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<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/><title>3.4&nbsp;Strings (Unicode)</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../scribble.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="icons.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-style.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../manual-racket.css" title="default"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../doc-site.css" title="default"/><script type="text/javascript" src="../scribble-common.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../manual-racket.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../manual-racket.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../doc-site.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" 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align="right">3.2&nbsp;</td><td><a href="numbers.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Numbers</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.3&nbsp;</td><td><a href="characters.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Characters</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.4&nbsp;</td><td><a href="" class="tocviewselflink" data-pltdoc="x">Strings (Unicode)</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.5&nbsp;</td><td><a href="bytestrings.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Bytes and Byte Strings</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.6&nbsp;</td><td><a href="symbols.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Symbols</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.7&nbsp;</td><td><a href="keywords.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Keywords</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.8&nbsp;</td><td><a href="pairs.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Pairs and Lists</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.9&nbsp;</td><td><a href="vectors.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Vectors</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.10&nbsp;</td><td><a href="hash-tables.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Hash Tables</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.11&nbsp;</td><td><a href="boxes.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Boxes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="right">3.12&nbsp;</td><td><a href="void_undefined.html" class="tocviewlink" data-pltdoc="x">Void and Undefined</a></td></tr></table></div></div></div></div><div class="maincolumn"><div class="main"><div class="navsettop"><span class="navleft"><form class="searchform"><input class="searchbox" style="color: #888;" type="text" value="...search manuals..." title="Enter a search string to search the manuals" onkeypress="return DoSearchKey(event, this, &quot;6.7&quot;, &quot;../&quot;);" onfocus="this.style.color=&quot;black&quot;; this.style.textAlign=&quot;left&quot;; if (this.value == &quot;...search manuals...&quot;) this.value=&quot;&quot;;" onblur="if (this.value.match(/^ *$/)) { this.style.color=&quot;#888&quot;; this.style.textAlign=&quot;center&quot;; this.value=&quot;...search manuals...&quot;; }"/></form>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="../index.html" title="up to the documentation top" data-pltdoc="x" onclick="return GotoPLTRoot(&quot;6.7&quot;);">top</a></span><span class="navright">&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="characters.html" title="backward to &quot;3.3 Characters&quot;" data-pltdoc="x">&larr; prev</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="datatypes.html" title="up to &quot;3 Built-In Datatypes&quot;" data-pltdoc="x">up</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="bytestrings.html" title="forward to &quot;3.5 Bytes and Byte Strings&quot;" data-pltdoc="x">next &rarr;</a></span>&nbsp;</div><h4 x-source-module="(lib &quot;scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl&quot;)" x-source-pkg="racket-doc" x-part-tag="&quot;strings&quot;">3.4<tt>&nbsp;</tt><a name="(part._strings)"></a>Strings (Unicode)</h4><p>A <a name="(tech._string)"></a><span style="font-style: italic">string</span> is a fixed-length array of
<a href="characters.html" data-pltdoc="x">characters</a>. It prints using doublequotes,
where doublequote and backslash characters within the string are
escaped with backslashes. Other common string escapes are supported,
including <span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">\n</span><span class="hspace"></span></span> for a linefeed, <span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">\r</span><span class="hspace"></span></span> for a
carriage return, octal escapes using <span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">\</span><span class="hspace"></span></span> followed by up
to three octal digits, and hexadecimal escapes with <span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">\u</span><span class="hspace"></span></span>
(up to four digits).  Unprintable characters in a string are normally
shown with <span class="RktInBG"><span class="hspace"></span><span class="RktIn">\u</span><span class="hspace"></span></span> when the string is printed.</p><blockquote class="refpara"><blockquote class="refcolumn"><blockquote class="refcontent"><p><span class="imageleft"><img src="magnify.png" alt="+" width="24" height="24"/></span><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=reader.html%23%2528part._parse-string%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="Sq" data-pltdoc="x">Reading Strings</a> in <a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=index.html&amp;version=6.7" class="Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span style="font-weight: bold">The Racket Reference</span></a> documents the fine points of the syntax of strings.</p></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><p>The <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._display%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">display</a></span> procedure directly writes the characters of a
string to the current output port (see <a href="i_o.html" data-pltdoc="x">Input and Output</a>), in contrast
to the string-constant syntax used to print a string result.</p><p><div class="SIntrapara">Examples:</div><div class="SIntrapara"><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">&gt; </span><span class="RktVal">"Apple"</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">"Apple"</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">&gt; </span><span class="RktVal">"\u03BB"</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">"&#955;"</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">&gt; </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._display%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">display</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">"Apple"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">Apple</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">&gt; </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._display%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">display</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">"a \"quoted\" thing"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">a "quoted" thing</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">&gt; </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._display%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">display</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">"two\nlines"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">two</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">lines</span></p></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">&gt; </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=Writing.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._display%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">display</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">"\u03BB"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktOut">&#955;</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote></div></p><p>A string can be mutable or immutable; strings written directly as
expressions are immutable, but most other strings are mutable. The
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._make-string%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">make-string</a></span> procedure creates a mutable string given a length
and optional fill character. The <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string-ref%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string-ref</a></span> procedure
accesses a character from a string (with 0-based indexing); the
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string-set%2521%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string-set!</a></span>  procedure changes a character in a mutable
string.</p><p><div class="SIntrapara">Examples:</div><div class="SIntrapara"><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">&gt; </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string-ref%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string-ref</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">"Apple"</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">0</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#\A</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">&gt; </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=define.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fbase..rkt%2529._define%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">define</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">s</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._make-string%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">make-string</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">5</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">#\.</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">&gt; </span><span class="RktSym">s</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">"....."</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">&gt; </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string-set%2521%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string-set!</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktSym">s</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">2</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">#\&#955;</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">&gt; </span><span class="RktSym">s</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">"..&#955;.."</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote></div></p><p>String ordering and case operations are generally
<span style="font-style: italic">locale-independent</span>; that is, they work the same for all
users. A few <span style="font-style: italic">locale-dependent</span> operations are provided that
allow the way that strings are case-folded and sorted to depend on the
end-user&rsquo;s locale. If you&rsquo;re sorting strings, for example, use
<span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string%7E3c%7E3f%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string&lt;?</a></span> or <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string-ci%7E3c%7E3f%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string-ci&lt;?</a></span> if the sort result should be
consistent across machines and users, but use <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string-locale%7E3c%7E3f%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string-locale&lt;?</a></span>
or <span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string-locale-ci%7E3c%7E3f%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string-locale-ci&lt;?</a></span> if the sort is purely to order strings
for an end user.</p><p><div class="SIntrapara">Examples:</div><div class="SIntrapara"><blockquote class="SCodeFlow"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">&gt; </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string%7E3c%7E3f%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string&lt;?</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">"apple"</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">"Banana"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#f</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">&gt; </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string-ci%7E3c%7E3f%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string-ci&lt;?</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">"apple"</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">"Banana"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">#t</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><span class="stt">&gt; </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string-upcase%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string-upcase</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">"Stra&#223;e"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">"STRASSE"</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RktBlk"><tr><td><span class="stt">&gt; </span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=parameters.html%23%2528form._%2528%2528lib._racket%252Fprivate%252Fmore-scheme..rkt%2529._parameterize%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktStxLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">parameterize</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktPn">[</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=encodings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._current-locale%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">current-locale</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">"C"</span><span class="RktPn">]</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="RktPn">(</span><span class="RktSym"><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=strings.html%23%2528def._%2528%2528quote._%7E23%7E25kernel%2529._string-locale-upcase%2529%2529&amp;version=6.7" class="RktValLink Sq" data-pltdoc="x">string-locale-upcase</a></span><span class="hspace">&nbsp;</span><span class="RktVal">"Stra&#223;e"</span><span class="RktPn">)</span><span class="RktPn">)</span></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><p><span class="RktRes">"STRA&#223;E"</span></p></td></tr></table></blockquote></div></p><p>For working with plain ASCII, working with raw bytes, or
encoding/decoding Unicode strings as bytes, use
<a href="bytestrings.html" data-pltdoc="x">byte strings</a>.</p><blockquote class="refpara"><blockquote class="refcolumn"><blockquote class="refcontent"><p><span class="imageleft"><img src="magnify.png" alt="+" width="24" height="24"/></span><a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=strings.html&amp;version=6.7" class="Sq" data-pltdoc="x">Strings</a> in <a href="https://download.racket-lang.org/docs/6.7/html/local-redirect/index.html?doc=reference&amp;rel=index.html&amp;version=6.7" class="Sq" data-pltdoc="x"><span style="font-weight: bold">The Racket Reference</span></a> provides more on strings and string procedures.</p></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><div class="navsetbottom"><span class="navleft"><form class="searchform"><input class="searchbox" style="color: #888;" type="text" value="...search manuals..." title="Enter a search string to search the manuals" onkeypress="return DoSearchKey(event, this, &quot;6.7&quot;, &quot;../&quot;);" onfocus="this.style.color=&quot;black&quot;; this.style.textAlign=&quot;left&quot;; if (this.value == &quot;...search manuals...&quot;) this.value=&quot;&quot;;" onblur="if (this.value.match(/^ *$/)) { this.style.color=&quot;#888&quot;; this.style.textAlign=&quot;center&quot;; this.value=&quot;...search manuals...&quot;; }"/></form>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="../index.html" title="up to the documentation top" data-pltdoc="x" onclick="return GotoPLTRoot(&quot;6.7&quot;);">top</a></span><span class="navright">&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="characters.html" title="backward to &quot;3.3 Characters&quot;" data-pltdoc="x">&larr; prev</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="datatypes.html" title="up to &quot;3 Built-In Datatypes&quot;" data-pltdoc="x">up</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="bytestrings.html" title="forward to &quot;3.5 Bytes and Byte Strings&quot;" data-pltdoc="x">next &rarr;</a></span>&nbsp;</div></div></div><div id="contextindicator">&nbsp;</div></body></html>