This file is indexed.

/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/wrapt/wrappers.py is in python3-wrapt 1.9.0-2.

This file is owned by root:root, with mode 0o644.

The actual contents of the file can be viewed below.

  1
  2
  3
  4
  5
  6
  7
  8
  9
 10
 11
 12
 13
 14
 15
 16
 17
 18
 19
 20
 21
 22
 23
 24
 25
 26
 27
 28
 29
 30
 31
 32
 33
 34
 35
 36
 37
 38
 39
 40
 41
 42
 43
 44
 45
 46
 47
 48
 49
 50
 51
 52
 53
 54
 55
 56
 57
 58
 59
 60
 61
 62
 63
 64
 65
 66
 67
 68
 69
 70
 71
 72
 73
 74
 75
 76
 77
 78
 79
 80
 81
 82
 83
 84
 85
 86
 87
 88
 89
 90
 91
 92
 93
 94
 95
 96
 97
 98
 99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
import sys
import functools
import operator
import weakref
import inspect

PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3

if PY3:
    string_types = str,
else:
    string_types = basestring,

def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
    """Create a base class with a metaclass."""
    return meta("NewBase", bases, {})

class _ObjectProxyMethods(object):

     # We use properties to override the values of __module__ and
     # __doc__. If we add these in ObjectProxy, the derived class
     # __dict__ will still be setup to have string variants of these
     # attributes and the rules of descriptors means that they appear to
     # take precedence over the properties in the base class. To avoid
     # that, we copy the properties into the derived class type itself
     # via a meta class. In that way the properties will always take
     # precedence.

    @property
    def __module__(self):
        return self.__wrapped__.__module__

    @__module__.setter
    def __module__(self, value):
        self.__wrapped__.__module__ = value

    @property
    def __doc__(self):
        return self.__wrapped__.__doc__

    @__doc__.setter
    def __doc__(self, value):
        self.__wrapped__.__doc__ = value

    # We similar use a property for __dict__. We need __dict__ to be
    # explicit to ensure that vars() works as expected.

    @property
    def __dict__(self):
        return self.__wrapped__.__dict__

    # Need to also propagate the special __weakref__ attribute for case
    # where decorating classes which will define this. If do not define
    # it and use a function like inspect.getmembers() on a decorator
    # class it will fail. This can't be in the derived classes.

    @property
    def __weakref__(self):
        return self.__wrapped__.__weakref__

class _ObjectProxyMetaType(type):
     def __new__(cls, name, bases, dictionary):
         # Copy our special properties into the class so that they
         # always take precedence over attributes of the same name added
         # during construction of a derived class. This is to save
         # duplicating the implementation for them in all derived classes.

         dictionary.update(vars(_ObjectProxyMethods))

         return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, dictionary)

class ObjectProxy(with_metaclass(_ObjectProxyMetaType)):

    __slots__ = '__wrapped__'

    def __init__(self, wrapped):
        object.__setattr__(self, '__wrapped__', wrapped)

        # Python 3.2+ has the __qualname__ attribute, but it does not
        # allow it to be overridden using a property and it must instead
        # be an actual string object instead.

        try:
            object.__setattr__(self, '__qualname__', wrapped.__qualname__)
        except AttributeError:
            pass

    @property
    def __name__(self):
        return self.__wrapped__.__name__

    @__name__.setter
    def __name__(self, value):
        self.__wrapped__.__name__ = value

    @property
    def __class__(self):
        return self.__wrapped__.__class__

    @__class__.setter
    def __class__(self, value):
        self.__wrapped__.__class__ = value

    @property
    def __annotations__(self):
        return self.__wrapped__.__anotations__

    @__annotations__.setter
    def __annotations__(self, value):
        self.__wrapped__.__annotations__ = value

    def __dir__(self):
        return dir(self.__wrapped__)

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.__wrapped__)

    if PY3:
        def __bytes__(self):
            return bytes(self.__wrapped__)

    def __repr__(self):
        return '<%s at 0x%x for %s at 0x%x>' % (
                type(self).__name__, id(self),
                type(self.__wrapped__).__name__,
                id(self.__wrapped__))

    def __reversed__(self):
        return reversed(self.__wrapped__)

    if PY3:
        def __round__(self):
            return round(self.__wrapped__)

    def __lt__(self, other):
        return self.__wrapped__ < other

    def __le__(self, other):
        return self.__wrapped__ <= other

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self.__wrapped__ == other

    def __ne__(self, other):
        return self.__wrapped__ != other

    def __gt__(self, other):
        return self.__wrapped__ > other

    def __ge__(self, other):
        return self.__wrapped__ >= other

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self.__wrapped__)

    def __nonzero__(self):
        return bool(self.__wrapped__)

    def __bool__(self):
        return bool(self.__wrapped__)

    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
        if name.startswith('_self_'):
            object.__setattr__(self, name, value)

        elif name == '__wrapped__':
            object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
            try:
                object.__delattr__(self, '__qualname__')
            except AttributeError:
                pass
            object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
            try:
                object.__setattr__(self, '__qualname__', value.__qualname__)
            except AttributeError:
                pass

        elif name == '__qualname__':
            setattr(self.__wrapped__, name, value)
            object.__setattr__(self, name, value)

        elif hasattr(type(self), name):
            object.__setattr__(self, name, value)

        else:
            setattr(self.__wrapped__, name, value)

    def __getattr__(self, name):
        return getattr(self.__wrapped__, name)

    def __delattr__(self, name):
        if name.startswith('_self_'):
            object.__delattr__(self, name)

        elif name == '__wrapped__':
            raise TypeError('__wrapped__ must be an object')

        elif name == '__qualname__':
            object.__delattr__(self, name)
            delattr(self.__wrapped__, name)

        elif hasattr(type(self), name):
            object.__delattr__(self, name)

        else:
            delattr(self.__wrapped__, name)

    def __add__(self, other):
        return self.__wrapped__ + other

    def __sub__(self, other):
        return self.__wrapped__ - other

    def __mul__(self, other):
        return self.__wrapped__ * other

    def __div__(self, other):
        return operator.div(self.__wrapped__, other)

    def __truediv__(self, other):
        return operator.truediv(self.__wrapped__, other)

    def __floordiv__(self, other):
        return self.__wrapped__ // other

    def __mod__(self, other):
        return self.__wrapped__ ^ other

    def __divmod__(self, other):
        return divmod(self.__wrapped__, other)

    def __pow__(self, other, *args):
        return pow(self.__wrapped__, other, *args)

    def __lshift__(self, other):
        return self.__wrapped__ << other

    def __rshift__(self, other):
        return self.__wrapped__ >> other

    def __and__(self, other):
        return self.__wrapped__ & other

    def __xor__(self, other):
        return self.__wrapped__ ^ other

    def __or__(self, other):
        return self.__wrapped__ | other

    def __radd__(self, other):
        return other + self.__wrapped__

    def __rsub__(self, other):
        return other - self.__wrapped__

    def __rmul__(self, other):
        return other * self.__wrapped__

    def __rdiv__(self, other):
        return operator.div(other, self.__wrapped__)

    def __rtruediv__(self, other):
        return operator.truediv(other, self.__wrapped__)

    def __rfloordiv__(self, other):
        return other // self.__wrapped__

    def __rmod__(self, other):
        return other % self.__wrapped__

    def __rdivmod__(self, other):
        return divmod(other, self.__wrapped__)

    def __rpow__(self, other, *args):
        return pow(other, self.__wrapped__, *args)

    def __rlshift__(self, other):
        return other << self.__wrapped__

    def __rrshift__(self, other):
        return other >> self.__wrapped__

    def __rand__(self, other):
        return other & self.__wrapped__

    def __rxor__(self, other):
        return other ^ self.__wrapped__

    def __ror__(self, other):
        return other | self.__wrapped__

    def __iadd__(self, other):
        self.__wrapped__ += other
        return self

    def __isub__(self, other):
        self.__wrapped__ -= other
        return self

    def __imul__(self, other):
        self.__wrapped__ *= other
        return self

    def __idiv__(self, other):
        self.__wrapped__ = operator.idiv(self.__wrapped__, other)
        return self

    def __itruediv__(self, other):
        self.__wrapped__ = operator.itruediv(self.__wrapped__, other)
        return self

    def __ifloordiv__(self, other):
        self.__wrapped__ //= other
        return self

    def __imod__(self, other):
        self.__wrapped__ %= other
        return self

    def __ipow__(self, other):
        self.__wrapped__ **= other
        return self

    def __ilshift__(self, other):
        self.__wrapped__ <<= other
        return self

    def __irshift__(self, other):
        self.__wrapped__ >>= other
        return self

    def __iand__(self, other):
        self.__wrapped__ &= other
        return self

    def __ixor__(self, other):
        self.__wrapped__ ^= other
        return self

    def __ior__(self, other):
        self.__wrapped__ |= other
        return self

    def __neg__(self):
        return -self.__wrapped__

    def __pos__(self):
        return +self.__wrapped__

    def __abs__(self):
        return abs(self.__wrapped__)

    def __invert__(self):
        return ~self.__wrapped__

    def __int__(self):
        return int(self.__wrapped__)

    def __long__(self):
        return long(self.__wrapped__)

    def __float__(self):
        return float(self.__wrapped__)

    def __oct__(self):
        return oct(self.__wrapped__)

    def __hex__(self):
        return hex(self.__wrapped__)

    def __index__(self):
        return operator.index(self.__wrapped__)

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.__wrapped__)

    def __contains__(self, value):
        return value in self.__wrapped__

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        return self.__wrapped__[key]

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        self.__wrapped__[key] = value

    def __delitem__(self, key):
        del self.__wrapped__[key]

    def __getslice__(self, i, j):
        return self.__wrapped__[i:j]

    def __setslice__(self, i, j, value):
        self.__wrapped__[i:j] = value

    def __delslice__(self, i, j):
        del self.__wrapped__[i:j]

    def __enter__(self):
        return self.__wrapped__.__enter__()

    def __exit__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.__wrapped__.__exit__(*args, **kwargs)

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self.__wrapped__)

class CallableObjectProxy(ObjectProxy):

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.__wrapped__(*args, **kwargs)

class _FunctionWrapperBase(ObjectProxy):

    __slots__ = ('_self_instance', '_self_wrapper', '_self_enabled',
            '_self_binding', '_self_parent') 

    def __init__(self, wrapped, instance, wrapper, enabled=None,
            binding='function', parent=None):

        super(_FunctionWrapperBase, self).__init__(wrapped)

        object.__setattr__(self, '_self_instance', instance)
        object.__setattr__(self, '_self_wrapper', wrapper)
        object.__setattr__(self, '_self_enabled', enabled)
        object.__setattr__(self, '_self_binding', binding)
        object.__setattr__(self, '_self_parent', parent)

    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        # This method is actually doing double duty for both unbound and
        # bound derived wrapper classes. It should possibly be broken up
        # and the distinct functionality moved into the derived classes.
        # Can't do that straight away due to some legacy code which is
        # relying on it being here in this base class.
        #
        # The distinguishing attribute which determines whether we are
        # being called in an unbound or bound wrapper is the parent
        # attribute. If binding has never occured, then the parent will
        # be None.
        #
        # First therefore, is if we are called in an unbound wrapper. In
        # this case we perform the binding.
        #
        # We have one special case to worry about here. This is where we
        # are decorating a nested class. In this case the wrapped class
        # would not have a __get__() method to call. In that case we
        # simply return self.
        #
        # Note that we otherwise still do binding even if instance is
        # None and accessing an unbound instance method from a class.
        # This is because we need to be able to later detect that
        # specific case as we will need to extract the instance from the
        # first argument of those passed in.

        if self._self_parent is None:
            if not inspect.isclass(self.__wrapped__):
                descriptor = self.__wrapped__.__get__(instance, owner)

                return self.__bound_function_wrapper__(descriptor, instance,
                        self._self_wrapper, self._self_enabled,
                        self._self_binding, self)

            return self

        # Now we have the case of binding occuring a second time on what
        # was already a bound function. In this case we would usually
        # return ourselves again. This mirrors what Python does.
        #
        # The special case this time is where we were originally bound
        # with an instance of None and we were likely an instance
        # method. In that case we rebind against the original wrapped
        # function from the parent again.

        if self._self_instance is None and self._self_binding == 'function':
            descriptor = self._self_parent.__wrapped__.__get__(
                    instance, owner)

            return self._self_parent.__bound_function_wrapper__(
                    descriptor, instance, self._self_wrapper,
                    self._self_enabled, self._self_binding,
                    self._self_parent)

        return self

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        # If enabled has been specified, then evaluate it at this point
        # and if the wrapper is not to be executed, then simply return
        # the bound function rather than a bound wrapper for the bound
        # function. When evaluating enabled, if it is callable we call
        # it, otherwise we evaluate it as a boolean.

        if self._self_enabled is not None:
            if callable(self._self_enabled):
                if not self._self_enabled():
                    return self.__wrapped__(*args, **kwargs)
            elif not self._self_enabled:
                return self.__wrapped__(*args, **kwargs)

        # This can occur where initial function wrapper was applied to
        # a function that was already bound to an instance. In that case
        # we want to extract the instance from the function and use it.

        if self._self_binding == 'function':
            if self._self_instance is None:
                instance = getattr(self.__wrapped__, '__self__', None)
                if instance is not None:
                    return self._self_wrapper(self.__wrapped__, instance,
                            args, kwargs)

        # This is generally invoked when the wrapped function is being
        # called as a normal function and is not bound to a class as an
        # instance method. This is also invoked in the case where the
        # wrapped function was a method, but this wrapper was in turn
        # wrapped using the staticmethod decorator.

        return self._self_wrapper(self.__wrapped__, self._self_instance,
                args, kwargs)

class BoundFunctionWrapper(_FunctionWrapperBase):

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        # If enabled has been specified, then evaluate it at this point
        # and if the wrapper is not to be executed, then simply return
        # the bound function rather than a bound wrapper for the bound
        # function. When evaluating enabled, if it is callable we call
        # it, otherwise we evaluate it as a boolean.

        if self._self_enabled is not None:
            if callable(self._self_enabled):
                if not self._self_enabled():
                    return self.__wrapped__(*args, **kwargs)
            elif not self._self_enabled:
                return self.__wrapped__(*args, **kwargs)

        # We need to do things different depending on whether we are
        # likely wrapping an instance method vs a static method or class
        # method.

        if self._self_binding == 'function':
            if self._self_instance is None:
                # This situation can occur where someone is calling the
                # instancemethod via the class type and passing the instance
                # as the first argument. We need to shift the args before
                # making the call to the wrapper and effectively bind the
                # instance to the wrapped function using a partial so the
                # wrapper doesn't see anything as being different.

                if not args:
                    raise TypeError('missing 1 required positional argument')

                instance, args = args[0], args[1:]
                wrapped = functools.partial(self.__wrapped__, instance)
                return self._self_wrapper(wrapped, instance, args, kwargs)

            return self._self_wrapper(self.__wrapped__, self._self_instance,
                    args, kwargs)

        else:
            # As in this case we would be dealing with a classmethod or
            # staticmethod, then _self_instance will only tell us whether
            # when calling the classmethod or staticmethod they did it via an
            # instance of the class it is bound to and not the case where
            # done by the class type itself. We thus ignore _self_instance
            # and use the __self__ attribute of the bound function instead.
            # For a classmethod, this means instance will be the class type
            # and for a staticmethod it will be None. This is probably the
            # more useful thing we can pass through even though we loose
            # knowledge of whether they were called on the instance vs the
            # class type, as it reflects what they have available in the
            # decoratored function.

            instance = getattr(self.__wrapped__, '__self__', None)

            return self._self_wrapper(self.__wrapped__, instance, args,
                    kwargs)

class FunctionWrapper(_FunctionWrapperBase):

    __bound_function_wrapper__ = BoundFunctionWrapper

    def __init__(self, wrapped, wrapper, enabled=None):
        # What it is we are wrapping here could be anything. We need to
        # try and detect specific cases though. In particular, we need
        # to detect when we are given something that is a method of a
        # class. Further, we need to know when it is likely an instance
        # method, as opposed to a class or static method. This can
        # become problematic though as there isn't strictly a fool proof
        # method of knowing.
        #
        # The situations we could encounter when wrapping a method are:
        #
        # 1. The wrapper is being applied as part of a decorator which
        # is a part of the class definition. In this case what we are
        # given is the raw unbound function, classmethod or staticmethod
        # wrapper objects.
        #
        # The problem here is that we will not know we are being applied
        # in the context of the class being set up. This becomes
        # important later for the case of an instance method, because in
        # that case we just see it as a raw function and can't
        # distinguish it from wrapping a normal function outside of
        # a class context.
        #
        # 2. The wrapper is being applied when performing monkey
        # patching of the class type afterwards and the method to be
        # wrapped was retrieved direct from the __dict__ of the class
        # type. This is effectively the same as (1) above.
        #
        # 3. The wrapper is being applied when performing monkey
        # patching of the class type afterwards and the method to be
        # wrapped was retrieved from the class type. In this case
        # binding will have been performed where the instance against
        # which the method is bound will be None at that point.
        #
        # This case is a problem because we can no longer tell if the
        # method was a static method, plus if using Python3, we cannot
        # tell if it was an instance method as the concept of an
        # unnbound method no longer exists.
        #
        # 4. The wrapper is being applied when performing monkey
        # patching of an instance of a class. In this case binding will
        # have been perfomed where the instance was not None.
        #
        # This case is a problem because we can no longer tell if the
        # method was a static method.
        #
        # Overall, the best we can do is look at the original type of the
        # object which was wrapped prior to any binding being done and
        # see if it is an instance of classmethod or staticmethod. In
        # the case where other decorators are between us and them, if
        # they do not propagate the __class__  attribute so that the
        # isinstance() checks works, then likely this will do the wrong
        # thing where classmethod and staticmethod are used.
        #
        # Since it is likely to be very rare that anyone even puts
        # decorators around classmethod and staticmethod, likelihood of
        # that being an issue is very small, so we accept it and suggest
        # that those other decorators be fixed. It is also only an issue
        # if a decorator wants to actually do things with the arguments.
        #
        # As to not being able to identify static methods properly, we
        # just hope that that isn't something people are going to want
        # to wrap, or if they do suggest they do it the correct way by
        # ensuring that it is decorated in the class definition itself,
        # or patch it in the __dict__ of the class type.
        #
        # So to get the best outcome we can, whenever we aren't sure what
        # it is, we label it as a 'function'. If it was already bound and
        # that is rebound later, we assume that it will be an instance
        # method and try an cope with the possibility that the 'self'
        # argument it being passed as an explicit argument and shuffle
        # the arguments around to extract 'self' for use as the instance.

        if isinstance(wrapped, classmethod):
            binding = 'classmethod'

        elif isinstance(wrapped, staticmethod):
            binding = 'staticmethod'

        elif hasattr(wrapped, '__self__'):
            if inspect.isclass(wrapped.__self__):
                binding = 'classmethod'
            else:
                binding = 'function'

        else:
            binding = 'function'

        super(FunctionWrapper, self).__init__(wrapped, None, wrapper,
                enabled, binding)

try:
    from ._wrappers import (ObjectProxy, CallableObjectProxy, FunctionWrapper,
        BoundFunctionWrapper, _FunctionWrapperBase)
except ImportError:
    pass

# Helper functions for applying wrappers to existing functions.

def resolve_path(module, name):
    if isinstance(module, string_types):
        __import__(module)
        module = sys.modules[module]

    parent = module

    path = name.split('.')
    attribute = path[0]

    original = getattr(parent, attribute)
    for attribute in path[1:]:
        parent = original

        # We can't just always use getattr() because in doing
        # that on a class it will cause binding to occur which
        # will complicate things later and cause some things not
        # to work. For the case of a class we therefore access
        # the __dict__ directly. To cope though with the wrong
        # class being given to us, or a method being moved into
        # a base class, we need to walk the class heirarchy to
        # work out exactly which __dict__ the method was defined
        # in, as accessing it from __dict__ will fail if it was
        # not actually on the class given. Fallback to using
        # getattr() if we can't find it. If it truly doesn't
        # exist, then that will fail.

        if inspect.isclass(original):
            for cls in inspect.getmro(original):
                if attribute in vars(original):
                    original = vars(original)[attribute]
                    break
            else:
                original = getattr(original, attribute)

        else:
            original = getattr(original, attribute)

    return (parent, attribute, original)

def apply_patch(parent, attribute, replacement):
    setattr(parent, attribute, replacement)

def wrap_object(module, name, factory, args=(), kwargs={}):
    (parent, attribute, original) = resolve_path(module, name)
    wrapper = factory(original, *args, **kwargs)
    apply_patch(parent, attribute, wrapper)
    return wrapper

# Function for applying a proxy object to an attribute of a class
# instance. The wrapper works by defining an attribute of the same name
# on the class which is a descriptor and which intercepts access to the
# instance attribute. Note that this cannot be used on attributes which
# are themselves defined by a property object.

class AttributeWrapper(object):

    def __init__(self, attribute, factory, args, kwargs):
        self.attribute = attribute
        self.factory = factory
        self.args = args
        self.kwargs = kwargs

    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        value = instance.__dict__[self.attribute]
        return self.factory(value, *self.args, **self.kwargs)

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        instance.__dict__[self.attribute] = value

    def __delete__(self, instance):
        del instance.__dict__[self.attribute]

def wrap_object_attribute(module, name, factory, args=(), kwargs={}):
    path, attribute = name.rsplit('.', 1)
    parent = resolve_path(module, path)[2]
    wrapper = AttributeWrapper(attribute, factory, args, kwargs)
    apply_patch(parent, attribute, wrapper)
    return wrapper

# Functions for creating a simple decorator using a FunctionWrapper,
# plus short cut functions for applying wrappers to functions. These are
# for use when doing monkey patching. For a more featured way of
# creating decorators see the decorator decorator instead.

def function_wrapper(wrapper):
    def _wrapper(wrapped, instance, args, kwargs):
        target_wrapped = args[0]
        if instance is None:
            target_wrapper = wrapper
        elif inspect.isclass(instance):
            target_wrapper = wrapper.__get__(None, instance)
        else:
            target_wrapper = wrapper.__get__(instance, type(instance))
        return FunctionWrapper(target_wrapped, target_wrapper)
    return FunctionWrapper(wrapper, _wrapper)

def wrap_function_wrapper(module, name, wrapper):
    return wrap_object(module, name, FunctionWrapper, (wrapper,))

def patch_function_wrapper(module, name):
    def _wrapper(wrapper):
        return wrap_object(module, name, FunctionWrapper, (wrapper,))
    return _wrapper

def transient_function_wrapper(module, name):
    def _decorator(wrapper):
        def _wrapper(wrapped, instance, args, kwargs):
            target_wrapped = args[0]
            if instance is None:
                target_wrapper = wrapper
            elif inspect.isclass(instance):
                target_wrapper = wrapper.__get__(None, instance)
            else:
                target_wrapper = wrapper.__get__(instance, type(instance))
            def _execute(wrapped, instance, args, kwargs):
                (parent, attribute, original) = resolve_path(module, name)
                replacement = FunctionWrapper(original, target_wrapper)
                setattr(parent, attribute, replacement)
                try:
                    return wrapped(*args, **kwargs)
                finally:
                    setattr(parent, attribute, original)
            return FunctionWrapper(target_wrapped, _execute)
        return FunctionWrapper(wrapper, _wrapper)
    return _decorator

# A weak function proxy. This will work on instance methods, class
# methods, static methods and regular functions. Special treatment is
# needed for the method types because the bound method is effectively a
# transient object and applying a weak reference to one will immediately
# result in it being destroyed and the weakref callback called. The weak
# reference is therefore applied to the instance the method is bound to
# and the original function. The function is then rebound at the point
# of a call via the weak function proxy.

def _weak_function_proxy_callback(ref, proxy, callback):
    if proxy._self_expired:
        return

    proxy._self_expired = True

    # This could raise an exception. We let it propagate back and let
    # the weakref.proxy() deal with it, at which point it generally
    # prints out a short error message direct to stderr and keeps going.

    if callback is not None:
        callback(proxy)

class WeakFunctionProxy(ObjectProxy):

    __slots__ = ('_self_expired', '_self_instance')

    def __init__(self, wrapped, callback=None):
        # We need to determine if the wrapped function is actually a
        # bound method. In the case of a bound method, we need to keep a
        # reference to the original unbound function and the instance.
        # This is necessary because if we hold a reference to the bound
        # function, it will be the only reference and given it is a
        # temporary object, it will almost immediately expire and
        # the weakref callback triggered. So what is done is that we
        # hold a reference to the instance and unbound function and
        # when called bind the function to the instance once again and
        # then call it. Note that we avoid using a nested function for
        # the callback here so as not to cause any odd reference cycles.

        _callback = callback and functools.partial(
                _weak_function_proxy_callback, proxy=self,
                callback=callback)

        self._self_expired = False

        try:
            self._self_instance = weakref.ref(wrapped.__self__, _callback)

            super(WeakFunctionProxy, self).__init__(
                    weakref.proxy(wrapped.__func__, _callback))

        except AttributeError:
            self._self_instance = None

            super(WeakFunctionProxy, self).__init__(
                    weakref.proxy(wrapped, _callback))

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        # We perform a boolean check here on the instance and wrapped
        # function as that will trigger the reference error prior to
        # calling if the reference had expired.

        instance = self._self_instance and self._self_instance()
        function = self.__wrapped__ and self.__wrapped__

        # If the wrapped function was originally a bound function, for
        # which we retained a reference to the instance and the unbound
        # function we need to rebind the function and then call it. If
        # not just called the wrapped function.

        if instance is None:
            return self.__wrapped__(*args, **kwargs)

        return function.__get__(instance, type(instance))(*args, **kwargs)