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<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e reference manual (May 2013)</h1>
<ul class="no-bullet">
  <li><a name="toc-Concept-Index-1" href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Command-Index-1" href="#Command-Index">Command Index</a></li>
</ul>



<!--<a name="SEC_Overview"></a>
<h2 class="shortcontents-heading">Short Table of Contents</h2>-->

<!--<div class="shortcontents">
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="stoc-About-this-document-1" href="#toc-About-this-document-1">1 About this document</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#toc-Overview-of-LaTeX">2 Overview of LaTeX</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Starting-_0026-ending-1" href="#toc-Starting-_0026-ending-1">3 Starting &amp; ending</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Document-classes-1" href="#toc-Document-classes-1">4 Document classes</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Typefaces-1" href="#toc-Typefaces-1">5 Typefaces</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Layout-1" href="#toc-Layout-1">6 Layout</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Sectioning-1" href="#toc-Sectioning-1">7 Sectioning</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Cross-references-1" href="#toc-Cross-references-1">8 Cross references</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Environments-1" href="#toc-Environments-1">9 Environments</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Line-breaking-1" href="#toc-Line-breaking-1">10 Line breaking</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Page-breaking-1" href="#toc-Page-breaking-1">11 Page breaking</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Footnotes-1" href="#toc-Footnotes-1">12 Footnotes</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Definitions-1" href="#toc-Definitions-1">13 Definitions</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Counters-1" href="#toc-Counters-1">14 Counters</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Lengths-1" href="#toc-Lengths-1">15 Lengths</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#toc-Making-paragraphs-1">16 Making paragraphs</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Math-formulas-1" href="#toc-Math-formulas-1">17 Math formulas</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Modes-1" href="#toc-Modes-1">18 Modes</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Page-styles-1" href="#toc-Page-styles-1">19 Page styles</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Spaces-1" href="#toc-Spaces-1">20 Spaces</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Boxes-1" href="#toc-Boxes-1">21 Boxes</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Special-insertions-1" href="#toc-Special-insertions-1">22 Special insertions</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#toc-Splitting-the-input-1">23 Splitting the input</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#toc-Front_002fback-matter-1">24 Front/back matter</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Letters-1" href="#toc-Letters-1">25 Letters</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1">26 Terminal input/output</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Command-line-1" href="#toc-Command-line-1">27 Command line</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Document-templates-1" href="#toc-Document-templates-1">Appendix A Document templates</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Concept-Index-1" href="#toc-Concept-Index-1">Concept Index</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Command-Index-1" href="#toc-Command-Index-1">Command Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>-->

<a name="SEC_Contents"></a>
<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>

<div class="contents">
<table>
<tr>
<td style="width:50%">
<ul class="no-bullet">
  <li><a name="toc-About-this-document-1" href="#About-this-document">1 About this document</a></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#Overview">2 Overview of LaTeX</a></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Starting-_0026-ending-1" href="#Starting-_0026-ending">3 Starting &amp; ending</a></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Document-classes-1" href="#Document-classes">4 Document classes</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-Document-class-options-1" href="#Document-class-options">4.1 Document class options</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Typefaces-1" href="#Typefaces">5 Typefaces</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-Font-styles-1" href="#Font-styles">5.1 Font styles</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Font-sizes-1" href="#Font-sizes">5.2 Font sizes</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1" href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">5.3 Low-level font commands</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Layout-1" href="#Layout">6 Layout</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005conecolumn-1" href="#g_t_005conecolumn">6.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005ctwocolumn-1" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">6.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cflushbottom-1" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">6.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005craggedbottom-1" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">6.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Page-layout-parameters-1" href="#Page-layout-parameters">6.5 Page layout parameters</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Sectioning-1" href="#Sectioning">7 Sectioning</a></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Cross-references-1" href="#Cross-references">8 Cross references</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005clabel-1" href="#g_t_005clabel">8.1 <code>\label</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cpageref_007bkey_007d" href="#g_t_005cpageref">8.2 <code>\pageref{<var>key</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cref_007bkey_007d" href="#g_t_005cref">8.3 <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Environments-1" href="#Environments">9 Environments</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-abstract-1" href="#abstract">9.1 <code>abstract</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-array-1" href="#array">9.2 <code>array</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-center-1" href="#center">9.3 <code>center</code></a>
    <ul class="no-bullet">
      <li><a name="toc-_005ccentering-1" href="#g_t_005ccentering">9.3.1 <code>\centering</code></a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-description-1" href="#description">9.4 <code>description</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-displaymath-1" href="#displaymath">9.5 <code>displaymath</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-document-1" href="#document">9.6 <code>document</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-enumerate-1" href="#enumerate">9.7 <code>enumerate</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-eqnarray-1" href="#eqnarray">9.8 <code>eqnarray</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-equation-1" href="#equation">9.9 <code>equation</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-figure-1" href="#figure">9.10 <code>figure</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-flushleft-1" href="#flushleft">9.11 <code>flushleft</code></a>
    <ul class="no-bullet">
      <li><a name="toc-_005craggedright-1" href="#g_t_005craggedright">9.11.1 <code>\raggedright</code></a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-flushright-1" href="#flushright">9.12 <code>flushright</code></a>
    <ul class="no-bullet">
      <li><a name="toc-_005craggedleft-1" href="#g_t_005craggedleft">9.12.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-itemize-1" href="#itemize">9.13 <code>itemize</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-letter-environment_003a-writing-letters" href="#letter">9.14 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-list-1" href="#list">9.15 <code>list</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-math-1" href="#math">9.16 <code>math</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-minipage-1" href="#minipage">9.17 <code>minipage</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-picture-1" href="#picture">9.18 <code>picture</code></a>
    <ul class="no-bullet">
      <li><a name="toc-_005ccircle-1" href="#g_t_005ccircle">9.18.1 <code>\circle</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cmakebox-1" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">9.18.2 <code>\makebox</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cframebox" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">9.18.3 <code>\framebox</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cdashbox-1" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">9.18.4 <code>\dashbox</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cframe-1" href="#g_t_005cframe">9.18.5 <code>\frame</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cline-1" href="#g_t_005cline">9.18.6 <code>\line</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005clinethickness-1" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">9.18.7 <code>\linethickness</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cthicklines-1" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">9.18.8 <code>\thicklines</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cthinlines-1" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">9.18.9 <code>\thinlines</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cmultiput-1" href="#g_t_005cmultiput">9.18.10 <code>\multiput</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005coval-1" href="#g_t_005coval">9.18.11 <code>\oval</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cput-1" href="#g_t_005cput">9.18.12 <code>\put</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cshortstack-1" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">9.18.13 <code>\shortstack</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cvector-1" href="#g_t_005cvector">9.18.14 <code>\vector</code></a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-quotation-1" href="#quotation">9.19 <code>quotation</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-quote-1" href="#quote">9.20 <code>quote</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-tabbing-1" href="#tabbing">9.21 <code>tabbing</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-table-1" href="#table">9.22 <code>table</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-tabular-1" href="#tabular">9.23 <code>tabular</code></a>
    <ul class="no-bullet">
      <li><a name="toc-_005cmulticolumn-1" href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">9.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005ccline-1" href="#g_t_005ccline">9.23.2 <code>\cline</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005chline-1" href="#g_t_005chline">9.23.3 <code>\hline</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cvline-1" href="#g_t_005cvline">9.23.4 <code>\vline</code></a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-thebibliography-1" href="#thebibliography">9.24 <code>thebibliography</code></a>
    <ul class="no-bullet">
      <li><a name="toc-_005cbibitem-1" href="#g_t_005cbibitem">9.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005ccite-1" href="#g_t_005ccite">9.24.2 <code>\cite</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cnocite-1" href="#g_t_005cnocite">9.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Using-BibTeX-1" href="#Using-BibTeX">9.24.4 Using BibTeX</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-theorem-1" href="#theorem">9.25 <code>theorem</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-titlepage-1" href="#titlepage">9.26 <code>titlepage</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-verbatim-1" href="#verbatim">9.27 <code>verbatim</code></a>
    <ul class="no-bullet">
      <li><a name="toc-_005cverb-1" href="#g_t_005cverb">9.27.1 <code>\verb</code></a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-verse-1" href="#verse">9.28 <code>verse</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Line-breaking-1" href="#Line-breaking">10 Line breaking</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005c_005c_005b_002a_005d_005bmorespace_005d" href="#g_t_005c_005c">10.1 <code>\\</code>[*][<var>morespace</var>]</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">10.2 <code>\obeycr</code> &amp; <code>\restorecr</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cnewline-1" href="#g_t_005cnewline">10.3 <code>\newline</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">10.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cfussy-1" href="#g_t_005cfussy">10.5 <code>\fussy</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005csloppy-1" href="#g_t_005csloppy">10.6 <code>\sloppy</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005chyphenation-1" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">10.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">10.8 <code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Page-breaking-1" href="#Page-breaking">11 Page breaking</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005ccleardoublepage-1" href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">11.1 <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cclearpage-1" href="#g_t_005cclearpage">11.2 <code>\clearpage</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cnewpage-1" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">11.3 <code>\newpage</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cenlargethispage-1" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">11.4 <code>\enlargethispage</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">11.5 <code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes">12 Footnotes</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005cfootnote-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnote">12.1 <code>\footnote</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cfootnotemark-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">12.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cfootnotetext-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">12.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Symbolic-footnotes-1" href="#Symbolic-footnotes">12.4 Symbolic footnotes</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Footnote-parameters-1" href="#Footnote-parameters">12.5 Footnote parameters</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Definitions-1" href="#Definitions">13 Definitions</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">13.1 <code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cnewcounter-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">13.2 <code>\newcounter</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cnewlength-1" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">13.3 <code>\newlength</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cnewsavebox-1" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">13.4 <code>\newsavebox</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">13.5 <code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cnewtheorem-1" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">13.6 <code>\newtheorem</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cnewfont-1" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">13.7 <code>\newfont</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cprotect-1" href="#g_t_005cprotect">13.8 <code>\protect</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  
  </ul>
</td>

<td style="width:50%" valign="top">

  <ul class="no-bullet">
  <li><a name="toc-Counters-1" href="#Counters">14 Counters</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">14.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cusecounter_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">14.2 <code>\usecounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cvalue_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005cvalue">14.3 <code>\value{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005csetcounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">14.4 <code>\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">14.5 <code>\addtocounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005crefstepcounter_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">14.6 <code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cstepcounter_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">14.7 <code>\stepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear_003a-Predefined-counters" href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">14.8 <code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Lengths-1" href="#Lengths">15 Lengths</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005csetlength_007b_005clen_007d_007bvalue_007d" href="#g_t_005csetlength">15.1 <code>\setlength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005caddtolength_007b_005clen_007d_007bamount_007d" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">15.2 \addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005csettodepth-1" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">15.3 <code>\settodepth</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005csettoheight-1" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">15.4 <code>\settoheight</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005csettowidth_007b_005clen_007d_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">15.5 <code>\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Predefined-lengths-1" href="#Predefined-lengths">15.6 Predefined lengths</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#Making-paragraphs">16 Making paragraphs</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005cindent-1" href="#g_t_005cindent">16.1 <code>\indent</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cnoindent-1" href="#g_t_005cnoindent">16.2 <code>\noindent</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cparskip-1" href="#g_t_005cparskip">16.3 <code>\parskip</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Marginal-notes-1" href="#Marginal-notes">16.4 Marginal notes</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Math-formulas-1" href="#Math-formulas">17 Math formulas</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1" href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">17.1 Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Math-symbols-1" href="#Math-symbols">17.2 Math symbols</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Math-functions-1" href="#Math-functions">17.3 Math functions</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Math-accents-1" href="#Math-accents">17.4 Math accents</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Spacing-in-math-mode-1" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">17.5 Spacing in math mode</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Math-miscellany-1" href="#Math-miscellany">17.6 Math miscellany</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Modes-1" href="#Modes">18 Modes</a></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Page-styles-1" href="#Page-styles">19 Page styles</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005cmaketitle-1" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">19.1 <code>\maketitle</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cpagenumbering-1" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">19.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cpagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">19.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cthispagestyle_007bstyle_007d" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">19.4 <code>\thispagestyle{<var>style</var>}</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Spaces-1" href="#Spaces">20 Spaces</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005chspace-1" href="#g_t_005chspace">20.1 <code>\hspace</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005chfill-1" href="#g_t_005chfill">20.2 <code>\hfill</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cSPACE-1" href="#g_t_005cSPACE">20.3 <code>\SPACE</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005c_0040" href="#g_t_005cAT">20.4 <code>\@</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cthinspace-1" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">20.5 <code>\thinspace</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005c_002f-1" href="#g_t_005c_002f">20.6 <code>\/</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005chrulefill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill">20.7 <code>\hrulefill</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005cdotfill">20.8 <code>\dotfill</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">20.9 <code>\addvspace</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">20.10 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">20.11 <code>\vfill</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cvspace_005b_002a_005d_007blength_007d" href="#g_t_005cvspace">20.12 <code>\vspace[*]{<var>length</var>}</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Boxes-1" href="#Boxes">21 Boxes</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005cmbox_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005cmbox">21.1 <code>\mbox{<var>text}</var></code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox-1" href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">21.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-lrbox-1" href="#lrbox">21.3 <code>lrbox</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cmakebox-2" href="#g_t_005cmakebox">21.4 <code>\makebox</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cparbox-1" href="#g_t_005cparbox">21.5 <code>\parbox</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005craisebox-1" href="#g_t_005craisebox">21.6 <code>\raisebox</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005csavebox-1" href="#g_t_005csavebox">21.7 <code>\savebox</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005csbox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005csbox">21.8 <code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cusebox_007b_005cboxcmd" href="#g_t_005cusebox">21.9 <code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var></code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Special-insertions-1" href="#Special-insertions">22 Special insertions</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-Reserved-characters-1" href="#Reserved-characters">22.1 Reserved characters</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Text-symbols-1" href="#Text-symbols">22.2 Text symbols</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Accents-1" href="#Accents">22.3 Accents</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Non_002dEnglish-characters-1" href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">22.4 Non-English characters</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005crule-1" href="#g_t_005crule">22.5 <code>\rule</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005ctoday-1" href="#g_t_005ctoday">22.6 <code>\today</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#Splitting-the-input">23 Splitting the input</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005cinclude-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude">23.1 <code>\include</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">23.2 \<code>includeonly</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cinput-1" href="#g_t_005cinput">23.3 \input</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#Front_002fback-matter">24 Front/back matter</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-Tables-of-contents-1" href="#Tables-of-contents">24.1 Tables of contents</a>
    <ul class="no-bullet">
      <li><a name="toc-_005caddcontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">24.1.1 \addcontentsline</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocontents-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">24.1.2 \addtocontents</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Glossaries-1" href="#Glossaries">24.2 Glossaries</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">24.3 Indexes</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Letters-1" href="#Letters">25 Letters</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005caddress_007breturn_002daddress_007d" href="#g_t_005caddress">25.1 \address{<var>return-address}</var></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005ccc-1" href="#g_t_005ccc">25.2 <code>\cc</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cclosing-1" href="#g_t_005cclosing">25.3 <code>\closing</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cencl-1" href="#g_t_005cencl">25.4 <code>\encl</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005clocation-1" href="#g_t_005clocation">25.5 <code>\location</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cmakelabels-1" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">25.6 <code>\makelabels</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cname-1" href="#g_t_005cname">25.7 <code>\name</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005copening_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005copening">25.8 <code>\opening{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cps-1" href="#g_t_005cps">25.9 <code>\ps</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005csignature_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005csignature">25.10 <code>\signature{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cstartbreaks-1" href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks">25.11 <code>\startbreaks</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cstopbreaks-1" href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks">25.12 <code>\stopbreaks</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005ctelephone-1" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">25.13 <code>\telephone</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">26 Terminal input/output</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005ctypein_005bcmd_005d_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypein">26.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005ctypeout_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">26.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Command-line-1" href="#Command-line">27 Command line</a></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Document-templates-1" href="#Document-templates">Appendix A Document templates</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-book-template-1" href="#book-template">A.1 <code>book</code> template</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-beamer-template-1" href="#beamer-template">A.2 <code>beamer</code> template</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-tugboat-template-1" href="#tugboat-template">A.3 <code>tugboat</code> template</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Concept-Index-1" href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Command-Index-1" href="#Command-Index">Command Index</a></li>
</ul>

</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>


<a name="Top"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="n" rel="next">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="ftp://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/dir.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="LaTeX2e"></a>
<h1 class="top">LaTeX2e</h1>

<p>This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a
document preparation system, version as of May 2013.  It is
intended to cover LaTeX2e, which has been the standard version of
LaTeX for many years.
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="1">About this document</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bug reporting, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Overview" accesskey="2">Overview</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What is LaTeX?
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending" accesskey="3">Starting &amp; ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The standard beginning and end of a document.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="4">Document classes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Some of the various classes available.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Typefaces" accesskey="5">Typefaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">And fonts, such as bold, italics etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Layout" accesskey="6">Layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Controlling the page layout.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="7">Sectioning</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to section properly.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="8">Cross references</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Automatic referencing.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Environments" accesskey="9">Environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Such as enumerate &amp; itemize.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Influencing line breaks.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Influencing page breaks.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to produce footnotes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define your own commands etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Internal counters used by LaTeX.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The length commands.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Paragraph commands.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to create mathematical formulas.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Paragraph, Math or LR modes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Various styles of page layout.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Horizontal and vertical space.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Making boxes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting reserved and special characters.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Dealing with big files by splitting.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The letter class.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">User interaction.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Command-line">Command line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">System-independent command-line behavior.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Starter templates for various document classes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">General index.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Command-Index">Command Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Alphabetical list of LaTeX commands.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="About-this-document"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="n" rel="next">Overview</a>, Previous: <a href="#Top" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Top</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="About-this-document-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">1 About this document</h2>

<a name="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e"></a>
<a name="index-Lamport_002c-Leslie"></a>
<a name="index-LaTeX-Project-team"></a>
<p>The LaTeX document preparation system is implemented as a macro
package for Donald&nbsp;E. Knuth’s TeX typesetting program.
LaTeX was originally created by Leslie Lamport; it is now
maintained by a group of volunteers (<a href="http://latex-project.org/">http://latex-project.org</a>).
The official documentation written by the LaTeX project is
available from their web site.
</p>
<a name="index-bug-reporting"></a>
<a name="index-reporting-bugs"></a>
<a name="index-latexrefman_002ddiscuss_0040gna_002eorg-email-address"></a>
<p>The present document is completely unofficial and has not been
reviewed by the LaTeX maintainers.  Do not send bug reports or
anything else about this document to them.  Instead, please send all
comments to <a href="mailto:latexrefman-discuss@gna.org">latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</a>.
</p>
<p>The home page for this document is
<a href="http://home.gna.org/latexrefman">http://home.gna.org/latexrefman</a>.  That page has links to the
current output in various formats, sources, mailing lists, and other
infrastructure.
</p>
<p>Of course, there are many, many other sources of information about
LaTeX.  Here are a few:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><a href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr">http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</a></dt>
<dd><p>Two pages of recommended references to LaTeX documentation.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc">http://www.ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</a></dt>
<dd><p>Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/usrguide">http://www.ctan.org/pkg/usrguide</a></dt>
<dd><p>The guide for document authors maintained as part of LaTeX; there
are several others.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://tug.org/begin.html">http://tug.org/begin.html</a></dt>
<dd><p>Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX.
</p></dd>
</dl>



<a name="Overview"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending" accesskey="n" rel="next">Starting &amp; ending</a>, Previous: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="p" rel="previous">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Overview-of-LaTeX"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">2 Overview of LaTeX</h2>

<p>What is LaTeX?
</p>
<a name="index-overview-of-LaTeX"></a>
<a name="index-basics-of-LaTeX"></a>
<a name="index-LaTeX-overview"></a>
<p>LaTeX typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the
LaTeX “macro package” for TeX.  That is, it processes an input
file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that
describe how the text should be formatted.  LaTeX files are plain
text that can be written in any reasonable editor.  It produces at
least three files as output:
</p>
<ol>
<li> The main output file, which is one of:

<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>.dvi</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002edvi-file"></a>
<a name="index-latex-command"></a>
<p>If invoked as <code>latex</code>, a “Device Independent” (<samp>.dvi</samp>)
file is produced.  This contains commands that can be translated into
commands for virtually any output device.  You can view such
<samp>.dvi</samp> output of LaTeX by using a program such as
<code>xdvi</code> (display directly), <code>dvips</code> (convert to
PostScript), or <code>dvipdfmx</code> (convert to PDF).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>.pdf</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002epdf-file"></a>
<a name="index-pdfTeX"></a>
<a name="index-pdflatex-command"></a>
<p>If invoked as <code>pdflatex</code>, a “Portable Document Format”
(<samp>.pdf</samp>) file.  Typically, this is a self-contained file, with
all fonts and images embedded.  This can be very useful, but it does
make the output much larger than the <samp>.dvi</samp> produced from the
same document.
</p>
<a name="index-lualatex-command"></a>
<a name="index-LuaTeX"></a>
<p>If invoked as <code>lualatex</code>, a <samp>.pdf</samp> file is created using
the LuaTeX engine (<a href="http://luatex.org/">http://luatex.org</a>).
</p>
<a name="index-xelatex-command"></a>
<a name="index-XeTeX"></a>
<p>If invoked as <code>xelatex</code>, a <samp>.pdf</samp> file is created using
the XeTeX engine (<a href="http://tug.org/xetex">http://tug.org/xetex</a>).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>Many other less-common variants of LaTeX (and TeX) exist, which
can produce HTML, XML, and other things.
</p>
</li><li> <a name="index-transcript-file"></a>
<a name="index-log-file"></a>
<a name="index-_002elog-file"></a>
The “transcript” or <samp>.log</samp> file that contains summary
information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the
input file.

</li><li> <a name="index-auxiliary-file"></a>
<a name="index-_002eaux-file"></a>
An “auxiliary” or <samp>.aux</samp> file. This is used by LaTeX itself,
for things such as cross-references.
</li></ol>

<p>An open-ended list of other files might be created.  We won’t try to
list them all.  Xxx components?
</p>
<a name="index-_005c-character-starting-commands"></a>
<a name="index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"></a>
<a name="index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-for-required-arguments"></a>
<p>In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a <code>\</code>,
followed by either (a)&nbsp;a string of letters or (b)&nbsp;a single
non-letter.  Arguments contained in square brackets, <code>[]</code>, are
optional while arguments contained in braces, <code>{}</code>, are
required.
</p>
<a name="index-case-sensitivity-of-LaTeX"></a>
<p>LaTeX is case sensitive.  Enter all commands in lower case unless
explicitly directed to do otherwise.
</p>


<a name="Starting-_0026-ending"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document classes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Overview</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Starting-_0026-ending-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">3 Starting &amp; ending</h2>

<a name="index-starting-_0026-ending"></a>
<a name="index-ending-_0026-starting"></a>

<p>A minimal input file looks like the following:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass{<var>class</var>}
\begin{document}
<var>your text</var>
\end{document}
</pre></div>

<p>where the <var>class</var> is a valid document class for LaTeX.
See <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>, for details of the various document classes
available locally.
</p>
<a name="index-preamble_002c-defined"></a>
<p>You may include other LaTeX commands between the <code>\documentclass</code>
and the <code>\begin{document}</code> commands (this area is called the
<em>preamble</em>).
</p>


<a name="Document-classes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Typefaces" accesskey="n" rel="next">Typefaces</a>, Previous: <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Starting &amp; ending</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Document-classes-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">4 Document classes</h2>

<a name="index-document-classes"></a>
<a name="index-classes-of-documents"></a>
<a name="index-_005cdocumentclass"></a>

<p>The class of a given document is defined with the command:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass[<var>options</var>]{<var>class</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\documentclass</code> command must be the first command in a
LaTeX source file.
</p>
<a name="index-article-class"></a>
<a name="index-report-class"></a>
<a name="index-book-class"></a>
<a name="index-letter-class"></a>
<a name="index-slides-class"></a>
<p>Built-in LaTeX document <var>class</var> names are (many other document
classes are available as add-ons; see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">article  report  book  letter  slides
</pre></div>


<p>Standard <var>options</var> are described below.
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="1">Document class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Global options.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="Document-class-options"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Document-class-options-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.1 Document class options</h3>

<a name="index-document-class-options"></a>
<a name="index-options_002c-document-class"></a>
<a name="index-class-options"></a>
<a name="index-global-options"></a>

<p>You can specify so-called <em>global options</em> or <em>class options</em>
to the <code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square
brackets as usual.  To specify more than one <var>option</var>, separate
them with a comma:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass[<var>option1</var>,<var>option2</var>,...]{<var>class</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Here is the list of the standard class options.
</p>
<a name="index-10pt-option"></a>
<a name="index-11pt-option"></a>
<a name="index-12pt-option"></a>
<p>All of the standard classes except <code>slides</code> accept the following
options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">10pt  11pt  12pt
</pre></div>

<a name="index-a4paper-option"></a>
<a name="index-a5paper-option"></a>
<a name="index-b5paper-option"></a>
<a name="index-executivepaper-option"></a>
<a name="index-legalpaper-option"></a>
<a name="index-letterpaper-option"></a>
<p>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper
size (default is <code>letterpaper</code>):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper
</pre></div>

<a name="index-draft-option"></a>
<a name="index-final-option"></a>
<a name="index-fleqn-option"></a>
<a name="index-landscape-option"></a>
<a name="index-leqno-option"></a>
<a name="index-openbib-option"></a>
<a name="index-titlepage-option"></a>
<a name="index-notitlepage-option"></a>
<p>Miscellaneous other options:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>draft, final</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-black-boxes_002c-omitting"></a>
<p>mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is <code>final</code>.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>fleqn</code></dt>
<dd><p>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>landscape</code></dt>
<dd><p>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>leqno</code></dt>
<dd><p>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>openbib</code></dt>
<dd><p>Use “open” bibliography format.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>titlepage, notitlepage</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>These options are not available with the slides class:
</p>
<a name="index-onecolumn-option"></a>
<a name="index-twocolumn-option"></a>
<a name="index-oneside-option"></a>
<a name="index-twoside-option"></a>
<a name="index-openright-option"></a>
<a name="index-openany-option"></a>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>onecolumn</code></dt>
<dt><code>twocolumn</code></dt>
<dd><p>Typeset in one or two columns; default is <code>onecolumn</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>oneside</code></dt>
<dt><code>twoside</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cevensidemargin"></a>
<a name="index-_005coddsidemargin"></a>
<p>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code>oneside</code>, except
for the <code>book</code> class.
</p>
<p>The <code>\evensidemargin</code> (<code>\oddsidemargin</code> parameter determines
the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the
page and the text’s left margin.  The defaults vary with the paper
size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected.  For one-sided
printing the text is centered, for two-sided, <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is
40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code>,
with <code>\evensidemargin</code> the remainder.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>openright</code></dt>
<dt><code>openany</code></dt>
<dd><p>Determines if a chapter should start on a
right-hand page; default is <code>openright</code> for book.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>The <code>slides</code> class offers the option <code>clock</code> for printing
the time at the bottom of each note.
</p>

<a name="index-packages_002c-loading"></a>
<a name="index-loading-additional-packages"></a>
<a name="index-_005cusepackage"></a>
<p>Additional packages are loaded like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>options</var>]{<var>pkg</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>To specify more than one <var>pkg</var>, you can separate them with a
comma, or use multiple <code>\usepackage</code> commands.
</p>
<a name="index-global-options-1"></a>
<a name="index-options_002c-global"></a>
<p>Any options given in the <code>\documentclass</code> command that are unknown
by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
<code>\usepackage</code>.
</p>


<a name="Typefaces"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="n" rel="next">Layout</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Document classes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Typefaces-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">5 Typefaces</h2>

<a name="index-typefaces"></a>
<a name="index-fonts"></a>

<p>Two important aspects of selecting a <em>font</em> are specifying a size
and a style.  The LaTeX commands for doing this are described here.
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="1">Font styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Select roman, italics etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="2">Font sizes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Select point size.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="3">Low-level font commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Select encoding, family, series, shape.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="Font-styles"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font sizes</a>, Up: <a href="#Typefaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Typefaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Font-styles-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.1 Font styles</h3>

<a name="index-font-styles"></a>
<a name="index-typeface-styles"></a>
<a name="index-styles-of-text"></a>

<p>The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.
</p>
<p>This first group of commands is typically used like
<code>\textit{italic text}</code>.  The corresponding command in
parenthesis is the “declaration form”, which takes no arguments. The
scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command
or the end of the current group.
</p>
<p>The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either
<code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or <code>\bfseries\sffamily</code> to get bold
sans serif.
</p>
<p>You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; for
instance, <code>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</code>.
</p>
<p>These commands automatically supply an italic correction if the 
</p><dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\textrm (\rmfamily)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextrm"></a>
<a name="index-_005crmfamily"></a>
<p>Roman.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textit (\itshape)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextit"></a>
<a name="index-_005citshape"></a>
<p>Italics.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\emph</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cemph"></a>
<a name="index-emphasis"></a>
<p>Emphasis (switches between <code>\textit</code> and <code>\textrm</code>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textmd (\mdseries)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextmd"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmdseries"></a>
<p>Medium weight (default).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbf (\bfseries)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextbf"></a>
<a name="index-_005cbfseries"></a>
<p>Boldface.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textup (\upshape)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextup"></a>
<a name="index-_005cupshape"></a>
<p>Upright (default). The opposite of slanted.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textsl (\slshape)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextsl"></a>
<a name="index-_005cslshape"></a>
<p>Slanted.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textsf (\sffamily)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextsf"></a>
<a name="index-_005csffamily"></a>
<p>Sans serif.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textsc (\scshape)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextsc"></a>
<a name="index-_005cscshape"></a>
<p>Small caps.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\texttt (\ttfamily)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctexttt"></a>
<a name="index-_005cttfamily"></a>
<p>Typewriter.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textnormal (\normalfont)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextnormal"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnormalfont"></a>
<p>Main document font.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathrm</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cmathrm"></a>
<p>Roman, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathbf</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cmathbf"></a>
<p>Boldface, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathsf</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cmathsf"></a>
<p>Sans serif, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathtt</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cmathtt"></a>
<p>Typewriter, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathit</code></dt>
<dt><code>(\mit)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Italics, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathnormal</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cmathnormal"></a>
<p>For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathcal</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cmathcal"></a>
<p>‘Calligraphic’ letters, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<a name="index-_005cmathversion"></a>
<p>In addition, the command <code>\mathversion{bold}</code> can be used for
switching to bold letters and symbols in
formulas. <code>\mathversion{normal}</code> restores the default.
</p>
<a name="index-_005coldstylenums"></a>
<a name="index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle"></a>
<a name="index-old_002dstyle-numerals"></a>
<a name="index-lining-numerals"></a>
<a name="index-textcomp-package"></a>
<p>Finally, the command <code>\oldstylenums{<var>numerals</var>}</code> will
typeset so-called “old-style” numerals, which have differing heights
and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard “lining”
numerals.  LaTeX’s default fonts support this, and will respect
<code>\textbf</code> (but not other styles; there are no italic old-style
numerals in Computer Modern).  Many other fonts have old-style
numerals also; sometimes the <code>textcomp</code> package must be loaded,
and sometimes package options are provided to make them the default.
FAQ entry: <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf</a>.
</p>
<p>LaTeX also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to
the given style, that is, are <em>not</em> cumulative.  They are used
differently than the above commands, too: <code>{\<var>cmd</var> ...}</code>
instead of <code>\<var>cmd</var>{...}</code>.  These are two very different
things.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\bf</code>
<a name="index-_005cbf"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-bold-font"></a>
<p>Switch to <b>bold face</b>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cal</code>
<a name="index-_005ccal"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-script-letters-for-math"></a>
<a name="index-calligraphic-letters-for-math"></a>
<p>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\em</code>
<a name="index-_005cem"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-emphasis-1"></a>
<p>Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\it</code>
<a name="index-_005cit"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-italic-font"></a>
<p>Italics.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rm</code>
<a name="index-_005crm"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-roman-font"></a>
<p>Roman.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sc</code>
<a name="index-_005csc"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-small-caps-font"></a>
<p>Small caps.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sf</code>
<a name="index-_005csf"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-sans-serif-font"></a>
<p>Sans serif.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sl</code>
<a name="index-_005csl"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-slanted-font"></a>
<a name="index-oblique-font"></a>
<p>Slanted (oblique).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tt</code>
<a name="index-_005ctt"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-typewriter-font"></a>
<a name="index-monospace-font"></a>
<a name="index-fixed_002dwidth-font"></a>
<p>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>



<a name="Font-sizes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Low-level font commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Font styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Typefaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Typefaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Font-sizes-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.2 Font sizes</h3>
<a name="index-font-sizes"></a>
<a name="index-typeface-sizes"></a>
<a name="index-sizes-of-text"></a>

<p>The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX.
The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font
size used (in points) with the ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’, ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’, and
‘<samp>12pt</samp>’ document size options, respectively (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
<a name="index-_005ctiny"></a>
<a name="index-_005cscriptsize"></a>
<a name="index-_005cfootnotesize"></a>
<a name="index-_005csmall"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnormalsize"></a>
<a name="index-_005clarge"></a>
<a name="index-_005cLarge"></a>
<a name="index-_005cLARGE"></a>
<a name="index-_005chuge"></a>
<a name="index-_005cHuge"></a>

<table>
<thead><tr><th>Command</th><th><code>10pt</code></th><th><code>11pt</code></th><th><code>12pt</code></th></tr></thead>
<tbody><tr><td><code>\tiny</code></td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>6</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>\scriptsize</code></td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>8</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>\footnotesize</code></td><td>8</td><td>9</td><td>10</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>\small</code></td><td>9</td><td>10</td><td>10.95</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>\normalsize</code> (default)</td><td>10</td><td>10.95</td><td>12</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>\large</code></td><td>12</td><td>12</td><td>14.4</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>\Large</code></td><td>14.4</td><td>14.4</td><td>17.28</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>\LARGE</code></td><td>17.28</td><td>17.28</td><td>20.74</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>\huge</code></td><td>20.74</td><td>20.74</td><td>24.88</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>\Huge</code></td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td></tr>
</tbody></table>

<p>The commands as listed here are “declaration forms”. The scope of
the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the
end of the current group.  You can also use the environment form of
these commands; for instance, <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>.
</p>


<a name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Font sizes</a>, Up: <a href="#Typefaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Typefaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.3 Low-level font commands</h3>
<a name="index-low_002dlevel-font-commands"></a>
<a name="index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel"></a>

<p>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
packages.  The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
ones.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\fontencoding{enc}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfontencoding"></a>
<p>Select font encoding. Valid encodings include <code>OT1</code> and <code>T1</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\fontfamily{family}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfontfamily"></a>
<p>Select font family. Valid families include:
</p>
<ul>
<li> <code>cmr</code>  for Computer Modern Roman
</li><li> <code>cmss</code> for Computer Modern Sans Serif
</li><li> <code>cmtt</code> for Computer Modern Typewriter
</li></ul>

<p>and numerous others.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\fontseries{series}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfontseries"></a>
<p>Select font series. Valid series include:
</p>
<ul>
<li> <code>m</code>  Medium (normal)
</li><li> <code>b</code>  Bold
</li><li> <code>c</code>  Condensed
</li><li> <code>bc</code> Bold condensed
</li><li> <code>bx</code> Bold extended
</li></ul>

<p>and various other combinations.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\fontshape{shape}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfontshape"></a>
<p>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
</p>
<ul>
<li> <code>n</code>  Upright (normal)
</li><li> <code>it</code> Italic
</li><li> <code>sl</code> Slanted (oblique)
</li><li> <code>sc</code> Small caps
</li><li> <code>ui</code> Upright italics
</li><li> <code>ol</code> Outline
</li></ul>

<p>The two last shapes are not available for most font families.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\fontsize{size}{skip}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfontsize"></a>
<a name="index-_005cbaselineskip"></a>
<p>Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and
the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a parameter
named <code>\baselineskip</code>.  The unit of both parameters defaults to
pt.  The default <code>\baselineskip</code> for the Computer Modern typeface
is 1.2 times the <code>\fontsize</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cbaselinestretch"></a>
<a name="index-setspace-package"></a>
<a name="index-double-spacing"></a>
<p>The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the
<code>\baselinestretch</code> parameter when the type size changes; the
default is 1.  However, the best way to “double space” a document,
if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use the
<code>setspace</code> package; see
<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace</a>.
</p>
<a name="index-_005clinespread"></a>
</dd>
<dt><code>\linespread{<var>factor</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><p>Equivalent to
<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var>factor</var>}</code>, and
therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any effect.
Best specified in the preamble, or use the <code>setspace</code> package, as
described just above.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cselectfont"></a>
<p>The changes made by calling the font commands described above do
not come into effect until <code>\selectfont</code> is called.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cusefont"></a>
<p>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>,
<code>\fontseries</code> and <code>\fontshape</code> with the given parameters,
followed by <code>\selectfont</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>



<a name="Layout"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sectioning</a>, Previous: <a href="#Typefaces" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Typefaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Layout-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">6 Layout</h2>
<a name="index-layout-commands"></a>

<p>Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="1">\onecolumn</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use one-column layout.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="2">\twocolumn</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use two-column layout.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="3">\flushbottom</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make all text pages the same height.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="4">\raggedbottom</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Allow text pages of differing height.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="5">Page layout parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">\headheight \footskip.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005conecolumn"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="n" rel="next">\twocolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005conecolumn-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">6.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005conecolumn"></a>
<a name="index-one_002dcolumn-output"></a>

<p>The <code>\onecolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces
single-column output.  This is the default.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005ctwocolumn"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\flushbottom</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\onecolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctwocolumn-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">6.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005ctwocolumn"></a>
<a name="index-multicolumn-text"></a>
<a name="index-two_002dcolumn-output"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\twocolumn[<var>text1col</var>]
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\twocolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces
two-column output. If the optional <var>text1col</var> argument is present,
it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting
starts.
</p>
<p>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\columnsep</code>
<a name="index-_005ccolumnsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>The distance between columns (35pt by default).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\columnseprule</code>
<a name="index-_005ccolumnseprule"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\columnwidth</code>
<a name="index-_005ccolumnwidth"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>The width of the current column; this is equal to <code>\textwidth</code> in
single-column text.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>These parameters control float behavior in two-column output:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\dbltopfraction</code>
<a name="index-_005cdbltopfraction"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied
by floats.  Default ‘<samp>.7</samp>’, can be usefully redefined to (say)
‘<samp>.9</samp>’ to avoid going to float pages so soon.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code>
<a name="index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats,
for a two-column float page.  Default ‘<samp>.5</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dblfloatsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cdblfloatsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float
page.  Default ‘<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ and
‘<samp>11pt</samp>’ documents, ‘<samp>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>12pt</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cdbltextfloatsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page
and the main text.  Default ‘<samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>



<a name="g_t_005cflushbottom"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raggedbottom</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\twocolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cflushbottom-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">6.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cflushbottom"></a>

<p>The <code>\flushbottom</code> declaration makes all text pages the same
height, adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the
page.
</p>
<p>This is the default if <code>twocolumn</code> mode is selected
(see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>


<a name="g_t_005craggedbottom"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page layout parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\flushbottom</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005craggedbottom-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">6.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005craggedbottom"></a>
<a name="index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical"></a>

<p>The <code>\raggedbottom</code> declaration makes all pages the natural
height of the material on that page.  No rubber lengths will be
stretched.
</p>


<a name="Page-layout-parameters"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\raggedbottom</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Page-layout-parameters-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">6.5 Page layout parameters</h3>

<a name="index-page-layout-parameters"></a>
<a name="index-parameters_002c-page-layout"></a>
<a name="index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for"></a>
<a name="index-header_002c-parameters-for"></a>
<a name="index-footer_002c-parameters-for"></a>
<a name="index-running-header-and-footer"></a>

<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\headheight</code>
<a name="index-_005cheadheight"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Height of the box that contains the running head.  Default is
‘<samp>30pt</samp>’, except in the <code>book</code> class, where it varies with the
type size.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\headsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cheadsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
the main text.  Default is ‘<samp>25pt</samp>’, except in the <code>book</code>
class, where it varies with the type size.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\footskip</code>
<a name="index-_005cfootskip"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
the page footer.  Default is ‘<samp>30pt</samp>’, except in the <code>book</code>
class, where it varies with the type size.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\linewidth</code>
<a name="index-_005clinewidth"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code>list</code>
(see <a href="#list">list</a>).  Specifically, it is smaller than <code>\textwidth</code> by
the sum of <code>\leftmargin</code> and <code>\rightmargin</code>
(see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>).  The default varies with the font size, paper
width, two-column mode, etc.  For an <code>article</code> document in
‘<samp>10pt</samp>’, it’s set to ‘<samp>345pt</samp>’; in two-column mode, that
becomes ‘<samp>229.5pt</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textheight</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextheight"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with
the font size, document class, etc.  For an <code>article</code> or
<code>report</code> document in ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’, it’s set to
‘<samp>43\baselineskip</samp>’; for <code>book</code>, it’s ‘<samp>41\baselineskip</samp>’.
For ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’, it’s ‘<samp>38\baselineskip</samp>’ and for ‘<samp>12pt</samp>’,
‘<samp>36\baselineskip</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textwidth</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextwidth"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>The full horizontal width of the entire page body; the default varies
as usual.  For an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, it’s
‘<samp>345pt</samp>’ at ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’, ‘<samp>360pt</samp>’ at ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’, and
‘<samp>390pt</samp>’ at ‘<samp>12pt</samp>’.  For a <code>book</code> document, it’s
‘<samp>4.5in</samp>’ at ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’, and ‘<samp>5in</samp>’ at ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’ or
‘<samp>12pt</samp>’.
</p>
<p>In multi-column output, <code>\textwidth</code> remains the width of the
entire page body, while <code>\columnwidth</code> is the width of one column
(see <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>).
</p>
<p>In lists (see <a href="#list">list</a>), <code>\textwidth</code> remains the width of the
entire page body (and <code>\columnwidth</code> the width of the entire
column), while <code>\linewidth</code> may decrease for nested lists.
</p>
<p>Inside a minipage (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>) or <code>\parbox</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>), all the width-related parameters are set to the
specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the
<code>minipage</code> or <code>\parbox</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-_005chsize"></a>
<p>For completeness: <code>\hsize</code> is the TeX primitive parameter used
when text is broken into lines.  It should not be used in normal
LaTeX documents.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\topmargin</code>
<a name="index-_005ctopmargin"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the
paper, by default) and the top of the header.  The default is computed
based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight - 2in -
\headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip</code>, and
then divided by two.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\topskip</code>
<a name="index-_005ctopskip"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
the first line of text.  For the standard clases, the default is the
same as the font size, e.g., ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ at ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>



<a name="Sectioning"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Cross references</a>, Previous: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Layout</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Sectioning-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">7 Sectioning</h2>
<a name="index-sectioning"></a>

<p>Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\part</code>
<a name="index-_005cpart"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\chapter</code>
<a name="index-_005cchapter"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>(report and book class only)
</p></dd>
<dt><code>\section</code>
<a name="index-_005csection"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\subsection</code>
<a name="index-_005csubsection"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\subsubsection</code>
<a name="index-_005csubsubsection"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\paragraph</code>
<a name="index-_005cparagraph"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\subparagraph</code>
<a name="index-_005csubparagraph"></a>
</dt>
</dl>

<p>All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\chapter[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>In addition to providing the heading <var>title</var> in the main text, the
section title can appear in two other places:
</p>
<ol>
<li> The table of contents.
</li><li> The running head at the top of the page.
</li></ol>

<p>You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text.
To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument
<var>toctitle</var> that, when given, specifies the text for these other
places.
</p>
<a name="index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"></a>
<p>Also, all sectioning commands have <code>*</code>-forms that print
<var>title</var> as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an
entry in the table of contents.  For instance:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\section*{Preamble}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005cappendix"></a>
<a name="index-appendix_002c-creating"></a>
<p>The <code>\appendix</code> command changes the way following sectional units
are numbered.  The <code>\appendix</code> command itself generates no text
and does not affect the numbering of parts.  The normal use of this
command is something like
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\chapter{A Chapter}
…
\appendix
\chapter{The First Appendix}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-secnumdepth-counter"></a>
<a name="index-section-numbers_002c-printing"></a>
<p>The <code>secnumdepth</code> counter controls printing of section numbers.
The setting
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<var>level</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>suppresses heading numbers at any depth <em>&gt; <var>level</var></em>, where
<code>chapter</code> is level zero.  (See <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>.)
</p>


<a name="Cross-references"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Sectioning</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Cross-references-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">8 Cross references</h2>
<a name="index-cross-references"></a>

<p>One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
the reader to them, as in “See Figure 3 for more details.”
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="1">\label</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="2">\pageref</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Refer to a page number.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="3">\ref</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Refer to a section, figure or similar.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005clabel"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pageref</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005clabel-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.1 <code>\label</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005clabel"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\label{<var>key</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>A <code>\label</code> command appearing in ordinary text assigns to
<var>key</var> the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing
inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <var>key</var>.
</p>
<p>A <var>key</var> name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or
punctuation characters.  Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished.
</p>
<p>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is
common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by
a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>ch</code></dt>
<dd><p>for chapters
</p></dd>
<dt><code>sec</code></dt>
<dd><p>for lower-level sectioning commands
</p></dd>
<dt><code>fig</code></dt>
<dd><p>for figures
</p></dd>
<dt><code>tab</code></dt>
<dd><p>for tables
</p></dd>
<dt><code>eq</code></dt>
<dd><p>for equations
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>Thus, a label for a figure would look like <code>fig:snark</code> or
<code>fig.snark</code>.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cpageref"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ref</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\label</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cpageref_007bkey_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.2 <code>\pageref{<var>key</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cpageref"></a>
<a name="index-cross-referencing-with-page-number"></a>
<a name="index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\pageref{<var>key</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\pageref</code>{<var>key</var>} command produces the page number of
the place in the text where the corresponding
<code>\label</code>{<var>key</var>} command appears.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cref"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\pageref</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cref_007bkey_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.3 <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cref"></a>
<a name="index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic"></a>
<a name="index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>
<a name="index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>
<a name="index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>
<a name="index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\ref{<var>key</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\ref</code> command produces the number of the sectional unit,
equation, footnote, figure, …, of the corresponding
<code>\label</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a>).  It does not produce any text,
such as the word ‘Section’ or ‘Figure’, just the bare number itself.
</p>


<a name="Environments"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Line breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Cross references</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Environments-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">9 Environments</h2>
<a name="index-environments"></a>

<a name="index-_005cbegin"></a>
<a name="index-_005cend"></a>

<p>LaTeX provides many environments for marking off certain text.
Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{<var>envname</var>}
...
\end{<var>envname</var>}
</pre></div>

<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#abstract" accesskey="1">abstract</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Produce an abstract.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#array" accesskey="2">array</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Math arrays.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#center" accesskey="3">center</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Centered lines.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#description" accesskey="4">description</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Labelled lists.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="5">displaymath</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Formulas that appear on their own line.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#document" accesskey="6">document</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Enclose the whole document.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="7">enumerate</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Numbered lists.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="8">eqnarray</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sequences of aligned equations.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#equation" accesskey="9">equation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Displayed equation.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#figure">figure</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Floating figures.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Flushed left lines.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#flushright">flushright</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Flushed right lines.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bulleted lists.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#letter">letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Letters.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#list">list</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Generic list environment.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#math">math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">In-line math.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Miniature page.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#picture">picture</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#quotation">quotation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Indented environment with paragraph indentation.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#quote">quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Indented environment with no paragraph indentation.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Align text arbitrarily.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#table">table</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Floating tables.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Align text in columns.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bibliography or reference list.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#theorem">theorem</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Theorems, lemmas, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">For hand crafted title pages.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Simulating typed input.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#verse">verse</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">For poetry and other things.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="abstract"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#array" accesskey="n" rel="next">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="abstract-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.1 <code>abstract</code></h3>

<a name="index-abstract-environment"></a>
<a name="index-abstracts"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{abstract}
...
\end{abstract}
</pre></div>

<p>Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs.
</p>


<a name="array"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next">center</a>, Previous: <a href="#abstract" accesskey="p" rel="previous">abstract</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="array-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.2 <code>array</code></h3>
<a name="index-array-environment"></a>
<a name="index-arrays_002c-math"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{array}{<var>template</var>}
<var>col1 text</var>&amp;<var>col1 text</var>&amp;<var>coln</var>}\\
...
\end{array}
</pre></div>

<p>Math arrays are produced with the <code>array</code> environment, normally
within an <code>equation</code> environment (see <a href="#equation">equation</a>).  It has a
single mandatory <var>template</var> argument describing the number of
columns and the alignment within them.  Each column <var>col</var> is
specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should
be formatted, as follows:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>c</code></dt>
<dd><p>centered
</p></dd>
<dt><code>l</code></dt>
<dd><p>flush left
</p></dd>
<dt><code>r</code></dt>
<dd><p>flush right
</p></dd>
</dl>

<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-array_0029"></a>
<p>Column entries are separated by <code>&amp;</code>.  Column entries may include
other LaTeX commands.  Each row of the array is terminated with
<code>\\</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-_0040_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d"></a>
<p>In the template, the construct <code>@{<var>text</var>}</code> puts <var>text</var>
between columns in each row.
</p>
<p>Here’s an example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
  \begin{array}{lrc}
  left1 &amp; right1 &amp; centered1 \\
  left2 &amp; right2 &amp; centered2 \\
  \end{array}
\end{equation}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005carraycolsep"></a>
<p>The <code>\arraycolsep</code> parameter defines half the width of the space
separating columns; the default is ‘<samp>5pt</samp>’.  See <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>, for other
parameters which affect formatting in <code>array</code> environments,
namely <code>\arrayrulewidth</code> and <code>\arraystretch</code>.
</p>
<p>The <code>array</code> environment can only be used in math mode.
</p>


<a name="center"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next">description</a>, Previous: <a href="#array" accesskey="p" rel="previous">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="center-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.3 <code>center</code></h3>

<a name="index-center-environment"></a>
<a name="index-centering-text_002c-environment-for"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{center}
<var>line1</var> \\
<var>line2</var> \\
\end{center}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"></a>
<p>The <code>center</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are centered within the left and right
margins on the current page.  Each line is terminated with the
string <code>\\</code>.
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccentering" accesskey="1">\centering</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>center</code> environment.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005ccentering"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#center" accesskey="u" rel="up">center</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ccentering-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.3.1 <code>\centering</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005ccentering"></a>
<a name="index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for"></a>

<p>The <code>\centering</code> declaration corresponds to the <code>center</code>
environment.  This declaration can be used inside an environment such
as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>.  Thus, the text of a figure or
table can be centered on the page by putting a <code>\centering</code>
command at the beginning of the figure or table environment.
</p>
<p>Unlike the <code>center</code> environment, the <code>\centering</code> command
does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats
paragraph units.  To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the scope of
the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code> command (of
an environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
</p>
<p>Here’s an example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{quote}
\centering
first line \\
second line \\
\end{quote}
</pre></div>



<a name="description"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next">displaymath</a>, Previous: <a href="#center" accesskey="p" rel="previous">center</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="description-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.4 <code>description</code></h3>

<a name="index-description-environment"></a>
<a name="index-labelled-lists_002c-creating"></a>
<a name="index-description-lists_002c-creating"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{description}
\item [<var>label1</var>] <var>item1</var>
\item [<var>label2</var>] <var>item2</var>
...
\end{description}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005citem"></a>
<p>The <code>description</code> environment is used to make labelled lists.  Each
<var>label</var> is typeset in bold, flush right.  The <var>item</var> text may
contain multiple paragraphs.
</p>
<a name="index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding"></a>
<a name="index-typewriter-labels-in-lists"></a>
<p>Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if
you typeset a label in typewriter using <code>\texttt</code>, you’ll get
bold typewriter: <code>\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]</code>.  This
may be too bold, among other issues.  To get just typewriter, use
<code>\tt</code>, which resets all other style variations: <code>\item[{\tt
plain typewriter}]</code>.
</p>
<p>For details about list spacing, see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>.
</p>


<a name="displaymath"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#document" accesskey="n" rel="next">document</a>, Previous: <a href="#description" accesskey="p" rel="previous">description</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="displaymath-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.5 <code>displaymath</code></h3>

<a name="index-displaymath-environment"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
<var>math</var>
\end{displaymath}
</pre></div>

<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\[<var>math</var>\]
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>displaymath</code> environment (<code>\[...\]</code> is a synonym)
typesets the <var>math</var> text on its own line, centered by default.
The global <code>fleqn</code> option makes equations flush left; see
<a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>.
</p>
<p>No equation number is added to <code>displaymath</code> text; to get an
equation number, use the <code>equation</code> environment (see <a href="#equation">equation</a>).
</p>


<a name="document"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="n" rel="next">enumerate</a>, Previous: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="p" rel="previous">displaymath</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="document-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.6 <code>document</code></h3>

<a name="index-document-environment"></a>

<p>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the body of a document.
It is required in every LaTeX document.  See <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting &amp; ending</a>.
</p>


<a name="enumerate"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="n" rel="next">eqnarray</a>, Previous: <a href="#document" accesskey="p" rel="previous">document</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="enumerate-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.7 <code>enumerate</code></h3>

<a name="index-enumerate-environment"></a>
<a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{enumerate}
\item <var>item1</var>
\item <var>item2</var>
...
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment produces a numbered list.  Enumerations
can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.  They can also
be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as
<code>itemize</code> (see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>) and <code>description</code>
(see <a href="#description">description</a>).
</p>
<a name="index-_005citem-1"></a>
<p>Each item of an enumerated list begins with an <code>\item</code> command.
There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment.
</p>
<p>By default, the numbering at each level is done like this:
</p>
<ol>
<li> 1., 2., …
</li><li> (a), (b), …
</li><li> i., ii., …
</li><li> A., B., …
</li></ol>

<a name="index-_005cenumi"></a>
<a name="index-_005cenumii"></a>
<a name="index-_005cenumiii"></a>
<a name="index-_005cenumiv"></a>
<p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code>
through <code>\enumiv</code> counters (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>).  If the optional
argument to <code>\item</code> is given, the counter is not incremented for
that item.
</p>
<a name="index-_005clabelenumi"></a>
<a name="index-_005clabelenumii"></a>
<a name="index-_005clabelenumiii"></a>
<a name="index-_005clabelenumiv"></a>
<p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelenumi</code>
through <code>\labelenumiv</code> to produce the default label.  So, you can
use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>).  For instance, to have the first level use uppercase
letters:
</p>
<a name="index-_005cAlph-example"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}}
</pre></div>




<a name="eqnarray"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#equation" accesskey="n" rel="next">equation</a>, Previous: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="p" rel="previous">enumerate</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="eqnarray-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.8 <code>eqnarray</code></h3>

<a name="index-eqnarray-environment"></a>
<a name="index-equations_002c-aligning"></a>
<a name="index-aligning-equations"></a>

<a name="index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath"></a>
<a name="index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray"></a>
<a name="index-Madsen_002c-Lars"></a>
<p>First, a caveat: the <code>eqnarray</code> environment has some infelicities
which cannot be overcome; the article “Avoid eqnarray!” by Lars
Madsen describes them in detail
(<a href="http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf">http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf</a>).  The bottom
line is that it is better to use the <code>align</code> environment (and
others) from the <code>amsmath</code> package.
</p>
<p>Nevertheless, here is a description of <code>eqnarray</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{eqnarray}  <span class="roman">(or <code>eqnarray*</code>)</span>
<var>formula1</var> \\
<var>formula2</var> \\
...
\end{eqnarray}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></a>
<p>The <code>eqnarray</code> environment is used to display a sequence of
equations or inequalities.  It is very much like a three-column
<code>array</code> environment, with consecutive rows separated by <code>\\</code>
and consecutive items within a row separated by an <code>&amp;</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></a>
<p><code>\\*</code> can also be used to separate equations, with its normal
meaning of not allowing a page break at that line.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cnonumber"></a>
<a name="index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting"></a>
<p>An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a
<code>\nonumber</code> command.  Alternatively, The <code>*</code>-form of the
environment (<code>\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}</code>) will
omit equation numbering entirely, while otherwise being the same as
<code>eqnarray</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-_005clefteqn"></a>
<p>The command <code>\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across
lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
zero width.
</p>


<a name="equation"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#figure" accesskey="n" rel="next">figure</a>, Previous: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="p" rel="previous">eqnarray</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="equation-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.9 <code>equation</code></h3>

<a name="index-equation-environment"></a>
<a name="index-equations_002c-environment-for"></a>
<a name="index-formulas_002c-environment-for"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
<var>math</var>
\end{equation}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>equation</code> environment starts a <code>displaymath</code>
environment (see <a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a>), e.g., centering the <var>math</var> text
on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin.
</p>


<a name="figure"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushleft</a>, Previous: <a href="#equation" accesskey="p" rel="previous">equation</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="figure-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.10 <code>figure</code></h3>
<a name="index-figure"></a>
<a name="index-inserting-figures"></a>
<a name="index-figures_002c-inserting"></a>

<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{figure[*]}[<var>placement</var>]
<var>figbody</var>
\label{<var>label}</var>
\caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>text</var>}
\end{figure}
</pre></div>

<p>Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
instead “floated” to a convenient place, such as the top of a page.
Figures will not be split between two pages.
</p>
<p>When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a
full-width figure (across both columns).
</p>
<a name="index-placement-of-floats"></a>
<a name="index-specifier_002c-float-placement"></a>
<p>The optional argument <code>[placement]</code> determines where LaTeX will try
to place your figure.  There are four places where LaTeX can possibly
put a float:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>t</code></dt>
<dd><p>(Top)—at the top of a text page.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>b</code></dt>
<dd><p>(Bottom)—at the bottom of a text page.  However, <code>b</code> is not
allowed for full-width floats (<code>figure*</code>) with double-column
output.  To ameliorate this, use the <code>stfloats</code> or
<code>dblfloatfix</code> package, but see the discussion at caveats in the
FAQ: <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>h</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-float-package"></a>
<p>(Here)—at the position in the text where the figure environment
appears.  However, this is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is
automatically added.
</p>
<a name="index-here_002c-putting-floats"></a>
<a name="index-float-package-1"></a>
<p>To absolutely force a figure to appear “here”, you can
<code>\usepackage{float}</code> and use the <code>H</code> specifier which it
defines.  For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>p</code></dt>
<dd><p>(Page of floats)—on a separate float page, which is a page
containing no text, only floats.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>!</code></dt>
<dd><p>Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, LaTeX
ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can appear
and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the page.
The <code>!</code> specifier does <em>not</em> mean “put the float here”;
see above.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>The standard report and article classes use the default placement
<code>tbp</code>.
</p>
<p>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands,
etc. you wish.
</p>
<a name="index-_005ccaption"></a>
<p>The <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption <var>text</var> for the
figure.  The caption is numbered by default.  If <var>loftitle</var> is
present, it is used in the list of figures instead of <var>text</var>
(see <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a>).
</p>
<p>Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and
non-float text:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd><a name="index-_005cbottomfraction"></a>
<p>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at
the bottom; default ‘<samp>.3</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\floatpagefraction</code>
<a name="index-_005cfloatpagefraction"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
default ‘<samp>.5</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textfraction</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextfraction"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
different page.  The default is ‘<samp>.2</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\topfraction</code>
<a name="index-_005ctopfraction"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
floats; default ‘<samp>.7</samp>’.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>Parameters relating to vertical space around floats:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\floatsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cfloatsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
‘<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\intextsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cintextsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
‘<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ and ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’ styles,
‘<samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>12pt</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textfloatsep</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextfloatsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
default ‘<samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>’.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>Parameters relating to the number of floats on a page:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\bottomnumber</code>
<a name="index-_005cbottomnumber"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page;
default 1.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\topnumber</code>
<a name="index-_005ctopnumber"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
default 2.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\totalnumber</code>
<a name="index-_005ctotalnumber"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>The principal TeX FAQ entry relating to floats:
<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats</a>.
</p>


<a name="flushleft"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushright</a>, Previous: <a href="#figure" accesskey="p" rel="previous">figure</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="flushleft-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.11 <code>flushleft</code></h3>
<a name="index-flushleft-environment"></a>
<a name="index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
<a name="index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for"></a>

<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{flushleft}
<var>line1</var> \\
<var>line2</var> \\
...
\end{flushleft}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-flushleft"></a>
<p>The <code>flushleft</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged
right Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>.
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craggedright" accesskey="1">\raggedright</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>flushleft</code> environment.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005craggedright"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushleft</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005craggedright-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.11.1 <code>\raggedright</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005craggedright"></a>
<a name="index-ragged-right-text"></a>
<a name="index-left_002djustifying-text"></a>
<a name="index-justification_002c-ragged-right"></a>

<p>The <code>\raggedright</code> declaration corresponds to the
<code>flushleft</code> environment.  This declaration can be used inside an
environment such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>.
</p>
<p>Unlike the <code>flushleft</code> environment, the <code>\raggedright</code>
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX
formats paragraph units.  To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code>
command that ends the paragraph unit.
</p>


<a name="flushright"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="n" rel="next">itemize</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="p" rel="previous">flushleft</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="flushright-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.12 <code>flushright</code></h3>
<a name="index-flushright-environment"></a>
<a name="index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
<a name="index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a>

<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{flushright}
<var>line1</var> \\
<var>line2</var> \\
...
\end{flushright}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"></a>
<p>The <code>flushright</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged
left.  Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>.
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft" accesskey="1">\raggedleft</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>flushright</code> environment.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005craggedleft"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushright</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005craggedleft-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.12.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005craggedleft"></a>
<a name="index-ragged-left-text"></a>
<a name="index-justification_002c-ragged-left"></a>
<a name="index-right_002djustifying-text"></a>

<p>The <code>\raggedleft</code> declaration corresponds to the
<code>flushright</code> environment.  This declaration can be used inside an
environment such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>.
</p>
<p>Unlike the <code>flushright</code> environment, the <code>\raggedleft</code>
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX
formats paragraph units.  To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code>
command that ends the paragraph unit.
</p>


<a name="itemize"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next">letter</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="p" rel="previous">flushright</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="itemize-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.13 <code>itemize</code></h3>
<a name="index-itemize-environment"></a>
<a name="index-_005citem-2"></a>
<a name="index-lists-of-items"></a>
<a name="index-unordered-lists"></a>
<a name="index-bulleted-lists"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{itemize}
\item <var>item1</var>
\item <var>item2</var>
...
\end{itemize}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>itemize</code> environment produces an “unordered”, “bulleted”
list.  Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four
levels deep.  They can also be nested within other paragraph-making
environments, such as <code>enumerate</code> (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>).
</p>
<p>Each item of an <code>itemize</code> list begins with an <code>\item</code> command.
There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment.
</p>
<p>By default, the marks at each level look like this:
</p>
<ol>
<li> • (bullet)
</li><li> <b>-<span class="nolinebreak">-</span><!-- /@w --></b> (bold en-dash)
</li><li> * (asterisk)
</li><li> . (centered dot, rendered here as a period)
</li></ol>

<a name="index-_005clabelitemi"></a>
<a name="index-_005clabelitemii"></a>
<a name="index-_005clabelitemiii"></a>
<a name="index-_005clabelitemiv"></a>
<p>The <code>itemize</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code>
through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to produce the default label.  So, you can
use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels.  For instance, to have
the first level use diamonds:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005cleftmargin"></a>
<a name="index-_005cleftmargini"></a>
<a name="index-_005cleftmarginii"></a>
<a name="index-_005cleftmarginiii"></a>
<a name="index-_005cleftmarginiv"></a>
<a name="index-_005cleftmarginv"></a>
<a name="index-_005cleftmarginvi"></a>
<p>The <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code> parameters define
the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
the left margin of the list.  By convention, <code>\leftmargin</code> is set
to the appropriate <code>\leftmargin<var>N</var></code> when a new level of
nesting is entered.
</p>
<p>The defaults vary from ‘<samp>.5em</samp>’ (highest levels of nesting) to
‘<samp>2.5em</samp>’ (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode.
This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em
</pre></div>

<p>Some parameters that affect list formatting:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\itemindent</code>
<a name="index-_005citemindent"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\labelsep</code>
<a name="index-_005clabelsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Space between the label and text of an item; default ‘<samp>.5em</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\labelwidth</code>
<a name="index-_005clabelwidth"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Width of the label; default ‘<samp>2em</samp>’, or ‘<samp>1.5em</samp>’ in two-column mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\listparindent</code>
<a name="index-_005clistparindent"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a
list item; default ‘<samp>0pt</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightmargin</code>
<a name="index-_005crightmargin"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the
enclosing environment; default ‘<samp>0pt</samp>’, except in the <code>quote</code>,
<code>quotation</code>, and <code>verse</code> environments, where it is set equal
to <code>\leftmargin</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather
loose, by default).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\itemsep</code>
<a name="index-_005citemsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Vertical space between items.  The default is <code>2pt plus1pt
minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>3pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for
<code>11pt</code>, and <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\parsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cparsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item.  Defaults
are the same as <code>\itemsep</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\topsep</code>
<a name="index-_005ctopsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph.
For top-level lists, the default is <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for
<code>10pt</code> documents, <code>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>,
and <code>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>.  These are reduced
for nested lists.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\partopsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cpartopsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Extra space added to <code>\topsep</code> when the list environment starts a
paragraph.  The default is <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code>
documents, <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>3pt
plus2pt minus2pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<a name="index-_005cparskip-example"></a>
<p>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
space between items.  Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code>
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific,
see <a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newenvironment{itemize*}%
  {\begin{itemize}%
    \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
    \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}%
    \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
  {\end{itemize}}
</pre></div>



<a name="letter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next">list</a>, Previous: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="p" rel="previous">itemize</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="letter-environment_003a-writing-letters"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.14 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</h3>
<a name="index-letter"></a>

<p>This environment is used for creating letters.  See <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>.
</p>


<a name="list"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#math" accesskey="n" rel="next">math</a>, Previous: <a href="#letter" accesskey="p" rel="previous">letter</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="list-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.15 <code>list</code></h3>
<a name="index-list"></a>
<a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-generic"></a>

<p>The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment which is used for
defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in
documents, but often in macros.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{list}{<var>labeling</var>}{<var>spacing</var>}
\item <var>item1</var>
\item <var>item2</var>
...
\end{list}
</pre></div>

<p>The mandatory <var>labeling</var> argument specifies how items should be
labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to <code>\item</code>).
This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the
label.  It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands.
</p>
<p>The mandatory <var>spacing</var> argument contains commands to change the
spacing parameters for the list.  This argument will most often be
empty, i.e., <code>{}</code>, which leaves the default spacing.
</p>
<p>The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by
<code>\linewidth</code> (see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>).
</p>


<a name="math"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="n" rel="next">minipage</a>, Previous: <a href="#list" accesskey="p" rel="previous">list</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="math-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.16 <code>math</code></h3>

<a name="index-math-environment"></a>
<a name="index-in_002dline-formulas"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{math}
<var>math</var>
\end{math}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>math</code> environment inserts the given <var>math</var> within the
running text.  <code>\(...\))</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms.
See <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>.
</p>


<a name="minipage"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#picture" accesskey="n" rel="next">picture</a>, Previous: <a href="#math" accesskey="p" rel="previous">math</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="minipage-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.17 <code>minipage</code></h3>

<a name="index-minipage-environment"></a>
<a name="index-minipage_002c-creating-a"></a>

<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>}
<var>text</var>
\end{minipage}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>minipage</code> environment typesets its body <var>text</var> in a
block that will not be broken across pages.  This is similar to the
<code>\parbox</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>), but unlike <code>\parbox</code>,
other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage.
</p>
<p>The arguments are the same as for <code>\parbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>).
</p>
<a name="index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage"></a>
<a name="index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage"></a>
<a name="index-_005cparindent"></a>
<p>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <code>minipage</code>
environment.  You can restore indentation with a command such as
<code>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</code> command.
</p>
<a name="index-footnotes-in-figures"></a>
<a name="index-figures_002c-footnotes-in"></a>
<p>Footnotes in a <code>minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables.  A
<code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at
the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it
uses the <code>\mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the ordinary
<code>footnote</code> counter (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
</p>
<p>However, don’t put one minipage inside another if you are using
footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
</p>


<a name="picture"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#quotation" accesskey="n" rel="next">quotation</a>, Previous: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="p" rel="previous">minipage</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="picture-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.18 <code>picture</code></h3>

<a name="index-picture"></a>
<a name="index-creating-pictures"></a>
<a name="index-pictures_002c-creating"></a>

<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
… <var>picture commands</var> …
\end{picture}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005cunitlength"></a>
<p>The <code>picture</code> environment allows you to create just about any
kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles.
You tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying
their coordinates.  A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal
point and a minus sign—a number like <code>5</code>, <code>0.3</code> or
<code>-3.1416</code>.  A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the
unit length <code>\unitlength</code>, so if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set
to <code>1cm</code>, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54
centimeters.
</p>
<p>You should only change the value of <code>\unitlength</code>, using the
<code>\setlength</code> command, outside of a <code>picture</code> environment.
The default value is <code>1pt</code>.
</p>
<p>A position is a pair of coordinates, such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>, specifying
the point with x-coordinate <code>2.4</code> and y-coordinate <code>-5</code>.
Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin,
which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture.  Note that
when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces;
the parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
</p>
<p>The <code>picture</code> environment has one mandatory argument, which is a
<code>position</code>.  It specifies the size of the picture.  The environment
produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this
argument’s x- and y-coordinates.
</p>
<p>The <code>picture</code> environment also has an optional <code>position</code>
argument, following the <code>size</code> argument, that can change the
origin.  (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not
contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the
coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture
(thereby determining the origin).  For example, if <code>\unitlength</code>
has been set to <code>1mm</code>, the command
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
</pre></div>

<p>produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200
millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose
upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220).  When you first
draw a picture, you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the
origin at the lower-left corner.  If you then want to modify your
picture by shifting everything, you can just add the appropriate
optional argument.
</p>
<p>The environment’s mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the
picture.  This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is;
LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even
off the page.  The picture’s nominal size is used by LaTeX in determining
how much room to leave for it.
</p>
<p>Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the <code>\put</code>
command. The command
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\put (11.3,-.3){...}
</pre></div>

<p>puts the object specified by <code>...</code> in the
picture, with its reference point at coordinates <em>(11.3,-.3)</em>.
The reference points for various objects will be described below.
</p>
<a name="index-lR-box"></a>
<p>The <code>\put</code> command creates an <em>LR box</em>.  You can put anything
that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a>) in the text argument of
the <code>\put</code> command.  When you do this, the reference point will
be the lower left corner of the box.
</p>
<p>The <code>picture</code> commands are described in the following sections.
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="1">\circle</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a circle.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="2">\makebox (picture)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a box of the specified size.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="3">\framebox (picture)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a box with a frame around it.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="4">\dashbox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a dashed box.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="5">\frame</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a frame around an object.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="6">\line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a straight line.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="7">\linethickness</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the line thickness.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="8">\thicklines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A heavier line thickness.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="9">\thinlines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The default line thickness.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw multiple instances of an object.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw an ellipse.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Place an object at a specified place.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make a pile of objects.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a line with an arrow.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005ccircle"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ccircle-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.18.1 <code>\circle</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005ccircle"></a>

<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\circle[*]{<var>diameter</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\circle</code> command produces a circle with a diameter as close
to the specified one as possible.  The <code>*</code>-form of the command
draws a solid circle.
</p>
<p>Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\framebox (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\circle</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cmakebox-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.18.2 <code>\makebox</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"></a>

<p><code>\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</code>
</p>
<p>The <code>\makebox</code> command for the picture environment is similar to
the normal <code>\makebox</code> command except that you must specify a
<code>width</code> and <code>height</code> in multiples of <code>\unitlength</code>.
</p>
<p>The optional argument, <code>[position]</code>, specifies the quadrant that
your text appears in.  You may select up to two of the following:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>t</code></dt>
<dd><p>Moves the item to the top of the rectangle.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>b</code></dt>
<dd><p>Moves the item to the bottom.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>l</code></dt>
<dd><p>Moves the item to the left.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>r</code></dt>
<dd><p>Moves the item to the right.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\dashbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\makebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cframebox"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.18.3 <code>\framebox</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cframebox"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\framebox(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>pos</var>]{...}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\framebox</code> command is like <code>\makebox</code> (see previous
section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box
that it creates.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cfboxrule"></a>
<a name="index-_005cfboxsep"></a>
<p>The <code>\framebox</code> command produces a rule of thickness
<code>\fboxrule</code>, and leaves a space <code>\fboxsep</code> between the rule
and the contents of the box.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cdashbox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frame</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\framebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cdashbox-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.18.4 <code>\dashbox</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005cdashbox"></a>

<p>Draws a box with a dashed line.  Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\dashbox{<var>dlen</var>}(<var>rwidth</var>,<var>rheight</var>)[<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p><code>\dashbox</code> creates a dashed rectangle around <var>text</var> in a
<code>picture</code> environment.  Dashes are <var>dlen</var> units long, and the
rectangle has overall width <var>rwidth</var> and height <var>rheight</var>.
The <var>text</var> is positioned at optional <var>pos</var>.  </p>
<p>A dashed box looks best when the <code>rwidth</code> and <code>rheight</code> are
multiples of the <code>dlen</code>.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cframe"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\line</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\dashbox</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cframe-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.18.5 <code>\frame</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cframe"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\frame{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\frame</code> command puts a rectangular frame around <var>text</var>.
The reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame.  No extra
space is put between the frame and the object.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cline"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linethickness</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\frame</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cline-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.18.6 <code>\line</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cline"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\line(<var>xslope</var>,<var>yslope</var>){<var>length</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\line</code> command draws a line with the given <var>length</var> and
slope <var>xslope</var>/<var>yslope</var>.
</p>
<p>Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with <em><var>slope</var> = x/y</em>,
where <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> have integer values from -6
through&nbsp;6.  For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes,
see the <code>curve2e</code> and many many other packages on CTAN.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005clinethickness"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thicklines</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\line</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005clinethickness-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.18.7 <code>\linethickness</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005clinethickness"></a>

<p>The <code>\linethickness{<var>dim</var>}</code> command declares the thickness
of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be
<var>dim</var>, which must be a positive length.
</p>
<p><code>\linethickness</code> does not affect the thickness of slanted lines,
circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <code>\oval</code>.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cthicklines"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinlines</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\linethickness</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cthicklines-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.18.8 <code>\thicklines</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cthicklines"></a>

<p>The <code>\thicklines</code> command is an alternate line thickness for
horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
cf.&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a> and <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a>.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cthinlines"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\multiput</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\thicklines</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cthinlines-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.18.9 <code>\thinlines</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cthinlines"></a>

<p>The <code>\thinlines</code> command is the default line thickness for
horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
cf.&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a> and <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a>.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cmultiput"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="n" rel="next">\oval</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\thinlines</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cmultiput-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.18.10 <code>\multiput</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cmultiput"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">\multiput(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)(<var>delta_x</var>,<var>delta_y</var>){<var>n</var>}{<var>obj</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\multiput</code> command copies the object <var>obj</var> in a regular
pattern across a picture.  <var>obj</var> is first placed at position
<em>(x,y)</em>, then at <em>(x+\delta x,y+\delta y)</em>, and so on,
<var>n</var> times.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005coval"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\put</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\multiput</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005coval-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.18.11 <code>\oval</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005coval"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\oval(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>portion</var>]
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\oval</code> command produces a rectangle with rounded corners.
The optional argument <var>portion</var> allows you to select part of the
oval via the following:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>t</code></dt>
<dd><p>selects the top portion;
</p></dd>
<dt><code>b</code></dt>
<dd><p>selects the bottom portion;
</p></dd>
<dt><code>r</code></dt>
<dd><p>selects the right portion;
</p></dd>
<dt><code>l</code></dt>
<dd><p>selects the left portion.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>The “corners” of the oval are made with quarter circles with a
maximum radius of 20pt, so large “ovals” will look more like
boxes with rounded corners.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cput"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="n" rel="next">\shortstack</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\oval</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cput-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.18.12 <code>\put</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005cput"></a>

<p><code>\put(x coord,y coord){ ...  }</code>
</p>
<p>The <code>\put</code> command places the item specified by the mandatory
argument at the given coordinates.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cshortstack"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vector</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\put</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cshortstack-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.18.13 <code>\shortstack</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cshortstack"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\shortstack[<var>position</var>]{...\\...\\...}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\shortstack</code> command produces a stack of objects.  The valid
positions are:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>r</code></dt>
<dd><p>Move the objects to the right of the stack.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>l</code></dt>
<dd><p>Move the objects to the left of the stack
</p></dd>
<dt><code>c</code></dt>
<dd><p>Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)
</p></dd>
</dl>

<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"></a>
<p>Objects are separated with <code>\\</code>.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cvector"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\shortstack</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cvector-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.18.14 <code>\vector</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cvector"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\vector(<var>x-slope</var>,<var>y-slope</var>){<var>length</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\vector</code> command draws a line with an arrow of the specified
length and slope.  The <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> values must lie between
-4 and +4, inclusive.
</p>


<a name="quotation"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#quote" accesskey="n" rel="next">quote</a>, Previous: <a href="#picture" accesskey="p" rel="previous">picture</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="quotation-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.19 <code>quotation</code></h3>

<a name="index-quotation"></a>
<a name="index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a>
<a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation"></a>
<a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{quotation}
<var>text</var>
\end{quotation}
</pre></div>

<p>The margins of the <code>quotation</code> environment are indented on both
the left and the right.  The text is justified at both margins.
Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.
</p>
<p>Unlike the <code>quote</code> environment, each paragraph is indented
normally.
</p>


<a name="quote"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabbing</a>, Previous: <a href="#quotation" accesskey="p" rel="previous">quotation</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="quote-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.20 <code>quote</code></h3>

<a name="index-quote"></a>
<a name="index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a>
<a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation"></a>
<a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting"></a>

<p>Snyopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{quote}
<var>text</var>
\end{quote}
</pre></div>

<p>The margins of the <code>quote</code> environment are indented on both the
left and the right.  The text is justified at both margins.  Leaving a
blank line between text produces a new paragraph.
</p>
<p>Unlike the <code>quotation</code> environment, paragraphs are not indented.
</p>


<a name="tabbing"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next">table</a>, Previous: <a href="#quote" accesskey="p" rel="previous">quote</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="tabbing-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.21 <code>tabbing</code></h3>

<a name="index-tabbing-environment"></a>
<a name="index-tab-stops_002c-using"></a>
<a name="index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops"></a>
<a name="index-alignment-via-tabbing"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabbing}
<var>row1col1</var> \= <var>row1col2</var> \= <var>row1col3</var> \= <var>row1col4</var> \\
<var>row2col1</var> \&gt;                \&gt; <var>row2col3</var> \\
...
\end{tabbing}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>tabbing</code> environment provides a way to align text in
columns.  It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as
was done on an ordinary typewriter.  It is best suited for cases where
the width of each column is constant and known in advance.
</p>
<p>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the <code>tabular</code>
environment.
</p>
<p>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> enviroment:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\\ <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>End a line.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\= <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Sets a tab stop at the current position.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\&gt; <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_003e"></a>
<p>Advances to the next tab stop.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\&lt;</code>
<a name="index-_005c_003c"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing
the margin).  Can only be used at the start of the line.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\+</code>
<a name="index-_005c_002b"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\-</code>
<a name="index-_005c_002d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\' <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the
current column, i.e. everything from the most recent <code>\&gt;</code>,
<code>\&lt;</code>, <code>\'</code>, <code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the right
of the previous column, flush against the current column’s tab stop.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\` <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
stop&nbsp;0.  However, it can’t move text to the right of the last column
because there’s no tab stop there.  The <code>\`</code> command moves all the
text that follows it, up to the <code>\\</code> or <code>\end{tabbing}</code>
command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
environment.  There must be no <code>\&gt;</code> or <code>\'</code> command between
the <code>\`</code> and the command that ends the line.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a>
<p>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and
<code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>).  Instead,
the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code> are used.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\kill</code>
<a name="index-_005ckill"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Sets tab stops without producing text.  Works just like <code>\\</code>
except that it throws away the current line instead of producing
output for it.  The effect of any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code>
commands in that line remain in effect.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\poptabs</code>
<a name="index-_005cpoptabs"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cpoptabs-1"></a>
<p>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pushtabs</code>
<a name="index-_005cpushtabs"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing
tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tabbingsep</code>
<a name="index-_005ctabbingsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <code>\'</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabbing}
function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
         \&gt; begin \= \+ \\
               \&gt; if \= n $&gt;$ 1 then \+ \\
                        fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
                  else \+ \\
                        fact := 1; \-\- \\
            end;\\
\end{tabbing}
</pre></div>



<a name="table"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabular</a>, Previous: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="p" rel="previous">tabbing</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="table-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.22 <code>table</code></h3>

<a name="index-table"></a>
<a name="index-tables_002c-creating"></a>
<a name="index-creating-tables"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"> \begin{table}[placement]

  body of the table

 \caption{table title}
 \end{table}
</pre></div>

<p>Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
usually “floated” to a convenient place, like the top of a page.
Tables will not be split between two pages.
</p>
<p>The optional argument <code>[placement]</code> determines where LaTeX will try
to place your table.  There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put
a float; these are the same as that used with the <code>figure</code>
environment, and described there (see <a href="#figure">figure</a>).
</p>
<p>The standard <code>report</code> and <code>article</code> classes use the default
placement <code>[tbp]</code>.
</p>
<p>The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc.,
you wish.  The <code>\caption</code> command allows you to title your table.
</p>


<a name="tabular"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="n" rel="next">thebibliography</a>, Previous: <a href="#table" accesskey="p" rel="previous">table</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="tabular-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.23 <code>tabular</code></h3>
<a name="index-tabular-environment"></a>
<a name="index-lines-in-tables"></a>
<a name="index-lining-text-up-in-tables"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry &amp; column 2 entry ... &amp; column n entry \\
...
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>

<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry &amp; column 2 entry ... &amp; column n entry \\
...
\end{tabular*}
</pre></div>

<p>These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of
items, aligned vertically in columns.
</p>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-tabular"></a>
<p><code>\\</code> must be used to specify the end of each row of the table,
except for the last, where it is optional—unless an <code>\hline</code>
command (to put a rule below the table) follows.
</p>
<p>The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>width</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specifies the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment.  There must be
rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified
width.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>pos</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of
the environment.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>t</code></dt>
<dd><p>align on top row
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>b</code></dt>
<dd><p>align on bottom row
</p></dd>
</dl>

</dd>
<dt><code>cols</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specifies the column formatting.  It consists of a sequence of the
following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and
intercolumn material.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>l</code></dt>
<dd><p>A column of left-aligned items.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>r</code></dt>
<dd><p>A column of right-aligned items.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>c</code></dt>
<dd><p>A column of centered items.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>|</code></dt>
<dd><p>A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>@{<var>text</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><p>This inserts <var>text</var> in every row.  An @-expression suppresses the
intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired space
before the adjacent item must be included in <var>text</var>.
</p>
<p>To insert commands that are automatically executed before a given
column, you have to load the <code>array</code> package and use the
<code>&gt;{...}</code> specifier.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cextracolsep"></a>
<p>An <code>\extracolsep{wd}</code> command in an @-expression causes an
extra space of width <code>wd</code> to appear to the left of all subsequent
columns, until countermanded by another <code>\extracolsep</code> command.
Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed
by an @-expression.  An <code>\extracolsep</code> command can be used only
in an @-expression in the <code>cols</code> argument.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>p{<var>wd</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><p>Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width
<var>wd</var>, as if it were the argument of a
<code>\parbox[t]{<var>wd</var>}</code> command.  However, a <code>\\</code> may not
appear in the item, except in the following situations:
</p>
<ol>
<li> inside an environment like <code>minipage</code>, <code>array</code>, or <code>tabular</code>.
</li><li> inside an explicit <code>\parbox</code>.
</li><li> in the scope of a <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>, or <code>\raggedleft</code>
declaration.  The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an
environment when used in a <code>p</code>-column element.
</li></ol>

</dd>
<dt><code>*{<var>num</var>}{<var>cols</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><p>Equivalent to <var>num</var> copies of <var>cols</var>, where <var>num</var> is a
positive integer and <var>cols</var> is any list of column-specifiers,
which may contain another <code>*-expression</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>Parameters that control formatting:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\arrayrulewidth</code>
<a name="index-_005carrayrulewidth"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>, <code>\hline</code>, and
<code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments; the
default is ‘<samp>.4pt</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arraystretch</code>
<a name="index-_005carraystretch"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Scaling of spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code>
environments; default is ‘<samp>1</samp>’, for no scaling.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\doublerulesep</code>
<a name="index-_005cdoublerulesep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by <code>||</code>
in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments; default is ‘<samp>2pt</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tabcolsep</code>
<a name="index-_005ctabcolsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Half the width of the space between columns; default is ‘<samp>6pt</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabular</code>
environment:
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="1">\multicolumn</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make an item spanning several columns.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="2">\cline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="3">\hline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="4">\vline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a vertical line.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005cmulticolumn"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cmulticolumn-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cmulticolumn"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">\multicolumn{<var>cols</var>}{<var>pos</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\multicolumn</code> command makes an entry that spans several
columns.  The first mandatory argument, <var>cols</var>, specifies the
number of columns to span.  The second mandatory argument, <var>pos</var>,
specifies the formatting of the entry; <code>c</code> for centered, <code>l</code>
for flushleft, <code>r</code> for flushright.  The third mandatory argument,
<var>text</var>, specifies what text to put in the entry.
</p>
<p>Here’s an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash;
<code>\multicolumn</code> is used for the heading:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{r@{--}l}
\multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr
   0x80&amp;0x7FF   \cr
  0x800&amp;0xFFFF  \cr
0x10000&amp;0x1FFFF \cr
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>



<a name="g_t_005ccline"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\multicolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ccline-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.23.2 <code>\cline</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005ccline"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\cline{<var>i</var>-<var>j</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\cline</code> command draws horizontal lines across the columns
specified, beginning in column <var>i</var> and ending in column <var>j</var>,
which are specified in the mandatory argument.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005chline"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\cline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005chline-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.23.3 <code>\hline</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005chline"></a>

<p>The <code>\hline</code> command draws a horizontal line the width of the
enclosing <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment.  It’s most
commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows
of a table.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cvline"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\hline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cvline-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.23.4 <code>\vline</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cvline"></a>

<p>The <code>\vline</code> command will draw a vertical line extending the full
height and depth of its row.  An <code>\hfill</code> command can be used to
move the line to the edge of the column.  It can also be used in an
@-expression.
</p>


<a name="thebibliography"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">theorem</a>, Previous: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="p" rel="previous">tabular</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="thebibliography-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.24 <code>thebibliography</code></h3>

<a name="index-thebibliography"></a>
<a name="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{thebibliography}{<var>widest-label</var>}
\bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key}</var>
...
\end{thebibliography}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>thebibliography</code> environment produces a bibliography or
reference list.
</p>
<p>In the <code>article</code> class, this reference list is labelled
“References”; in the <code>report</code> class, it is labelled
“Bibliography”.  You can change the label (in the standard classes)
by redefining the command <code>\refname</code>.  For instance, this
eliminates it entirely:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\refname}{}
</pre></div>

<p>The mandatory <var>widest-label</var> argument is text that, when typeset,
is as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code>\bibitem</code>
commands.  It is typically given as <code>9</code> for bibliographies with
less than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc.
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="1">\bibitem</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Specify a bibliography item.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="2">\cite</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Refer to a bibliography item.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="3">\nocite</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Include an item in the bibliography.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="4">Using BibTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Automatic generation of bibliographies.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005cbibitem"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cbibitem-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005cbibitem"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">\bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\bibitem</code> command generates an entry labelled by
<var>label</var>.  If the <var>label</var> argument is missing, a number is
automatically generated using the <code>enumi</code> counter.  The
<var>cite_key</var> is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation
symbols not containing a comma.
</p>
<p>This command writes an entry to the <samp>.aux</samp> file containing the
item’s <var>cite_key</var> and label.  When the <samp>.aux</samp> file is read by
the <code>\begin{document}</code> command, the item’s <code>label</code> is
associated with <code>cite_key</code>, causing references to <var>cite_key</var>
with a <code>\cite</code> command (see next section) to produce the
associated label.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005ccite"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\nocite</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\bibitem</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ccite-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.24.2 <code>\cite</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005ccite"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\cite[<var>subcite</var>]{<var>keys</var>
</pre></div>

<p>The <var>keys</var> argument is a list of one or more citation keys,
separated by commas.  This command generates an in-text citation to
the references associated with <var>keys</var> by entries in the
<samp>.aux</samp> file.
</p>
<p>The text of the optional <var>subcite</var> argument appears after the
citation.  For example, <code>\cite[p.~314]{knuth}</code> might produce
‘[Knuth, p.&nbsp;314]’.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cnocite"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using BibTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnocite-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cnocite"></a>

<p><code>\nocite{key_list}</code>
</p>
<p>The <code>\nocite</code> command produces no text, but writes <code>key_list</code>,
which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the <samp>.aux</samp> file.
</p>


<a name="Using-BibTeX"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\nocite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Using-BibTeX-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.24.4 Using BibTeX</h4>

<a name="index-using-BibTeX"></a>
<a name="index-bibTeX_002c-using"></a>
<a name="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cbibliographystyle"></a>
<a name="index-_005cbibliography"></a>

<p>If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly
recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of
titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don’t use the
<code>thebibliography</code> environment (see <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>). Instead,
you include the lines
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\bibliographystyle{<var>bibstyle</var>}
\bibliography{<var>bibfile1</var>,<var>bibfile2</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\bibliographystyle</code> command does not produce any output of
its own.  Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will
be produced: <var>bibstyle</var> refers to a file
<var>bibstyle</var><samp>.bst</samp>, which defines how your citations will look.
The standard <var>style</var> names distributed with BibTeX are:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>alpha</code></dt>
<dd><p>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of
publication.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>plain</code></dt>
<dd><p>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>unsrt</code></dt>
<dd><p>Like <code>plain</code>, but entries are in order of citation.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>abbrv</code></dt>
<dd><p>Like <code>plain</code>, but more compact labels.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to
the demands of various publications.  See
<a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib">http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib</a>.
</p>
<p>The <code>\bibliography</code> command is what actually produces the
bibliography.  The argument to <code>\bibliography</code> refers to files
named <samp><var>bibfile</var>.bib</samp>, which should contain your database in
BibTeX format.  Only the entries referred to via <code>\cite</code> and
<code>\nocite</code> will be listed in the bibliography.
</p>


<a name="theorem"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="n" rel="next">titlepage</a>, Previous: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="p" rel="previous">thebibliography</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="theorem-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.25 <code>theorem</code></h3>

<a name="index-theorem-environment"></a>
<a name="index-theorems_002c-typesetting"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{theorem}
<var>theorem-text</var>
\end{theorem}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>theorem</code> environment produces “Theorem <var>n</var>” in
boldface followed by <var>theorem-text</var>, where the numbering
possibilities for <var>n</var> are described under <code>\newtheorem</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a>).
</p>


<a name="titlepage"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="n" rel="next">verbatim</a>, Previous: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="p" rel="previous">theorem</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="titlepage-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.26 <code>titlepage</code></h3>

<a name="index-titlepage-environment"></a>
<a name="index-making-a-title-page"></a>
<a name="index-title-pages_002c-creating"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{titlepage}
<var>text</var>
\end{titlepage}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>titlepage</code> environment creates a title page, i.e., a page
with no printed page number or heading.  It also causes the following
page to be numbered page one.  Formatting the title page is left to
you.  The <code>\today</code> command may be useful on title pages
(see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>).
</p>
<p>You can use the <code>\maketitle</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>) to
produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code> environment.
</p>


<a name="verbatim"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#verse" accesskey="n" rel="next">verse</a>, Previous: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="p" rel="previous">titlepage</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="verbatim-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.27 <code>verbatim</code></h3>

<a name="index-verbatim-environment"></a>
<a name="index-verbatim-text"></a>
<a name="index-simulating-typed-text"></a>
<a name="index-typed-text_002c-simulating"></a>
<a name="index-code_002c-typesetting"></a>
<a name="index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{verbatim}
<var>literal-text</var>
\end{verbatim}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>verbatim</code> environment is a paragraph-making environment in
which LaTeX produces exactly what you type in; for instance the
<code>\</code> character produces a printed ‘<samp>\</samp>’.  It turns LaTeX
into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same
effect that they would on a typewriter.
</p>
<p>The <code>verbatim</code> uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (<code>\tt</code>).
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cverb" accesskey="1">\verb</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The macro form of the <code>verbatim</code> environment.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>


<a name="g_t_005cverb"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="u" rel="up">verbatim</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cverb-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">9.27.1 <code>\verb</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005cverb"></a>
<a name="index-verbatim-text_002c-inline"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\verb<var>char</var><var>literal-text</var><var>char</var>
\verb*<var>char</var><var>literal-text</var><var>char</var>
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\verb</code> command typesets <var>literal-text</var> as it is input,
including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter
(<code>\tt</code>) font.  No spaces are allowed between <code>\verb</code> or
<code>\verb*</code> and the delimiter <var>char</var>, which begins and ends the
verbatim text.  The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>.
</p>
<a name="index-visible-space"></a>
<p>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a
“visible space” character.
</p>


<a name="verse"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="p" rel="previous">verbatim</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="verse-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.28 <code>verse</code></h3>

<a name="index-verse-environment"></a>
<a name="index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{verse}
<var>line1</var> \\
<var>line2</var> \\
...
\end{verse}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>verse</code> environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
other uses for it.
</p>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-verse"></a>
<p>The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not
indented, and the text is not justified.  Separate the lines of each
stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more blank lines to separate the
stanzas.
</p>


<a name="Line-breaking"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Environments</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Line-breaking-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">10 Line breaking</h2>
<a name="index-line-breaking"></a>
<a name="index-breaking-lines"></a>

<p>The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to
translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces.  To
produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines
(and these lines must be broken into pages).
</p>
<p>LaTeX usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in
some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the
<code>\\</code> command, and you can always manually force breaks.
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="1">\\</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new line.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="2">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make each input line start a new output line.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="3">\newline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Break the line
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="4">\- (hyphenation)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert explicit hyphenation.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfussy" accesskey="5">\fussy</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Be fussy about line breaking.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csloppy" accesskey="6">\sloppy</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Be sloppy about line breaking.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="7">\hyphenation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="8">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Forcing &amp; avoiding line breaks.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005c_005c"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="n" rel="next">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005c_005c_005b_002a_005d_005bmorespace_005d"></a>
<h3 class="section">10.1 <code>\\</code>[*][<var>morespace</var>]</h3>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-force-line-break"></a>
<a name="index-new-line_002c-starting"></a>
<a name="index-line-break_002c-forcing"></a>

<p>The <code>\\</code> command tells LaTeX to start a new line.  It has an
optional argument, <var>morespace</var>, that specifies how much extra
vertical space is to be inserted before the next line.  This can be a
negative amount.
</p>
<p>The <code>\\*</code> command is the same as the ordinary <code>\\</code> command
except that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\\</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">10.2 <code>\obeycr</code> &amp; <code>\restorecr</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cobeycr"></a>
<a name="index-_005crestorecr"></a>
<a name="index-new-line_002c-output-as-input"></a>

<p>The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file
(‘<samp>^^M</samp>’, internally) the same as <code>\\</code> (followed by
<code>\relax</code>).  So each new line in the input will also be a new line
in the output.
</p>
<p><code>\restorecr</code> restores normal line-breaking behavior.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cnewline"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\- (hyphenation)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewline-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">10.3 <code>\newline</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cnewline"></a>
<a name="index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029"></a>

<p>The <code>\newline</code> command breaks the line at the present point, with
no stretching of the text before it.  It can only be used in paragraph
mode.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fussy</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\newline</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029"></a>
<h3 class="section">10.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</h3>
<a name="index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></a>
<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-forcing"></a>

<p>The <code>\-</code> command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at
that point.  LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually
find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an
incorrect one.  The <code>\-</code> command is used for the exceptional
cases.
</p>
<p>When you insert <code>\-</code> commands in a word, the word will only be
hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points
that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen.
</p>



<a name="g_t_005cfussy"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csloppy" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sloppy</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\- (hyphenation)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cfussy-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">10.5 <code>\fussy</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cfussy"></a>

<p>The declaration <code>\fussy</code> (which is the default) makes TeX
picky about line breaking.  This usually avoids too much space between
words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box.
</p>
<p>This command cancels the effect of a previous <code>\sloppy</code> command
(see <a href="#g_t_005csloppy">\sloppy</a>.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005csloppy"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hyphenation</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\fussy</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csloppy-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">10.6 <code>\sloppy</code></h3>

<p>The declaration <code>\sloppy</code> makes TeX less fussy about line
breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose
interword spacing.
</p>
<p>Lasts until a <code>\fussy</code> command is issued (see <a href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a>).
</p>


<a name="g_t_005chyphenation"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csloppy" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\sloppy</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005chyphenation-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">10.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005chyphenation"></a>
<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-defining"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hyphenation{<var>word-one</var> <var>word-two</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\hyphenation</code> command declares allowed hyphenation points
with a <code>-</code> character in the given words.  The words are separated
by spaces.  TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no
inflections are tried.  Multiple <code>\hyphenation</code> commands
accumulate.  Some examples (the default TeX hyphenation patterns
misses the hyphenations in these words):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases}
</pre></div>



<a name="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\hyphenation</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">10.8 <code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005clinebreak"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnolinebreak"></a>
<a name="index-line-breaks_002c-forcing"></a>
<a name="index-line-breaks_002c-preventing"></a>

<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\linebreak[<var>priority</var>]
\nolinebreak[<var>priority</var>]
</pre></div>

<p>By default, the <code>\linebreak</code> (<code>\nolinebreak</code>) command forces
(prevents) a line break at the current position.  For
<code>\linebreak</code>, the spaces in the line are stretched out so that it
extends to the right margin as usual.
</p>
<p>With the optional argument <var>priority</var>, you can convert the command
from a demand to a request.  The <var>priority</var> must be a number from
0 to&nbsp;4.  The higher the number, the more insistent the request.
</p>


<a name="Page-breaking"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Line breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Page-breaking-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">11 Page breaking</h2>
<a name="index-page-breaking"></a>
<a name="index-breaking-pages"></a>

<p>LaTeX starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has
accumulated to fill up a page.  Usually this happens automatically,
but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="1">\cleardoublepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new right-hand page.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage" accesskey="2">\clearpage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new page.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="3">\newpage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new page.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="4">\enlargethispage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Enlarge the current page a bit.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="5">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Forcing &amp; avoiding page breaks.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005ccleardoublepage"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\clearpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ccleardoublepage-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">11.1 <code>\cleardoublepage</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005ccleardoublepage"></a>
<a name="index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page"></a>

<p>The <code>\cleardoublepage</code> command ends the current page and causes all
figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cclearpage"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newpage</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\cleardoublepage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cclearpage-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">11.2 <code>\clearpage</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cclearpage"></a>
<a name="index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page"></a>
<a name="index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats"></a>

<p>The <code>\clearpage</code> command ends the current page and causes all
figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cnewpage"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\enlargethispage</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\clearpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewpage-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">11.3 <code>\newpage</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cnewpage"></a>
<a name="index-new-page_002c-starting"></a>
<a name="index-starting-a-new-page"></a>

<p>The <code>\newpage</code> command ends the current page, but does not clear
floats (see <code>\clearpage</code> above).
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cenlargethispage"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\newpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cenlargethispage-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">11.4 <code>\enlargethispage</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cenlargethispage"></a>
<a name="index-enlarge-current-page"></a>

<p><code>\enlargethispage{size}</code>
</p>
<p><code>\enlargethispage*{size}</code>
</p>
<p>Enlarge the <code>\textheight</code> for the current page by the specified
amount; e.g. <code>\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}</code> will allow one
additional line.
</p>
<p>The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as
much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit
<code>\pagebreak</code>.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\enlargethispage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">11.5 <code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cpagebreak"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnopagebreak"></a>
<a name="index-page-break_002c-forcing"></a>
<a name="index-page-break_002c-preventing"></a>

<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\pagebreak[<var>priority</var>]
\nopagebreak[<var>priority</var>]
</pre></div>

<p>By default, the <code>\pagebreak</code> (<code>\nopagebreak</code>) command forces
(prevents) a page break at the current position.  With
<code>\pagebreak</code>, the vertical space on the page is stretched out
where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin.
</p>
<p>With the optional argument <var>priority</var>, you can convert the
<code>\pagebreak</code> command from a demand to a request.  The number must
be a number from 0 to&nbsp;4.  The higher the number, the more
insistent the request is.
</p>


<a name="Footnotes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Definitions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Page breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Footnotes-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">12 Footnotes</h2>
<a name="index-footnotes_002c-creating"></a>

<p>Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways.  They can be produced
with one command, the <code>\footnote</code> command.  They can also be
produced with two commands, the <code>\footnotemark</code> and the
<code>\footnotetext</code> commands.
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="1">\footnote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert a footnote.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="2">\footnotemark</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert footnote mark only.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="3">\footnotetext</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert footnote text only.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Symbolic-footnotes" accesskey="4">Symbolic footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Using symbols instead of numbers for footnotes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Footnote-parameters" accesskey="5">Footnote parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Parameters for footnote formatting.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005cfootnote"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="n" rel="next">\footnotemark</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnote-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.1 <code>\footnote</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cfootnote"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\footnote[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\footnote</code> command places the numbered footnote <var>text</var>
at the bottom of the current page.  The optional argument <var>number</var>
changes the default footnote number.
</p>
<p>This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you
cannot use it in sectioning commands like <code>\chapter</code>, in figures,
tables or in a <code>tabular</code> environment.  (See following sections.)
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cfootnotemark"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="n" rel="next">\footnotetext</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\footnote</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnotemark-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cfootnotemark"></a>

<p>With no optional argument, the <code>\footnotemark</code> command puts the
current footnote number in the text.  This command can be used in
inner paragraph mode.  You give the text of the footnote separately,
with the <code>\footnotetext</code> command.
</p>
<p>This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote
markers referring to the same footnote with
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
</pre></div>

<p>after the first <code>\footnote</code> command.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cfootnotetext"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Symbolic-footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Symbolic footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\footnotemark</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnotetext-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cfootnotetext"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\footnotetext[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\footnotetext</code> command places <var>text</var> at the bottom of
the page as a footnote.  This command can come anywhere after the
<code>\footnotemark</code> command.  The <code>\footnotetext</code> command must
appear in outer paragraph mode.
</p>
<p>The optional argument <var>number</var> changes the default footnote number.
</p>


<a name="Symbolic-footnotes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnote-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnote parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\footnotetext</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Symbolic-footnotes-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.4 Symbolic footnotes</h3>

<a name="index-footnotes_002c-symbolic-instead-of-numbered"></a>
<p>If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing
numbers, redefine <code>\thefootnote</code> like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"></a>
<p>The <code>\fnsymbol</code> command produces a predefined series of symbols
(see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>).  If you want to
use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you’ll need to also
redefine <code>\@fnsymbol</code>.
</p>


<a name="Footnote-parameters"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Symbolic-footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Symbolic footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Footnote-parameters-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.5 Footnote parameters</h3>

<a name="index-footnote-parameters"></a>
<a name="index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes"></a>

<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\footnoterule</code>
<a name="index-_005cfootnoterule"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page’s
footnotes.  Default dimensions: <code>0.4pt</code> thick (or wide), and
<code>0.4\columnwidth</code> long in the standard document classes (except
slides, where it does not appear).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\footnotesep</code>
<a name="index-_005cfootnotesep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote.  By
default, this is set to the normal strut for <code>\footnotesize</code>
fonts (see <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>), therefore there is no extra space between
footnotes.  This is ‘<samp>6.65pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’, ‘<samp>7.7pt</samp>’ for
‘<samp>11pt</samp>’, and ‘<samp>8.4pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>12pt</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>



<a name="Definitions"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Definitions-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">13 Definitions</h2>
<a name="index-definitions"></a>

<p>LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds.
</p>

<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="1">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">(Re)define a new command.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="2">\newcounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new counter.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="3">\newlength</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new length.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="4">\newsavebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new box.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="5">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new environment.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="6">\newtheorem</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new theorem-like environment.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="7">\newfont</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new font name.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="8">\protect</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Using tricky commands.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">13.1 <code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cnewcommand"></a>
<a name="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones"></a>
<a name="index-defining-a-new-command"></a>
<a name="index-new-commands_002c-defining"></a>

<p><code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\renewcommand</code> define and redefine a
command, respectively.  Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">  \newcommand[*]{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optarg</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
\renewcommand[*]{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optarg</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
</pre></div>

<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var><code>*</code></var></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002a_002dform-of-defining-new-commands"></a>
<p>The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments not contain
multiple paragraphs of text (not <code>\long</code>, in plain TeX terms).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>cmd</var></dt>
<dd><p>The command name beginning with <code>\</code>.  For <code>\newcommand</code>, it
must not be already defined and must not begin with <code>\end</code>; for
<code>\renewcommand</code>, it must already be defined.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>nargs</var></dt>
<dd><p>An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments
that the command will take.  The default is for the command to have no
arguments.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>optarg</var></dt>
<dd><p>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command’s
first argument is optional.  The default value of the optional
argument (i.e., if it is not specified in the call) is <var>optarg</var>,
or, if that argument is present in the <code>\newcommand</code> but has an
empty value, the string ‘<samp>def</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>defn</var></dt>
<dd><p>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <code>cmd</code>; a
construct of the form <code>#<var>n</var></code> in <var>defn</var> is replaced by the
text of the <var>n</var>th argument.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>



<a name="g_t_005cnewcounter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newlength</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewcounter-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">13.2 <code>\newcounter</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cnewcounter"></a>
<a name="index-counters_002c-defining-new"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcounter{<var>cnt</var>}[<var>countername</var>]
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\newcounter</code> command defines a new counter named <var>cnt</var>.
The new counter is initialized to zero.
</p>
<p>Given the optional argument <code>[<var>countername</var>]</code>, <var>cnt</var>
will be reset whenever <var>countername</var> is incremented.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>, for more information about counters.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cnewlength"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newsavebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\newcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewlength-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">13.3 <code>\newlength</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cnewlength"></a>
<a name="index-lengths_002c-defining-new"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newlength{\<var>arg</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\newlength</code> command defines the mandatory argument as a
<code>length</code> command with a value of <code>0in</code>.  The argument must
be a control sequence, as in <code>\newlength{\foo}</code>.  An error
occurs if <code>\foo</code> is already defined.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and
for more information about lengths in general.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cnewsavebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\newlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewsavebox-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">13.4 <code>\newsavebox</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cnewsavebox"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newsavebox{<var>cmd</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Defines <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>, which must be a command name not already
defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newtheorem</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\newsavebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">13.5 <code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cnewenvironment"></a>
<a name="index-_005crenewenvironment"></a>
<a name="index-environments_002c-defining"></a>
<a name="index-defining-new-environments"></a>
<a name="index-redefining-environments"></a>

<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">  \newenvironment[*]{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
\renewenvironment[*]{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>These commands define or redefine an environment <var>env</var>, that is,
<code>\begin{<var>env</var>} … \end{<var>env</var>}</code>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var><code>*</code></var></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"></a>
<p>The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments (not the
contents of the environment) not contain multiple paragraphs of text.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>env</var></dt>
<dd><p>The name of the environment.  For <code>\newenvironment</code>, <var>env</var>
must not be an existing environment, and the command <code>\<var>env</var></code>
must be undefined.  For <code>\renewenvironment</code>, <var>env</var> must be
the name of an existing environment.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>nargs</var></dt>
<dd><p>An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
the newly-defined environment.  The default is no arguments.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>default</var></dt>
<dd><p>If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and <var>default</var>
gives the default value for that argument.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>begdef</var></dt>
<dd><p>The text expanded at every occurrence of <code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code>; a
construct of the form <code>#<var>n</var></code> in <var>begdef</var> is replaced by
the text of the <var>n</var>th argument.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>enddef</var></dt>
<dd><p>The text expanded at every occurrence of <code>\end{<var>env</var>}</code>.  It
may not contain any argument parameters.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>



<a name="g_t_005cnewtheorem"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newfont</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewtheorem-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">13.6 <code>\newtheorem</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cnewtheorem"></a>
<a name="index-theorems_002c-defining"></a>
<a name="index-defining-new-theorems"></a>

<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newtheorem{<var>newenv</var>}{<var>label</var>}[<var>within</var>]
\newtheorem{<var>newenv</var>}[<var>numbered_like</var>]{<var>label</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>This command defines a theorem-like environment.  Arguments:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>newenv</var></dt>
<dd><p>The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of an
existing environment or otherwise defined.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>label</var></dt>
<dd><p>The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the
number. For example, ‘<samp>Theorem</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>numbered_like</var></dt>
<dd><p>(Optional.)  The name of an already defined theorem-like environment;
the new environment will be numbered just like <var>numbered_like</var>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>within</var></dt>
<dd><p>(Optional.)  The name of an already defined counter, a sectional unit.
The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as the
<var>within</var> counter.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>At most one of <var>numbered_like</var> and <var>within</var> can be specified,
not both.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cnewfont"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="n" rel="next">\protect</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\newtheorem</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewfont-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">13.7 <code>\newfont</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cnewfont"></a>
<a name="index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for"></a>
<a name="index-defining-new-fonts"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newfont{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>fontname</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Defines a control sequence <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>, which must not already
be defined, to make <var>fontname</var> be the current font.  The file
looked for on the system is named <samp><var>fontname</var>.tfm</samp>.
</p>
<p>This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font.
More commonly, fonts are defined in families through <samp>.fd</samp> files.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cprotect"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\newfont</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cprotect-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">13.8 <code>\protect</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cprotect"></a>

<a name="index-fragile-commands"></a>
<a name="index-moving-arguments"></a>
<p>Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and
many more are so-called <em>fragile</em> commands.  When a fragile
command is used in certain contexts, called <em>moving arguments</em>, it
must be preceded by <code>\protect</code>.  In addition, any fragile
commands within the arguments must have their own <code>\protect</code>.
</p>
<p>Some examples of moving arguments are <code>\caption</code>
(see <a href="#figure">figure</a>), <code>\thanks</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>), and
expressions in <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments
(see <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>).
</p>
<a name="index-robust-commands"></a>
<p>Commands which are not fragile are called <em>robust</em>.  They must not
be preceded by <code>\protect</code>.
</p>
<p>See also:
</p>
<div class="smallexample">
<pre class="smallexample"><a href="http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html">http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html</a>
</pre><pre class="smallexample"><a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect</a>
</pre></div>




<a name="Counters"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lengths</a>, Previous: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Counters-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">14 Counters</h2>
<a name="index-counters_002c-a-list-of"></a>
<a name="index-variables_002c-a-list-of"></a>

<p>Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with
it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment
or command that produces the number, except with no <code>\</code>.
(<code>enumi</code>–<code>enumiv</code> are used for the nested enumerate
environment.)  Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX’s
standard document classes to control numbering.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">part            paragraph       figure          enumi
chapter         subparagraph    table           enumii
section         page            footnote        enumiii
subsection      equation        mpfootnote      enumiv
subsubsection
</pre></div>

<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="1">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Print value of a counter.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="2">\usecounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use a specified counter in a list environment.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="3">\value</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use the value of a counter in an expression.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="4">\setcounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the value of a counter.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="5">\addtocounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add a quantity to a counter.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="6">\refstepcounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="7">\stepcounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear" accesskey="8">\day \month \year</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Numeric date values.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usecounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters"></a>
<h3 class="section">14.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</h3>

<p>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
instance, <code>\alph{enumi}</code>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\alph</code>
<a name="index-_005calph"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>prints <var>counter</var> using lowercase letters: ‘a’, ‘b’, <small class="enddots">...</small>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Alph</code>
<a name="index-_005cAlph"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>uses uppercase letters: ‘A’, ‘B’, <small class="enddots">...</small>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arabic</code>
<a name="index-_005carabic"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>uses Arabic numbers: ‘1’, ‘2’, <small class="enddots">...</small>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\roman</code>
<a name="index-_005croman"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>uses lowercase roman numerals: ‘i’, ‘ii’, <small class="enddots">...</small>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\roman</code>
<a name="index-_005croman-1"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>uses uppercase roman numerals: ‘I’, ‘II’, <small class="enddots">...</small>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\fnsymbol</code>
<a name="index-_005cfnsymbol"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>prints the value of <var>counter</var> in a specific sequence of nine
symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes).  The value of
<var>counter</var> must be between&nbsp;1 and&nbsp;9, inclusive.
</p>
<p>The symbols mostly aren’t supported in Info, but here are the names:
</p><div class="display">
<pre class="display">asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel
double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger
</pre></div>

</dd>
</dl>



<a name="g_t_005cusecounter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="n" rel="next">\value</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cusecounter_007bcounter_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">14.2 <code>\usecounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cusecounter"></a>
<a name="index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter"></a>
<a name="index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usecounter{<var>counter</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\usecounter</code> command is used in the second argument of the
<code>list</code> environment to specify <var>counter</var> to be used to number
the list items.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cvalue"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\setcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\usecounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cvalue_007bcounter_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">14.3 <code>\value{<var>counter</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cvalue"></a>
<a name="index-counters_002c-getting-value-of"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\value{<var>counter</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\value</code> command produces the value of <var>counter</var>.  It can
be used anywhere LaTeX expects a number, for example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setcounter{myctr}{3}
\addtocounter{myctr}{1}
\hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent}
</pre></div>



<a name="g_t_005csetcounter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\value</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csetcounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">14.4 <code>\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005csetcounter"></a>
<a name="index-counters_002c-setting"></a>
<a name="index-setting-counters"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setcounter{<var>\counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\setcounter</code> command sets the value of <var>\counter</var> to the
<var>value</var> argument.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005caddtocounter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\refstepcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\setcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddtocounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">14.5 <code>\addtocounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005caddtocounter"></a>

<p>The <code>\addtocounter</code> command increments <var>counter</var> by the
amount specified by the <var>value</var> argument, which may be negative.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005crefstepcounter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stepcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\addtocounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005crefstepcounter_007bcounter_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">14.6 <code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005crefstepcounter"></a>

<p>The <code>\refstepcounter</code> command works in the same way as
<code>\stepcounter</code> See <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a>, except it also defines the
current <code>\ref</code> value to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cstepcounter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear" accesskey="n" rel="next">\day \month \year</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\refstepcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cstepcounter_007bcounter_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">14.7 <code>\stepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cstepcounter"></a>

<p>The <code>\stepcounter</code> command adds one to <var>counter</var> and
resets all subsidiary counters.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\stepcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear_003a-Predefined-counters"></a>
<h3 class="section">14.8 <code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</h3>
<a name="index-_005cday"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmonth"></a>
<a name="index-_005cyear"></a>

<p>LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month (<code>\day</code>,
1–31), month of the year (<code>\month</code>, 1–12), and year
(<code>\year</code>, Common Era).  When TeX starts up, they are
set to the current values on the system where TeX is running.  They
are not updated as the job progresses.
</p>
<p>The related command <code>\today</code> produces a string representing the
current day (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>).
</p>


<a name="Lengths"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Making paragraphs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Counters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Lengths-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">15 Lengths</h2>
<a name="index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using"></a>

<p>A <code>length</code> is a measure of distance.  Many LaTeX commands take a
length as an argument.
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="1">\setlength</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the value of a length.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="2">\addtolength</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add a quantity to a length.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="3">\settodepth</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the depth of something.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="4">\settoheight</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the height of something.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="5">\settowidth</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the width of something.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Predefined-lengths" accesskey="6">Predefined lengths</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Lengths that are, like, predefined.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005csetlength"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtolength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csetlength_007b_005clen_007d_007bvalue_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">15.1 <code>\setlength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005csetlength"></a>
<a name="index-lengths_002c-setting"></a>

<p>The <code>\setlength</code> sets the value of <var>\len</var> to the <var>value</var>
argument, which can be expressed in any units that LaTeX
understands, i.e., inches (<code>in</code>), millimeters (<code>mm</code>), points
(<code>pt</code>), big points (<code>bp</code>, etc.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005caddtolength"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settodepth</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\setlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddtolength_007b_005clen_007d_007bamount_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">15.2 \addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}</h3>
<a name="index-_005caddtolength"></a>
<a name="index-lengths_002c-adding-to"></a>

<p>The <code>\addtolength</code> command increments a “length command”
<var>\len</var> by the amount specified in the <var>amount</var> argument, which
may be negative.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005csettodepth"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settoheight</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\addtolength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csettodepth-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">15.3 <code>\settodepth</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005csettodepth"></a>

<p><code>\settodepth{\gnat}{text}</code>
</p>
<p>The <code>\settodepth</code> command sets the value of a <code>length</code> command
equal to the depth of the <code>text</code> argument.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005csettoheight"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settowidth</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\settodepth</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csettoheight-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">15.4 <code>\settoheight</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005csettoheight"></a>

<p><code>\settoheight{\gnat}{text}</code>
</p>
<p>The <code>\settoheight</code> command sets the value of a <code>length</code> command
equal to the height of the <code>text</code> argument.
</p>



<a name="g_t_005csettowidth"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Predefined-lengths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Predefined lengths</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\settoheight</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csettowidth_007b_005clen_007d_007btext_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">15.5 <code>\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005csettowidth"></a>

<p>The <code>\settowidth</code> command sets the value of the command <var>\len</var>
to the width of the <var>text</var> argument.
</p>


<a name="Predefined-lengths"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\settowidth</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Predefined-lengths-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">15.6 Predefined lengths</h3>
<a name="index-lengths_002c-predefined"></a>
<a name="index-predefined-lengths"></a>

<p><code>\width</code>
<a name="index-_005cwidth"></a>
</p>
<p><code>\height</code>
<a name="index-_005cheight"></a>
</p>
<p><code>\depth</code>
<a name="index-_005cdepth"></a>
</p>
<p><code>\totalheight</code>
<a name="index-_005ctotalheight"></a>
</p>
<p>These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making
commands (see <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>).  They specify the natural width, etc., of
the text in the box. <code>\totalheight</code> equals <code>\height</code> +
<code>\depth</code>. To make a box with the text stretched to double the
natural size, e.g., say
</p>
<p><code>\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}</code>
</p>


<a name="Making-paragraphs"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math formulas</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Lengths</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Making-paragraphs-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">16 Making paragraphs</h2>
<a name="index-making-paragraphs"></a>
<a name="index-paragraphs"></a>

<p>A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines—lines not
containing even a <code>%</code>.  A blank line should not appear where a new
paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of
a sectioning command.
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cindent" accesskey="1">\indent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Indent this paragraph.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent" accesskey="2">\noindent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Do not indent this paragraph.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cparskip" accesskey="3">\parskip</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Space added before paragraphs.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="4">Marginal notes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Putting remarks in the margin.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005cindent"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent" accesskey="n" rel="next">\noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cindent-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">16.1 <code>\indent</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cindent"></a>
<a name="index-_005cparindent-1"></a>
<a name="index-indent_002c-forcing"></a>

<p><code>\indent</code> produces a horizontal space whose width equals the
width of the <code>\parindent</code> length, the normal paragraph
indentation.  It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would
otherwise be suppressed.
</p>
<p>The default value for <code>\parindent</code> is <code>1em</code> in two-column
mode, otherwise <code>15pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>17pt</code> for
<code>11pt</code>, and <code>1.5em</code> for <code>12pt</code>.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cnoindent"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindent" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\indent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnoindent-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">16.2 <code>\noindent</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cnoindent"></a>
<a name="index-indent_002c-suppressing"></a>

<p>When used at the beginning of the paragraph, <code>\noindent</code>
suppresses any paragraph indentation.  It has no effect when used in
the middle of a paragraph.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cparskip"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Marginal notes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cparskip-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">16.3 <code>\parskip</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cparskip"></a>
<a name="index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs"></a>

<p><code>\parskip</code> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added
before each paragraph.  The default is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
</p>


<a name="Marginal-notes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparskip" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\parskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Marginal-notes-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">16.4 Marginal notes</h3>
<a name="index-marginal-notes"></a>
<a name="index-notes-in-the-margin"></a>
<a name="index-remarks-in-the-margin"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmarginpar"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\marginpar[<var>left</var>]{<var>right</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\marginpar</code> command creates a note in the margin.  The first
line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text
where the <code>\marginpar</code> occurs.
</p>
<p>When you only specify the mandatory argument <var>right</var>, the text
will be placed
</p>
<ul>
<li> in the right margin for one-sided layout;
</li><li> in the outside margin for two-sided layout;
</li><li> in the nearest margin for two-column layout.
</li></ul>

<a name="index-_005creversemarginpar"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnormalmarginpar"></a>
<p>The command <code>\reversemarginpar</code> places subsequent marginal notes
in the opposite (inside) margin.  <code>\normalmarginpar</code> places them
in the default position.
</p>
<p>When you specify both arguments, <var>left</var> is used for the left
margin, and <var>right</var> is used for the right margin.
</p>
<p>The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable
hyphenation there by beginning the node with <code>\hspace{0pt}</code>.
</p>
<p>These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\marginparpush</code>
<a name="index-_005cmarginparpush"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Minimum vertical space between notes; default ‘<samp>7pt</samp>’ for
‘<samp>12pt</samp>’ documents, ‘<samp>5pt</samp>’ else.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\marginparsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cmarginparsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
‘<samp>11pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ documents, ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ else.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\marginparwidth</code>
<a name="index-_005cmarginparwidth"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ document
is ‘<samp>90pt</samp>’, ‘<samp>83pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’, and ‘<samp>68pt</samp>’ for
‘<samp>12pt</samp>’; ‘<samp>17pt</samp>’ more in each case for a two-sided document.
In two column mode, the default is ‘<samp>48pt</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>The standard LaTeX routine for marginal notes does not prevent
notes from falling off the bottom of the page.
</p>


<a name="Math-formulas"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Making paragraphs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Math-formulas-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">17 Math formulas</h2>
<a name="index-math-formulas"></a>
<a name="index-formulas_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-math-mode_002c-entering"></a>

<a name="index-math-environment-1"></a>
<a name="index-displaymath-environment-1"></a>
<a name="index-equation-environment-1"></a>
<p>There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>math</code></dt>
<dd><p>For formulas that appear right in the text.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>displaymath</code></dt>
<dd><p>For formulas that appear on their own line.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>equation</code></dt>
<dd><p>The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation
number in the right margin.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<a name="index-_005c_0028"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_005b"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_005d"></a>
<p>The <code>math</code> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
but the <code>displaymath</code> and <code>equation</code> environments can be used
only in paragraph mode.  The <code>math</code> and <code>displaymath</code>
environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\(...\)   <span class="roman">instead of</span>   \begin{math}...\end{math}
\[...\]   <span class="roman">instead of</span>   \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_0024"></a>
<p>In fact, the <code>math</code> environment is so common that it has an even
shorter form:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$ ... $   <span class="roman">instead of</span>   \(...\)
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005cboldmath"></a>
<a name="index-_005cunboldmath"></a>
<p>The <code>\boldmath</code> command changes math letters and symbols to be in
a bold font.  It is used <em>outside</em> of math mode.  Conversely, the
<code>\unboldmath</code> command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font;
it too is used <em>outside</em> of math mode.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cdisplaystyle"></a>
<p>The <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration forces the size and style of the
formula to be that of <code>displaymath</code>, e.g., with limits above and
below summations.  For example
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">$\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $
</pre></div>


<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="1">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Also known as exponent or index.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="2">Math symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Various mathematical squiggles.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="3">Math functions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Math function names like sin and exp.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="4">Math accents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Accents in math.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="5">Spacing in math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="6">Math miscellany</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stuff that doesn’t fit anywhere else.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">17.1 Subscripts &amp; superscripts</h3>
<a name="index-superscript"></a>
<a name="index-subscript"></a>
<a name="index-exponent"></a>
<a name="index-_005f"></a>
<a name="index-_005e"></a>

<p>To get an expression <i>exp</i> to appear as a subscript, you just type
<code>_{</code><i>exp</i><code>}</code>.  To get <i>exp</i> to appear as a
superscript, you type <code>^{</code><i>exp</i><code>}</code>. LaTeX handles
superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way.
It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a
superscript.
</p>


<a name="Math-symbols"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math functions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Math-symbols-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">17.2 Math symbols</h3>
<a name="index-math-symbols"></a>
<a name="index-symbols_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-greek-letters"></a>

<p>LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you’re likely to
need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode.
For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your source, you will get
the pi symbol (<em>\pi</em>) in your output.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\|</code>
<a name="index-_005c_007c"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\|</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\aleph</code>
<a name="index-_005caleph"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\aleph</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\alpha</code>
<a name="index-_005calpha"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\alpha</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\amalg</code>
<a name="index-_005camalg"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\amalg</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\angle</code>
<a name="index-_005cangle"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\angle</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\approx</code>
<a name="index-_005capprox"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\approx</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ast</code>
<a name="index-_005cast"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\ast</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\asymp</code>
<a name="index-_005casymp"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\asymp</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\backslash</code>
<a name="index-_005cbackslash"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>\ (delimiter)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\beta</code>
<a name="index-_005cbeta"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\beta</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigcap</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigcap"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\bigcap</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigcirc</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigcirc"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\bigcirc</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigcup</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigcup"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\bigcup</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigodot</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigodot"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\bigodot</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigoplus</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigoplus"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\bigoplus</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigotimes</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigotimes"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\bigotimes</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigtriangledown</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigtriangledown"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\bigtriangledown</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigtriangleup</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigtriangleup"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\bigtriangleup</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigsqcup</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigsqcup"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\bigsqcup</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\biguplus</code>
<a name="index-_005cbiguplus"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\biguplus</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigcap</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigcap-1"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\bigvee</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigwedge</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigwedge"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\bigwedge</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bot</code>
<a name="index-_005cbot"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\bot</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bowtie</code>
<a name="index-_005cbowtie"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\bowtie</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Box</code>
<a name="index-_005cBox"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>(square open box symbol) </p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bullet</code>
<a name="index-_005cbullet"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-bullet-symbol"></a>
<p><em>\bullet</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cap</code>
<a name="index-_005ccap"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\cap</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cdot</code>
<a name="index-_005ccdot"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\cdot</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\chi</code>
<a name="index-_005cchi"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\chi</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\circ</code>
<a name="index-_005ccirc"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\circ</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\clubsuit</code>
<a name="index-_005cclubsuit"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\clubsuit</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cong</code>
<a name="index-_005ccong"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\cong</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\coprod</code>
<a name="index-_005ccoprod"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\coprod</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cup</code>
<a name="index-_005ccup"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\cup</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dagger</code>
<a name="index-_005cdagger"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\dagger</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dashv</code>
<a name="index-_005cdashv"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\dashv</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ddagger</code>
<a name="index-_005cddagger"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\dagger</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Delta</code>
<a name="index-_005cDelta"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\Delta</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\delta</code>
<a name="index-_005cdelta"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\delta</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Diamond</code>
<a name="index-_005cDiamond"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>bigger <em>\diamond</em> </p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\diamond</code>
<a name="index-_005cdiamond"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\diamond</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\diamondsuit</code>
<a name="index-_005cdiamondsuit"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\diamondsuit</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\div</code>
<a name="index-_005cdiv"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\div</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\doteq</code>
<a name="index-_005cdoteq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\doteq</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\downarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cdownarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\downarrow</em> (delimiter)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Downarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cDownarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\Downarrow</em> (delimiter)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ell</code>
<a name="index-_005cell"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\ell</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\emptyset</code>
<a name="index-_005cemptyset"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\emptyset</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\epsilon</code>
<a name="index-_005cepsilon"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\epsilon</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\equiv</code>
<a name="index-_005cequiv"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\equiv</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\eta</code>
<a name="index-_005ceta"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\eta</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\exists</code>
<a name="index-_005cexists"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\exists</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\flat</code>
<a name="index-_005cflat"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\flat</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\forall</code>
<a name="index-_005cforall"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\forall</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\frown</code>
<a name="index-_005cfrown"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\frown</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Gamma</code>
<a name="index-_005cGamma"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\Gamma</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\gamma</code>
<a name="index-_005cgamma"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\gamma</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ge</code>
<a name="index-_005cge"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\ge</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\geq</code>
<a name="index-_005cgeq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\geq</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\gets</code>
<a name="index-_005cgets"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\gets</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\gg</code>
<a name="index-_005cgg"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\gg</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hbar</code>
<a name="index-_005chbar"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\hbar</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\heartsuit</code>
<a name="index-_005cheartsuit"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\heartsuit</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hookleftarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005chookleftarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\hookleftarrow</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hookrightarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005chookrightarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\hookrightarrow</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\iff</code>
<a name="index-_005ciff"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\iff</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Im</code>
<a name="index-_005cIm"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\Im</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\in</code>
<a name="index-_005cin"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\in</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\infty</code>
<a name="index-_005cinfty"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\infty</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\int</code>
<a name="index-_005cint"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\int</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\iota</code>
<a name="index-_005ciota"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\iota</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Join</code>
<a name="index-_005cJoin"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>condensed bowtie symbol (relation) </p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\kappa</code>
<a name="index-_005ckappa"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\kappa</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Lambda</code>
<a name="index-_005cLambda"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\Lambda</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lambda</code>
<a name="index-_005clambda"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\lambda</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\land</code>
<a name="index-_005cland"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\land</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\langle</code>
<a name="index-_005clangle"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\langle</em> (delimiter)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lbrace</code>
<a name="index-_005clbrace"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\lbrace</em> (delimiter)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lbrack</code>
<a name="index-_005clbrack"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\lbrack</em> (delimiter)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lceil</code>
<a name="index-_005clceil"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\lceil</em> (delimiter)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\le</code>
<a name="index-_005cle"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\le</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leadsto</code>
<a name="index-_005cleadsto"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\Leftarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cLeftarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\Leftarrow</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leftarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cleftarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\leftarrow</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leftharpoondown</code>
<a name="index-_005cleftharpoondown"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\leftharpoondown</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leftharpoonup</code>
<a name="index-_005cleftharpoonup"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\leftharpoonup</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Leftrightarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cLeftrightarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\Leftrightarrow</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leftrightarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cleftrightarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\leftrightarrow</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leq</code>
<a name="index-_005cleq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\leq</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lfloor</code>
<a name="index-_005clfloor"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\lfloor</em> (delimiter)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lhd</code>
<a name="index-_005clhd"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>(left-pointing arrow head) </p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ll</code>
<a name="index-_005cll"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\ll</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lnot</code>
<a name="index-_005clnot"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\lnot</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\longleftarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005clongleftarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\longleftarrow</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\longleftrightarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005clongleftrightarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\longleftrightarrow</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\longmapsto</code>
<a name="index-_005clongmapsto"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\longmapsto</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\longrightarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005clongrightarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\longrightarrow</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lor</code>
<a name="index-_005clor"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\lor</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mapsto</code>
<a name="index-_005cmapsto"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\mapsto</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mho</code>
<a name="index-_005cmho"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\mid</code>
<a name="index-_005cmid"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\mid</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\models</code>
<a name="index-_005cmodels"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\models</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mp</code>
<a name="index-_005cmp"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\mp</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mu</code>
<a name="index-_005cmu"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\mu</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\nabla</code>
<a name="index-_005cnabla"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\nabla</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\natural</code>
<a name="index-_005cnatural"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\natural</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ne</code>
<a name="index-_005cne"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\ne</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\nearrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cnearrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\nearrow</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\neg</code>
<a name="index-_005cneg"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\neg</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\neq</code>
<a name="index-_005cneq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\neq</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ni</code>
<a name="index-_005cni"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\ni</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\not</code>
<a name="index-_005cnot"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in <em>\not=</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\notin</code>
<a name="index-_005cnotin"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\ni</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\nu</code>
<a name="index-_005cnu"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\nu</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\nwarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cnwarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\nwarrow</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\odot</code>
<a name="index-_005codot"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\odot</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\oint</code>
<a name="index-_005coint"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\oint</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Omega</code>
<a name="index-_005cOmega"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\Omega</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\omega</code>
<a name="index-_005comega"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\omega</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ominus</code>
<a name="index-_005cominus"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\ominus</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\oplus</code>
<a name="index-_005coplus"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\oplus</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\oslash</code>
<a name="index-_005coslash"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\oslash</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\otimes</code>
<a name="index-_005cotimes"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\otimes</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\owns</code>
<a name="index-_005cowns"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\owns</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\parallel</code>
<a name="index-_005cparallel"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\parallel</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\partial</code>
<a name="index-_005cpartial"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\partial</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\perp</code>
<a name="index-_005cperp"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\perp</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\phi</code>
<a name="index-_005cphi"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\phi</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Pi</code>
<a name="index-_005cPi"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\Pi</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pi</code>
<a name="index-_005cpi"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\pi</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pm</code>
<a name="index-_005cpm"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\pm</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\prec</code>
<a name="index-_005cprec"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\prec</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\preceq</code>
<a name="index-_005cpreceq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\preceq</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\prime</code>
<a name="index-_005cprime"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\prime</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\prod</code>
<a name="index-_005cprod"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\prod</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\propto</code>
<a name="index-_005cpropto"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\propto</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Psi</code>
<a name="index-_005cPsi"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\Psi</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\psi</code>
<a name="index-_005cpsi"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\psi</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rangle</code>
<a name="index-_005crangle"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\rangle</em> (delimiter)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rbrace</code>
<a name="index-_005crbrace"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\rbrace</em> (delimiter)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rbrack</code>
<a name="index-_005crbrack"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\rbrack</em> (delimiter)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rceil</code>
<a name="index-_005crceil"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\rceil</em> (delimiter)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Re</code>
<a name="index-_005cRe"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\Re</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rfloor</code>
<a name="index-_005crfloor"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\rfloor</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rhd</code>
<a name="index-_005crhd"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>(binary operation) </p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rho</code>
<a name="index-_005crho"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\rho</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Rightarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cRightarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\Rightarrow</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005crightarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\rightarrow</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightharpoondown</code>
<a name="index-_005crightharpoondown"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\rightharpoondown</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightharpoonup</code>
<a name="index-_005crightharpoonup"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\rightharpoonup</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightleftharpoons</code>
<a name="index-_005crightleftharpoons"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\rightleftharpoons</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\searrow</code>
<a name="index-_005csearrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\searrow</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\setminus</code>
<a name="index-_005csetminus"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\setminus</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sharp</code>
<a name="index-_005csharp"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\sharp</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Sigma</code>
<a name="index-_005cSigma"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\Sigma</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sigma</code>
<a name="index-_005csigma"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\sigma</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sim</code>
<a name="index-_005csim"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\sim</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\simeq</code>
<a name="index-_005csimeq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\simeq</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\smallint</code>
<a name="index-_005csmallint"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\smallint</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\smile</code>
<a name="index-_005csmile"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\smile</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\spadesuit</code>
<a name="index-_005cspadesuit"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\spadesuit</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqcap</code>
<a name="index-_005csqcap"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\sqcap</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqcup</code>
<a name="index-_005csqcup"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\sqcup</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqsubset</code>
<a name="index-_005csqsubset"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>(relation) </p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqsubseteq</code>
<a name="index-_005csqsubseteq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\sqsubseteq</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqsupset</code>
<a name="index-_005csqsupset"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>(relation) </p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqsupseteq</code>
<a name="index-_005csqsupseteq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\sqsupseteq</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\star</code>
<a name="index-_005cstar"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\star</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\subset</code>
<a name="index-_005csubset"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\subset</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\subseteq</code>
<a name="index-_005csubseteq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\subseteq</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\succ</code>
<a name="index-_005csucc"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\succ</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\succeq</code>
<a name="index-_005csucceq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\succeq</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sum</code>
<a name="index-_005csum"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\sum</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\supset</code>
<a name="index-_005csupset"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\supset</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\supseteq</code>
<a name="index-_005csupseteq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\supseteq</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\surd</code>
<a name="index-_005csurd"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\surd</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\swarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cswarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\swarrow</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tau</code>
<a name="index-_005ctau"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\tau</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\theta</code>
<a name="index-_005ctheta"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\theta</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\times</code>
<a name="index-_005ctimes"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\times</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\to</code>
<a name="index-_005cto"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\to</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\top</code>
<a name="index-_005ctop"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\top</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\triangle</code>
<a name="index-_005ctriangle"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\triangle</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\triangleleft</code>
<a name="index-_005ctriangleleft"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\triangleleft</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\triangleright</code>
<a name="index-_005ctriangleright"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\triangleright</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\unlhd</code>
<a name="index-_005cunlhd"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) </p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\unrhd</code>
<a name="index-_005cunrhd"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) </p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Uparrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cUparrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\Uparrow</em> (delimiter)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\uparrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cuparrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\uparrow</em> (delimiter)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Updownarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cUpdownarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\Updownarrow</em> (delimiter)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\updownarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cupdownarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\updownarrow</em> (delimiter)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\uplus</code>
<a name="index-_005cuplus"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\uplus</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Upsilon</code>
<a name="index-_005cUpsilon"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\Upsilon</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\upsilon</code>
<a name="index-_005cupsilon"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\upsilon</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varepsilon</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarepsilon"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\varepsilon</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varphi</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarphi"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\varphi</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varpi</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarpi"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\varpi</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varrho</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarrho"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\varrho</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varsigma</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarsigma"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\varsigma</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vartheta</code>
<a name="index-_005cvartheta"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\vartheta</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vdash</code>
<a name="index-_005cvdash"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\vdash</em> (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vee</code>
<a name="index-_005cvee"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\vee</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Vert</code>
<a name="index-_005cVert"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\Vert</em> (delimiter)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vert</code>
<a name="index-_005cvert"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\vert</em> (delimiter)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\wedge</code>
<a name="index-_005cwedge"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\wedge</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\wp</code>
<a name="index-_005cwp"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\wp</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\wr</code>
<a name="index-_005cwr"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\wr</em> (binary operation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Xi</code>
<a name="index-_005cXi"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\Xi</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\xi</code>
<a name="index-_005cxi"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\xi</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\zeta</code>
<a name="index-_005czeta"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\zeta</em>
</p>
</dd>
</dl>



<a name="Math-functions"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Math-functions-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">17.3 Math functions</h3>
<a name="index-math-functions"></a>
<a name="index-functions_002c-math"></a>

<p>These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
spacing.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\arccos</code>
<a name="index-_005carccos"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\arccos</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arcsin</code>
<a name="index-_005carcsin"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\arcsin</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arctan</code>
<a name="index-_005carctan"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\arctan</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arg</code>
<a name="index-_005carg"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\arg</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bmod</code>
<a name="index-_005cbmod"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Binary modulo operator (<em>x \bmod y</em>)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cos</code>
<a name="index-_005ccos"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\cos</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cosh</code>
<a name="index-_005ccosh"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\cosh</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cot</code>
<a name="index-_005ccot"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\cos</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\coth</code>
<a name="index-_005ccoth"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\cosh</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\csc</code>
<a name="index-_005ccsc"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\csc</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\deg</code>
<a name="index-_005cdeg"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\deg</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\det</code>
<a name="index-_005cdet"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\deg</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dim</code>
<a name="index-_005cdim"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\dim</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\exp</code>
<a name="index-_005cexp"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\exp</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\gcd</code>
<a name="index-_005cgcd"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\gcd</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hom</code>
<a name="index-_005chom"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\hom</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\inf</code>
<a name="index-_005cinf"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\inf</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ker</code>
<a name="index-_005cker"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\ker</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lg</code>
<a name="index-_005clg"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\lg</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lim</code>
<a name="index-_005clim"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\lim</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\liminf</code>
<a name="index-_005climinf"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\liminf</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\limsup</code>
<a name="index-_005climsup"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\limsup</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ln</code>
<a name="index-_005cln"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\ln</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\log</code>
<a name="index-_005clog"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\log</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\max</code>
<a name="index-_005cmax"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\max</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\min</code>
<a name="index-_005cmin"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\min</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pmod</code>
<a name="index-_005cpmod"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>parenthesized modulus, as in (<em>\pmod 2^n - 1</em>)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Pr</code>
<a name="index-_005cPr"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\Pr</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sec</code>
<a name="index-_005csec"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\sec</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sin</code>
<a name="index-_005csin"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\sin</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sinh</code>
<a name="index-_005csinh"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\sinh</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sup</code>
<a name="index-_005csup"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\sup</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tan</code>
<a name="index-_005ctan"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\tan</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tanh</code>
<a name="index-_005ctanh"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\tanh</em>
</p>
</dd>
</dl>



<a name="Math-accents"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spacing in math mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Math functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Math-accents-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">17.4 Math accents</h3>
<a name="index-math-accents"></a>
<a name="index-accents_002c-mathematical"></a>

<p>LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters
in math.  These are different from accents in normal text
(see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\acute</code>
<a name="index-_005cacute"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-acute-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math acute accent: <em>\acute{x}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bar</code>
<a name="index-_005cbar"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-macron-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math bar-over accent: <em>\bar{x}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\breve</code>
<a name="index-_005cbreve"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-breve-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math breve accent: <em>\breve{x}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\check</code>
<a name="index-_005ccheck"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-check-accent_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-hacek-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math háček (check) accent: <em>\check{x}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ddot</code>
<a name="index-_005cddot"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-double-dot-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math dieresis accent: <em>\ddot{x}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dot</code>
<a name="index-_005cdot"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-overdot-accent_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-dot-over-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math dot accent: <em>\dot{x}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\grave</code>
<a name="index-_005cgrave"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-grave-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math grave accent: <em>\grave{x}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hat</code>
<a name="index-_005chat"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-hat-accent_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-circumflex-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math hat (circumflex) accent: <em>\hat{x}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\imath</code>
<a name="index-_005cimath"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-dotless-i_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math dotless i.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\jmath</code>
<a name="index-_005cjmath"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-dotless-j_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math dotless j.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathring</code>
<a name="index-_005cmathring"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-ring-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math ring accent: x*.  </p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tilde</code>
<a name="index-_005ctilde"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-tilde-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math tilde accent: <em>\tilde{x}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vec</code>
<a name="index-_005cvec"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-vector-symbol_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math vector symbol: <em>\vec{x}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\widehat</code>
<a name="index-_005cwidehat"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math wide hat accent: <em>\widehat{x+y}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\widehat</code>
<a name="index-_005cwidehat-1"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-wide-tile-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math wide tilde accent: <em>\widetilde{x+y}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>



<a name="Spacing-in-math-mode"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math miscellany</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Math accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Spacing-in-math-mode-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">17.5 Spacing in math mode</h3>
<a name="index-spacing-within-math-mode"></a>
<a name="index-math-mode_002c-spacing"></a>

<p>In a <code>math</code> environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and
puts in the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics
texts.  If you want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following
commands for use in math mode:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\;</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_003b"></a>
<p>A thick space (<em>5\over18\,</em>quad).
</p></dd>
<dt><code>\:</code></dt>
<dt><code>\&gt;</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_003a"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_003e-1"></a>
<p>Both of these produce a medium space (<em>2\over9\,</em>quad).
</p></dd>
<dt><code>\,</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_002c"></a>
<p>A thin space (<em>1\over6\,</em>quad); not restricted to math mode.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>\!</code></dt>
<dd><p>A negative thin space (<em>-{1\over6}\,</em>quad).
</p></dd>
</dl>



<a name="Math-miscellany"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Spacing in math mode</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Math-miscellany-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">17.6 Math miscellany</h3>
<a name="index-math-miscellany"></a>

<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\*</code>
<a name="index-_005c_002a"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-discretionary-multiplication"></a>
<a name="index-multiplication-symbol_002c-discretionary-line-break"></a>
<p>A “discretionary” multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
allowed.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cdots</code>
<a name="index-_005ccdots"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ddots</code>
<a name="index-_005cddots"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>A diagonal ellipsis: <em>\ddots</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\frac{num}{den}</code>
<a name="index-_005cfrac_007bnum_007d_007bden_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfrac"></a>
<p>Produces the fraction <code>num</code> divided by <code>den</code>.
</p>

</dd>
<dt><code>\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></code>
<a name="index-_005cleft-delim1-_002e_002e_002e-_005cright-delim2"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cright"></a>
<a name="index-null-delimiter"></a>
<p>The two delimiters need not match; ‘<samp>.</samp>’ acts as a null delimiter,
producing no output.  The delimiters are sized according to the math
in between.  Example: <code>\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\overbrace{<var>text</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005coverbrace_007btext_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Generates a brace over <var>text</var>.
For example, <em>\overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Generates a horizontal line over <var>tex</var>.
For exampe, <em>\overline{x+y}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{arg}</code>
<a name="index-_005csqrt_005broot_005d_007barg_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Produces the representation of the square root of <var>arg</var>.  The
optional argument <var>root</var> determines what root to produce.  For
example, the cube root of <code>x+y</code> would be typed as
<code>$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cstackrel_007btext_007d_007brelation_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Puts <var>text</var> above <var>relation</var>.  For example,
<code>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\underbrace{math}</code>
<a name="index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Generates <var>math</var> with a brace underneath.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\underline{text}</code>
<a name="index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Causes <var>text</var>, which may be either math mode or not, to be
underlined.  The line is always below the text, taking account of
descenders.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vdots</code>
<a name="index-_005cvdots"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cvdots-1"></a>
<p>Produces a vertical ellipsis.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>



<a name="Modes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page styles</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Math formulas</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Modes-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">18 Modes</h2>
<a name="index-modes"></a>
<a name="index-paragraph-mode"></a>
<a name="index-math-mode"></a>
<a name="index-left_002dto_002dright-mode"></a>
<a name="index-lR-mode"></a>


<p>When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
modes:
</p>
<ul>
<li> Paragraph mode
</li><li> Math mode
</li><li> Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short
</li></ul>

<p>LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a
different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes.
Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when
LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.
</p>
<p>“Paragraph mode” is the most common; it’s the one LaTeX is in
when processing ordinary text.  In that mode, LaTeX breaks your
text into lines and breaks the lines into pages.  LaTeX is in
“math mode” when it’s generating a mathematical formula.  In “LR
mode”, as in paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output that it
produces to be a string of words with spaces between them.  However,
unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it
never starts a new line in LR mode.  Even if you put a hundred words
into an <code>\mbox</code>, LaTeX would keep typesetting them from left
to right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting
box was too wide to fit on the line.
</p>
<p>LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an <code>\mbox</code>
command.  You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for
example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box.
There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode.  The box make by one of
these commands or environments will be called a <code>parbox</code>.  When
LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in
“inner paragraph mode”.  Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out
in, is called “outer paragraph mode”.
</p>


<a name="Page-styles"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spaces</a>, Previous: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Modes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Page-styles-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">19 Page styles</h2>
<a name="index-styles_002c-page"></a>
<a name="index-page-styles"></a>

<p>The <code>\documentclass</code> command determines the size and position of
the page’s head and foot.  The page style determines what goes in them.
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="1">\maketitle</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Generate a title page.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="2">\pagenumbering</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the style used for page numbers.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="3">\pagestyle</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the headings/footings style.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="4">\thispagestyle</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the headings/footings style for this page.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005cmaketitle"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagenumbering</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cmaketitle-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.1 <code>\maketitle</code></h3>
<a name="index-titles_002c-making"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmaketitle"></a>

<p>The <code>\maketitle</code> command generates a title on a separate title
page—except in the <code>article</code> class, where the title is placed
at the top of the first page.  Information used to produce the title
is obtained from the following declarations:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cauthor_007bname-_005cand-name2_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-author_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-_005cauthor"></a>
<a name="index-_005cand-for-_005cauthor"></a>
<p>The <code>\author</code> command declares the document author(s), where the
argument is a list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands.  Use
<code>\\</code> to separate lines within a single author’s entry—for
example, to give the author’s institution or address.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\date{<var>text</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-date_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
<p>The <code>\date</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the document’s
date.  With no <code>\date</code> command, the current date (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>)
is used.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
<a name="index-credit-footnote"></a>
<p>The <code>\thanks</code> command produces a <code>\footnote</code> to the title,
usually used for credit acknowledgements.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\title{<var>text</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-title_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-_005ctitle"></a>
<p>The <code>\title</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the title of the
document.  Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>



<a name="g_t_005cpagenumbering"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagestyle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\maketitle</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cpagenumbering-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cpagenumbering"></a>
<a name="index-page-numbering-style"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\pagenumbering{<var>style</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <var>style</var>:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>arabic</code></dt>
<dd><p>arabic numerals
</p></dd>
<dt><code>roman</code></dt>
<dd><p>lowercase Roman numerals
</p></dd>
<dt><code>Roman</code></dt>
<dd><p>uppercase Roman numerals
</p></dd>
<dt><code>alph</code></dt>
<dd><p>lowercase letters
</p></dd>
<dt><code>Alph</code></dt>
<dd><p>uppercase letters
</p></dd>
</dl>



<a name="g_t_005cpagestyle"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thispagestyle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\pagenumbering</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cpagestyle-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cpagestyle"></a>
<a name="index-header-style"></a>
<a name="index-footer-style"></a>
<a name="index-running-header-and-footer-style"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\pagestyle{<var>style</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\pagestyle</code> command specifies how the headers and footers
are typeset from the current page onwards.  Values for <var>style</var>:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>plain</code></dt>
<dd><p>Just a plain page number.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>empty</code></dt>
<dd><p>Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>headings</code></dt>
<dd><p>Put running headers on each page.  The document style specifies what
goes in the headers.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>myheadings</code></dt>
<dd><p>Custom headers, specified via the <code>\markboth</code> or the
<code>\markright</code> commands.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>Here are the descriptions of <code>\markboth</code> and <code>\markright</code>:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\markboth{<var>left</var>}{<var>right</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_007d_007bright_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Sets both the left and the right heading.  A “left-hand heading”
(<var>left</var>) is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code> command before
the end of the page, while a “right-hand heading” (<var>right</var> is
generated by the first <code>\markboth</code> or <code>\markright</code> that
comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before
the page.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\markright{<var>right</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>



<a name="g_t_005cthispagestyle"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\pagestyle</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cthispagestyle_007bstyle_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\thispagestyle{<var>style</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cthispagestyle"></a>

<p>The <code>\thispagestyle</code> command works in the same manner as the
<code>\pagestyle</code> command (see previous section) except that it
changes to <var>style</var> for the current page only.
</p>


<a name="Spaces"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Page styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Spaces-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">20 Spaces</h2>
<a name="index-spaces"></a>

<p>LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.
</p>
<p>Another space-producing command is <code>\,</code> to produce a “thin”
space (usually 1/6quad).  It can be used in text mode, but is
more often useful in math mode  (see <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>).
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">Horizontal space
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="1">\hspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Fixed horizontal space.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="2">\hfill</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal space.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cSPACE" accesskey="3">\SPACE</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Normal interword space.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cAT" accesskey="4">\AT</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Ending a sentence.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="5">\thinspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">One-sixth of an em.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="6">\/</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Per-character italic correction.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill" accesskey="7">\hrulefill</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal rule.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cdotfill" accesskey="8">\dotfill</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal dots.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">Vertical space
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="9">\addvspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Fixed vertical spaces.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Infinitely stretchable vertical space.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add arbitrary vertical space.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005chspace"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005chspace-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.1 <code>\hspace</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005chspace"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hspace[*]{<var>length</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\hspace</code> command adds horizontal space.  The <var>length</var>
argument can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands:
points, inches, etc.  It is a rubber length.  You can add both
negative and positive space with an <code>\hspace</code> command; adding
negative space is like backspacing.
</p>
<p>LaTeX normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning
or end of a line.  To preserve this space, use the optional <code>*</code>
form.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005chfill"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cSPACE" accesskey="n" rel="next">\SPACE</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\hspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005chfill-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.2 <code>\hfill</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005chfill"></a>
<p>The <code>\hfill</code> fill command produces a “rubber length” which has
no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as
needed.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cfill"></a>
<p>The <code>\fill</code> parameter is the rubber length itself (technically,
the glue value ‘<samp>0pt plus1fill</samp>’); thus, <code>\hspace\fill</code> is
equivalent to <code>\hfill</code>.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cSPACE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cAT" accesskey="n" rel="next">\AT</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\hfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cSPACE-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.3 <code>\SPACE</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cSPACE"></a>
<a name="index-_005cTAB"></a>
<a name="index-_005cNEWLINE"></a>

<p>The <code>\ </code> (space) command produces a normal interword space.  It’s
useful after punctuation which shouldn’t end a sentence.  For example
<code>Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</code>.
It is also often used after control sequences, as in <code>\TeX\ is a
nice system.</code>
</p>
<p>In normal circumstances, <code>\</code><tt class="key">tab</tt> and <code>\</code><tt class="key">newline</tt>
are equivalent to <code>\ </code>.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cAT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cSPACE" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\SPACE</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005c_0040"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.4 <code>\@</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005c_0040"></a>

<p>The <code>\@</code> command makes the following punctuation character end a
sentence even if it normally would not.  This is typically used after
a capital letter.  Here are side-by-side examples with and without
<code>\@</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">… in C\@. Pascal, though …
… in C. Pascal, though …
</pre></div>

<p>produces
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>… in C. Pascal, though …<br>
… in C. Pascal, though …
</p></blockquote>



<a name="g_t_005cthinspace"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next">\/</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cAT" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\AT</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cthinspace-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.5 <code>\thinspace</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cthinspace"></a>

<p><code>\thinspace</code> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that
is 1/6 of an em.  This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as
in ’”.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005c_002f"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hrulefill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\thinspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005c_002f-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.6 <code>\/</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005c_002f"></a>

<p>The <code>\/</code> command produces an <em>italic correction</em>.  This is a
small space defined by the font designer for a given character,
to avoid the character colliding with whatever follows.  The italic
<i>f</i> character typically has a large italic correction value.
</p>
<p>If the following character is a period or comma, it’s not necessary to
insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a
very small height.  However, with semicolons or colons, as well as
normal letters, it can help. Compare
<i>f: f;</i> (in the TeX output, the ‘f’s are nicely separated)
with <i>f: f;</i>.
</p>
<p>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic
correction.  Compare
pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space after the ‘f’)
with pdfTeX.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005chrulefill"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdotfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\dotfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\/</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005chrulefill-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.7 <code>\hrulefill</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005chrulefill"></a>

<p>The <code>\hrulefill</code> fill command produces a “rubber length” which can
stretch or shrink horizontally.  It will be filled with a horizontal
rule.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cdotfill"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addvspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\hrulefill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cdotfill-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.8 <code>\dotfill</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cdotfill"></a>

<p>The <code>\dotfill</code> command produces a “rubber length” that fills
with dots instead of just white space.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005caddvspace"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cdotfill" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\dotfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddvspace-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.9 <code>\addvspace</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005caddvspace"></a>
<a name="index-vertical-space"></a>
<a name="index-space_002c-inserting-vertical"></a>

<p><code>\addvspace{length}</code>
</p>
<p>The <code>\addvspace</code> command normally adds a vertical space of height
length.  However, if vertical space has already been added to the same
point in the output by a previous <code>\addvspace</code> command, then this
command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length
of the total vertical space equal to <code>length</code>.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\addvspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.10 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></h3>

<p>These commands produce a given amount of space.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\bigskip</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cbigskip"></a>
<a name="index-_005cbigskipamount"></a>
<p>The same as <code>\vspace{bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line
space (with stretch and shrink).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\medskip</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cmedskip"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmedskipamount"></a>
<p>The same as <code>\vspace{medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily
about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\smallskip</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005csmallskip"></a>
<a name="index-_005csmallskipamount"></a>
<p>The same as <code>\vspace{smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a
quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>The <code>\...amount</code> parameters are determined by the document class.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cvfill"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cvfill-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.11 <code>\vfill</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cvfill"></a>

<p>The <code>\vfill</code> fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which
can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed.  It’s equivalent to
<code>\vspace{\fill}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a>).
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cvspace"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\vfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cvspace_005b_002a_005d_007blength_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.12 <code>\vspace[*]{<var>length</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cvspace"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\vspace[*]{<var>length</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\vspace</code> command adds the vertical space <var>length</var>, i.e.,
a rubber length.  <var>length</var> can be negative or positive.
</p>
<p>Ordinarily, LaTeX removes vertical space added by <code>\vspace</code> at
the top or bottom of a page.  With the optional <code>*</code> argument, the
space is not removed.
</p>


<a name="Boxes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special insertions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Spaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Boxes-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">21 Boxes</h2>

<a name="index-boxes"></a>

<p>All the predefined length parameters (see <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a>) can be
used in the arguments of the box-making commands.
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmbox" accesskey="1">\mbox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Horizontal boxes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="2">\fbox and \framebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Put a frame around a box.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="3">lrbox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">An environment like \sbox.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox" accesskey="4">\makebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Box, adjustable position.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="5">\parbox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Box with text in paragraph mode.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="6">\raisebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Raise or lower text.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csavebox" accesskey="7">\savebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Like \makebox, but save the text for later use.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="8">\sbox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Like \mbox, but save the text for later use.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="9">\usebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Print saved text.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005cmbox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fbox and \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cmbox_007btext_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">21.1 <code>\mbox{<var>text}</var></code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cmbox"></a>

<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-preventing"></a>
<p>The <code>\mbox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the
text created by its argument.  The <var>text</var> is not broken into
lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">lrbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\mbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">21.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cfbox"></a>
<a name="index-_005cframebox-1"></a>

<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\fbox{<var>text</var>}
\framebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code> commands are like <code>\mbox</code>,
except that they put a frame around the outside of the box being created.
</p>
<p>In addition, the <code>\framebox</code> command allows for explicit
specification of the box width with the optional <var>width</var> argument
(a dimension), and positioning with the optional <var>position</var>
argument. </p>
<a name="index-_005cfboxrule-1"></a>
<a name="index-_005cfboxsep-1"></a>
<p>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> (default
‘<samp>.4pt</samp>’), and leave a space of <code>\fboxsep</code> (default
‘<samp>3pt</samp>’) between the rule and the contents of the box.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>, for the <code>\framebox</code> command in the
<code>picture</code> environment.
</p>


<a name="lrbox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\fbox and \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="lrbox-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">21.3 <code>lrbox</code></h3>
<a name="index-lrbox"></a>

<p><code>\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}</code>
</p>
<p>This is the environment form of <code>\sbox</code>.
</p>
<p>The text inside the environment is saved in the box <code>cmd</code>, which
must have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code>.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cmakebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="p" rel="previous">lrbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cmakebox-2"></a>
<h3 class="section">21.4 <code>\makebox</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cmakebox"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\makebox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to contain
the <var>text</var> specified.  The width of the box is specified by the
optional <var>width</var> argument.  The position of the text within the box
is determined by the optional <var>position</var> argument, which may take
the following values:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>c</code></dt>
<dd><p>Centered (default).
</p></dd>
<dt><code>l</code></dt>
<dd><p>Flush left.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>r</code></dt>
<dd><p>Flush right.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>s</code></dt>
<dd><p>Stretch (justify) across entire <var>width</var>; <var>text</var> must contain
stretchable space for this to work.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p><code>\makebox</code> is also used within the picture environment
see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cparbox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raisebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\makebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cparbox-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">21.5 <code>\parbox</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cparbox"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\parbox[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\parbox</code> command produces a box whose contents are created
in <code>paragraph</code> mode.  It should be used to make a box small
pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside.  In particular, you
shouldn’t use any paragraph-making environments inside a
<code>\parbox</code> argument.  For larger pieces of text, including ones
containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a
<code>minipage</code> environment (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>).
</p>
<p><code>\parbox</code> has two mandatory arguments:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>width</var></dt>
<dd><p>the width of the parbox;
</p></dd>
<dt><var>text</var></dt>
<dd><p>the text that goes inside the parbox.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>The optional <var>position</var> argument allows you to align either the
top or bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding
text (default is top).
</p>
<p>The optional <var>height</var> argument overrides the natural height of the box.
</p>
<p>The <var>inner-pos</var> argument controls the placement of the text inside
the box, as follows; if it is not specified, <var>position</var> is used.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>t</code></dt>
<dd><p>text is placed at the top of the box.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>c</code></dt>
<dd><p>text is centered in the box.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>b</code></dt>
<dd><p>text is placed at the bottom of the box.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>s</code></dt>
<dd><p>stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space
for this to work.
</p></dd>
</dl>



<a name="g_t_005craisebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\savebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\parbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005craisebox-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">21.6 <code>\raisebox</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005craisebox"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\raisebox{distance}[<var>height</var>][<var>depth</var>]{text}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\raisebox</code> command raises or lowers <var>text</var>.  The first
mandatory argument specifies how high <var>text</var> is to be raised (or
lowered if it is a negative amount).  <var>text</var> itself is processed
in LR mode.
</p>
<p>The optional arguments <var>height</var> and <var>depth</var> are dimensions.
If they are specified, LaTeX treats <var>text</var> as extending a
certain distance above the baseline (height) or below (depth),
ignoring its natural height and depth.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005csavebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\raisebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csavebox-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">21.7 <code>\savebox</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005csavebox"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\savebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}[<var>width</var>][<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>This command typeset <var>text</var> in a box just as with <code>\makebox</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>), except that instead of printing the resulting box,
it saves it in the box labeled <var>\boxcmd</var>, which must have been
declared with <code>\newsavebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>).
</p>


<a name="g_t_005csbox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csavebox" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\savebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csbox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d_007btext_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">21.8 <code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005csbox"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p><code>\sbox</code> types <var>text</var> in a box just as with <code>\mbox</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a>) except that instead of the resulting box being
included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
<var>\boxcmd</var>.  <var>\boxcmd</var> must have been previously declared with
<code>\newsavebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>).
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cusebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\sbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cusebox_007b_005cboxcmd"></a>
<h3 class="section">21.9 <code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var></code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cusebox"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}
</pre></div>

<p><code>\usebox</code> producesthe box most recently saved in the bin
<var>\boxcmd</var> by a <code>\savebox</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a>).
</p>


<a name="Special-insertions"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the input</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Special-insertions-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">22 Special insertions</h2>

<p>LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a
special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="1">Reserved characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting # $ % &amp; ~ _ ^ \ { }
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="2">Text symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Accents" accesskey="3">Accents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting accents.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters" accesskey="4">Non-English characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting other non-English characters.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="5">\rule</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting lines and rectangles.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="6">\today</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting today’s date.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="Reserved-characters"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Reserved-characters-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">22.1 Reserved characters</h3>
<a name="index-reserved-characters"></a>
<a name="index-characters_002c-reserved"></a>

<p>The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called
“reserved characters” or “special characters”.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"># $ % &amp; ~ _ ^ \ { }
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005c_0023"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_0024"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_0025"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_0026"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_005f"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_007b"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_007d"></a>
<p>Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, LaTeX
will do something special.  If you simply want the character to be
printed as itself, include a <code>\</code> in front of the character.  For
example, <code>\$</code> will produce <code>$</code> in your output.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cbackslash-1"></a>
<p>One exception to this rule is <code>\</code> itself, because <code>\\</code> has
its own special (context-dependent) meaning.  A roman \ is produced by
typing <code>$\backslash$</code> in your file, and a typewriter <code>\</code> is
produced by using ‘<samp>\</samp>’ in a verbatim command (see <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>).
</p>
<a name="index-_005c_007e"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_005e"></a>
<p>Also, <code>\~</code> and <code>\^</code> place tilde and circumflex accents over
the following letter, as in õ and ô (see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>); to get
a standalone <code>~</code> or <code>^</code>, you can again use a verbatim
command.
</p>
<a name="index-_005csymbol"></a>
<a name="index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font"></a>

<p>Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you
know its number by using the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the
visible space character used in the <code>\verb*</code> command has the code
decimal 32, so it can be typed as <code>\symbol{32}</code>.
</p>
<p>You can also specify octal numbers with <code>'</code> or hexadecimal numbers
with <code>"</code>, so the previous example could also be written as
<code>\symbol{'40}</code> or <code>\symbol{"20}</code>.
</p>


<a name="Text-symbols"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Reserved characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Text-symbols-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">22.2 Text symbols</h3>

<a name="index-text-symbols"></a>
<a name="index-textcomp-package-1"></a>
<p>LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols
in running text.  Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are
not available in OT1; you may need to load the <code>textcomp</code> package.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\copyright</code>
<a name="index-_005ccopyright"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textcopyright</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextcopyright"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-copyright-symbol"></a>
<p>The copyright symbol, ©.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dag</code>
<a name="index-_005cdag"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>The dagger symbol (in text).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ddag</code>
<a name="index-_005cddag"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>The double dagger symbol (in text).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\LaTeX</code>
<a name="index-_005cLaTeX"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-LaTeX-logo"></a>
<a name="index-logo_002c-LaTeX"></a>
<p>The LaTeX logo.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\guillemotleft <span class="roman">(«)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\guillemotright <span class="roman">(»)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\guilsinglleft <span class="roman">(‹)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\guilsinglright <span class="roman">(›)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-double-guillemets"></a>
<a name="index-single-guillemets"></a>
<a name="index-left-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
<a name="index-right-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
<a name="index-double-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
<a name="index-single-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
<a name="index-French-quotation-marks"></a>
<a name="index-quotation-marks_002c-French"></a>
<p>Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French:
«, », ‹, ›.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ldots</code>
<a name="index-_005cldots"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\dots</code>
<a name="index-_005cdots"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textellipsis</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextellipsis"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-ellipsis"></a>
<p>An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): ‘…’.  <code>\ldots</code>
and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lq</code>
<a name="index-_005clq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-left-quote"></a>
<a name="index-opening-quote"></a>
<p>Left (opening) quote: ‘.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\P</code>
<a name="index-_005cP"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textparagraph</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextparagraph"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-paragraph-symbol"></a>
<a name="index-pilcrow"></a>
<p>Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pounds</code>
<a name="index-_005cpounds"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textsterling</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextsterling"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-pounds-symbol"></a>
<a name="index-sterling-symbol"></a>
<p>English pounds sterling: £.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\quotedblbase <span class="roman">(„)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\quotesinglbase <span class="roman">(‚)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></a>
<a name="index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></a>
<a name="index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double"></a>
<p>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: 
„ and ‚.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rq</code>
<a name="index-_005crq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-right-quote"></a>
<a name="index-closing-quote"></a>
<p>Right (closing) quote: ’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\S</code>
<a name="index-_005cS"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-section-symbol"></a>
<p>Section symbol.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\TeX</code>
<a name="index-_005cTeX"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-TeX-logo"></a>
<a name="index-logo_002c-TeX"></a>
<p>The TeX logo.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textasciicircum</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextasciicircum"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>ASCII circumflex: ^.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textasciitilde</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextasciitilde"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>ASCII tilde: ~.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textasteriskcentered</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextasteriskcentered"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Centered asterisk: *.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbackslash</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextbackslash"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-backslash_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Backslash: \.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbar</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextbar"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Vertical bar: |.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbardbl</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextbardbl"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Double vertical bar.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbigcircle</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextbigcircle"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Big circle symbol.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbraceleft</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextbraceleft"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-left-brace_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Left brace: {.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbraceright</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextbraceright"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-right-brace_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Right brace: }.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbullet</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextbullet"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-bullet_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Bullet: •.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-circled-letter_002c-in-text"></a>
<p><var>letter</var> in a circle, as in ®.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textcompwordmark</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextcompwordmark"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textcapitalwordmark</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextcapitalwordmark"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textascenderwordmark</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextascenderwordmark"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-cap-height"></a>
<a name="index-ascender-height"></a>
<p>Composite word mark (invisible).  The <code>\textcapital...</code> form
has the cap height of the font, while the <code>\textascender...</code> form
has the ascender height.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textdagger</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextdagger"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></a>
<p>Dagger: <em>\dag</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textdaggerdbl</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextdaggerdbl"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></a>
<p>Double dagger: <em>\ddag</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textdollar <span class="roman">(or <code>$</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_0024_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-dollar-sign"></a>
<a name="index-currency_002c-dollar"></a>
<p>Dollar sign: $.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textemdash <span class="roman">(or <code>---</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-em_002ddash"></a>
<p>Em-dash: — (for punctuation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textendash <span class="roman">(or <code>--</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-e_002ddash"></a>
<p>En-dash: — (for ranges).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\texteuro</code>
<a name="index-_005ctexteuro"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-euro-symbol"></a>
<a name="index-currency_002c-euro"></a>
<p>The Euro symbol: €.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textexclamdown <span class="roman">(or <code>!`</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown"></a>
<p>Upside down exclamation point: ¡.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textgreater</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextgreater"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Greater than: &gt;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textless</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextless"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Less than: &lt;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textleftarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextleftarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-left-arrow_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Left arrow.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textordfeminine</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextordfeminine"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textordmasculine</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextordmasculine"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-feminine-ordinal-symbol"></a>
<a name="index-masculine-ordinal-symbol"></a>
<a name="index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></a>
<a name="index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></a>
<p>Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: ª, º.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textperiodcentered</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextperiodcentered"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-centered-period_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Centered period: <em>\cdot</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquestiondown <span class="roman">(or <code>?`</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-questionation-point_002c-upside_002ddown"></a>
<p>Upside down questionation point: ¿.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquotedblleft <span class="roman">(or <code>``</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-left-quote_002c-double"></a>
<a name="index-double-left-quote"></a>
<p>Double left quote: “.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquotedblright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-right-quote_002c-double"></a>
<a name="index-double-right-quote"></a>
<p>Double right quote: ”.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquoteleft <span class="roman">(or <code>`</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-left-quote_002c-single"></a>
<a name="index-single-left-quote"></a>
<p>Single left quote: ‘.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquoteright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-right-quote_002c-single"></a>
<a name="index-single-right-quote"></a>
<p>Single right quote: ’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquotestraightbase</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextquotestraightbase"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-quote_002c-straight-base"></a>
<a name="index-straight-quote_002c-base"></a>
<a name="index-double-quote_002c-straight-base"></a>
<a name="index-straight-double-quote_002c-base"></a>
<p>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textregistered</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextregistered"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-registered-symbol"></a>
<p>Registered symbol: ®.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textrightarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextrightarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-right-arrow_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Right arrow.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash"></a>
<a name="index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters"></a>
<p>“Three-quarters” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\texttrademark</code>
<a name="index-_005ctexttrademark"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-trademark-symbol"></a>
<p>Trademark symbol: <em>^{\hbox{TM}}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\texttwelveudash</code>
<a name="index-_005ctexttwelveudash"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash"></a>
<a name="index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds"></a>
<p>“Two-thirds” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textunderscore</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextunderscore"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-underscore_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Underscore: _.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textvisiblespace</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextvisiblespace"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Visible space symbol.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>



<a name="Accents"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Non-English characters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Accents-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">22.3 Accents</h3>

<a name="index-accents"></a>
<a name="index-characters_002c-accented"></a>
<a name="index-letters_002c-accented"></a>

<p>LaTeX has wide support for many of the world’s scripts and
languages, through the <code>babel</code> package and related support.  This
section does not attempt to cover all that support.  It merely lists
the core LaTeX commands for creating accented characters.
</p>
<p>The <code>\capital...</code> commands produce alternative forms for use with
capital letters.  These are not available with OT1.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\"</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitaldieresis</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitaldieresis"></a>
<a name="index-umlaut-accent"></a>
<a name="index-dieresis-accent"></a>
<p>Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in ö.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\'</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalacute</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalacute"></a>
<a name="index-acute-accent"></a>
<p>Produces an acute accent, as in ó.  In the <code>tabbing</code>
environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column
(see <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\.</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-dot-accent"></a>
<a name="index-dot_002dover-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a dot accent over the following, as in ȯ.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\=</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalmacron</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalmacron"></a>
<a name="index-macron-accent"></a>
<a name="index-overbar-accent"></a>
<a name="index-bar_002dover-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in ō.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\^</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalcircumflex</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"></a>
<a name="index-circumflex-accent"></a>
<a name="index-hat-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in ô.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\`</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalgrave</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalgrave"></a>
<a name="index-grave-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a grave accent over the following, as in ò.  In the
<code>tabbing</code> environment, move following text to the right margin
(see <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\~</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitaltilde</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitaltilde"></a>
<a name="index-tilde-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in ñ.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\b</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-bar_002dunder-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\c</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalcedilla</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalcedilla"></a>
<a name="index-cedilla-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in ç.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\d</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitaldotaccent</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"></a>
<a name="index-dot_002dunder-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a dot accent under the following, as in ọ.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\H</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"></a>
<a name="index-hungarian-umlaut-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in ő.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\i</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"></a>
<a name="index-dotless-i"></a>
<p>Produces a dotless i, as in ‘i’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\j</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"></a>
<a name="index-dotless-j"></a>
<p>Produces a dotless j, as in ‘j’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\k</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalogonek</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalogonek"></a>
<a name="index-ogonek"></a>
<p>Produces a letter with ogonek, as in ‘ǫ’.  Not available in
the OT1 encoding.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalring</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalring"></a>
<a name="index-ring-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a ring accent, as in ‘o*’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\t</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitaltie</code></dt>
<dt><code>\newtie</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalnewtie</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitaltie"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnewtie"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalnewtie"></a>
<a name="index-tie_002dafter-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a tie-after accent, as in ‘oo[’.  The
<code>\newtie</code> form is centered in its box.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\u</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalbreve</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalbreve"></a>
<a name="index-breve-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a breve accent, as in ‘ŏ’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\underbar</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cunderbar"></a>
<a name="index-underbar"></a>
<p>Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text.
The argument is always processed in horizontal mode.  The bar is
always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through
descenders.  See also <code>\underline</code> in <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalcaron</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalcaron"></a>
<a name="index-hacek-accent"></a>
<a name="index-check-accent"></a>
<a name="index-caron-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a háček (check, caron) accent, as in ‘ǒ’.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>



<a name="Non_002dEnglish-characters"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rule</a>, Previous: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Non_002dEnglish-characters-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">22.4 Non-English characters</h3>

<a name="index-special-characters"></a>
<a name="index-non_002dEnglish-characters"></a>
<a name="index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish"></a>
<a name="index-letters_002c-non_002dEnglish"></a>

<p>Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly
used in languages other than English.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\aa</code></dt>
<dt><code>\AA</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"></a>
<a name="index-aring"></a>
<p>å and Å.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ae</code></dt>
<dt><code>\AE</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"></a>
<a name="index-ae-ligature"></a>
<p>æ and Æ.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dh</code></dt>
<dt><code>\DH</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cdh-_0028ae_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cDH-_0028AE_0029"></a>
<a name="index-Icelandic-eth"></a>
<a name="index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter"></a>
<p>Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dj</code></dt>
<dt><code>\DJ</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cdj"></a>
<a name="index-_005cDJ"></a>
<p>xxxx
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ij</code></dt>
<dt><code>\IJ</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"></a>
<a name="index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch"></a>
<p>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\l</code></dt>
<dt><code>\L</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"></a>
<a name="index-polish-l"></a>
<p>ł and Ł.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ng</code></dt>
<dt><code>\NG</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cng"></a>
<a name="index-_005cNG"></a>
<p>xxxx
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\o</code></dt>
<dt><code>\O</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005co-_0028o_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"></a>
<a name="index-oslash"></a>
<p>ø and Ø.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\oe</code></dt>
<dt><code>\OE</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"></a>
<a name="index-oe-ligature"></a>
<p>œ and Œ.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ss</code></dt>
<dt><code>\SS</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"></a>
<a name="index-es_002dzet-German-letter"></a>
<a name="index-sharp-S-letters"></a>
<p>ß and SS.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\th</code></dt>
<dt><code>\TH</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"></a>
<a name="index-Icelandic-thorn"></a>
<a name="index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter"></a>
<p>Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>



<a name="g_t_005crule"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next">\today</a>, Previous: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Non-English characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005crule-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">22.5 <code>\rule</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005crule"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\rule[<var>raise</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>thickness</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\rule</code> command produces <em>rules</em>, that is, lines or
rectangles.  The arguments are:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>raise</var></dt>
<dd><p>How high to raise the rule (optional).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>width</var></dt>
<dd><p>The length of the rule (mandatory).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>thickness</var></dt>
<dd><p>The thickness of the rule (mandatory).
</p></dd>
</dl>



<a name="g_t_005ctoday"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\rule</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctoday-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">22.6 <code>\today</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005ctoday"></a>

<p>The <code>\today</code> command produces today’s date, in the format
‘<samp><var>month</var> <var>dd</var>, <var>yyyy</var></samp>’; for example, ‘July 4, 1976’.
It uses the predefined counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and
<code>\year</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a>) to do this.  It is not
updated as the program runs.
</p>
<a name="index-datetime-package"></a>
<p>The <code>datetime</code> package, among others, can produce a wide variety
of other date formats.
</p>


<a name="Splitting-the-input"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="n" rel="next">Front/back matter</a>, Previous: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Special insertions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Splitting-the-input-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">23 Splitting the input</h2>
<a name="index-splitting-the-input-file"></a>
<a name="index-input-file"></a>

<p>A large document requires a lot of input.  Rather than putting the whole
input in a single large file, it’s more efficient to split it into
several smaller ones.  Regardless of how many separate files you use,
there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type
when you run LaTeX.
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cinclude" accesskey="1">\include</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Conditionally include a file.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly" accesskey="2">\includeonly</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Determine which files are included.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="3">\input</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Unconditionally include a file.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005cinclude"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly" accesskey="n" rel="next">\includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cinclude-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">23.1 <code>\include</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cinclude"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\include{<var>file</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>If no <code>\includeonly</code> command is present, the <code>\include</code>
command executes <code>\clearpage</code> to start a new page
(see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a>), then reads <var>file</var>, then does another
<code>\clearpage</code>.
</p>
<p>Given an <code>\includeonly</code> command, the <code>\include</code> actions are
only run if <var>file</var> is listed as an argument to
<code>\includeonly</code>.  See the next section.
</p>
<a name="index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed"></a>
<p>The <code>\include</code> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
read by another <code>\include</code> command.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cincludeonly"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\input</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\include</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cincludeonly-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">23.2 \<code>includeonly</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cincludeonly"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\includeonly{<var>file1</var>,<var>file2</var>,...}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\includeonly</code> command controls which files will be read by
subsequent <code>\include</code> commands.  The list of filenames is
comma-separated. Each <var>file</var> must exactly match a filename
specified in a <code>\include</code> command for the selection to be
effective.
</p>
<p>This command can only appear in the preamble.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cinput"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cinput-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">23.3 \input</h3>
<a name="index-_005cinput"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\input{<var>file</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\input</code> command causes the specified <var>file</var> to be read
and processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current
file at that point.
</p>
<p>If <var>file</var> does not end in ‘<samp>.tex</samp>’ (e.g., ‘<samp>foo</samp>’ or
‘<samp>foo.bar</samp>’), it is first tried with that extension (‘<samp>foo.tex</samp>’
or ‘<samp>foo.bar.tex</samp>’).  If that is not found, the original <var>file</var>
is tried (‘<samp>foo</samp>’ or ‘<samp>foo.bar</samp>’).
</p>


<a name="Front_002fback-matter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Splitting the input</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Front_002fback-matter-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">24 Front/back matter</h2>

<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="1">Tables of contents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="2">Glossaries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="3">Indexes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="Tables-of-contents"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="n" rel="next">Glossaries</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Tables-of-contents-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">24.1 Tables of contents</h3>

<a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-creating"></a>

<a name="index-_005ctableofcontents"></a>
<a name="index-_002etoc-file"></a>
<p>A table of contents is produced with the <code>\tableofcontents</code>
command.  You put the command right where you want the table of
contents to go; LaTeX does the rest for you.  A previous run must
have generated a <samp>.toc</samp> file.
</p>
<p>The <code>\tableofcontents</code> command produces a heading, but it does
not automatically start a new page.  If you want a new page after the
table of contents, write a <code>\newpage</code> command after the
<code>\tableofcontents</code> command.
</p>
<a name="index-_005clistoffigures"></a>
<a name="index-_005clistoftables"></a>
<p>The analogous commands <code>\listoffigures</code> and <code>\listoftables</code>
produce a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively.
Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cnofiles"></a>
<p>The command <code>\nofiles</code> overrides these commands, and
<em>prevents</em> any of these lists from being generated.
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="1">\addcontentsline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add an entry to table of contents etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="2">\addtocontents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add text directly to table of contents file etc.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005caddcontentsline"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Tables of contents</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddcontentsline-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">24.1.1 \addcontentsline</h4>
<a name="index-_005caddcontentsline_007bext_007d_007bunit_007d_007btext_007d"></a>
<a name="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding"></a>

<p>The <code>\addcontentsline</code>{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}
command adds an entry to the specified list or table where:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>ext</var></dt>
<dd><p>The extension of the file on which information is to be written,
typically one of: <code>toc</code> (table of contents), <code>lof</code> (list of
figures), or <code>lot</code> (list of tables).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>unit</var></dt>
<dd><p>The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the
following, matching the value of the <var>ext</var> argument:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>toc</code></dt>
<dd><p>The name of the sectional unit: <code>part</code>, <code>chapter</code>,
<code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, <code>subsubsection</code>.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>lof</code></dt>
<dd><p>For the list of figures.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>lot</code></dt>
<dd><p>For the list of tables.
</p></dd>
</dl>

</dd>
<dt><var>entry</var></dt>
<dd><p>The actual text of the entry.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<a name="index-_005ccontentsline"></a>
<p>What is written to the <samp>.<var>ext</var></samp> file is the
command <code>\contentsline{<var>unit</var>}{<var>name</var>}</code>.
</p>



<a name="g_t_005caddtocontents"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\addcontentsline</a>, Up: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Tables of contents</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddtocontents-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">24.1.2 \addtocontents</h4>
<a name="index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"></a>

<p>The <code>\addtocontents</code>{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>} command adds text
(or formatting commands) directly to the <samp>.<var>ext</var></samp> file that
generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>ext</var></dt>
<dd><p>The extension of the file on which information is to be written:
<samp>toc</samp> (table of contents), <samp>lof</samp> (list of figures), or
<samp>lot</samp> (list of tables).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>text</var></dt>
<dd><p>The text to be written.
</p></dd>
</dl>



<a name="Glossaries"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Tables of contents</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Glossaries-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">24.2 Glossaries</h3>
<a name="index-glossaries"></a>

<a name="index-_005cmakeglossary"></a>
<p>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> enables creating glossaries.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cglossary"></a>
<a name="index-_002eglo-file"></a>
<p>The command <code>\glossary{<var>text</var>}</code> writes a glossary entry for
<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <samp>.glo</samp> extension.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cglossaryentry"></a>
<p>Specifically, what gets written is the command
<code>\glossaryentry{<var>text</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}</code>, where
<var>pageno</var> is the current <code>\thepage</code> value.
</p>
<p>The <code>glossary</code> package on CTAN provides support for fancier
glossaries.
</p>


<a name="Indexes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Glossaries</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Indexes-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">24.3 Indexes</h3>
<a name="index-indexes"></a>

<a name="index-_005cmakeindex"></a>
<p>The command <code>\makeindex</code> enables creating indexes.  Put this in
the preamble.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cindex"></a>
<a name="index-_002eidx-file"></a>
<p>The command <code>\index{<var>text</var>}</code> writes an index entry for
<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <samp>.idx</samp> extension.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cindexentry"></a>
<p>Specifically, what gets written is the command
<code>\indexentry{<var>text</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}</code>, where <var>pageno</var>
is the current <code>\thepage</code> value.
</p>
<a name="index-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027-index-entries"></a>
<p>To generate a index entry for ‘bar’ that says ‘See foo’, use a
vertical bar: <code>\index{bar|see{foo}}</code>.  Use <code>seealso</code>
instead of <code>see</code> to make a ‘See also’ entry.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cseename"></a>
<a name="index-_005calsoname"></a>
<p>The text ‘See’ is defined by the macro <code>\seename</code>, and ‘See also’
by the macro <code>\alsoname</code>.  These can be redefined for other
languages.
</p>
<a name="index-makeindex-program"></a>
<a name="index-xindy-program"></a>
<a name="index-_002eind-file"></a>
<p>The generated <samp>.idx</samp> file is then sorted with an external
command, usually either <code>makeindex</code>
(<a href="http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex">http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex</a>) or (the
multi-lingual) <code>xindy</code> (<a href="http://xindy.sourceforge.net/">http://xindy.sourceforge.net</a>).
This results in a <samp>.ind</samp> file, which can then be read to typeset
the index.
</p>
<a name="index-printindex"></a>
<a name="index-makeidx-package"></a>
<p>The index is usually generated with the <code>\printindex</code> command.
This is defined in the <code>makeidx</code> package, so
<code>\usepackage{makeidx}</code> needs to be in the preamble.
</p>
<a name="index-indexspace"></a>
<p>The rubber length <code>\indexspace</code> is inserted before each new
letter in the printed index; its default value is ‘<samp>10pt plus5pt
minus3pt</samp>’.
</p>
<a name="index-showidx-package"></a>
<p>The <code>showidx</code> package causes each index entries to be shown in
the margin on the page where the entry appears.  This can help in
preparing the index.
</p>
<a name="index-multind-package"></a>
<p>The <code>multind</code> package supports multiple indexes.  See also the
TeX FAQ entry on this topic,
<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</a>.
</p>


<a name="Letters"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Terminal input/output</a>, Previous: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Front/back matter</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Letters-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">25 Letters</h2>
<a name="index-letters"></a>
<a name="index-creating-letters"></a>

<p>You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business.  The
<code>letter</code> document class is designed to make a number of letters at
once, although you can make just one if you so desire.
</p>
<p>Your <samp>.tex</samp> source file has the same minimum commands as the other
document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a
minimum:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"> \documentclass{letter}
 \begin{document}
  ... letters ...
 \end{document}
</pre></div>

<p>Each letter is a <code>letter</code> environment, whose argument is the name
and address of the recipient.  For example, you might have:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"> \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.
      \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA}
   ...
 \end{letter}
</pre></div>

<p>The letter itself begins with the <code>\opening</code> command.  The text of
the letter follows.  It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input.  Commands that
make no sense in a letter, like <code>\chapter</code>, do not work.  The letter
closes with a <code>\closing</code> command.
</p>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-letters"></a>
<p>After the <code>closing</code>, you can have additional material.  The
<code>\cc</code> command produces the usual “cc: …”.  There’s also a
similar <code>\encl</code> command for a list of enclosures. With both these
commands, use <code>\\</code> to separate the items.
</p>
<p>These commands are used with the <code>letter</code> class.
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="1">\address</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Your return address.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="2">\cc</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Cc list.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="3">\closing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Saying goodbye.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="4">\encl</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">List of enclosed material.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="5">\location</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Your organisation’s address.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="6">\makelabels</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Making address labels.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="7">\name</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Your name, for the return address.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="8">\opening</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Saying hello.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="9">\ps</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Adding a postscript.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Your signature.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks">\startbreaks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Allow page breaks.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks">\stopbreaks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Disallow page breaks.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Your phone number.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005caddress"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddress_007breturn_002daddress_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">25.1 \address{<var>return-address}</var></h3>
<a name="index-_005caddress"></a>

<p>The <code>\address</code> specifies the return address of a letter, as it
should appear on the letter and the envelope.  Separate lines of the
address should be separated by <code>\\</code> commands.
</p>
<p>If you do not make an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the letter
will be formatted for copying onto your organisation’s standard
letterhead.  (See <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>, for details on your local
implementation).  If you give an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the
letter will be formatted as a personal letter.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005ccc"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\closing</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\address</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ccc-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">25.2 <code>\cc</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005ccc"></a>
<a name="index-cc-list_002c-in-letters"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\cc{<var>name1</var>\\<var>name2</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Produce a list of <var>name</var>s the letter was copied to.  Each name is
printed on a separate line.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cclosing"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="n" rel="next">\encl</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cclosing-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">25.3 <code>\closing</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cclosing"></a>
<a name="index-letters_002c-ending"></a>
<a name="index-closing-letters"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\closing{text}
</pre></div>

<p>A letter closes with a <code>\closing</code> command, for example,
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">\closing{Best Regards,}
</pre></div>



<a name="g_t_005cencl"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\location</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\closing</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cencl-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">25.4 <code>\encl</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cencl"></a>
<a name="index-enclosure-list"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\encl{<var>line1</var>\\<var>line2</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Declare a list of one more enclosures.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005clocation"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makelabels</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\encl</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005clocation-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">25.5 <code>\location</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005clocation"></a>

<p><code>\location{address}</code>
</p>
<p>This modifies your organisation’s standard address.  This only appears
if the <code>firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cmakelabels"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="n" rel="next">\name</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\location</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cmakelabels-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">25.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cmakelabels"></a>

<p><code>\makelabels{number}</code>
</p>
<p>If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet of
address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters.
</p>



<a name="g_t_005cname"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="n" rel="next">\opening</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\makelabels</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cname-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">25.7 <code>\name</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cname"></a>

<p><code>\name{June Davenport}</code>
</p>
<p>Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return
address.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005copening"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ps</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\name</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005copening_007btext_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">25.8 <code>\opening{<var>text</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005copening"></a>
<a name="index-letters_002c-starting"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\opening{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>A letter begins with the <code>\opening</code> command.  The mandatory
argument, <var>text</var>, is whatever text you wish to start your letter.
For instance:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\opening{Dear Joe,}
</pre></div>



<a name="g_t_005cps"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next">\signature</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\opening</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cps-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">25.9 <code>\ps</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cps"></a>
<a name="index-postscript_002c-in-letters"></a>

<p>Use the <code>\ps</code> command to start a postscript in a letter, after
<code>\closing</code>.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005csignature"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks" accesskey="n" rel="next">\startbreaks</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\ps</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csignature_007btext_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">25.10 <code>\signature{<var>text</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005csignature"></a>

<p>Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the
space for your signature.  <code>\\</code> starts a new line within
<var>text</var> as usual.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005cstartbreaks"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stopbreaks</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\signature</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cstartbreaks-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">25.11 <code>\startbreaks</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cstartbreaks"></a>

<p><code>\startbreaks</code>
</p>
<p>Used after a <code>\stopbreaks</code> command to allow page breaks again.
</p>



<a name="g_t_005cstopbreaks"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next">\telephone</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\startbreaks</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cstopbreaks-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">25.12 <code>\stopbreaks</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cstopbreaks"></a>

<p><code>\stopbreaks</code>
</p>
<p>Inhibit page breaks until a <code>\startbreaks</code> command occurs.
</p>



<a name="g_t_005ctelephone"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\stopbreaks</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctelephone-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">25.13 <code>\telephone</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005ctelephone"></a>

<p><code>\telephone{number}</code>
</p>
<p>This is your telephone number.  This only appears if the
<code>firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected.
</p>


<a name="Terminal-input_002foutput"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line</a>, Previous: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Terminal-input_002foutput-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">26 Terminal input/output</h2>
<a name="index-input_002foutput"></a>
<a name="index-terminal-input_002foutput"></a>

<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="1">\typein</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Read text from the terminal.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="2">\typeout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to the terminal.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="g_t_005ctypein"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="n" rel="next">\typeout</a>, Up: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Terminal input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctypein_005bcmd_005d_007bmsg_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">26.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005ctypein"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\typein[<var>\cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}
</pre></div>

<p><code>\typein</code> prints <var>msg</var> on the terminal and causes LaTeX to
stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return.  If
the optional <var>\cmd</var> argument is omitted, the typed input is
processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of the
<code>\typein</code> command.  If the <var>\cmd</var> argument is present, it
must be a command name.  This command name is then defined or
redefined to be the typed input.
</p>


<a name="g_t_005ctypeout"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\typein</a>, Up: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Terminal input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctypeout_007bmsg_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">26.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005ctypeout"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\typeout{<var>msg</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Prints <code>msg</code> on the terminal and in the <code>log</code> file.
Commands in <code>msg</code> that are defined with <code>\newcommand</code> or
<code>\renewcommand</code> (among others) are replaced by their definitions
before being printed.
</p>
<p>LaTeX’s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <code>msg</code>.  A
<code>\space</code> command in <code>msg</code> causes a single space to be
printed, independent of surrounding spaces.  A <code>^^J</code> in
<code>msg</code> prints a newline.
</p>


<a name="Command-line"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document templates</a>, Previous: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Terminal input/output</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Command-line-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">27 Command line</h2>
<a name="index-command-line"></a>

<p>The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted;
TeX uses <samp>.tex</samp> as a default file extension.  If you omit the
input file entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal.  You
specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the
command; e.g.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'
</pre></div>

<p>will process <samp>foo.tex</samp> without pausing after every error.
</p>
<a name="index-_002a-prompt"></a>
<a name="index-prompt_002c-_002a"></a>
<a name="index-_005cstop"></a>
<p>If LaTeX stops in the middle of the document and gives you a
‘<samp>*</samp>’ prompt, it is waiting for input.  You can type <code>\stop</code>
(and return) and it will prematurely end the document.
</p>



<a name="Document-templates"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Command line</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Document-templates-1"></a>
<h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Document templates</h2>
<a name="index-document-templates"></a>

<p>Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
be useful.  Additional template resources are listed 
<a href="http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates">http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates</a>.
</p>
<table class="menu" cellspacing="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#book-template" accesskey="1">book template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="2">beamer template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#tugboat-template" accesskey="3">tugboat template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>



<a name="book-template"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">beamer template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="book-template-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">A.1 <code>book</code> template</h3>

<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{book}
\title{Book Class Template}
\author{Alex Author}

\begin{document}
\maketitle

\chapter{First}
Some text.

\chapter{Second}
Some other text.

\section{A subtopic}
The end.
\end{document}
</pre>


<a name="beamer-template"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#tugboat-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">tugboat template</a>, Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="previous">book template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="beamer-template-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">A.2 <code>beamer</code> template</h3>

<p>The <code>beamer</code> class creates slides presentations.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{beamer}

\title{Beamer Class template}
\author{Alex Author}
\date{July 31, 2007}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

% without [fragile], any {verbatim} code gets mysterious errors.
\begin{frame}[fragile]
 \frametitle{First Slide}

\begin{verbatim}
  This is \verbatim!
\end{verbatim}

\end{frame}

\end{document}
</pre>
<p>One web resource for this:
<a href="http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/">http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/</a>.
</p>


<a name="tugboat-template"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="p" rel="previous">beamer template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="tugboat-template-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">A.3 <code>tugboat</code> template</h3>

<p><cite>TUGboat</cite> is the journal of the TeX Users Group,
<a href="http://tug.org/TUGboat">http://tug.org/TUGboat</a>.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{ltugboat}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
\usepackage[breaklinks,colorlinks,linkcolor=black,citecolor=black,
            urlcolor=black]{hyperref}
\else
\usepackage{url}
\fi

\title{Example \TUB\ article}

% repeat info for each author.
\author{First Last}
\address{Street Address \\ Town, Postal \\ Country}
\netaddress{user (at) example dot org}
\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
This is an example article for \TUB{}.
\end{abstract}

\section{Introduction}

This is an example article for \TUB, from
\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.

We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the
hyperref package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output).
Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively.

The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations and many more:

% verbatim blocks are often better in \small
\begin{verbatim}[\small]
\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW
\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML
\ISBN \ISSN \LaTeXe
\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \PCTeX \pcTeX
\PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS
\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP
\TUB \TUG \tug
\UG \UNIX \VAX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE

\Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag
\careof \thinskip

\acro{FRED} -&gt; {\small[er] fred}  % please use!
\cs{fred}   -&gt; \fred
\env{fred}  -&gt; \begin{fred}
\meta{fred} -&gt; &lt;fred&gt;
\nth{n}     -&gt; 1st, 2nd, ...
\sfrac{3/4} -&gt; 3/4
\booktitle{Book of Fred}
\end{verbatim}

For more information, see the ltubguid document at:
\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/tugboat}
(we recommend using \verb|mirror.ctan.org| for \CTAN\ references).

Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.

\bibliographystyle{plain}  % we recommend the plain bibliography style
\nocite{book-minimal}      % just making the bibliography non-empty
\bibliography{xampl}       % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX

\makesignature
\end{document}
</pre>


<a name="Concept-Index"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Document templates</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Concept-Index-1"></a>
<h2 class="unnumbered">Concept Index</h2>

<table><tbody><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>*</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>.</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>`</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table class="index-cp" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-1">*</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a-prompt">‘<samp>*</samp>’ prompt</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-defining-new-commands">*-form of defining new commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands">*-form of environment commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands">*-form of sectioning commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-2">.</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eglo-file"><samp>.glo</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eidx-file"><samp>.idx</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eind-file"><samp>.ind</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-3">`</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027-index-entries">‘see’ and ‘see also’ index entries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstracts">abstracts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents">accents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-mathematical">accents, mathematical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font">accessing any character of a font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent">acute accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent_002c-math">acute accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ae-ligature">ae ligature</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath">align <span class="roman">environment, from <code>amsmath</code></span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aligning-equations">aligning equations</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alignment-via-tabbing">alignment via tabbing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray">amsmath <span class="roman">package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendix_002c-creating">appendix, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aring">aring</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrays_002c-math">arrays, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text">arrow, left, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text">arrow, right, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ascender-height">ascender height</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text">ASCII circumflex, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text">ASCII tilde, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text">asterisk, centered, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-author_002c-for-titlepage">author, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-auxiliary-file">auxiliary file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backslash_002c-in-text">backslash, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, double vertical, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, vertical, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent">bar-over accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math">bar-over accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dunder-accent">bar-under accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-basics-of-LaTeX">basics of LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029">bibliography, creating (automatically)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029">bibliography, creating (manually)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibTeX_002c-using">bibTeX, using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text">big circle symbols, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting">black boxes, omitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-font">bold font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding">bold typewriter, avoiding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxes">boxes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text">brace, left, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text">brace, right, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breaking-lines">breaking lines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breaking-pages">breaking pages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breve-accent">breve accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breve-accent_002c-math">breve accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bug-reporting">bug reporting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bullet-symbol">bullet symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bullet_002c-in-text">bullet, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bulleted-lists">bulleted lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calligraphic-letters-for-math">calligraphic letters for math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cap-height">cap height</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-caron-accent">caron accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-case-sensitivity-of-LaTeX">case sensitivity of LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cc-list_002c-in-letters">cc list, in letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cedilla-accent">cedilla accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text">centered asterisk, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-period_002c-in-text">centered period, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for">centering text, declaration for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-environment-for">centering text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-accented">characters, accented</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish">characters, non-English</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-reserved">characters, reserved</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-check-accent">check accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-check-accent_002c-math">check accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text">circle symbol, big, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circled-letter_002c-in-text">circled letter, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent">circumflex accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent_002c-math">circumflex accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">circumflex, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-options">class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-classes-of-documents">classes of documents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-letters">closing letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-quote">closing quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-code_002c-typesetting">code, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-line">command line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text">composite word mark, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting">computer programs, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-copyright-symbol">copyright symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-a-list-of">counters, a list of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-defining-new">counters, defining new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-getting-value-of">counters, getting value of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-setting">counters, setting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-creating-letters">creating letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-creating-pictures">creating pictures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-creating-tables">creating tables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-credit-footnote">credit footnote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-references">cross references</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing-with-page-number">cross referencing with page number</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic">cross referencing, symbolic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-currency_002c-dollar">currency, dollar</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-currency_002c-euro">currency, euro</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text">dagger, double, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text-1">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date_002c-for-titlepage">date, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-datetime-package"><code>datetime</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command">defining a new command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-environments">defining new environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-fonts">defining new fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-theorems">defining new theorems</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-definitions">definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-description-lists_002c-creating">description lists, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dieresis-accent">dieresis accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-multiplication">discretionary multiplication</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation">quotation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quote">quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class-options">document class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-classes">document classes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-templates">document templates</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dollar-sign">dollar sign</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot-accent">dot accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot-over-accent_002c-math">dot over accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot_002dover-accent">dot-over accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot_002dunder-accent">dot-under accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-i">dotless i</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-i_002c-math">dotless i, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-j">dotless j</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-j_002c-math">dotless j, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-angle-quotation-marks">double angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text">double dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1">double dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-dot-accent_002c-math">double dot accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-guillemets">double guillemets</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-left-quote">double left quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark">double low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-quote_002c-straight-base">double quote, straight base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-right-quote">double right quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-spacing">double spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">double vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002ddash">e-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ellipsis">ellipsis</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash">em-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters">em-dash, three-quarters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds">em-dash, two-thirds</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-emphasis">emphasis</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-emphasis-1">emphasis</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enclosure-list">enclosure list</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ending-_0026-starting">ending &amp; starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting &amp; ending</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enlarge-current-page">enlarge current page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments">environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments_002c-defining">environments, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing">equation number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting">equation numbers, omitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-aligning">equations, aligning</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-environment-for">equations, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-es_002dzet-German-letter">es-zet German letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter">eth, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-euro-symbol">euro symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown">exclamation point, upside-down</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exponent">exponent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-feminine-ordinal-symbol">feminine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing">figure number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figures_002c-footnotes-in">figures, footnotes in</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figures_002c-inserting">figures, inserting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fixed_002dwidth-font">fixed-width font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-float-package"><code>float</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-float-package-1"><code>float</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page">flushing floats and starting a page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel">font commands, low-level</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-sizes">font sizes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-styles">font styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts">fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for">fonts, new commands for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footer-style">footer style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footer_002c-parameters-for">footer, parameters for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing">footnote number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-parameters">footnote parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes-in-figures">footnotes in figures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-creating">footnotes, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-symbolic-instead-of-numbered">footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbolic-footnotes">Symbolic footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-environment-for">formulas, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-math">formulas, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fragile-commands">fragile commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-French-quotation-marks">French quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-functions_002c-math">functions, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options">global options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options-1">global options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossaries">glossaries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent">grave accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent_002c-math">grave accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text">greater than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greek-letters">greek letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hacek-accent_002c-math">háček accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hacek-accent">hacek accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hat-accent">hat accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hat-accent_002c-math">hat accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-header-style">header style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-header_002c-parameters-for">header, parameters for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-here_002c-putting-floats">here, putting floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hungarian-umlaut-accent">hungarian umlaut accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-defining">hyphenation, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-forcing">hyphenation, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-preventing">hyphenation, preventing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-eth">Icelandic eth</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-thorn">Icelandic thorn</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch">ij letter, Dutch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in_002dline-formulas">in-line formulas</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing">indent, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-suppressing">indent, suppressing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexes">indexes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input-file">input file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002foutput">input/output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inserting-figures">inserting figures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-font">italic font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-J">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-left">justification, ragged left</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-right">justification, ragged right</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-labelled-lists_002c-creating">labelled lists, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport_002c-Leslie">Lamport, Leslie</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-logo">LaTeX logo</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-overview">LaTeX overview</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-Project-team">LaTeX Project team</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-layout-commands">layout commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Layout">Layout</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for">layout, page parameters for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-angle-quotation-marks">left angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-arrow_002c-in-text">left arrow, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-brace_002c-in-text">left brace, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote">left quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-double">left quote, double</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-single">left quote, single</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text">left-justifying text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">left-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002dto_002dright-mode">left-to-right mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-adding-to">lengths, adding to</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using">lengths, defining and using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-defining-new">lengths, defining new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-predefined">lengths, predefined</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-setting">lengths, setting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text">less than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters">letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-accented">letters, accented</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-ending">letters, ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-non_002dEnglish">letters, non-English</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-starting">letters, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-break_002c-forcing">line break, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaking">line breaking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-forcing">line breaks, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-preventing">line breaks, preventing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lines-in-tables">lines in tables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-numerals">lining numerals</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-in-tables">lining text up in tables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops">lining text up using tab stops</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter">list items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items">lists of items</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-generic">lists of items, generic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered">lists of items, numbered</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-loading-additional-packages">loading additional packages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-log-file">log file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX">logo, LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-TeX">logo, TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-low_002dlevel-font-commands">low-level font commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lR-mode">lR mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent">macron accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent_002c-math">macron accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Madsen_002c-Lars">Madsen, Lars</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeidx-package"><code>makeidx</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex-program"><code>makeindex</code> program</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-making-a-title-page">making a title page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-making-paragraphs">making paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-marginal-notes">marginal notes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-masculine-ordinal-symbol">masculine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-accents">math accents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-formulas">math formulas</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-functions">math functions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-miscellany">math miscellany</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode">math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-entering">math mode, entering</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-symbols">math symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minipage_002c-creating-a">minipage, creating a</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-modes">modes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-monospace-font">monospace font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-moving-arguments">moving arguments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multicolumn-text">multicolumn text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multind-package"><code>multind</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multiplication-symbol_002c-discretionary-line-break">multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining">new commands, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-output-as-input">new line, output as input</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting">new line, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-page_002c-starting">new page, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dEnglish-characters">non-English characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notes-in-the-margin">notes in the margin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-null-delimiter">null delimiter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter">numbered items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle">numerals, old-style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oblique-font">oblique font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oe-ligature">oe ligature</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ogonek">ogonek</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-old_002dstyle-numerals">old-style numerals</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-one_002dcolumn-output">one-column output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-opening-quote">opening quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class">options, document class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-global">options, global</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oslash">oslash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overbar-accent">overbar accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overdot-accent_002c-math">overdot accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overview-of-LaTeX">overview of LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading">packages, loading</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-forcing">page break, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-preventing">page break, preventing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-breaking">page breaking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-layout-parameters">page layout parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing">page number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-numbering-style">page numbering style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-styles">page styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage">paragraph indentation, in minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation">quotation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quote">quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-symbol">paragraph symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraphs">paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes">parameters, for footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-page-layout">parameters, page layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX">pdfTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text">period, centered, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pictures_002c-creating">pictures, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pilcrow">pilcrow</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-placement-of-floats">placement of floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for">poetry, an environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polish-l">polish l</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-postscript_002c-in-letters">postscript, in letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pounds-symbol">pounds symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-preamble_002c-defined">preamble, defined</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting &amp; ending</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-predefined-lengths">predefined lengths</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prompt_002c-_002a">prompt, ‘<samp>*</samp>’</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-questionation-point_002c-upside_002ddown">questionation point, upside-down</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation-marks_002c-French">quotation marks, French</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote_002c-straight-base">quote, straight base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation">quotation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quote">quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text">ragged left text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for">ragged left text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text">ragged right text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for">ragged right text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-redefining-environments">redefining environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-registered-symbol">registered symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-remarks-in-the-margin">remarks in the margin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reporting-bugs">reporting bugs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reserved-characters">reserved characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-angle-quotation-marks">right angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-arrow_002c-in-text">right arrow, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-brace_002c-in-text">right brace, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote">right quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-double">right quote, double</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-single">right quote, single</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text">right-justifying text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">right-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ring-accent">ring accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ring-accent_002c-math">ring accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-robust-commands">robust commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-roman-font">roman font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer">running header and footer</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-style">running header and footer style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sans-serif-font">sans serif font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-letters-for-math">script letters for math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing">section number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-numbers_002c-printing">section numbers, printing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-symbol">section symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sectioning">sectioning</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setspace-package"><code>setspace</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setting-counters">setting counters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sharp-S-letters">sharp S letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-showidx-package"><code>showidx</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simulating-typed-text">simulating typed text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-angle-quotation-marks">single angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-guillemets">single guillemets</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-left-quote">single left quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark">single low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-right-quote">single right quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sizes-of-text">sizes of text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slanted-font">slanted font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-small-caps-font">small caps font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-vertical">space, inserting vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces">spaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing-within-math-mode">spacing within math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters">special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-specifier_002c-float-placement">specifier, float placement</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-splitting-the-input-file">splitting the input file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-_0026-ending">starting &amp; ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting &amp; ending</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page">starting a new page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats">starting a new page and clearing floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page">starting on a right-hand page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sterling-symbol">sterling symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-double-quote_002c-base">straight double quote, base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-quote_002c-base">straight quote, base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical">stretch, omitting vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles-of-text">styles of text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles_002c-page">styles, page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subscript">subscript</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-superscript">superscript</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-math">symbols, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tab-stops_002c-using">tab stops, using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding">table of contents entry, manually adding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-creating">table of contents, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tables_002c-creating">tables, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-terminal-input_002foutput">terminal input/output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-logo">TeX logo</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text-symbols">text symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcomp-package"><code>textcomp</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage">thanks, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-defining">theorems, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-typesetting">theorems, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter">thorn, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash">three-quarters em-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tie_002dafter-accent">tie-after accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-accent">tilde accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-accent_002c-math">tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">tilde, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title-pages_002c-creating">title pages, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title_002c-for-titlepage">title, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titles_002c-making">titles, making</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trademark-symbol">trademark symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-transcript-file">transcript file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-two_002dcolumn-output">two-column output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash">two-thirds em-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typed-text_002c-simulating">typed text, simulating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typeface-sizes">typeface sizes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typeface-styles">typeface styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typefaces">typefaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typewriter-font">typewriter font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typewriter-labels-in-lists">typewriter labels in lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-umlaut-accent">umlaut accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underbar">underbar</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underscore_002c-in-text">underscore, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unordered-lists">unordered lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-using-BibTeX">using BibTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variables_002c-a-list-of">variables, a list of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vector-symbol_002c-math">vector symbol, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-text">verbatim text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-text_002c-inline">verbatim text, inline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text">vertical bar, double, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space">vertical space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs">vertical space before paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space">visible space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text">visible space symbol, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-W">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math">wide hat accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wide-tile-accent_002c-math">wide tile accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-X">X</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XeTeX">XeTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xindy-program"><code>xindy</code> program</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>*</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>.</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>`</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
</td></tr></tbody></table>


<a name="Command-Index"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Concept Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Command-Index-1"></a>
<h2 class="unnumbered">Command Index</h2>

<table><tbody><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-2"><b>.</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-3"><b>1</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-4"><b>@</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-5"><b>[</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-6"><b>\</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-7"><b>^</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-8"><b>_</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-9"><b>{</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table class="index-fn" border="0">
<tbody><tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-1">$</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024"><code>$</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-2">.</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file"><code>.aux <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002edvi-file"><code>.dvi <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elog-file"><code>.log <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epdf-file"><code>.pdf <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-3">1</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-10pt-option"><code>10pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-11pt-option"><code>11pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-12pt-option"><code>12pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-4">@</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0040_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d"><code>@{...}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-5">[</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"><code>[...] <span class="roman">for optional arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-6">\</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c-character-starting-commands"><code>\ <span class="roman">character starting commands</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\" <span class="roman">(umlaut accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0023"><code>\#</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0024"><code>\$</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0025"><code>\%</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0026"><code>\&amp;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"><code>\' <span class="roman">(acute accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\' <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0028"><code>\(</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0029"><code>\)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002a"><code>\*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002b"><code>\+</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002c"><code>\,</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002d"><code>\-</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"><code>\- <span class="roman">(hyphenation)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029"><code>\. <span class="roman">(dot-over accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002f"><code>\/</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003a"><code>\:</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003b"><code>\;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003c"><code>\&lt;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029"><code>\= <span class="roman">(macron accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\= <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e"><code>\&gt;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-1"><code>\&gt;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\&gt; <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAT">\AT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"><code>\@fnsymbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbolic-footnotes">Symbolic footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a' <span class="roman">(acute accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a= <span class="roman">(macron accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"><code>\aa (å)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"><code>\AA (Å)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cacute"><code>\acute</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddcontentsline_007bext_007d_007bunit_007d_007btext_007d"><code>\addcontentsline{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddress"><code>\address</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddress">\address</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"><code>\addtocontents{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">\addtocontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddtocounter"><code>\addtocounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddtolength"><code>\addtolength</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddvspace"><code>\addvspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"><code>\ae (æ)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"><code>\AE (Æ)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caleph"><code>\aleph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calph"><code>\alph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAlph"><code>\Alph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAlph-example"><code>\Alph <span class="roman">example</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calpha"><code>\alpha</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calsoname"><code>\alsoname</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005camalg"><code>\amalg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cand-for-_005cauthor"><code>\and <span class="roman">for <code>\author</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cangle"><code>\angle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cappendix"><code>\appendix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005capprox"><code>\approx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carabic"><code>\arabic</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carccos"><code>\arccos</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carcsin"><code>\arcsin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carctan"><code>\arctan</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carg"><code>\arg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carraycolsep"><code>\arraycolsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carrayrulewidth"><code>\arrayrulewidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carraystretch"><code>\arraystretch</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cast"><code>\ast</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005casymp"><code>\asymp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cauthor_007bname-_005cand-name2_007d"><code>\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a` <span class="roman">(grave accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"><code>\b <span class="roman">(bar-under accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbackslash"><code>\backslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbackslash-1"><code>\backslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbar"><code>\bar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbaselineskip"><code>\baselineskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbaselinestretch"><code>\baselinestretch</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbegin"><code>\begin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbeta"><code>\beta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbf"><code>\bf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbfseries"><code>\bfseries</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography"><code>\bibliography</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcap"><code>\bigcap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcap-1"><code>\bigcap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcirc"><code>\bigcirc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcup"><code>\bigcup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigodot"><code>\bigodot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigoplus"><code>\bigoplus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigotimes"><code>\bigotimes</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigskip"><code>\bigskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigskipamount"><code>\bigskipamount</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigsqcup"><code>\bigsqcup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangledown"><code>\bigtriangledown</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangleup"><code>\bigtriangleup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbiguplus"><code>\biguplus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigwedge"><code>\bigwedge</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbmod"><code>\bmod</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath"><code>\boldmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbot"><code>\bot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbottomfraction"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbottomnumber"><code>\bottomnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbowtie"><code>\bowtie</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cBox"><code>\Box</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbreve"><code>\breve</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbullet"><code>\bullet</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029"><code>\c <span class="roman">(cedilla accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccal"><code>\cal</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccap"><code>\cap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalacute"><code>\capitalacute</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalbreve"><code>\capitalbreve</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcaron"><code>\capitalcaron</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcedilla"><code>\capitalcedilla</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"><code>\capitalcircumflex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaldieresis"><code>\capitaldieresis</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"><code>\capitaldotaccent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalgrave"><code>\capitalgrave</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalmacron"><code>\capitalmacron</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalnewtie"><code>\capitalnewtie</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalogonek"><code>\capitalogonek</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalring"><code>\capitalring</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaltie"><code>\capitaltie</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaltilde"><code>\capitaltilde</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccaption"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccc"><code>\cc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccdot"><code>\cdot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccdots"><code>\cdots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccentering"><code>\centering</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cchapter"><code>\chapter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccheck"><code>\check</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cchi"><code>\chi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccirc"><code>\circ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccircle"><code>\circle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccite"><code>\cite</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclearpage"><code>\clearpage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccline"><code>\cline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclosing"><code>\closing</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclubsuit"><code>\clubsuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccong"><code>\cong</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccoprod"><code>\coprod</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccopyright"><code>\copyright</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccos"><code>\cos</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccosh"><code>\cosh</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccot"><code>\cot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccoth"><code>\coth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccsc"><code>\csc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccup"><code>\cup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029"><code>\d <span class="roman">(dot-under accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdag"><code>\dag</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdagger"><code>\dagger</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdashbox"><code>\dashbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdashv"><code>\dashv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"><code>\date{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cday"><code>\day</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction"><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdblfloatsep"><code>\dblfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdbltextfloatsep"><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdbltopfraction"><code>\dbltopfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddag"><code>\ddag</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddagger"><code>\ddagger</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddot"><code>\ddot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddots"><code>\ddots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdeg"><code>\deg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDelta"><code>\Delta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdelta"><code>\delta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdepth"><code>\depth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdet"><code>\det</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdh-_0028ae_0029"><code>\dh (æ)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDH-_0028AE_0029"><code>\DH (Æ)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDiamond"><code>\Diamond</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiamond"><code>\diamond</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiamondsuit"><code>\diamondsuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdim"><code>\dim</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdisplaystyle"><code>\displaystyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiv"><code>\div</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdj"><code>\dj</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDJ"><code>\DJ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdocumentclass"><code>\documentclass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdot"><code>\dot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdoteq"><code>\doteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdotfill"><code>\dotfill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdotfill">\dotfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdots"><code>\dots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdoublerulesep"><code>\doublerulesep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdownarrow"><code>\downarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDownarrow"><code>\Downarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cell"><code>\ell</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cem"><code>\em</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cemph"><code>\emph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cemptyset"><code>\emptyset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cencl"><code>\encl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cend"><code>\end</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenlargethispage"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumi"><code>\enumi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumii"><code>\enumii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumiii"><code>\enumiii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumiv"><code>\enumiv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cepsilon"><code>\epsilon</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cequiv"><code>\equiv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ceta"><code>\eta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cexists"><code>\exists</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cexp"><code>\exp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cextracolsep"><code>\extracolsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfbox"><code>\fbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-1"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep-1"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfill"><code>\fill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cflat"><code>\flat</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfloatpagefraction"><code>\floatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfloatsep"><code>\floatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cflushbottom"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol"><code>\fnsymbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"><code>\fnsymbol<span class="roman">, and footnotes</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbolic-footnotes">Symbolic footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontencoding"><code>\fontencoding</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontfamily"><code>\fontfamily</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontseries"><code>\fontseries</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontshape"><code>\fontshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontsize"><code>\fontsize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnote"><code>\footnote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotemark"><code>\footnotemark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnoterule"><code>\footnoterule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotesep"><code>\footnotesep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotesize"><code>\footnotesize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotetext"><code>\footnotetext</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootskip"><code>\footskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cforall"><code>\forall</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrac"><code>\frac</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrac_007bnum_007d_007bden_007d"><code>\frac{num}{den}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframe"><code>\frame</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframebox"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframebox-1"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrown"><code>\frown</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfussy"><code>\fussy</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cGamma"><code>\Gamma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgamma"><code>\gamma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgcd"><code>\gcd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cge"><code>\ge</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgeq"><code>\geq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgets"><code>\gets</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgg"><code>\gg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cglossary"><code>\glossary</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cglossaryentry"><code>\glossaryentry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgrave"><code>\grave</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"><code>\guillemotleft <span class="roman">(«)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"><code>\guillemotright <span class="roman">(»)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029"><code>\guilsinglleft <span class="roman">(‹)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029"><code>\guilsinglright <span class="roman">(›)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\H <span class="roman">(Hungarian umlaut accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chat"><code>\hat</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chbar"><code>\hbar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheadheight"><code>\headheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheadsep"><code>\headsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheartsuit"><code>\heartsuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheight"><code>\height</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chfill"><code>\hfill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chline"><code>\hline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chom"><code>\hom</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chookleftarrow"><code>\hookleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chookrightarrow"><code>\hookrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chrulefill"><code>\hrulefill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill">\hrulefill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chsize"><code>\hsize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chspace"><code>\hspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chuge"><code>\huge</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cHuge"><code>\Huge</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chyphenation"><code>\hyphenation</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"><code>\i <span class="roman">(dotless i)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ciff"><code>\iff</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"><code>\ij (ij)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"><code>\IJ (IJ)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIm"><code>\Im</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cimath"><code>\imath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cin"><code>\in</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinclude"><code>\include</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cincludeonly"><code>\includeonly</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindent"><code>\indent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindex"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexentry"><code>\indexentry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinf"><code>\inf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinfty"><code>\infty</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cint"><code>\int</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cintextsep"><code>\intextsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ciota"><code>\iota</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cit"><code>\it</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-1"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-2"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemindent"><code>\itemindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemsep"><code>\itemsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citshape"><code>\itshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"><code>\j <span class="roman">(dotless j)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cjmath"><code>\jmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cJoin"><code>\Join</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"><code>\k <span class="roman">(ogonek)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ckappa"><code>\kappa</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cker"><code>\ker</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ckill"><code>\kill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"><code>\l (ł)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"><code>\L (Ł)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabel"><code>\label</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumi"><code>\labelenumi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumii"><code>\labelenumii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumiii"><code>\labelenumiii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumiv"><code>\labelenumiv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemi"><code>\labelitemi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemii"><code>\labelitemii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiii"><code>\labelitemiii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiv"><code>\labelitemiv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelsep"><code>\labelsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelwidth"><code>\labelwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLambda"><code>\Lambda</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clambda"><code>\lambda</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cland"><code>\land</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clangle"><code>\langle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clarge"><code>\large</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLarge"><code>\Large</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLARGE"><code>\LARGE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLaTeX"><code>\LaTeX</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clbrace"><code>\lbrace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clbrack"><code>\lbrack</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clceil"><code>\lceil</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cldots"><code>\ldots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cle"><code>\le</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleadsto"><code>\leadsto</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleft-delim1-_002e_002e_002e-_005cright-delim2"><code>\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLeftarrow"><code>\Leftarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftarrow"><code>\leftarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clefteqn"><code>\lefteqn</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoondown"><code>\leftharpoondown</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoonup"><code>\leftharpoonup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargin"><code>\leftmargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargini"><code>\leftmargini</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginii"><code>\leftmarginii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginiii"><code>\leftmarginiii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginiv"><code>\leftmarginiv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginv"><code>\leftmarginv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginvi"><code>\leftmarginvi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLeftrightarrow"><code>\Leftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftrightarrow"><code>\leftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleq"><code>\leq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clfloor"><code>\lfloor</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clg"><code>\lg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clhd"><code>\lhd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clim"><code>\lim</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005climinf"><code>\liminf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005climsup"><code>\limsup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cline"><code>\line</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinebreak"><code>\linebreak</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinespread"><code>\linespread</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinethickness"><code>\linethickness</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth"><code>\linewidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoffigures"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoftables"><code>\listoftables</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistparindent"><code>\listparindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cll"><code>\ll</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cln"><code>\ln</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clnot"><code>\lnot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clocation"><code>\location</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clog"><code>\log</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongleftarrow"><code>\longleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongleftrightarrow"><code>\longleftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongmapsto"><code>\longmapsto</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongrightarrow"><code>\longrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clor"><code>\lor</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clq"><code>\lq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox"><code>\makebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\makebox (picture)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeglossary"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeindex"><code>\makeindex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabels"><code>\makelabels</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmaketitle"><code>\maketitle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmapsto"><code>\mapsto</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginpar"><code>\marginpar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparsep"><code>\marginparsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_007d_007bright_007d"><code>\markboth{<var>left</var>}{<var>right</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d"><code>\markright{<var>right</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathbf"><code>\mathbf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathcal"><code>\mathcal</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathnormal"><code>\mathnormal</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathring"><code>\mathring</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathrm"><code>\mathrm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsf"><code>\mathsf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathtt"><code>\mathtt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathversion"><code>\mathversion</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmax"><code>\max</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmbox"><code>\mbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmdseries"><code>\mdseries</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskip"><code>\medskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskipamount"><code>\medskipamount</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmho"><code>\mho</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmid"><code>\mid</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmin"><code>\min</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmodels"><code>\models</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmonth"><code>\month</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmp"><code>\mp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmu"><code>\mu</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmulticolumn"><code>\multicolumn</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">\multicolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmultiput"><code>\multiput</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnabla"><code>\nabla</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cname"><code>\name</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cname">\name</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnatural"><code>\natural</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cne"><code>\ne</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnearrow"><code>\nearrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cneg"><code>\neg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cneq"><code>\neq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewcounter"><code>\newcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewenvironment"><code>\newenvironment</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewfont"><code>\newfont</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewlength"><code>\newlength</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewline"><code>\newline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNEWLINE"><code>\NEWLINE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewpage"><code>\newpage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewsavebox"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewtheorem"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewtie"><code>\newtie</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cng"><code>\ng</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNG"><code>\NG</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cni"><code>\ni</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocite"><code>\nocite</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnofiles"><code>\nofiles</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnoindent"><code>\noindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnolinebreak"><code>\nolinebreak</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnonumber"><code>\nonumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnopagebreak"><code>\nopagebreak</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalfont"><code>\normalfont</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalmarginpar"><code>\normalmarginpar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalsize"><code>\normalsize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnot"><code>\not</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnotin"><code>\notin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnu"><code>\nu</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnwarrow"><code>\nwarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005co-_0028o_0029"><code>\o (ø)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"><code>\O (Ø)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cobeycr"><code>\obeycr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005codot"><code>\odot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"><code>\oe (œ)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"><code>\OE (Œ)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coint"><code>\oint</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coldstylenums"><code>\oldstylenums</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cOmega"><code>\Omega</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005comega"><code>\omega</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cominus"><code>\ominus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005conecolumn"><code>\onecolumn</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005copening"><code>\opening</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coplus"><code>\oplus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coslash"><code>\oslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cotimes"><code>\otimes</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coval"><code>\oval</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coverbrace_007btext_007d"><code>\overbrace{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cowns"><code>\owns</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cP"><code>\P</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpagebreak"><code>\pagebreak</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpagenumbering"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpageref"><code>\pageref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpagestyle"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparagraph"><code>\paragraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparallel"><code>\parallel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-1"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparsep"><code>\parsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparskip"><code>\parskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparskip-example"><code>\parskip <span class="roman">example</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpart"><code>\part</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpartial"><code>\partial</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpartopsep"><code>\partopsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cperp"><code>\perp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cphi"><code>\phi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPi"><code>\Pi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpi"><code>\pi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpm"><code>\pm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpmod"><code>\pmod</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpoptabs"><code>\poptabs</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpoptabs-1"><code>\poptabs</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpounds"><code>\pounds</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPr"><code>\Pr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprec"><code>\prec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpreceq"><code>\preceq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprime"><code>\prime</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprod"><code>\prod</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpropto"><code>\propto</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cps"><code>\ps</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPsi"><code>\Psi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpsi"><code>\psi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpushtabs"><code>\pushtabs</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cput"><code>\put</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029"><code>\quotedblbase <span class="roman">(„)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029"><code>\quotesinglbase <span class="roman">(‚)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029"><code>\r <span class="roman">(ring accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005craggedbottom"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005craggedleft"><code>\raggedleft</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005craggedright"><code>\raggedright</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005craisebox"><code>\raisebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craisebox">\raisebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crangle"><code>\rangle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crbrace"><code>\rbrace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crbrack"><code>\rbrack</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crceil"><code>\rceil</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRe"><code>\Re</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crefstepcounter"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crenewenvironment"><code>\renewenvironment</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crestorecr"><code>\restorecr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005creversemarginpar"><code>\reversemarginpar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crfloor"><code>\rfloor</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crhd"><code>\rhd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crho"><code>\rho</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cright"><code>\right</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRightarrow"><code>\Rightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightarrow"><code>\rightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoondown"><code>\rightharpoondown</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoonup"><code>\rightharpoonup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightleftharpoons"><code>\rightleftharpoons</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightmargin"><code>\rightmargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crm"><code>\rm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crmfamily"><code>\rmfamily</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005croman"><code>\roman</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005croman-1"><code>\roman</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crq"><code>\rq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cS"><code>\S</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csavebox"><code>\savebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csbox"><code>\sbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csc"><code>\sc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscriptsize"><code>\scriptsize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscshape"><code>\scshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csearrow"><code>\searrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csec"><code>\sec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csection"><code>\section</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cseename"><code>\seename</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cselectfont"><code>\selectfont</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csetcounter"><code>\setcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csetlength"><code>\setlength</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csetminus"><code>\setminus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csettodepth"><code>\settodepth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csettoheight"><code>\settoheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csettowidth"><code>\settowidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csf"><code>\sf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csffamily"><code>\sffamily</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csharp"><code>\sharp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cshortstack"><code>\shortstack</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSigma"><code>\Sigma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csigma"><code>\sigma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csignature"><code>\signature</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csim"><code>\sim</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csimeq"><code>\simeq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csin"><code>\sin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csinh"><code>\sinh</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csl"><code>\sl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cslshape"><code>\slshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmall"><code>\small</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallint"><code>\smallint</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskip"><code>\smallskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskipamount"><code>\smallskipamount</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmile"><code>\smile</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE"><code>\SPACE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspadesuit"><code>\spadesuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqcap"><code>\sqcap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqcup"><code>\sqcup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqrt_005broot_005d_007barg_007d"><code>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{arg}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsubset"><code>\sqsubset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsubseteq"><code>\sqsubseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsupset"><code>\sqsupset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsupseteq"><code>\sqsupseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"><code>\ss (ß)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"><code>\SS (SS)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstackrel_007btext_007d_007brelation_007d"><code>\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstar"><code>\star</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstartbreaks"><code>\startbreaks</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks">\startbreaks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstepcounter"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstop"><code>\stop</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstopbreaks"><code>\stopbreaks</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks">\stopbreaks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsection"><code>\subsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubset"><code>\subset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubseteq"><code>\subseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csucc"><code>\succ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csucceq"><code>\succeq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csum"><code>\sum</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csup"><code>\sup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csupset"><code>\supset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csupseteq"><code>\supseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csurd"><code>\surd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cswarrow"><code>\swarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csymbol"><code>\symbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"><code>\t <span class="roman">(tie-after accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTAB"><code>\TAB</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctabbingsep"><code>\tabbingsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctabcolsep"><code>\tabcolsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctableofcontents"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctan"><code>\tan</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctanh"><code>\tanh</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctau"><code>\tau</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctelephone"><code>\telephone</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTeX"><code>\TeX</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextascenderwordmark"><code>\textascenderwordmark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextasciicircum"><code>\textasciicircum</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextasciitilde"><code>\textasciitilde</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextasteriskcentered"><code>\textasteriskcentered</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbackslash"><code>\textbackslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbar"><code>\textbar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbardbl"><code>\textbardbl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbf"><code>\textbf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbigcircle"><code>\textbigcircle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbraceleft"><code>\textbraceleft</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbraceright"><code>\textbraceright</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbullet"><code>\textbullet</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcapitalwordmark"><code>\textcapitalwordmark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d"><code>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcompwordmark"><code>\textcompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcopyright"><code>\textcopyright</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextdagger"><code>\textdagger</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextdaggerdbl"><code>\textdaggerdbl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_0024_0029"><code>\textdollar <span class="roman">(or <code>$</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextellipsis"><code>\textellipsis</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029"><code>\textemdash <span class="roman">(or <code>---</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"><code>\textendash <span class="roman">(or <code>--</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexteuro"><code>\texteuro</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029"><code>\textexclamdown <span class="roman">(or <code>!`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfloatsep"><code>\textfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfraction"><code>\textfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextgreater"><code>\textgreater</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextheight"><code>\textheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextit"><code>\textit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextleftarrow"><code>\textleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextless"><code>\textless</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextmd"><code>\textmd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextnormal"><code>\textnormal</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextordfeminine"><code>\textordfeminine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextordmasculine"><code>\textordmasculine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextparagraph"><code>\textparagraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextperiodcentered"><code>\textperiodcentered</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"><code>\textquestiondown <span class="roman">(or <code>?`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029"><code>\textquotedblleft <span class="roman">(or <code>``</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0029"><code>\textquotedblright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029"><code>\textquoteleft <span class="roman">(or <code>`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029"><code>\textquoteright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightbase"><code>\textquotestraightbase</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase"><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextregistered"><code>\textregistered</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextrightarrow"><code>\textrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextrm"><code>\textrm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsc"><code>\textsc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsf"><code>\textsf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsl"><code>\textsl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsterling"><code>\textsterling</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash"><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexttrademark"><code>\texttrademark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexttt"><code>\texttt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexttwelveudash"><code>\texttwelveudash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextunderscore"><code>\textunderscore</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextup"><code>\textup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextvisiblespace"><code>\textvisiblespace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextwidth"><code>\textwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"><code>\th (þ)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"><code>\TH (Þ)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d"><code>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctheta"><code>\theta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthicklines"><code>\thicklines</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthinlines"><code>\thinlines</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthinspace"><code>\thinspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthispagestyle"><code>\thispagestyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctilde"><code>\tilde</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctimes"><code>\times</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctiny"><code>\tiny</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d"><code>\title{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cto"><code>\to</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctoday"><code>\today</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctop"><code>\top</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopfraction"><code>\topfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopmargin"><code>\topmargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopnumber"><code>\topnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopsep"><code>\topsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip"><code>\topskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctotalheight"><code>\totalheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctotalnumber"><code>\totalnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctriangle"><code>\triangle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleleft"><code>\triangleleft</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleright"><code>\triangleright</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctt"><code>\tt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cttfamily"><code>\ttfamily</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctwocolumn"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctypein"><code>\typein</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctypeout"><code>\typeout</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\u <span class="roman">(breve accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderbar"><code>\underbar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\underbrace{math}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"><code>\underline{text}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunitlength"><code>\unitlength</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunlhd"><code>\unlhd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunrhd"><code>\unrhd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cUparrow"><code>\Uparrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cuparrow"><code>\uparrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cUpdownarrow"><code>\Updownarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cupdownarrow"><code>\updownarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cuplus"><code>\uplus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cupshape"><code>\upshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cUpsilon"><code>\Upsilon</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cupsilon"><code>\upsilon</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusebox"><code>\usebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusecounter"><code>\usecounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusefont"><code>\usefont</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusepackage"><code>\usepackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\v <span class="roman">(breve accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvalue"><code>\value</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarepsilon"><code>\varepsilon</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarphi"><code>\varphi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarpi"><code>\varpi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarrho"><code>\varrho</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarsigma"><code>\varsigma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvartheta"><code>\vartheta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdash"><code>\vdash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdots"><code>\vdots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdots-1"><code>\vdots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvec"><code>\vec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvector"><code>\vector</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvee"><code>\vee</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cverb"><code>\verb</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cVert"><code>\Vert</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvert"><code>\vert</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvfill"><code>\vfill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvline"><code>\vline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvline">\vline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvspace"><code>\vspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwedge"><code>\wedge</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwidehat"><code>\widehat</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwidehat-1"><code>\widehat</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwidth"><code>\width</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwp"><code>\wp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwr"><code>\wr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cXi"><code>\Xi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cxi"><code>\xi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cyear"><code>\year</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005czeta"><code>\zeta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005b"><code>\[</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-array_0029"><code>\\ (for <code>array</code>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"><code>\\ (for <code>center</code>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\ (for <code>eqnarray</code>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"><code>\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-flushleft"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>flushleft</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-letters"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for letters</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-tabular"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>tabular</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-verse"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>verse</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-_005cauthor"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>\author</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-_005ctitle"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>\title</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-force-line-break"><code>\\ <span class="roman">force line break</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\* (for <code>eqnarray</code>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005d"><code>\]</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005e"><code>\^</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"><code>\^ <span class="roman">(circumflex accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005f"><code>\_</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029"><code>\` <span class="roman">(grave accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\` <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007b"><code>\{</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007c"><code>\|</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007d"><code>\}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e"><code>\~</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"><code>\~ <span class="roman">(tilde accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-7">^</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005e"><code>^</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-8">_</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005f"><code>_</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-9">{</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-for-required-arguments"><code>{...} <span class="roman">for required arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-a4paper-option"><code>a4paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-a5paper-option"><code>a5paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstract-environment"><code>abstract <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-array-environment"><code>array <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-article-class"><code>article <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-b5paper-option"><code>b5paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book-class"><code>book <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-center-environment"><code>center <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-description-environment"><code>description <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment"><code>displaymath <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment-1"><code>displaymath <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-environment"><code>document <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-draft-option"><code>draft <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumerate-environment"><code>enumerate <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqnarray-environment"><code>eqnarray <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment"><code>equation <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment-1"><code>equation <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-executivepaper-option"><code>executivepaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure"><code>figure</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-final-option"><code>final <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fleqn-option"><code>fleqn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushleft-environment"><code>flushleft <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushright-environment"><code>flushright <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexspace"><code>indexspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-itemize-environment"><code>itemize <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-landscape-option"><code>landscape <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex-command"><code>latex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latexrefman_002ddiscuss_0040gna_002eorg-email-address"><code></code></a><code><a href="mailto:latexrefman-discuss@gna.org">latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</a> <span class="roman">email address</span></code>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-legalpaper-option"><code>legalpaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leqno-option"><code>leqno <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letter"><code>letter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#letter">letter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letter-class"><code>letter <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letterpaper-option"><code>letterpaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list"><code>list</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lR-box"><code>lR box</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lrbox"><code>lrbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#lrbox">lrbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lualatex-command"><code>lualatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-environment"><code>math <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-environment-1"><code>math <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minipage-environment"><code>minipage <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notitlepage-option"><code>notitlepage <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-onecolumn-option"><code>onecolumn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oneside-option"><code>oneside <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openany-option"><code>openany <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openbib-option"><code>openbib <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openright-option"><code>openright <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdflatex-command"><code>pdflatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-picture"><code>picture</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printindex"><code>printindex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation"><code>quotation</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation">quotation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote"><code>quote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quote">quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-report-class"><code>report <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-secnumdepth-counter"><code>secnumdepth <span class="roman">counter</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slides-class"><code>slides <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabbing-environment"><code>tabbing <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table"><code>table</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabular-environment"><code>tabular <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcomp-package-1"><code>textcomp <span class="roman">package</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thebibliography"><code>thebibliography</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorem-environment"><code>theorem <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlepage-environment"><code>titlepage <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlepage-option"><code>titlepage <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-twocolumn-option"><code>twocolumn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-twoside-option"><code>twoside <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-environment"><code>verbatim <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verse-environment"><code>verse <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-X">X</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xelatex-command"><code>xelatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a>
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<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-2"><b>.</b></a>
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<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-3"><b>1</b></a>
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<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-4"><b>@</b></a>
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<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-5"><b>[</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-6"><b>\</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-7"><b>^</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-8"><b>_</b></a>
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<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-9"><b>{</b></a>
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<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
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<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
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<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
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<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
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<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
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<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
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<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
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<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
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</td></tr></tbody></table>







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