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<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/><title>7.2 Simple Contracts on Functions</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../scribble.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-style.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../doc-site.css" title="default"/><script type="text/javascript" src="../scribble-common.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../manual-racket.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../manual-racket.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../doc-site.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../local-redirect/local-redirect.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" 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Essentials</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3 </td><td><a href="datatypes.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Built-<wbr></wbr>In Datatypes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">4 </td><td><a href="scheme-forms.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Expressions and Definitions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">5 </td><td><a href="define-struct.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Programmer-<wbr></wbr>Defined Datatypes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">6 </td><td><a href="modules.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Modules</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7 </td><td><a href="contracts.html" class="tocviewselflink" data-pltdoc="x">Contracts</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">8 </td><td><a href="i_o.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Input and Output</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">9 </td><td><a href="regexp.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Regular Expressions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">10 </td><td><a href="control.html" 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class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Bibliography</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right"></td><td><a href="doc-index.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Index</a></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="tocviewlist"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td style="width: 1em;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Expand/Collapse" class="tocviewtoggle" onclick="TocviewToggle(this,"tocview_1");">▼</a></td><td>7 </td><td><a href="contracts.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Contracts</a></td></tr></table><div class="tocviewsublist" style="display: block;" id="tocview_1"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td align="right">7.1 </td><td><a href="contract-boundaries.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Contracts and Boundaries</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.2 </td><td><a href="" class="tocviewselflink" data-pltdoc="x">Simple Contracts on Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.3 </td><td><a href="contracts-general-functions.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Contracts on Functions in General</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.4 </td><td><a href="contracts-first.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Contracts:<span class="mywbr"> </span> A Thorough Example</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.5 </td><td><a href="contracts-struct.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Contracts on Structures</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.6 </td><td><a href="contracts-exists.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Abstract Contracts using <span class="RktPn">#:<span class="mywbr"> </span>exists</span> and <span class="RktPn">#:<span class="mywbr"> </span>∃</span></a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.7 </td><td><a href="contracts-examples.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Additional Examples</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.8 </td><td><a href="Building_New_Contracts.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Building New Contracts</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.9 </td><td><a href="contracts-gotchas.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Gotchas</a></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="tocviewlist"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td style="width: 1em;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Expand/Collapse" class="tocviewtoggle" onclick="TocviewToggle(this,"tocview_2");">►</a></td><td>7.2 </td><td><a href="" class="tocviewselflink" data-pltdoc="x">Simple Contracts on Functions</a></td></tr></table><div class="tocviewsublistbottom" style="display: none;" id="tocview_2"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td align="right">7.2.1 </td><td><a href="#%28part._.Styles_of_-_%29" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Styles of <span class="RktSym"><span class="RktStxLink"><span class="nobreak">-<wbr></wbr>></span></span></span></a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.2.2 </td><td><a href="#%28part._simple-nested%29" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Using <span class="RktSym"><span class="RktStxLink">define/<span class="mywbr"> </span>contract</span></span> and <span class="RktSym"><span class="RktStxLink"><span class="nobreak">-<wbr></wbr>></span></span></span></a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.2.3 </td><td><a href="#%28part._any_and_any_c%29" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktSym"><span class="RktStxLink">any</span></span> and <span class="RktSym"><span class="RktValLink">any/<span class="mywbr"> </span>c</span></span></a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.2.4 </td><td><a href="#%28part._contracts-own%29" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Rolling Your Own Contracts</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.2.5 </td><td><a href="#%28part._.Contracts_on_.Higher-order_.Functions%29" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Contracts on Higher-<wbr></wbr>order Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.2.6 </td><td><a href="#%28part._contracts-flat-named-contracts%29" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Contract Messages with “temp<span class="mywbr"> </span>N”</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7.2.7 </td><td><a href="#%28part._contracts-dissecting-contract-errors%29" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Dissecting a contract error message</a></td></tr></table></div></div></div><div class="tocsub"><div class="tocsubtitle">On this page:</div><table class="tocsublist" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><span class="tocsublinknumber">7.2.1<tt> </tt></span><a href="#%28part._.Styles_of_-_%29" class="tocsubseclink" data-pltdoc="x">Styles of <span class="RktSym"><span class="RktStxLink"><span class="nobreak">-<wbr></wbr>></span></span></span></a></td></tr><tr><td><span class="tocsublinknumber">7.2.2<tt> </tt></span><a href="#%28part._simple-nested%29" class="tocsubseclink" data-pltdoc="x">Using <span class="RktSym"><span class="RktStxLink">define/<span class="mywbr"> </span>contract</span></span> and <span class="RktSym"><span class="RktStxLink"><span class="nobreak">-<wbr></wbr>></span></span></span></a></td></tr><tr><td><span class="tocsublinknumber">7.2.3<tt> </tt></span><a href="#%28part._any_and_any_c%29" class="tocsubseclink" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktSym"><span class="RktStxLink">any</span></span> and <span class="RktSym"><span class="RktValLink">any/<span class="mywbr"> </span>c</span></span></a></td></tr><tr><td><span class="tocsublinknumber">7.2.4<tt> </tt></span><a href="#%28part._contracts-own%29" class="tocsubseclink" data-pltdoc="x">Rolling Your Own Contracts</a></td></tr><tr><td><span class="tocsublinknumber">7.2.5<tt> </tt></span><a href="#%28part._.Contracts_on_.Higher-order_.Functions%29" class="tocsubseclink" data-pltdoc="x">Contracts on Higher-<wbr></wbr>order Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td><span class="tocsublinknumber">7.2.6<tt> </tt></span><a href="#%28part._contracts-flat-named-contracts%29" class="tocsubseclink" data-pltdoc="x">Contract Messages with “temp<span class="mywbr"> </span>N”</a></td></tr><tr><td><span class="tocsublinknumber">7.2.7<tt> </tt></span><a href="#%28part._contracts-dissecting-contract-errors%29" class="tocsubseclink" data-pltdoc="x">Dissecting a contract error message</a></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="maincolumn"><div class="main"><div class="navsettop"><span class="navleft"><form class="searchform"><input class="searchbox" style="color: #888;" type="text" value="...search manuals..." title="Enter a search string to search the manuals" onkeypress="return DoSearchKey(event, this, "6.7", "../");" onfocus="this.style.color="black"; this.style.textAlign="left"; if (this.value == "...search manuals...") this.value="";" onblur="if (this.value.match(/^ *$/)) { this.style.color="#888"; this.style.textAlign="center"; this.value="...search manuals..."; }"/></form> <a href="../index.html" title="up to the documentation top" data-pltdoc="x" onclick="return GotoPLTRoot("6.7");">top</a></span><span class="navright"> <a href="contract-boundaries.html" title="backward to "7.1 Contracts and Boundaries"" data-pltdoc="x">← prev</a> <a href="contracts.html" title="up to "7 Contracts"" data-pltdoc="x">up</a> <a href="contracts-general-functions.html" title="forward to "7.3 Contracts on Functions in General"" data-pltdoc="x">next →</a></span> </div><h4 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""contract-func"">7.2<tt> </tt><a name="(part._contract-func)"></a>Simple Contracts on Functions</h4><p>A mathematical function has a <a name="(tech._domain)"></a><span style="font-style: italic">domain</span> and a
<a name="(tech._range)"></a><span style="font-style: italic">range</span>. The domain indicates the kind of values that the
function can accept as arguments, and the range indicates the kind of
values that it produces. The conventional notation for describing a
function with its domain and range is</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><p><span class="RktSym">f</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">:</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">A</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">B</span></p></blockquote><p>where <span class="RktSym">A</span> is the domain of the function and <span class="RktSym">B</span> is the
range.</p><p>Functions in a programming language have domains and ranges, too, and
a contract can ensure that a function receives only values in its
domain and produces only values in its range. A <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span> creates
such a contract for a function. The forms after a <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span> specify
contracts for the domains and finally a contract for the range.</p><p>Here is a module that might represent a bank account:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><a href="Module_Syntax.html#%28part._hash-lang%29" class="RktModLink" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktMod">#lang</span></a><span class="hspace"> </span><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=index.html&version=6.7" class="RktModLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktSym">racket</span></a></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._provide%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">provide</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._contract-out%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">contract-out</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">deposit</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._number%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">number?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">balance</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._number%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">number?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">amount</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">0</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">deposit</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">a</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=set_.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._set%2521%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">set!</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">amount</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._%252B%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">+</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">amount</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">a</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">balance</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">amount</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>The module exports two functions:</p><ul><li><p><span class="RktSym">deposit</span>, which accepts a number and returns some value
that is not specified in the contract, and</p></li><li><p><span class="RktSym">balance</span>, which returns a number indicating the current
balance of the account.</p></li></ul><p>When a module exports a function, it establishes two channels of
communication between itself as a “server” and the “client” module
that imports the function. If the client module calls the function, it
sends a value into the server module. Conversely, if such a function
call ends and the function returns a value, the server module sends a
value back to the client module. This client–server distinction is
important, because when something goes wrong, one or the other of the
parties is to blame.</p><p>If a client module were to apply <span class="RktSym">deposit</span> to <span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">millions</span>,
it would violate the contract. The contract-monitoring system would
catch this violation and blame the client for breaking the contract with
the above module. In contrast, if the <span class="RktSym">balance</span> function were
to return <span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">broke</span>, the contract-monitoring system
would blame the server module.</p><p>A <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span> by itself is not a contract; it is a <a name="(tech._contract._combinator)"></a><span style="font-style: italic">contract
combinator</span>, which combines other contracts to form a contract.</p><h5 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""Styles_of_-_"">7.2.1<tt> </tt><a name="(part._.Styles_of_-_)"></a>Styles of <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span></h5><p>If you are used to mathematical functions, you may prefer a contract
arrow to appear between the domain and the range of a function, not
at the beginning. If you have read <span style="font-style: italic"><a href="http://www.htdp.org">How to Design Programs</a></span>, you have seen this many
times. Indeed, you may have seen contracts such as these in other
people’s code:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._provide%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">provide</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._contract-out%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">contract-out</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">deposit</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._number%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">number?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">. </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="RktPn"> .</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>If a Racket S-expression contains two dots with a symbol in the middle,
the reader re-arranges the S-expression and place the symbol at the front,
as described in <a href="Pairs__Lists__and_Racket_Syntax.html#%28part._lists-and-syntax%29" data-pltdoc="x">Lists and Racket Syntax</a>. Thus,</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><p><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._number%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">number?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">. </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="RktPn"> .</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span></p></blockquote><p>is just another way of writing</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><p><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._number%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">number?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span></p></blockquote><h5 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""simple-nested"">7.2.2<tt> </tt><a name="(part._simple-nested)"></a>Using <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fregion..rkt%2529._define%252Fcontract%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define/contract</a></span> and <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span></h5><p>The <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fregion..rkt%2529._define%252Fcontract%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define/contract</a></span> form introduced in <a href="contract-boundaries.html#%28part._contracts-intro-nested%29" data-pltdoc="x">Experimenting with Nested Contract Boundaries</a> can
also be used to define functions that come with a contract. For example,</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fregion..rkt%2529._define%252Fcontract%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define/contract</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">deposit</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">amount</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._number%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">number?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktCmt">;</span><span class="RktCmt"> </span><span class="RktCmt">implementation goes here</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">....</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>which defines the <span class="RktSym">deposit</span> function with the contract from earlier.
Note that this has two potentially important impacts on the use of
<span class="RktSym">deposit</span>:</p><ol><li><p>Since the contract will always be checked on calls to <span class="RktSym">deposit</span>,
even inside the module in which it is defined, this may increase
the number of times the contract is checked. This could lead to
a performance degradation. This is especially true if the function
is called repeatedly in loops or using recursion.</p></li><li><p>In some situations, a function may be written to accept a more
lax set of inputs when called by other code in the same module.
For such use cases, the contract boundary established by
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fregion..rkt%2529._define%252Fcontract%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define/contract</a></span> is too strict.</p></li></ol><h5 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""any_and_any_c"">7.2.3<tt> </tt><a name="(part._any_and_any_c)"></a><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any</a></span> and <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any/c</a></span></h5><p>The <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any</a></span> contract used for <span class="RktSym">deposit</span> matches any kind
of result, and it can only be used in the range position of a function
contract. Instead of <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any</a></span> above, we could use the more
specific contract <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=void.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._void%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">void?</a></span>, which says that the function will
always return the <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=void.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._void%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">void</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span> value. The <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=void.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._void%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">void?</a></span> contract,
however, would require the contract monitoring system to check the
return value every time the function is called, even though the
“client” module can’t do much with the value. In contrast,
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any</a></span> tells the monitoring system <span style="font-style: italic">not</span> to check the
return value, it tells a potential client that the “server” module
<span style="font-style: italic">makes no promises at all</span> about the function’s return value,
even whether it is a single value or multiple values.</p><p>The <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any/c</a></span> contract is similar to <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any</a></span>, in that it
makes no demands on a value. Unlike <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any</a></span>, <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any/c</a></span>
indicates a single value, and it is suitable for use as an argument
contract. Using <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any/c</a></span> as a range contract imposes a check
that the function produces a single value. That is,</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><p><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span></p></blockquote><p>describes a function that accepts an integer and returns any number of
values, while</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><p><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any/c</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span></p></blockquote><p>describes a function that accepts an integer and produces a single
result (but does not say anything more about the result). The function</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><p><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">f</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=values.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._values%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">values</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._%252B%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">+</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">1</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._-%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-</span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">1</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></p></blockquote><p>matches <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span>, but not <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any/c</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span>.</p><p>Use <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any/c</a></span> as a result contract when it is particularly
important to promise a single result from a function. Use <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any</a></span>
when you want to promise as little as possible (and incur as little
checking as possible) for a function’s result.</p><h5 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""contracts-own"">7.2.4<tt> </tt><a name="(part._contracts-own)"></a>Rolling Your Own Contracts</h5><p>The <span class="RktSym">deposit</span> function adds the given number to the value of
<span class="RktSym">amount</span>. While the function’s contract prevents clients from
applying it to non-numbers, the contract still allows them to apply
the function to complex numbers, negative numbers, or inexact numbers,
none of which sensibly represent amounts of money.</p><p>The contract system allows programmers to define their own contracts
as functions:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><a href="Module_Syntax.html#%28part._hash-lang%29" class="RktModLink" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktMod">#lang</span></a><span class="hspace"> </span><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=index.html&version=6.7" class="RktModLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktSym">racket</span></a></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">amount?</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">a</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=if.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fletstx-scheme..rkt%2529._and%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">and</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._number%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">number?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">a</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">a</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._exact%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">exact?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">a</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._%7E3e%7E3d%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">>=</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">a</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">0</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._provide%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">provide</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._contract-out%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">contract-out</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktCmt">;</span><span class="RktCmt"> </span><span class="RktCmt">an amount is a natural number of cents</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktCmt">;</span><span class="RktCmt"> </span><span class="RktCmt">is the given number an amount?</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">deposit</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">amount?</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">amount?</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any/c</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=booleans.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._boolean%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">boolean?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">balance</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">amount?</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">amount</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">0</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">deposit</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">a</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=set_.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._set%2521%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">set!</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">amount</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._%252B%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">+</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">amount</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">a</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">balance</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">amount</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>This module defines an <span class="RktSym">amount?</span> function and uses it as a
contract within <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span> contracts. When a client calls the
<span class="RktSym">deposit</span> function as exported with the contract <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktSym">amount?</span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span>, it must supply an exact, nonnegative integer, otherwise
the <span class="RktSym">amount?</span> function applied to the argument will return
<span class="RktVal">#f</span>, which will cause the contract-monitoring system to blame
the client. Similarly, the server module must provide an exact,
nonnegative integer as the result of <span class="RktSym">balance</span> to remain
blameless.</p><p>Of course, it makes no sense to restrict a channel of communication to
values that the client doesn’t understand. Therefore the module also
exports the <span class="RktSym">amount?</span> predicate itself, with a contract saying
that it accepts an arbitrary value and returns a boolean.</p><p>In this case, we could also have used <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._natural-number%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">natural-number/c</a></span> in
place of <span class="RktSym">amount?</span>, since it implies exactly the same check:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._provide%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">provide</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._contract-out%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">contract-out</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">deposit</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._natural-number%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">natural-number/c</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">balance</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._natural-number%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">natural-number/c</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>Every function that accepts one argument can be treated as a predicate
and thus used as a contract. For combining existing checks into a new
one, however, contract combinators such as <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._and%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">and/c</a></span> and
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._or%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">or/c</a></span> are often useful. For example, here is yet another way
to write the contracts above:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">amount/c</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._and%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">and/c</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._number%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">number?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._exact%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">exact?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._or%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">or/c</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._positive%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">positive?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._zero%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">zero?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._provide%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">provide</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._contract-out%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">contract-out</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">deposit</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">amount/c</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">balance</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">amount/c</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>Other values also serve double duty as contracts. For example, if a
function accepts a number or <span class="RktVal">#f</span>, <span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._or%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">or/c</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._number%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">number?</a></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktVal">#f</span><span class="RktPn">)</span>
suffices. Similarly, the <span class="RktSym">amount/c</span> contract could have been
written with a <span class="RktVal">0</span> in place of <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._zero%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">zero?</a></span>. If you use a
regular expression as a contract, the contract accepts strings and
byte strings that match the regular expression.</p><p>Naturally, you can mix your own contract-implementing functions with
combinators like <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._and%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">and/c</a></span>. Here is a module for creating strings
from banking records:</p><p><div class="SIntrapara"><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><a href="Module_Syntax.html#%28part._hash-lang%29" class="RktModLink" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktMod">#lang</span></a><span class="hspace"> </span><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=index.html&version=6.7" class="RktModLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktSym">racket</span></a></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">has-decimal?</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">str</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">L</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string-length%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string-length</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">str</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=if.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fletstx-scheme..rkt%2529._and%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">and</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._%7E3e%7E3d%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">>=</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">L</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">3</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=characters.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._char%7E3d%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">char=?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\.</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string-ref%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string-ref</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">str</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._-%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-</span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">L</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">3</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._provide%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">provide</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._contract-out%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">contract-out</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktCmt">;</span><span class="RktCmt"> </span><span class="RktCmt">convert a random number to a string</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">format-number</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._number%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">number?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktCmt">;</span><span class="RktCmt"> </span><span class="RktCmt">convert an amount into a string with a decimal</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktCmt">;</span><span class="RktCmt"> </span><span class="RktCmt">point, as in an amount of US currency</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">format-nat</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._natural-number%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">natural-number/c</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._and%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">and/c</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">has-decimal?</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></blockquote></div><div class="SIntrapara">The contract of the exported function <span class="RktSym">format-number</span> specifies
that the function consumes a number and produces a string. The
contract of the exported function <span class="RktSym">format-nat</span> is more
interesting than the one of <span class="RktSym">format-number</span>. It consumes only
natural numbers. Its range contract promises a string that has a
<span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">.</span><span class="hspace"></span></span> in the third position from the right.</div></p><p>If we want to strengthen the promise of the range contract for
<span class="RktSym">format-nat</span> so that it admits only strings with digits and a single
dot, we could write it like this:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><a href="Module_Syntax.html#%28part._hash-lang%29" class="RktModLink" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktMod">#lang</span></a><span class="hspace"> </span><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=index.html&version=6.7" class="RktModLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktSym">racket</span></a></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">digit-char?</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=pairs.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._member%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">member</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">(</span><span class="RktVal">#\1</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\2</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\3</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\4</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\5</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\6</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\7</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\8</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\9</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\0</span><span class="RktVal">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">has-decimal?</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">str</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">L</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string-length%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string-length</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">str</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=if.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fletstx-scheme..rkt%2529._and%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">and</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._%7E3e%7E3d%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">>=</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">L</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">3</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=characters.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._char%7E3d%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">char=?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#\.</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string-ref%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string-ref</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">str</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._-%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-</span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">L</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">3</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">is-decimal-string?</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">str</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">L</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string-length%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string-length</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">str</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=if.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fletstx-scheme..rkt%2529._and%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">and</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">has-decimal?</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">str</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=pairs.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fmap..rkt%2529._andmap%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">andmap</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">digit-char?</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string-%7E3elist%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string->list</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._substring%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">substring</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">str</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">0</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._-%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-</span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">L</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">3</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=pairs.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fmap..rkt%2529._andmap%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">andmap</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">digit-char?</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string-%7E3elist%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string->list</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._substring%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">substring</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">str</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._-%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-</span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">L</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">2</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">L</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktSym">....</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._provide%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">provide</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._contract-out%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">contract-out</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">....</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktCmt">;</span><span class="RktCmt"> </span><span class="RktCmt">convert an amount (natural number) of cents</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktCmt">;</span><span class="RktCmt"> </span><span class="RktCmt">into a dollar-based string</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">format-nat</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._natural-number%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">natural-number/c</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._and%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">and/c</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string?</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">is-decimal-string?</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>Alternately, in this case, we could use a regular expression as a
contract:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><a href="Module_Syntax.html#%28part._hash-lang%29" class="RktModLink" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktMod">#lang</span></a><span class="hspace"> </span><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=index.html&version=6.7" class="RktModLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="RktSym">racket</span></a></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._provide%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">provide</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._contract-out%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">contract-out</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">....</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktCmt">;</span><span class="RktCmt"> </span><span class="RktCmt">convert an amount (natural number) of cents</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktCmt">;</span><span class="RktCmt"> </span><span class="RktCmt">into a dollar-based string</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">format-nat</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._natural-number%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">natural-number/c</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._and%252Fc%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">and/c</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">#rx"[0-9]*\\.[0-9][0-9]"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><h5 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""Contracts_on_Higher-order_Functions"">7.2.5<tt> </tt><a name="(part._.Contracts_on_.Higher-order_.Functions)"></a>Contracts on Higher-order Functions</h5><p>Function contracts are not just restricted to having simple
predicates on their domains or ranges. Any of the contract
combinators discussed here, including function contracts
themselves, can be used as contracts on the arguments and
results of a function.</p><p>For example,</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><p><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></p></blockquote><p>is a contract that describes a curried function. It matches functions
that accept one argument and then return another function accepting a
second argument before finally returning an integer. If a server
exports a function <span class="RktSym">make-adder</span> with this contract, and if
<span class="RktSym">make-adder</span> returns a value other than a function, then the
server is to blame. If <span class="RktSym">make-adder</span> does return a function, but
the resulting function is applied to a value other than an integer,
then the client is to blame.</p><p>Similarly, the contract</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><p><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span></p></blockquote><p>describes functions that accept other functions as its input. If a
server exports a function <span class="RktSym">twice</span> with this contract and the
<span class="RktSym">twice</span> is applied to a value other than a function of one
argument, then the client is to blame. If <span class="RktSym">twice</span> is applied to
a function of one argument and <span class="RktSym">twice</span> calls the given function
on a value other than an integer, then the server is to blame.</p><h5 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""contracts-flat-named-contracts"">7.2.6<tt> </tt><a name="(part._contracts-flat-named-contracts)"></a>Contract Messages with “tempN”</h5><p><div class="SIntrapara">You wrote your module. You added contracts. You put them into the interface
so that client programmers have all the information from interfaces. It’s a
piece of art:
</div><div class="SIntrapara"><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=module.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._module%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">module</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">bank-server</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._provide%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">provide</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._contract-out%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">contract-out</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">deposit</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=lambda.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._%7Ece%7Ebb%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">λ</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=if.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fletstx-scheme..rkt%2529._and%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">and</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._number%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">number?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._%7E3e%7E3d%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">>=</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">0</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">total</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">0</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">deposit</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">a</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=set_.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._set%2521%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">set!</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">total</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._%252B%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">+</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">a</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">total</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></blockquote></div></p><p>Several clients used your module. Others used their
modules in turn. And all of a sudden one of them sees this error
message:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">bank-server</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">deposit</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal"><span class="nobreak">-1</span>0</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr">deposit: contract violation</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">expected: temp8</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">given: -10</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">in: the 1st argument of</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">(-> temp8 any)</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">contract from: bank-server</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">blaming: top-level</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">(assuming the contract is correct)</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">at: eval:2.0</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>What is the <span class="RktErr">temp7</span> doing there? Wouldn’t it be nice if
we had a name for this class of data much like we have string, number,
and so on?</p><p>For this situation, Racket provides <a name="(tech._flat._named._contract)"></a><span style="font-style: italic">flat named
contracts</span>. The use of “contract” in this term shows that contracts
are first-class values. The “flat” means that the collection of data
is a subset of the built-in atomic classes of data; they are described
by a predicate that consumes all Racket values and produces a
boolean. The “named” part says what we want to do, which is to name
the contract so that error messages become intelligible:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=module.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._module%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">module</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">improved-bank-server</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">racket</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._provide%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">provide</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=attaching-contracts-to-values.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._contract-out%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">contract-out</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym">deposit</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=function-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fbase..rkt%2529._-%7E3e%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="nobreak">-></span></a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._flat-named-contract%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">flat-named-contract</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">amount</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=lambda.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._%7Ece%7Ebb%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">λ</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=if.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fletstx-scheme..rkt%2529._and%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">and</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._number%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">number?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=number-types.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._integer%7E3f%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">integer?</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._%7E3e%7E3d%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">>=</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">x</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">0</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=data-structure-contracts.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fcontract%252Fprivate%252Fmisc..rkt%2529._any%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">any</a></span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">]</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">total</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">0</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">deposit</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">a</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=set_.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._set%2521%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">set!</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">total</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=generic-numbers.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._%252B%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">+</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">a</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktSym">total</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></blockquote><p>With this little change, the error message becomes quite readable:</p><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&rel=require.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._require%2529%2529&version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">require</a></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal">'</span><span class="RktVal">improved-bank-server</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">> </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym">deposit</span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktVal"><span class="nobreak">-1</span>0</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr">deposit: contract violation</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">expected: amount</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">given: -10</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">in: the 1st argument of</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">(-> amount any)</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">contract from: improved-bank-server</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">blaming: top-level</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">(assuming the contract is correct)</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktErr"></span><span class="hspace"> </span><span class="RktErr">at: eval:5.0</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote><h5 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""contracts-dissecting-contract-errors"">7.2.7<tt> </tt><a name="(part._contracts-dissecting-contract-errors)"></a>Dissecting a contract error message</h5><p><div class="SIntrapara">In general, each contract error message consists of six sections:
</div><div class="SIntrapara"><ul><li><p><div class="SIntrapara">a name for the function or method associated with the contract
and either the phrase “contract violation” or “broke its contract”
depending on whether the contract was violated by the client or the
server; e.g. in the previous example: </div><div class="SIntrapara"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td><p class="RktErr">deposit: contract violation</p></td></tr></table></div></p></li><li><p><div class="SIntrapara">a description of the precise aspect of the contract that was violated, </div><div class="SIntrapara"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td><p class="RktErr"> expected: amount</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="RktErr"> given: -10</p></td></tr></table></div></p></li><li><p><div class="SIntrapara">the complete contract plus a path into it showing which aspect was violated, </div><div class="SIntrapara"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td><p class="RktErr"> in: the 1st argument of</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="RktErr"> (-> amount any)</p></td></tr></table></div></p></li><li><p><div class="SIntrapara">the module where the contract was put (or, more generally, the boundary that the contract mediates), </div><div class="SIntrapara"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td><p class="RktErr"> contract from: improved-bank-server</p></td></tr></table></div></p></li><li><p><div class="SIntrapara">who was blamed, </div><div class="SIntrapara"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td><p class="RktErr"> blaming: top-level</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="RktErr"> (assuming the contract is correct)</p></td></tr></table></div></p></li><li><p><div class="SIntrapara">and the source location where the contract appears. </div><div class="SIntrapara"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td><p class="RktErr"> at: eval:5.0</p></td></tr></table></div></p></li></ul></div></p><div class="navsetbottom"><span class="navleft"><form class="searchform"><input class="searchbox" style="color: #888;" type="text" value="...search manuals..." title="Enter a search string to search the manuals" onkeypress="return DoSearchKey(event, this, "6.7", "../");" onfocus="this.style.color="black"; this.style.textAlign="left"; if (this.value == "...search manuals...") this.value="";" onblur="if (this.value.match(/^ *$/)) { this.style.color="#888"; this.style.textAlign="center"; this.value="...search manuals..."; }"/></form> <a href="../index.html" title="up to the documentation top" data-pltdoc="x" onclick="return GotoPLTRoot("6.7");">top</a></span><span class="navright"> <a href="contract-boundaries.html" title="backward to "7.1 Contracts and Boundaries"" data-pltdoc="x">← prev</a> <a href="contracts.html" title="up to "7 Contracts"" data-pltdoc="x">up</a> <a href="contracts-general-functions.html" title="forward to "7.3 Contracts on Functions in General"" data-pltdoc="x">next →</a></span> </div></div></div><div id="contextindicator"> </div></body></html>
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