375
 376
 377
 378
 379
 380
 381
 382
 383
 384
 385
 386
 387
 388
 389
 390
 391
 392
 393
 394
 395
 396
 397
 398
 399
 400
 401
 402
 403
 404
 405
 406
 407
 408
 409
 410
 411
 412
 413
 414
 415
 416
 417
 418
 419
 420
 421
 422
 423
 424
 425
 426
 427
 428
 429
 430
 431
 432
 433
 434
 435
 436
 437
 438
 439
 440
 441
 442
 443
 444
 445
 446
 447
 448
 449
 450
 451
 452
 453
 454
 455
 456
 457
 458
 459
 460
 461
 462
 463
 464
 465
 466
 467
 468
 469
 470
 471
 472
 473
 474
 475
 476
 477
 478
 479
 480
 481
 482
 483
 484
 485
 486
 487
 488
 489
 490
 491
 492
 493
 494
 495
 496
 497
 498
 499
 500
 501
 502
 503
 504
 505
 506
 507
 508
 509
 510
 511
 512
 513
 514
 515
 516
 517
 518
 519
 520
 521
 522
 523
 524
 525
 526
 527
 528
 529
 530
 531
 532
 533
 534
 535
 536
 537
 538
 539
 540
 541
 542
 543
 544
 545
 546
 547
 548
 549
 550
 551
 552
 553
 554
 555
 556
 557
 558
 559
 560
 561
 562
 563
 564
 565
 566
 567
 568
 569
 570
 571
 572
 573
 574
 575
 576
 577
 578
 579
 580
 581
 582
 583
 584
 585
 586
 587
 588
 589
 590
 591
 592
 593
 594
 595
 596
 597
 598
 599
 600
 601
 602
 603
 604
 605
 606
 607
 608
 609
 610
 611
 612
 613
 614
 615
 616
 617
 618
 619
 620
 621
 622
 623
 624
 625
 626
 627
 628
 629
 630
 631
 632
 633
 634
 635
 636
 637
 638
 639
 640
 641
 642
 643
 644
 645
 646
 647
 648
 649
 650
 651
 652
 653
 654
 655
 656
 657
 658
 659
 660
 661
 662
 663
 664
 665
 666
 667
 668
 669
 670
 671
 672
 673
 674
 675
 676
 677
 678
 679
 680
 681
 682
 683
 684
 685
 686
 687
 688
 689
 690
 691
 692
 693
 694
 695
 696
 697
 698
 699
 700
 701
 702
 703
 704
 705
 706
 707
 708
 709
 710
 711
 712
 713
 714
 715
 716
 717
 718
 719
 720
 721
 722
 723
 724
 725
 726
 727
 728
 729
 730
 731
 732
 733
 734
 735
 736
 737
 738
 739
 740
 741
 742
 743
 744
 745
 746
 747
 748
 749
 750
 751
 752
 753
 754
 755
 756
 757
 758
 759
 760
 761
 762
 763
 764
 765
 766
 767
 768
 769
 770
 771
 772
 773
 774
 775
 776
 777
 778
 779
 780
 781
 782
 783
 784
 785
 786
 787
 788
 789
 790
 791
 792
 793
 794
 795
 796
 797
 798
 799
 800
 801
 802
 803
 804
 805
 806
 807
 808
 809
 810
 811
 812
 813
 814
 815
 816
 817
 818
 819
 820
 821
 822
 823
 824
 825
 826
 827
 828
 829
 830
 831
 832
 833
 834
 835
 836
 837
 838
 839
 840
 841
 842
 843
 844
 845
 846
 847
 848
 849
 850
 851
 852
 853
 854
 855
 856
 857
 858
 859
 860
 861
 862
 863
 864
 865
 866
 867
 868
 869
 870
 871
 872
 873
 874
 875
 876
 877
 878
 879
 880
 881
 882
 883
 884
 885
 886
 887
 888
 889
 890
 891
 892
 893
 894
 895
 896
 897
 898
 899
 900
 901
 902
 903
 904
 905
 906
 907
 908
 909
 910
 911
 912
 913
 914
 915
 916
 917
 918
 919
 920
 921
 922
 923
 924
 925
 926
 927
 928
 929
 930
 931
 932
 933
 934
 935
 936
 937
 938
 939
 940
 941
 942
 943
 944
 945
 946
 947
 948
 949
 950
 951
 952
 953
 954
 955
 956
 957
 958
 959
 960
 961
 962
 963
 964
 965
 966
 967
 968
 969
 970
 971
 972
 973
 974
 975
 976
 977
 978
 979
 980
 981
 982
 983
 984
 985
 986
 987
 988
 989
 990
 991
 992
 993
 994
 995
 996
 997
 998
 999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
"""
shapefile.py
Provides read and write support for ESRI Shapefiles.
author: jlawhead<at>geospatialpython.com
date: 2016/09/24
version: 1.2.10
Compatible with Python versions 2.4-3.x
version changelog: 
- Bump version to fix pip install issue.
"""

__version__ = "1.2.10"

from struct import pack, unpack, calcsize, error, Struct
import os
import sys
import time
import array
import tempfile
import itertools

#
# Constants for shape types
NULL = 0
POINT = 1
POLYLINE = 3
POLYGON = 5
MULTIPOINT = 8
POINTZ = 11
POLYLINEZ = 13
POLYGONZ = 15
MULTIPOINTZ = 18
POINTM = 21
POLYLINEM = 23
POLYGONM = 25
MULTIPOINTM = 28
MULTIPATCH = 31

PYTHON3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3

if PYTHON3:
    xrange = range
    izip = zip
else:
    from itertools import izip

def b(v):
    if PYTHON3:
        if isinstance(v, str):
            # For python 3 encode str to bytes.
            return v.encode('utf-8')
        elif isinstance(v, bytes):
            # Already bytes.
            return v
        else:
            # Error.
            raise Exception('Unknown input type')
    else:
        # For python 2 assume str passed in and return str.
        return v

def u(v):
    if PYTHON3:
        # try/catch added 2014/05/07
        # returned error on dbf of shapefile
        # from www.naturalearthdata.com named
        # "ne_110m_admin_0_countries".
        # Just returning v as is seemed to fix
        # the problem.  This function could
        # be condensed further.
        try:
          if isinstance(v, bytes):
              # For python 3 decode bytes to str.
              return v.decode('utf-8')
          elif isinstance(v, str):
              # Already str.
              return v
          else:
              # Error.
              raise Exception('Unknown input type')
        except: return v
    else:
        # For python 2 assume str passed in and return str.
        return v

def is_string(v):
    if PYTHON3:
        return isinstance(v, str)
    else:
        return isinstance(v, basestring)

class _Array(array.array):
    """Converts python tuples to lits of the appropritate type.
    Used to unpack different shapefile header parts."""
    def __repr__(self):
        return str(self.tolist())

def signed_area(coords):
    """Return the signed area enclosed by a ring using the linear time
    algorithm. A value >= 0 indicates a counter-clockwise oriented ring.
    """
    xs, ys = map(list, zip(*coords))
    xs.append(xs[1])
    ys.append(ys[1])
    return sum(xs[i]*(ys[i+1]-ys[i-1]) for i in range(1, len(coords)))/2.0

class _Shape:
    def __init__(self, shapeType=None):
        """Stores the geometry of the different shape types
        specified in the Shapefile spec. Shape types are
        usually point, polyline, or polygons. Every shape type
        except the "Null" type contains points at some level for
        example verticies in a polygon. If a shape type has
        multiple shapes containing points within a single
        geometry record then those shapes are called parts. Parts
        are designated by their starting index in geometry record's
        list of shapes."""
        self.shapeType = shapeType
        self.points = []

    @property
    def __geo_interface__(self):
        if self.shapeType in [POINT, POINTM, POINTZ]:
            return {
            'type': 'Point',
            'coordinates': tuple(self.points[0])
            }
        elif self.shapeType in [MULTIPOINT, MULTIPOINTM, MULTIPOINTZ]:
            return {
            'type': 'MultiPoint',
            'coordinates': tuple([tuple(p) for p in self.points])
            }
        elif self.shapeType in [POLYLINE, POLYLINEM, POLYLINEZ]:
            if len(self.parts) == 1:
                return {
                'type': 'LineString',
                'coordinates': tuple([tuple(p) for p in self.points])
                }
            else:
                ps = None
                coordinates = []
                for part in self.parts:
                    if ps == None:
                        ps = part
                        continue
                    else:
                        coordinates.append(tuple([tuple(p) for p in self.points[ps:part]]))
                        ps = part
                else:
                    coordinates.append(tuple([tuple(p) for p in self.points[part:]]))
                return {
                'type': 'MultiLineString',
                'coordinates': tuple(coordinates)
                }
        elif self.shapeType in [POLYGON, POLYGONM, POLYGONZ]:
            if len(self.parts) == 1:
                return {
                'type': 'Polygon',
                'coordinates': (tuple([tuple(p) for p in self.points]),)
                }
            else:
                ps = None
                coordinates = []
                for part in self.parts:
                    if ps == None:
                        ps = part
                        continue
                    else:
                        coordinates.append(tuple([tuple(p) for p in self.points[ps:part]]))
                        ps = part
                else:
                    coordinates.append(tuple([tuple(p) for p in self.points[part:]]))
                polys = []
                poly = [coordinates[0]]
                for coord in coordinates[1:]:
                    if signed_area(coord) < 0:
                        polys.append(poly)
                        poly = [coord]
                    else:
                        poly.append(coord)
                polys.append(poly)
                if len(polys) == 1:
                    return {
                    'type': 'Polygon',
                    'coordinates': tuple(polys[0])
                    }
                elif len(polys) > 1:
                    return {
                    'type': 'MultiPolygon',
                    'coordinates': polys
                    }

class _ShapeRecord:
    """A shape object of any type."""
    def __init__(self, shape=None, record=None):
        self.shape = shape
        self.record = record

class ShapefileException(Exception):
    """An exception to handle shapefile specific problems."""
    pass

class Reader:
    """Reads the three files of a shapefile as a unit or
    separately.  If one of the three files (.shp, .shx,
    .dbf) is missing no exception is thrown until you try
    to call a method that depends on that particular file.
    The .shx index file is used if available for efficiency
    but is not required to read the geometry from the .shp
    file. The "shapefile" argument in the constructor is the
    name of the file you want to open.

    You can instantiate a Reader without specifying a shapefile
    and then specify one later with the load() method.

    Only the shapefile headers are read upon loading. Content
    within each file is only accessed when required and as
    efficiently as possible. Shapefiles are usually not large
    but they can be.
    """
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.shp = None
        self.shx = None
        self.dbf = None
        self.shapeName = "Not specified"
        self._offsets = []
        self.shpLength = None
        self.numRecords = None
        self.fields = []
        self.__dbfHdrLength = 0
        # See if a shapefile name was passed as an argument
        if len(args) > 0:
            if is_string(args[0]):
                self.load(args[0])
                return
        if "shp" in kwargs.keys():
            if hasattr(kwargs["shp"], "read"):
                self.shp = kwargs["shp"]
                if hasattr(self.shp, "seek"):
                    self.shp.seek(0)
            if "shx" in kwargs.keys():
                if hasattr(kwargs["shx"], "read"):
                    self.shx = kwargs["shx"]
                    if hasattr(self.shx, "seek"):
                        self.shx.seek(0)
        if "dbf" in kwargs.keys():
            if hasattr(kwargs["dbf"], "read"):
                self.dbf = kwargs["dbf"]
                if hasattr(self.dbf, "seek"):
                    self.dbf.seek(0)
        if self.shp or self.dbf:        
            self.load()
        else:
            raise ShapefileException("Shapefile Reader requires a shapefile or file-like object.")

    def load(self, shapefile=None):
        """Opens a shapefile from a filename or file-like
        object. Normally this method would be called by the
        constructor with the file object or file name as an
        argument."""
        if shapefile:
            (shapeName, ext) = os.path.splitext(shapefile)
            self.shapeName = shapeName
            try:
                self.shp = open("%s.shp" % shapeName, "rb")
            except IOError:
                raise ShapefileException("Unable to open %s.shp" % shapeName)
            try:
                self.shx = open("%s.shx" % shapeName, "rb")
            except IOError:
                raise ShapefileException("Unable to open %s.shx" % shapeName)
            try:
                self.dbf = open("%s.dbf" % shapeName, "rb")
            except IOError:
                raise ShapefileException("Unable to open %s.dbf" % shapeName)
        if self.shp:
            self.__shpHeader()
        if self.dbf:
            self.__dbfHeader()

    def __getFileObj(self, f):
        """Checks to see if the requested shapefile file object is
        available. If not a ShapefileException is raised."""
        if not f:
            raise ShapefileException("Shapefile Reader requires a shapefile or file-like object.")
        if self.shp and self.shpLength is None:
            self.load()
        if self.dbf and len(self.fields) == 0:
            self.load()
        return f

    def __restrictIndex(self, i):
        """Provides list-like handling of a record index with a clearer
        error message if the index is out of bounds."""
        if self.numRecords:
            rmax = self.numRecords - 1
            if abs(i) > rmax:
                raise IndexError("Shape or Record index out of range.")
            if i < 0: i = range(self.numRecords)[i]
        return i

    def __shpHeader(self):
        """Reads the header information from a .shp or .shx file."""
        if not self.shp:
            raise ShapefileException("Shapefile Reader requires a shapefile or file-like object. (no shp file found")
        shp = self.shp
        # File length (16-bit word * 2 = bytes)
        shp.seek(24)
        self.shpLength = unpack(">i", shp.read(4))[0] * 2
        # Shape type
        shp.seek(32)
        self.shapeType= unpack("<i", shp.read(4))[0]
        # The shapefile's bounding box (lower left, upper right)
        self.bbox = _Array('d', unpack("<4d", shp.read(32)))
        # Elevation
        self.elevation = _Array('d', unpack("<2d", shp.read(16)))
        # Measure
        self.measure = _Array('d', unpack("<2d", shp.read(16)))

    def __shape(self):
        """Returns the header info and geometry for a single shape."""
        f = self.__getFileObj(self.shp)
        record = _Shape()
        nParts = nPoints = zmin = zmax = mmin = mmax = None
        (recNum, recLength) = unpack(">2i", f.read(8))
        # Determine the start of the next record
        next = f.tell() + (2 * recLength)
        shapeType = unpack("<i", f.read(4))[0]
        record.shapeType = shapeType
        # For Null shapes create an empty points list for consistency
        if shapeType == 0:
            record.points = []
        # All shape types capable of having a bounding box
        elif shapeType in (3,5,8,13,15,18,23,25,28,31):
            record.bbox = _Array('d', unpack("<4d", f.read(32)))
        # Shape types with parts
        if shapeType in (3,5,13,15,23,25,31):
            nParts = unpack("<i", f.read(4))[0]
        # Shape types with points
        if shapeType in (3,5,8,13,15,18,23,25,28,31):
            nPoints = unpack("<i", f.read(4))[0]
        # Read parts
        if nParts:
            record.parts = _Array('i', unpack("<%si" % nParts, f.read(nParts * 4)))
        # Read part types for Multipatch - 31
        if shapeType == 31:
            record.partTypes = _Array('i', unpack("<%si" % nParts, f.read(nParts * 4)))
        # Read points - produces a list of [x,y] values
        if nPoints:
            flat = unpack("<%sd" % (2 * nPoints), f.read(16*nPoints))
            record.points = list(izip(*(iter(flat),) * 2))
        # Read z extremes and values
        if shapeType in (13,15,18,31):
            (zmin, zmax) = unpack("<2d", f.read(16))
            record.z = _Array('d', unpack("<%sd" % nPoints, f.read(nPoints * 8)))
        # Read m extremes and values if header m values do not equal 0.0
        if shapeType in (13,15,18,23,25,28,31) and not 0.0 in self.measure:
            (mmin, mmax) = unpack("<2d", f.read(16))
            # Measure values less than -10e38 are nodata values according to the spec
            record.m = []
            for m in _Array('d', unpack("<%sd" % nPoints, f.read(nPoints * 8))):
                if m > -10e38:
                    record.m.append(m)
                else:
                    record.m.append(None)
        # Read a single point
        if shapeType in (1,11,21):
            record.points = [_Array('d', unpack("<2d", f.read(16)))]
        # Read a single Z value
        if shapeType == 11:
            record.z = unpack("<d", f.read(8))
        # Read a single M value
        if shapeType in (11,21):
            record.m = unpack("<d", f.read(8))
        # Seek to the end of this record as defined by the record header because
        # the shapefile spec doesn't require the actual content to meet the header
        # definition.  Probably allowed for lazy feature deletion. 
        f.seek(next)
        return record

    def __shapeIndex(self, i=None):
        """Returns the offset in a .shp file for a shape based on information
        in the .shx index file."""
        shx = self.shx
        if not shx:
            return None
        if not self._offsets:
            # File length (16-bit word * 2 = bytes) - header length
            shx.seek(24)
            shxRecordLength = (unpack(">i", shx.read(4))[0] * 2) - 100
            numRecords = shxRecordLength // 8
            # Jump to the first record.
            shx.seek(100)
            shxRecords = _Array('i')
            # Each offset consists of two nrs, only the first one matters
            shxRecords.fromfile(shx, 2 * numRecords)
            if sys.byteorder != 'big':
                 shxRecords.byteswap()
            self._offsets = [2 * el for el in shxRecords[::2]]
        if not i == None:
            return self._offsets[i]

    def shape(self, i=0):
        """Returns a shape object for a shape in the the geometry
        record file."""
        shp = self.__getFileObj(self.shp)
        i = self.__restrictIndex(i)
        offset = self.__shapeIndex(i)
        if not offset:
            # Shx index not available so iterate the full list.
            for j,k in enumerate(self.iterShapes()):
                if j == i:
                    return k
        shp.seek(offset)
        return self.__shape()

    def shapes(self):
        """Returns all shapes in a shapefile."""
        shp = self.__getFileObj(self.shp)
        # Found shapefiles which report incorrect
        # shp file length in the header. Can't trust
        # that so we seek to the end of the file
        # and figure it out.
        shp.seek(0,2)
        self.shpLength = shp.tell()
        shp.seek(100)
        shapes = []
        while shp.tell() < self.shpLength:
            shapes.append(self.__shape())
        return shapes

    def iterShapes(self):
        """Serves up shapes in a shapefile as an iterator. Useful
        for handling large shapefiles."""
        shp = self.__getFileObj(self.shp)
        shp.seek(0,2)
        self.shpLength = shp.tell()
        shp.seek(100)
        while shp.tell() < self.shpLength:
            yield self.__shape()    

    def __dbfHeaderLength(self):
        """Retrieves the header length of a dbf file header."""
        if not self.__dbfHdrLength:
            if not self.dbf:
                raise ShapefileException("Shapefile Reader requires a shapefile or file-like object. (no dbf file found)")
            dbf = self.dbf
            (self.numRecords, self.__dbfHdrLength) = \
                    unpack("<xxxxLH22x", dbf.read(32))
        return self.__dbfHdrLength

    def __dbfHeader(self):
        """Reads a dbf header. Xbase-related code borrows heavily from ActiveState Python Cookbook Recipe 362715 by Raymond Hettinger"""
        if not self.dbf:
            raise ShapefileException("Shapefile Reader requires a shapefile or file-like object. (no dbf file found)")
        dbf = self.dbf
        headerLength = self.__dbfHeaderLength()
        numFields = (headerLength - 33) // 32
        for field in range(numFields):
            fieldDesc = list(unpack("<11sc4xBB14x", dbf.read(32)))
            name = 0
            idx = 0
            if b("\x00") in fieldDesc[name]:
                idx = fieldDesc[name].index(b("\x00"))
            else:
                idx = len(fieldDesc[name]) - 1
            fieldDesc[name] = fieldDesc[name][:idx]
            fieldDesc[name] = u(fieldDesc[name])
            fieldDesc[name] = fieldDesc[name].lstrip()
            fieldDesc[1] = u(fieldDesc[1])
            self.fields.append(fieldDesc)
        terminator = dbf.read(1)
        if terminator != b("\r"):
            raise ShapefileException("Shapefile dbf header lacks expected terminator. (likely corrupt?)")
        self.fields.insert(0, ('DeletionFlag', 'C', 1, 0))
        fmt,fmtSize = self.__recordFmt()
        self.__recStruct = Struct(fmt)

    def __recordFmt(self):
        """Calculates the format and size of a .dbf record."""
        if not self.numRecords:
            self.__dbfHeader()
        fmt = ''.join(['%ds' % fieldinfo[2] for fieldinfo in self.fields])
        fmtSize = calcsize(fmt)
        return (fmt, fmtSize)

    def __record(self):
        """Reads and returns a dbf record row as a list of values."""
        f = self.__getFileObj(self.dbf)
        recordContents = self.__recStruct.unpack(f.read(self.__recStruct.size))
        if recordContents[0] != b(' '):
            # deleted record
            return None
        record = []
        for (name, typ, size, deci), value in zip(self.fields,
                                                                                                recordContents):
            if name == 'DeletionFlag':
                continue
            elif not value.strip():
                record.append(value)
                continue
            elif typ == "N":
                value = value.replace(b('\0'), b('')).strip()
                value = value.replace(b('*'), b(''))  # QGIS NULL is all '*' chars
                if value == b(''):
                    value = None
                elif deci:
                    try:
                        value = float(value)
                    except ValueError:
                        #not parseable as float, set to None
                        value = None
                else:
                    try:
                        value = int(value)
                    except ValueError:
                        #not parseable as int, set to None
                        value = None
            elif typ == b('D'):
                if value.count(b('0')) == len(value):  # QGIS NULL is all '0' chars
                    value = None
                else:
                    try:
                        y, m, d = int(value[:4]), int(value[4:6]), int(value[6:8])
                        value = [y, m, d]
                    except:
                        value = value.strip()
            elif typ == b('L'):
                value = (value in b('YyTt') and b('T')) or \
                                        (value in b('NnFf') and b('F')) or b('?')
            else:
                value = u(value)
                value = value.strip()
            record.append(value)
        return record

    def record(self, i=0):
        """Returns a specific dbf record based on the supplied index."""
        f = self.__getFileObj(self.dbf)
        if not self.numRecords:
            self.__dbfHeader()
        i = self.__restrictIndex(i)
        recSize = self.__recStruct.size
        f.seek(0)
        f.seek(self.__dbfHeaderLength() + (i * recSize))
        return self.__record()

    def records(self):
        """Returns all records in a dbf file."""
        if not self.numRecords:
            self.__dbfHeader()
        records = []
        f = self.__getFileObj(self.dbf)
        f.seek(self.__dbfHeaderLength())
        for i in range(self.numRecords):
            r = self.__record()
            if r:
                records.append(r)
        return records

    def iterRecords(self):
        """Serves up records in a dbf file as an iterator.
        Useful for large shapefiles or dbf files."""
        if not self.numRecords:
            self.__dbfHeader()
        f = self.__getFileObj(self.dbf)
        f.seek(self.__dbfHeaderLength())
        for i in xrange(self.numRecords):
            r = self.__record()
            if r:
                yield r

    def shapeRecord(self, i=0):
        """Returns a combination geometry and attribute record for the
        supplied record index."""
        i = self.__restrictIndex(i)
        return _ShapeRecord(shape=self.shape(i), record=self.record(i))

    def shapeRecords(self):
        """Returns a list of combination geometry/attribute records for
        all records in a shapefile."""
        shapeRecords = []
        return [_ShapeRecord(shape=rec[0], record=rec[1]) \
                                for rec in zip(self.shapes(), self.records())]

    def iterShapeRecords(self):
        """Returns a generator of combination geometry/attribute records for
        all records in a shapefile."""
        for shape, record in izip(self.iterShapes(), self.iterRecords()):
            yield _ShapeRecord(shape=shape, record=record)


class Writer:
    """Provides write support for ESRI Shapefiles."""
    def __init__(self, shapeType=None):
        self._shapes = []
        self.fields = []
        self.records = []
        self.shapeType = shapeType
        self.shp = None
        self.shx = None
        self.dbf = None
        # Geometry record offsets and lengths for writing shx file.
        self._offsets = []
        self._lengths = []
        # Use deletion flags in dbf? Default is false (0).
        self.deletionFlag = 0

    def __getFileObj(self, f):
        """Safety handler to verify file-like objects"""
        if not f:
            raise ShapefileException("No file-like object available.")
        elif hasattr(f, "write"):
            return f
        else:
            pth = os.path.split(f)[0]
            if pth and not os.path.exists(pth):
                os.makedirs(pth)
            return open(f, "wb")

    def __shpFileLength(self):
        """Calculates the file length of the shp file."""
        # Start with header length
        size = 100
        # Calculate size of all shapes
        for s in self._shapes:
            # Add in record header and shape type fields
            size += 12
            # nParts and nPoints do not apply to all shapes
            #if self.shapeType not in (0,1):
            #       nParts = len(s.parts)
            #       nPoints = len(s.points)
            if hasattr(s,'parts'):
                nParts = len(s.parts)
            if hasattr(s,'points'):
                nPoints = len(s.points)
            # All shape types capable of having a bounding box
            if self.shapeType in (3,5,8,13,15,18,23,25,28,31):
                size += 32
            # Shape types with parts
            if self.shapeType in (3,5,13,15,23,25,31):
                # Parts count
                size += 4
                # Parts index array
                size += nParts * 4
            # Shape types with points
            if self.shapeType in (3,5,8,13,15,23,25,31):
                # Points count
                size += 4
                # Points array
                size += 16 * nPoints
            # Calc size of part types for Multipatch (31)
            if self.shapeType == 31:
                size += nParts * 4
            # Calc z extremes and values
            if self.shapeType in (13,15,18,31):
                # z extremes
                size += 16
                # z array
                size += 8 * nPoints
            # Calc m extremes and values
            if self.shapeType in (23,25,31):
                # m extremes
                size += 16
                # m array
                size += 8 * nPoints
            # Calc a single point
            if self.shapeType in (1,11,21):
                size += 16
            # Calc a single Z value
            if self.shapeType == 11:
                size += 8
            # Calc a single M value
            if self.shapeType in (11,21):
                size += 8
        # Calculate size as 16-bit words
        size //= 2
        return size

    def __bbox(self, shapes, shapeTypes=[]):
        x = []
        y = []
        for s in shapes:
            shapeType = self.shapeType
            if shapeTypes:
                shapeType = shapeTypes[shapes.index(s)]
            px, py = list(zip(*s.points))[:2]
            x.extend(px)
            y.extend(py)
        return [min(x), min(y), max(x), max(y)]

    def __zbox(self, shapes, shapeTypes=[]):
        z = []
        for s in shapes:
            try:
                for p in s.points:
                    z.append(p[2])
            except IndexError:
                pass
        if not z: z.append(0)
        return [min(z), max(z)]

    def __mbox(self, shapes, shapeTypes=[]):
        m = [0]
        for s in shapes:
            try:
                for p in s.points:
                    m.append(p[3])
            except IndexError:
                pass
        return [min(m), max(m)]

    def bbox(self):
        """Returns the current bounding box for the shapefile which is
        the lower-left and upper-right corners. It does not contain the
        elevation or measure extremes."""
        return self.__bbox(self._shapes)

    def zbox(self):
        """Returns the current z extremes for the shapefile."""
        return self.__zbox(self._shapes)

    def mbox(self):
        """Returns the current m extremes for the shapefile."""
        return self.__mbox(self._shapes)

    def __shapefileHeader(self, fileObj, headerType='shp'):
        """Writes the specified header type to the specified file-like object.
        Several of the shapefile formats are so similar that a single generic
        method to read or write them is warranted."""
        f = self.__getFileObj(fileObj)
        f.seek(0)
        # File code, Unused bytes
        f.write(pack(">6i", 9994,0,0,0,0,0))
        # File length (Bytes / 2 = 16-bit words)
        if headerType == 'shp':
            f.write(pack(">i", self.__shpFileLength()))
        elif headerType == 'shx':
            f.write(pack('>i', ((100 + (len(self._shapes) * 8)) // 2)))
        # Version, Shape type
        f.write(pack("<2i", 1000, self.shapeType))
        # The shapefile's bounding box (lower left, upper right)
        if self.shapeType != 0:
            try:
                f.write(pack("<4d", *self.bbox()))
            except error:
                raise ShapefileException("Failed to write shapefile bounding box. Floats required.")
        else:
            f.write(pack("<4d", 0,0,0,0))
        # Elevation
        z = self.zbox()
        # Measure
        m = self.mbox()
        try:
            f.write(pack("<4d", z[0], z[1], m[0], m[1]))
        except error:
            raise ShapefileException("Failed to write shapefile elevation and measure values. Floats required.")

    def __dbfHeader(self):
        """Writes the dbf header and field descriptors."""
        f = self.__getFileObj(self.dbf)
        f.seek(0)
        version = 3
        year, month, day = time.localtime()[:3]
        year -= 1900
        # Remove deletion flag placeholder from fields
        for field in self.fields:
            if field[0].startswith("Deletion"):
                self.fields.remove(field)
        numRecs = len(self.records)
        numFields = len(self.fields)
        headerLength = numFields * 32 + 33
        recordLength = sum([int(field[2]) for field in self.fields]) + 1
        header = pack('<BBBBLHH20x', version, year, month, day, numRecs,
                headerLength, recordLength)
        f.write(header)
        # Field descriptors
        for field in self.fields:
            name, fieldType, size, decimal = field
            name = b(name)
            name = name.replace(b(' '), b('_'))
            name = name.ljust(11).replace(b(' '), b('\x00'))
            fieldType = b(fieldType)
            size = int(size)
            fld = pack('<11sc4xBB14x', name, fieldType, size, decimal)
            f.write(fld)
        # Terminator
        f.write(b('\r'))

    def __shpRecords(self):
        """Write the shp records"""
        f = self.__getFileObj(self.shp)
        f.seek(100)
        recNum = 1
        for s in self._shapes:
            self._offsets.append(f.tell())
            # Record number, Content length place holder
            f.write(pack(">2i", recNum, 0))
            recNum += 1
            start = f.tell()
            # Shape Type
            if self.shapeType != 31:
                s.shapeType = self.shapeType
            f.write(pack("<i", s.shapeType))
            # All shape types capable of having a bounding box
            if s.shapeType in (3,5,8,13,15,18,23,25,28,31):
                try:
                    f.write(pack("<4d", *self.__bbox([s])))
                except error:
                    raise ShapefileException("Falied to write bounding box for record %s. Expected floats." % recNum)
            # Shape types with parts
            if s.shapeType in (3,5,13,15,23,25,31):
                # Number of parts
                f.write(pack("<i", len(s.parts)))
            # Shape types with multiple points per record
            if s.shapeType in (3,5,8,13,15,23,25,31):
                # Number of points
                f.write(pack("<i", len(s.points)))
            # Write part indexes
            if s.shapeType in (3,5,13,15,23,25,31):
                for p in s.parts:
                    f.write(pack("<i", p))
            # Part types for Multipatch (31)
            if s.shapeType == 31:
                for pt in s.partTypes:
                    f.write(pack("<i", pt))
            # Write points for multiple-point records
            if s.shapeType in (3,5,8,13,15,23,25,31):
                try:
                    [f.write(pack("<2d", *p[:2])) for p in s.points]
                except error:
                    raise ShapefileException("Failed to write points for record %s. Expected floats." % recNum)
            # Write z extremes and values
            if s.shapeType in (13,15,18,31):
                try:
                    f.write(pack("<2d", *self.__zbox([s])))
                except error:
                    raise ShapefileException("Failed to write elevation extremes for record %s. Expected floats." % recNum)
                try:
                    if hasattr(s,"z"):
                        f.write(pack("<%sd" % len(s.z), *s.z))
                    else:
                        [f.write(pack("<d", p[2])) for p in s.points]  
                except error:
                    raise ShapefileException("Failed to write elevation values for record %s. Expected floats." % recNum)
            # Write m extremes and values
            if s.shapeType in (13,15,18,23,25,28,31):
                try:
                    if hasattr(s,"m"):
                        f.write(pack("<%sd" % len(s.m), *s.m))
                    else:
                        f.write(pack("<2d", *self.__mbox([s])))
                except error:
                    raise ShapefileException("Failed to write measure extremes for record %s. Expected floats" % recNum)
                try:
                    [f.write(pack("<d", p[3])) for p in s.points]
                except error:
                    raise ShapefileException("Failed to write measure values for record %s. Expected floats" % recNum)
            # Write a single point
            if s.shapeType in (1,11,21):
                try:
                    f.write(pack("<2d", s.points[0][0], s.points[0][1]))
                except error:
                    raise ShapefileException("Failed to write point for record %s. Expected floats." % recNum)
            # Write a single Z value
            if s.shapeType == 11:
                if hasattr(s, "z"):
                    try:
                        if not s.z:
                            s.z = (0,)    
                        f.write(pack("<d", s.z[0]))
                    except error:
                        raise ShapefileException("Failed to write elevation value for record %s. Expected floats." % recNum)
                else:
                    try:
                        if len(s.points[0])<3:
                            s.points[0].append(0)
                        f.write(pack("<d", s.points[0][2]))
                    except error:
                        raise ShapefileException("Failed to write elevation value for record %s. Expected floats." % recNum)
            # Write a single M value
            if s.shapeType in (11,21):
                if hasattr(s, "m"):
                    try:
                        if not s.m:
                            s.m = (0,) 
                        f.write(pack("<1d", s.m[0]))
                    except error:
                        raise ShapefileException("Failed to write measure value for record %s. Expected floats." % recNum)    
                else:                                
                    try:
                        if len(s.points[0])<4:
                            s.points[0].append(0)
                        f.write(pack("<1d", s.points[0][3]))
                    except error:
                        raise ShapefileException("Failed to write measure value for record %s. Expected floats." % recNum)
            # Finalize record length as 16-bit words
            finish = f.tell()
            length = (finish - start) // 2
            self._lengths.append(length)
            # start - 4 bytes is the content length field
            f.seek(start-4)
            f.write(pack(">i", length))
            f.seek(finish)

    def __shxRecords(self):
        """Writes the shx records."""
        f = self.__getFileObj(self.shx)
        f.seek(100)
        for i in range(len(self._shapes)):
            f.write(pack(">i", self._offsets[i] // 2))
            f.write(pack(">i", self._lengths[i]))

    def __dbfRecords(self):
        """Writes the dbf records."""
        f = self.__getFileObj(self.dbf)
        for record in self.records:
            if not self.fields[0][0].startswith("Deletion"):
                f.write(b(' ')) # deletion flag
            for (fieldName, fieldType, size, dec), value in zip(self.fields, record):
                fieldType = fieldType.upper()
                size = int(size)
                if fieldType.upper() == "N":
                    value = str(value).rjust(size)
                elif fieldType == 'L':
                    value = str(value)[0].upper()
                else:
                    value = str(value)[:size].ljust(size)
                if len(value) != size:
                    raise ShapefileException(
                        "Shapefile Writer unable to pack incorrect sized value"
                        " (size %d) into field '%s' (size %d)." % (len(value), fieldName, size))
                value = b(value)
                f.write(value)

    def null(self):
        """Creates a null shape."""
        self._shapes.append(_Shape(NULL))

    def point(self, x, y, z=0, m=0):
        """Creates a point shape."""
        pointShape = _Shape(self.shapeType)
        pointShape.points.append([x, y, z, m])
        self._shapes.append(pointShape)

    def line(self, parts=[], shapeType=POLYLINE):
        """Creates a line shape. This method is just a convienience method
        which wraps 'poly()'.
        """
        self.poly(parts, shapeType, [])

    def poly(self, parts=[], shapeType=POLYGON, partTypes=[]):
        """Creates a shape that has multiple collections of points (parts)
        including lines, polygons, and even multipoint shapes. If no shape type
        is specified it defaults to 'polygon'. If no part types are specified
        (which they normally won't be) then all parts default to the shape type.
        """
        polyShape = _Shape(shapeType)
        polyShape.parts = []
        polyShape.points = []
        # Make sure polygons are closed
        if shapeType in (5,15,25,31):
            for part in parts:
                    if part[0] != part[-1]:
                        part.append(part[0])
        for part in parts:
            polyShape.parts.append(len(polyShape.points))
            for point in part:
                # Ensure point is list
                if not isinstance(point, list):
                    point = list(point)
                # Make sure point has z and m values
                while len(point) < 4:
                    point.append(0)
                polyShape.points.append(point)
        if polyShape.shapeType == 31:
            if not partTypes:
                for part in parts:
                    partTypes.append(polyShape.shapeType)
            polyShape.partTypes = partTypes
        self._shapes.append(polyShape)

    def field(self, name, fieldType="C", size="50", decimal=0):
        """Adds a dbf field descriptor to the shapefile."""
        self.fields.append((name, fieldType, size, decimal))

    def record(self, *recordList, **recordDict):
        """Creates a dbf attribute record. You can submit either a sequence of
        field values or keyword arguments of field names and values. Before
        adding records you must add fields for the record values using the
        fields() method. If the record values exceed the number of fields the
        extra ones won't be added. In the case of using keyword arguments to specify
        field/value pairs only fields matching the already registered fields
        will be added."""
        record = []
        fieldCount = len(self.fields)
        # Compensate for deletion flag
        if self.fields[0][0].startswith("Deletion"): fieldCount -= 1
        if recordList:
            [record.append(recordList[i]) for i in range(fieldCount)]
        elif recordDict:
            for field in self.fields:
                if field[0] in recordDict:
                    val = recordDict[field[0]]
                    if val is None:
                        record.append("")
                    else:
                        record.append(val)
        if record:
            self.records.append(record)

    def shape(self, i):
        return self._shapes[i]

    def shapes(self):
        """Return the current list of shapes."""
        return self._shapes

    def saveShp(self, target):
        """Save an shp file."""
        if not hasattr(target, "write"):
            target = os.path.splitext(target)[0] + '.shp'
        if not self.shapeType:
            self.shapeType = self._shapes[0].shapeType
        self.shp = self.__getFileObj(target)
        self.__shapefileHeader(self.shp, headerType='shp')
        self.__shpRecords()

    def saveShx(self, target):
        """Save an shx file."""
        if not hasattr(target, "write"):
            target = os.path.splitext(target)[0] + '.shx'
        if not self.shapeType:
            self.shapeType = self._shapes[0].shapeType
        self.shx = self.__getFileObj(target)
        self.__shapefileHeader(self.shx, headerType='shx')
        self.__shxRecords()

    def saveDbf(self, target):
        """Save a dbf file."""
        if not hasattr(target, "write"):
            target = os.path.splitext(target)[0] + '.dbf'
        self.dbf = self.__getFileObj(target)
        self.__dbfHeader()
        self.__dbfRecords()

    def save(self, target=None, shp=None, shx=None, dbf=None):
        """Save the shapefile data to three files or
        three file-like objects. SHP and DBF files can also
        be written exclusively using saveShp, saveShx, and saveDbf respectively.
        If target is specified but not shp,shx, or dbf then the target path and
        file name are used.  If no options or specified, a unique base file name
        is generated to save the files and the base file name is returned as a 
        string. 
        """
        # Create a unique file name if one is not defined
        if shp:
            self.saveShp(shp)
        if shx:
            self.saveShx(shx)
        if dbf:
            self.saveDbf(dbf)
        elif not shp and not shx and not dbf:
            generated = False
            if not target:
                temp = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(prefix="shapefile_",dir=os.getcwd())
                target = temp.name
                generated = True         
            self.saveShp(target)
            self.shp.close()
            self.saveShx(target)
            self.shx.close()
            self.saveDbf(target)
            self.dbf.close()
            if generated:
                return target
class Editor(Writer):
    def __init__(self, shapefile=None, shapeType=POINT, autoBalance=1):
        self.autoBalance = autoBalance
        if not shapefile:
            Writer.__init__(self, shapeType)
        elif is_string(shapefile):
            base = os.path.splitext(shapefile)[0]
            if os.path.isfile("%s.shp" % base):
                r = Reader(base)
                Writer.__init__(self, r.shapeType)
                self._shapes = r.shapes()
                self.fields = r.fields
                self.records = r.records()

    def select(self, expr):
        """Select one or more shapes (to be implemented)"""
        # TODO: Implement expressions to select shapes.
        pass

    def delete(self, shape=None, part=None, point=None):
        """Deletes the specified part of any shape by specifying a shape
        number, part number, or point number."""
        # shape, part, point
        if shape and part and point:
            del self._shapes[shape][part][point]
        # shape, part
        elif shape and part and not point:
            del self._shapes[shape][part]
        # shape
        elif shape and not part and not point:
            del self._shapes[shape]
        # point
        elif not shape and not part and point:
            for s in self._shapes:
                if s.shapeType == 1:
                    del self._shapes[point]
                else:
                    for part in s.parts:
                        del s[part][point]
        # part, point
        elif not shape and part and point:
            for s in self._shapes:
                del s[part][point]
        # part
        elif not shape and part and not point:
            for s in self._shapes:
                del s[part]

    def point(self, x=None, y=None, z=None, m=None, shape=None, part=None, point=None, addr=None):
        """Creates/updates a point shape. The arguments allows
        you to update a specific point by shape, part, point of any
        shape type."""
        # shape, part, point
        if shape and part and point:
            try: self._shapes[shape]
            except IndexError: self._shapes.append([])
            try: self._shapes[shape][part]
            except IndexError: self._shapes[shape].append([])
            try: self._shapes[shape][part][point]
            except IndexError: self._shapes[shape][part].append([])
            p = self._shapes[shape][part][point]
            if x: p[0] = x
            if y: p[1] = y
            if z: p[2] = z
            if m: p[3] = m
            self._shapes[shape][part][point] = p
        # shape, part
        elif shape and part and not point:
            try: self._shapes[shape]
            except IndexError: self._shapes.append([])
            try: self._shapes[shape][part]
            except IndexError: self._shapes[shape].append([])
            points = self._shapes[shape][part]
            for i in range(len(points)):
                p = points[i]
                if x: p[0] = x
                if y: p[1] = y
                if z: p[2] = z
                if m: p[3] = m
                self._shapes[shape][part][i] = p
        # shape
        elif shape and not part and not point:
            try: self._shapes[shape]
            except IndexError: self._shapes.append([])

        # point
        # part
        if addr:
            shape, part, point = addr
            self._shapes[shape][part][point] = [x, y, z, m]
        else:
            Writer.point(self, x, y, z, m)
        if self.autoBalance:
            self.balance()

    def validate(self):
        """An optional method to try and validate the shapefile
        as much as possible before writing it (not implemented)."""
        #TODO: Implement validation method
        pass

    def balance(self):
        """Adds a corresponding empty attribute or null geometry record depending
        on which type of record was created to make sure all three files
        are in synch."""
        if len(self.records) > len(self._shapes):
            self.null()
        elif len(self.records) < len(self._shapes):
            self.record()

    def __fieldNorm(self, fieldName):
        """Normalizes a dbf field name to fit within the spec and the
        expectations of certain ESRI software."""
        if len(fieldName) > 11: fieldName = fieldName[:11]
        fieldName = fieldName.upper()
        fieldName.replace(' ', '_')

# Begin Testing
def test():
    import doctest
    doctest.NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE = 1
    doctest.testfile("README.md", verbose=1)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    """
    Doctests are contained in the file 'README.md'. This library was originally developed
    using Python 2.3. Python 2.4 and above have some excellent improvements in the built-in
    testing libraries but for now unit testing is done using what's available in
    2.3.
    """
    test()