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<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/><title>17 Creating Languages</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../scribble.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="icons.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-style.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../doc-site.css" title="default"/><script type="text/javascript" src="../scribble-common.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../manual-racket.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../manual-racket.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../doc-site.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../local-redirect/local-redirect.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../local-redirect/local-user-redirect.js"></script><!--[if IE 6]><style type="text/css">.SIEHidden { overflow: hidden; }</style><![endif]--></head><body id="doc-racket-lang-org"><div class="tocset"><div class="tocview"><div class="tocviewlist tocviewlisttopspace"><div class="tocviewtitle"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td style="width: 1em;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Expand/Collapse" class="tocviewtoggle" onclick="TocviewToggle(this,"tocview_0");">►</a></td><td></td><td><a href="index.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x"><span style="font-weight: bold">The Racket Guide</span></a></td></tr></table></div><div class="tocviewsublisttop" style="display: none;" id="tocview_0"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td align="right">1 </td><td><a href="intro.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Welcome to Racket</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">2 </td><td><a href="to-scheme.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Racket Essentials</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3 </td><td><a href="datatypes.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Built-<wbr></wbr>In Datatypes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">4 </td><td><a href="scheme-forms.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Expressions and Definitions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">5 </td><td><a href="define-struct.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Programmer-<wbr></wbr>Defined Datatypes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">6 </td><td><a href="modules.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Modules</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">7 </td><td><a href="contracts.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Contracts</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">8 </td><td><a href="i_o.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Input and Output</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">9 </td><td><a href="regexp.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Regular Expressions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">10 </td><td><a href="control.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Exceptions and Control</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">11 </td><td><a href="for.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Iterations and Comprehensions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">12 </td><td><a href="match.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Pattern Matching</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">13 </td><td><a href="classes.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Classes and Objects</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">14 </td><td><a href="units.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Units</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">15 </td><td><a href="reflection.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Reflection and Dynamic Evaluation</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">16 </td><td><a href="macros.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Macros</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">17 </td><td><a href="" class="tocviewselflink" data-pltdoc="x">Creating Languages</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">18 </td><td><a href="concurrency.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Concurrency and Synchronization</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">19 </td><td><a href="performance.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Performance</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">20 </td><td><a href="parallelism.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Parallelism</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">21 </td><td><a href="running.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Running and Creating Executables</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">22 </td><td><a href="More_Libraries.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">More Libraries</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">23 </td><td><a href="dialects.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Dialects of Racket and Scheme</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">24 </td><td><a href="other-editors.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Command-<wbr></wbr>Line Tools and Your Editor of Choice</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right"></td><td><a href="doc-bibliography.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Bibliography</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right"></td><td><a href="doc-index.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Index</a></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="tocviewlist"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td style="width: 1em;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Expand/Collapse" class="tocviewtoggle" onclick="TocviewToggle(this,"tocview_1");">▼</a></td><td>17 </td><td><a href="" class="tocviewselflink" data-pltdoc="x">Creating Languages</a></td></tr></table><div class="tocviewsublistbottom" style="display: block;" id="tocview_1"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td align="right">17.1 </td><td><a href="module-languages.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Module Languages</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">17.2 </td><td><a href="hash-reader.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Reader Extensions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">17.3 </td><td><a href="hash-languages.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Defining new <span class="RktModLink"><span class="RktMod">#lang</span></span> Languages</a></td></tr></table></div></div></div></div><div class="maincolumn"><div class="main"><div class="navsettop"><span class="navleft"><form class="searchform"><input class="searchbox" style="color: #888;" type="text" value="...search manuals..." title="Enter a search string to search the manuals" onkeypress="return DoSearchKey(event, this, "6.7", "../");" onfocus="this.style.color="black"; this.style.textAlign="left"; if (this.value == "...search manuals...") this.value="";" onblur="if (this.value.match(/^ *$/)) { this.style.color="#888"; this.style.textAlign="center"; this.value="...search manuals..."; }"/></form> <a href="../index.html" title="up to the documentation top" data-pltdoc="x" onclick="return GotoPLTRoot("6.7");">top</a></span><span class="navright"> <a href="stx-certs.html" title="backward to "16.2.7 Syntax Taints"" data-pltdoc="x">← prev</a> <a href="index.html" title="up to "The Racket Guide"" data-pltdoc="x">up</a> <a href="module-languages.html" title="forward to "17.1 Module Languages"" data-pltdoc="x">next →</a></span> </div><h3 x-source-module="(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag=""languages"">17<tt> </tt><a name="(part._languages)"></a>Creating Languages</h3><p>The <a href="macros.html#%28tech._macro%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">macro</span></a> facilities defined in the preceding chapter let a
programmer define syntactic extensions to a language, but a macro is
limited in two ways:</p><ul><li><p>a macro cannot restrict the syntax available in its context or
change the meaning of surrounding forms; and</p></li><li><p>a macro can extend the syntax of a language only within the
parameters of the language’s lexical conventions, such as using
parentheses to group the macro name with its subforms and using
the core syntax of identifiers, keywords, and literals.</p></li></ul><blockquote class="refpara"><blockquote class="refcolumn"><blockquote class="refcontent"><p><span class="imageleft"><img src="finger.png" alt="+" width="24" height="24"/></span>The distinction between the <a href="Pairs__Lists__and_Racket_Syntax.html#%28tech._reader%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">reader</span></a> and
<a href="Pairs__Lists__and_Racket_Syntax.html#%28tech._expander%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">expander</span></a> layer is introduced in <a href="Pairs__Lists__and_Racket_Syntax.html#%28part._lists-and-syntax%29" data-pltdoc="x">Lists and Racket Syntax</a>.</p></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><p>That is, a macro can only extend a language, and it can do so only at
the <a href="Pairs__Lists__and_Racket_Syntax.html#%28tech._expander%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">expander</span></a> layer. Racket offers additional facilities for
defining a starting point of the <a href="Pairs__Lists__and_Racket_Syntax.html#%28tech._expander%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">expander</span></a> layer, for extending
the <a href="Pairs__Lists__and_Racket_Syntax.html#%28tech._reader%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">reader</span></a> layer, for defining the starting point of the
<a href="Pairs__Lists__and_Racket_Syntax.html#%28tech._reader%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">reader</span></a> layer, and for packaging a <a href="Pairs__Lists__and_Racket_Syntax.html#%28tech._reader%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">reader</span></a> and
<a href="Pairs__Lists__and_Racket_Syntax.html#%28tech._expander%29" class="techoutside" data-pltdoc="x"><span class="techinside">expander</span></a> starting point into a conveniently named language.</p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td><p><span class="hspace"> </span><a href="module-languages.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">17.1<span class="hspace"> </span>Module Languages</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace"> </span><a href="module-languages.html#%28part._implicit-forms%29" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">17.1.1<span class="hspace"> </span>Implicit Form Bindings</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace"> </span><a href="module-languages.html#%28part._s-exp%29" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">17.1.2<span class="hspace"> </span>Using <span class="RktModLink"><span class="RktMod">#lang</span></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktModLink"><span class="RktSym">s-exp</span></span></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace"> </span><a href="hash-reader.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">17.2<span class="hspace"> </span>Reader Extensions</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace"> </span><a href="hash-reader.html#%28part._.Source_.Locations%29" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">17.2.1<span class="hspace"> </span>Source Locations</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace"> </span><a href="hash-reader.html#%28part._readtable%29" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">17.2.2<span class="hspace"> </span>Readtables</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace"> </span><a href="hash-languages.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">17.3<span class="hspace"> </span>Defining new <span class="RktModLink"><span class="RktMod">#lang</span></span> Languages</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace"> </span><a href="hash-lang_syntax.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">17.3.1<span class="hspace"> </span>Designating a <span class="RktModLink"><span class="RktMod">#lang</span></span> Language</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace"> </span><a href="hash-lang_reader.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">17.3.2<span class="hspace"> </span>Using <span class="RktModLink"><span class="RktMod">#lang</span></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktModLink"><span class="RktSym">reader</span></span></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace"> </span><a href="syntax_module-reader.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">17.3.3<span class="hspace"> </span>Using <span class="RktModLink"><span class="RktMod">#lang</span></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktModLink"><span class="RktSym">s-exp</span></span><span class="stt"> </span><span class="RktModLink"><span class="RktSym">syntax/module-reader</span></span></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace"> </span><a href="language-collection.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">17.3.4<span class="hspace"> </span>Installing a Language</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace"> </span><a href="language-get-info.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">17.3.5<span class="hspace"> </span>Source-Handling Configuration</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="hspace"> </span><a href="module-runtime-config.html" class="toclink" data-pltdoc="x">17.3.6<span class="hspace"> </span>Module-Handling Configuration</a></p></td></tr></table><div class="navsetbottom"><span class="navleft"><form class="searchform"><input class="searchbox" style="color: #888;" type="text" value="...search manuals..." title="Enter a search string to search the manuals" onkeypress="return DoSearchKey(event, this, "6.7", "../");" onfocus="this.style.color="black"; this.style.textAlign="left"; if (this.value == "...search manuals...") this.value="";" onblur="if (this.value.match(/^ *$/)) { this.style.color="#888"; this.style.textAlign="center"; this.value="...search manuals..."; }"/></form> <a href="../index.html" title="up to the documentation top" data-pltdoc="x" onclick="return GotoPLTRoot("6.7");">top</a></span><span class="navright"> <a href="stx-certs.html" title="backward to "16.2.7 Syntax Taints"" data-pltdoc="x">← prev</a> <a href="index.html" title="up to "The Racket Guide"" data-pltdoc="x">up</a> <a href="module-languages.html" title="forward to "17.1 Module Languages"" data-pltdoc="x">next →</a></span> </div></div></div><div id="contextindicator"> </div></body></html>
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