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<a name="Upgrading-from-FFTW-version-2"></a>
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<p>
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</div>
<hr>
<a name="Upgrading-from-FFTW-version-2-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">9 Upgrading from FFTW version 2</h2>

<p>In this chapter, we outline the process for updating codes designed for
the older FFTW 2 interface to work with FFTW 3.  The interface for FFTW
3 is not backwards-compatible with the interface for FFTW 2 and earlier
versions; codes written to use those versions will fail to link with
FFTW 3.  Nor is it possible to write &ldquo;compatibility wrappers&rdquo; to
bridge the gap (at least not efficiently), because FFTW 3 has different
semantics from previous versions.  However, upgrading should be a
straightforward process because the data formats are identical and the
overall style of planning/execution is essentially the same.
</p>
<p>Unlike FFTW 2, there are no separate header files for real and complex
transforms (or even for different precisions) in FFTW 3; all interfaces
are defined in the <code>&lt;fftw3.h&gt;</code> header file.
</p>
<a name="Numeric-Types"></a>
<h3 class="heading">Numeric Types</h3>

<p>The main difference in data types is that <code>fftw_complex</code> in FFTW 2
was defined as a <code>struct</code> with macros <code>c_re</code> and <code>c_im</code>
for accessing the real/imaginary parts.  (This is binary-compatible with
FFTW 3 on any machine except perhaps for some older Crays in single
precision.)  The equivalent macros for FFTW 3 are:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">#define c_re(c) ((c)[0])
#define c_im(c) ((c)[1])
</pre></div>

<p>This does not work if you are using the C99 complex type, however,
unless you insert a <code>double*</code> typecast into the above macros
(see <a href="Complex-numbers.html#Complex-numbers">Complex numbers</a>).
</p>
<p>Also, FFTW 2 had an <code>fftw_real</code> typedef that was an alias for
<code>double</code> (in double precision).  In FFTW 3 you should just use
<code>double</code> (or whatever precision you are employing).
</p>
<a name="Plans"></a>
<h3 class="heading">Plans</h3>

<p>The major difference between FFTW 2 and FFTW 3 is in the
planning/execution division of labor.  In FFTW 2, plans were found for a
given transform size and type, and then could be applied to <em>any</em>
arrays and for <em>any</em> multiplicity/stride parameters.  In FFTW 3,
you specify the particular arrays, stride parameters, etcetera when
creating the plan, and the plan is then executed for <em>those</em> arrays
(unless the guru interface is used) and <em>those</em> parameters
<em>only</em>.  (FFTW 2 had &ldquo;specific planner&rdquo; routines that planned for
a particular array and stride, but the plan could still be used for
other arrays and strides.)  That is, much of the information that was
formerly specified at execution time is now specified at planning time.
</p>
<p>Like FFTW 2&rsquo;s specific planner routines, the FFTW 3 planner overwrites
the input/output arrays unless you use <code>FFTW_ESTIMATE</code>.
</p>
<p>FFTW 2 had separate data types <code>fftw_plan</code>, <code>fftwnd_plan</code>,
<code>rfftw_plan</code>, and <code>rfftwnd_plan</code> for complex and real one- and
multi-dimensional transforms, and each type had its own &lsquo;<samp>destroy</samp>&rsquo;
function.  In FFTW 3, all plans are of type <code>fftw_plan</code> and all are
destroyed by <code>fftw_destroy_plan(plan)</code>.
</p>
<p>Where you formerly used <code>fftw_create_plan</code> and <code>fftw_one</code> to
plan and compute a single 1d transform, you would now use
<code>fftw_plan_dft_1d</code> to plan the transform.  If you used the generic
<code>fftw</code> function to execute the transform with multiplicity
(<code>howmany</code>) and stride parameters, you would now use the advanced
interface <code>fftw_plan_many_dft</code> to specify those parameters.  The
plans are now executed with <code>fftw_execute(plan)</code>, which takes all
of its parameters (including the input/output arrays) from the plan.
</p>
<p>In-place transforms no longer interpret their output argument as scratch
space, nor is there an <code>FFTW_IN_PLACE</code> flag.  You simply pass the
same pointer for both the input and output arguments.  (Previously, the
output <code>ostride</code> and <code>odist</code> parameters were ignored for
in-place transforms; now, if they are specified via the advanced
interface, they are significant even in the in-place case, although they
should normally equal the corresponding input parameters.)
</p>
<p>The <code>FFTW_ESTIMATE</code> and <code>FFTW_MEASURE</code> flags have the same
meaning as before, although the planning time will differ.  You may also
consider using <code>FFTW_PATIENT</code>, which is like <code>FFTW_MEASURE</code>
except that it takes more time in order to consider a wider variety of
algorithms.
</p>
<p>For multi-dimensional complex DFTs, instead of <code>fftwnd_create_plan</code>
(or <code>fftw2d_create_plan</code> or <code>fftw3d_create_plan</code>), followed by
<code>fftwnd_one</code>, you would use <code>fftw_plan_dft</code> (or
<code>fftw_plan_dft_2d</code> or <code>fftw_plan_dft_3d</code>).  followed by
<code>fftw_execute</code>.  If you used <code>fftwnd</code> to to specify strides
etcetera, you would instead specify these via <code>fftw_plan_many_dft</code>.
</p>
<p>The analogues to <code>rfftw_create_plan</code> and <code>rfftw_one</code> with
<code>FFTW_REAL_TO_COMPLEX</code> or <code>FFTW_COMPLEX_TO_REAL</code> directions
are <code>fftw_plan_r2r_1d</code> with kind <code>FFTW_R2HC</code> or
<code>FFTW_HC2R</code>, followed by <code>fftw_execute</code>.  The stride etcetera
arguments of <code>rfftw</code> are now in <code>fftw_plan_many_r2r</code>.
</p>
<p>Instead of <code>rfftwnd_create_plan</code> (or <code>rfftw2d_create_plan</code> or
<code>rfftw3d_create_plan</code>) followed by
<code>rfftwnd_one_real_to_complex</code> or
<code>rfftwnd_one_complex_to_real</code>, you now use <code>fftw_plan_dft_r2c</code>
(or <code>fftw_plan_dft_r2c_2d</code> or <code>fftw_plan_dft_r2c_3d</code>) or
<code>fftw_plan_dft_c2r</code> (or <code>fftw_plan_dft_c2r_2d</code> or
<code>fftw_plan_dft_c2r_3d</code>), respectively, followed by
<code>fftw_execute</code>.  As usual, the strides etcetera of
<code>rfftwnd_real_to_complex</code> or <code>rfftwnd_complex_to_real</code> are no
specified in the advanced planner routines,
<code>fftw_plan_many_dft_r2c</code> or <code>fftw_plan_many_dft_c2r</code>.
</p>
<a name="Wisdom-2"></a>
<h3 class="heading">Wisdom</h3>

<p>In FFTW 2, you had to supply the <code>FFTW_USE_WISDOM</code> flag in order to
use wisdom; in FFTW 3, wisdom is always used.  (You could simulate the
FFTW 2 wisdom-less behavior by calling <code>fftw_forget_wisdom</code> after
every planner call.)
</p>
<p>The FFTW 3 wisdom import/export routines are almost the same as before
(although the storage format is entirely different).  There is one
significant difference, however.  In FFTW 2, the import routines would
never read past the end of the wisdom, so you could store extra data
beyond the wisdom in the same file, for example.  In FFTW 3, the
file-import routine may read up to a few hundred bytes past the end of
the wisdom, so you cannot store other data just beyond it.<a name="DOCF11" href="#FOOT11"><sup>11</sup></a>
</p>
<p>Wisdom has been enhanced by additional humility in FFTW 3: whereas FFTW
2 would re-use wisdom for a given transform size regardless of the
stride etc., in FFTW 3 wisdom is only used with the strides etc. for
which it was created.  Unfortunately, this means FFTW 3 has to create
new plans from scratch more often than FFTW 2 (in FFTW 2, planning
e.g. one transform of size 1024 also created wisdom for all smaller
powers of 2, but this no longer occurs).
</p>
<p>FFTW 3 also has the new routine <code>fftw_import_system_wisdom</code> to
import wisdom from a standard system-wide location.
</p>
<a name="Memory-allocation"></a>
<h3 class="heading">Memory allocation</h3>

<p>In FFTW 3, we recommend allocating your arrays with <code>fftw_malloc</code>
and deallocating them with <code>fftw_free</code>; this is not required, but
allows optimal performance when SIMD acceleration is used.  (Those two
functions actually existed in FFTW 2, and worked the same way, but were
not documented.)
</p>
<p>In FFTW 2, there were <code>fftw_malloc_hook</code> and <code>fftw_free_hook</code>
functions that allowed the user to replace FFTW&rsquo;s memory-allocation
routines (e.g. to implement different error-handling, since by default
FFTW prints an error message and calls <code>exit</code> to abort the program
if <code>malloc</code> returns <code>NULL</code>).  These hooks are not supported in
FFTW 3; those few users who require this functionality can just
directly modify the memory-allocation routines in FFTW (they are defined
in <code>kernel/alloc.c</code>).
</p>
<a name="Fortran-interface"></a>
<h3 class="heading">Fortran interface</h3>

<p>In FFTW 2, the subroutine names were obtained by replacing &lsquo;<samp>fftw_</samp>&rsquo;
with &lsquo;<samp>fftw_f77</samp>&rsquo;; in FFTW 3, you replace &lsquo;<samp>fftw_</samp>&rsquo; with
&lsquo;<samp>dfftw_</samp>&rsquo; (or &lsquo;<samp>sfftw_</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>lfftw_</samp>&rsquo;, depending upon the
precision).
</p>
<p>In FFTW 3, we have begun recommending that you always declare the type
used to store plans as <code>integer*8</code>.  (Too many people didn&rsquo;t notice
our instruction to switch from <code>integer</code> to <code>integer*8</code> for
64-bit machines.)
</p>
<p>In FFTW 3, we provide a <code>fftw3.f</code> &ldquo;header file&rdquo; to include in
your code (and which is officially installed on Unix systems).  (In FFTW
2, we supplied a <code>fftw_f77.i</code> file, but it was not installed.)
</p>
<p>Otherwise, the C-Fortran interface relationship is much the same as it
was before (e.g. return values become initial parameters, and
multi-dimensional arrays are in column-major order).  Unlike FFTW 2, we
do provide some support for wisdom import/export in Fortran
(see <a href="Wisdom-of-Fortran_003f.html#Wisdom-of-Fortran_003f">Wisdom of Fortran?</a>).
</p>
<a name="Threads"></a>
<h3 class="heading">Threads</h3>

<p>Like FFTW 2, only the execution routines are thread-safe.  All planner
routines, etcetera, should be called by only a single thread at a time
(see <a href="Thread-safety.html#Thread-safety">Thread safety</a>).  <em>Unlike</em> FFTW 2, there is no special
<code>FFTW_THREADSAFE</code> flag for the planner to allow a given plan to be
usable by multiple threads in parallel; this is now the case by default.
</p>
<p>The multi-threaded version of FFTW 2 required you to pass the number of
threads each time you execute the transform.  The number of threads is
now stored in the plan, and is specified before the planner is called by
<code>fftw_plan_with_nthreads</code>.  The threads initialization routine used
to be called <code>fftw_threads_init</code> and would return zero on success;
the new routine is called <code>fftw_init_threads</code> and returns zero on
failure.  See <a href="Multi_002dthreaded-FFTW.html#Multi_002dthreaded-FFTW">Multi-threaded FFTW</a>.
</p>
<p>There is no separate threads header file in FFTW 3; all the function
prototypes are in <code>&lt;fftw3.h&gt;</code>.  However, you still have to link to
a separate library (<code>-lfftw3_threads -lfftw3 -lm</code> on Unix), as well as
to the threading library (e.g. POSIX threads on Unix).
</p>
<div class="footnote">
<hr>
<h4 class="footnotes-heading">Footnotes</h4>

<h3><a name="FOOT11" href="#DOCF11">(11)</a></h3>
<p>We
do our own buffering because GNU libc I/O routines are horribly slow for
single-character I/O, apparently for thread-safety reasons (whether you
are using threads or not).</p>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="header">
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