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<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/><title>3.5 Bytes and Byte Strings</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../scribble.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="icons.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-style.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../doc-site.css" title="default"/><script type="text/javascript" src="../scribble-common.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../manual-racket.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../manual-racket.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../doc-site.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" 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data-pltdoc="x">Characters</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.4 </td><td><a href="strings.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Strings (Unicode)</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.5 </td><td><a href="" class="tocviewselflink" data-pltdoc="x">Bytes and Byte Strings</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.6 </td><td><a href="symbols.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Symbols</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.7 </td><td><a href="keywords.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Keywords</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.8 </td><td><a href="pairs.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Pairs and Lists</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.9 </td><td><a href="vectors.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Vectors</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.10 </td><td><a href="hash-tables.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Hash Tables</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.11 </td><td><a href="boxes.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Boxes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.12 </td><td><a href="void_undefined.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Void and Undefined</a></td></tr></table></div></div></div></div><div class="maincolumn"><div class="main"><div class="navsettop"><span class="navleft"><form class="searchform"><input class="searchbox" style="color: #888;" type="text" value="...search manuals..." title="Enter a search string to search the manuals" onkeypress="return DoSearchKey(event, this, "6.7", "../");" onfocus="this.style.color="black"; this.style.textAlign="left"; if (this.value == "...search manuals...") this.value="";" onblur="if (this.value.match(/^ *$/)) { this.style.color="#888"; this.style.textAlign="center"; this.value="...search manuals..."; }"/></form> <a href="../index.html" title="up to the documentation top" data-pltdoc="x" onclick="return GotoPLTRoot("6.7");">top</a></span><span class="navright"> <a href="strings.html" title="backward to "3.4 Strings (Unicode)"" data-pltdoc="x">← prev</a> <a href="datatypes.html" title="up to "3 Built-In Datatypes"" data-pltdoc="x">up</a> <a href="symbols.html" title="forward to "3.6 Symbols"" data-pltdoc="x">next →</a></span> </div><h4 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""bytestrings"">3.5<tt> </tt><a name="(part._bytestrings)"></a>Bytes and Byte Strings</h4><p>A <a name="(tech._byte)"></a><span style="font-style: italic">byte</span> is an exact integer between <span class="RktVal">0</span> and
<span class="RktVal">255</span>, inclusive. The <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=bytestrings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._byte%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">byte?</a></span> predicate recognizes
numbers that represent bytes.</p><p><div class="SIntrapara">Examples:</div><div class="SIntrapara"><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=bytestrings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._byte%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">byte?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">0</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#t</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=bytestrings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._byte%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">byte?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">256</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#f</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote></div></p><p>A <a name="(tech._byte._string)"></a><span style="font-style: italic">byte string</span> is similar to a string—<wbr></wbr>see
<a href="strings.html" data-pltdoc="x">Strings (Unicode)</a>—<wbr></wbr>but its content is a sequence of bytes
instead of characters. Byte strings can be used in applications that
process pure ASCII instead of Unicode text. The printed form of a
byte string supports such uses in particular, because a byte string
prints like the ASCII decoding of the byte string, but prefixed with a
<span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">#</span><span class="hspace"></span></span>. Unprintable ASCII characters or non-ASCII bytes in the
byte string are written with octal notation.</p><blockquote class="refpara"><blockquote class="refcolumn"><blockquote class="refcontent"><p><span class="imageleft"><img src="magnify.png" alt="+" width="24" height="24"/></span><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=reader.html%23%2528part._parse-string%2529&version=6.7" class="Sq" data-pltdoc="x">Reading Strings</a> in <a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=index.html&version=6.7" class="Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span style="font-weight: bold">The Racket Reference</span></a> documents the fine points of the syntax of byte strings.</p></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><p><div class="SIntrapara">Examples:</div><div class="SIntrapara"><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktVal">#"Apple"</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#"Apple"</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=bytestrings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._bytes-ref%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">bytes-ref</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#"Apple"</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">0</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">65</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=bytestrings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._make-bytes%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">make-bytes</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">3</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">65</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#"AAA"</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">b</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=bytestrings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._make-bytes%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">make-bytes</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">2</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">0</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktSym">b</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#"\0\0"</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=bytestrings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._bytes-set%2521%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">bytes-set!</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">b</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">0</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">1</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=bytestrings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._bytes-set%2521%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">bytes-set!</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">b</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">1</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">255</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktSym">b</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#"\1\377"</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote></div></p><p>The <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._display%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">display</a></span> form of a byte string writes its raw bytes to the
current output port (see <a href="i_o.html" data-pltdoc="x">Input and Output</a>). Technically,
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._display%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">display</a></span> of a normal (i.e,. character) string prints the UTF-8
encoding of the string to the current output port, since output is
ultimately defined in terms of bytes; <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._display%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">display</a></span> of a byte
string, however, writes the raw bytes with no encoding. Along the same
lines, when this documentation shows output, it technically shows the
UTF-8-decoded form of the output.</p><p><div class="SIntrapara">Examples:</div><div class="SIntrapara"><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._display%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">display</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#"Apple"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">Apple</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._display%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">display</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"\316\273"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktCmt">;</span><span class="RktCmt"> </span><span class="RktCmt">same as </span><span class="RktVal">"λ"</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">λ</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._display%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">display</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#"\316\273"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktCmt">;</span><span class="RktCmt"> </span><span class="RktCmt">UTF-8 encoding of </span>λ</td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">λ</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote></div></p><p>For explicitly converting between strings and byte strings, Racket
supports three kinds of encodings directly: UTF-8, Latin-1, and the
current locale’s encoding. General facilities for byte-to-byte
conversions (especially to and from UTF-8) fill the gap to support
arbitrary string encodings.</p><p><div class="SIntrapara">Examples:</div><div class="SIntrapara"><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=bytestrings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._bytes-%7E3estring%252Futf-8%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">bytes->string/utf-8</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#"\316\273"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">"λ"</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=bytestrings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._bytes-%7E3estring%252Flatin-1%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">bytes->string/latin-1</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#"\316\273"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">"λ"</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=parameters.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fmore-scheme..rkt%2529._parameterize%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">parameterize</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=encodings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._current-locale%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">current-locale</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"C"</span><span class="RktPn">]</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktCmt">;</span><span class="RktCmt"> </span><span class="RktCmt">C locale supports ASCII,</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=bytestrings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._bytes-%7E3estring%252Flocale%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">bytes->string/locale</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#"\316\273"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktCmt">;</span><span class="RktCmt"> </span><span class="RktCmt">only, so...</span></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr">bytes->string/locale: byte string is not a valid encoding</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr">for the current locale</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">byte string: #"\316\273"</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=let.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fletstx-scheme..rkt%2529._let%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">let</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">cvt</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=bytestrings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._bytes-open-converter%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">bytes-open-converter</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"cp1253"</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktCmt">;</span><span class="RktCmt"> </span><span class="RktCmt">Greek code page</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">"UTF-8"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">dest</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=bytestrings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._make-bytes%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">make-bytes</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">2</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=bytestrings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._bytes-convert%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">bytes-convert</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">cvt</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#"\353"</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">0</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">1</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">dest</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=bytestrings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._bytes-close-converter%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">bytes-close-converter</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">cvt</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=bytestrings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._bytes-%7E3estring%252Futf-8%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">bytes->string/utf-8</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">dest</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">"λ"</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote></div></p><blockquote class="refpara"><blockquote class="refcolumn"><blockquote class="refcontent"><p><span class="imageleft"><img src="magnify.png" alt="+" width="24" height="24"/></span><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=bytestrings.html&version=6.7" class="Sq" data-pltdoc="x">Byte Strings</a> in <a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=index.html&version=6.7" class="Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span style="font-weight: bold">The Racket Reference</span></a> provides more on byte strings and byte-string procedures.</p></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><div class="navsetbottom"><span class="navleft"><form class="searchform"><input class="searchbox" style="color: #888;" type="text" value="...search manuals..." title="Enter a search string to search the manuals" onkeypress="return DoSearchKey(event, this, "6.7", "../");" onfocus="this.style.color="black"; this.style.textAlign="left"; if (this.value == "...search manuals...") this.value="";" onblur="if (this.value.match(/^ *$/)) { this.style.color="#888"; this.style.textAlign="center"; this.value="...search manuals..."; }"/></form> <a href="../index.html" title="up to the documentation top" data-pltdoc="x" onclick="return GotoPLTRoot("6.7");">top</a></span><span class="navright"> <a href="strings.html" title="backward to "3.4 Strings (Unicode)"" data-pltdoc="x">← prev</a> <a href="datatypes.html" 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