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<p>This is the heap profiler we use at Google, to explore how C++
programs manage memory.  This facility can be useful for</p>
<ul>
  <li> Figuring out what is in the program heap at any given time
  <li> Locating memory leaks
  <li> Finding places that do a lot of allocation
</ul>

<p>The profiling system instruments all allocations and frees.  It
keeps track of various pieces of information per allocation site.  An
allocation site is defined as the active stack trace at the call to
<code>malloc</code>, <code>calloc</code>, <code>realloc</code>, or,
<code>new</code>.</p>

<p>There are three parts to using it: linking the library into an
application, running the code, and analyzing the output.</p>


<h1>Linking in the Library</h1>

<p>To install the heap profiler into your executable, add
<code>-ltcmalloc</code> to the link-time step for your executable.
Also, while we don't necessarily recommend this form of usage, it's
possible to add in the profiler at run-time using
<code>LD_PRELOAD</code>:
<pre>% env LD_PRELOAD="/usr/lib/libtcmalloc.so" &lt;binary&gt;</pre>

<p>This does <i>not</i> turn on heap profiling; it just inserts the
code.  For that reason, it's practical to just always link
<code>-ltcmalloc</code> into a binary while developing; that's what we
do at Google.  (However, since any user can turn on the profiler by
setting an environment variable, it's not necessarily recommended to
install profiler-linked binaries into a production, running
system.)  Note that if you wish to use the heap profiler, you must
also use the tcmalloc memory-allocation library.  There is no way
currently to use the heap profiler separate from tcmalloc.</p>


<h1>Running the Code</h1>

<p>There are several alternatives to actually turn on heap profiling
for a given run of an executable:</p>

<ol>
  <li> <p>Define the environment variable HEAPPROFILE to the filename
       to dump the profile to.  For instance, to profile
       <code>/usr/local/bin/my_binary_compiled_with_tcmalloc</code>:</p>
       <pre>% env HEAPPROFILE=/tmp/mybin.hprof /usr/local/bin/my_binary_compiled_with_tcmalloc</pre>
  <li> <p>In your code, bracket the code you want profiled in calls to
       <code>HeapProfilerStart()</code> and <code>HeapProfilerStop()</code>.
       (These functions are declared in <code>&lt;gperftools/heap-profiler.h&gt;</code>.)
       <code>HeapProfilerStart()</code> will take the
       profile-filename-prefix as an argument.  Then, as often as
       you'd like before calling <code>HeapProfilerStop()</code>, you
       can use <code>HeapProfilerDump()</code> or
       <code>GetHeapProfile()</code> to examine the profile.  In case
       it's useful, <code>IsHeapProfilerRunning()</code> will tell you
       whether you've already called HeapProfilerStart() or not.</p>
</ol>


<p>For security reasons, heap profiling will not write to a file --
and is thus not usable -- for setuid programs.</p>

<H2>Modifying Runtime Behavior</H2>

<p>You can more finely control the behavior of the heap profiler via
environment variables.</p>

<table frame=box rules=sides cellpadding=5 width=100%>

<tr valign=top>
  <td><code>HEAP_PROFILE_ALLOCATION_INTERVAL</code></td>
  <td>default: 1073741824 (1 Gb)</td>
  <td>
    Dump heap profiling information each time the specified number of
    bytes has been allocated by the program.
  </td>
</tr>

<tr valign=top>
  <td><code>HEAP_PROFILE_INUSE_INTERVAL</code></td>
  <td>default: 104857600 (100 Mb)</td>
  <td>
    Dump heap profiling information whenever the high-water memory
    usage mark increases by the specified number of bytes.
  </td>
</tr>

<tr valign=top>
  <td><code>HEAP_PROFILE_TIME_INTERVAL</code></td>
  <td>default: 0</td>
  <td>
    Dump heap profiling information each time the specified
    number of seconds has elapsed.
  </td>
</tr>

<tr valign=top>
  <td><code>HEAP_PROFILE_MMAP</code></td>
  <td>default: false</td>
  <td>
    Profile <code>mmap</code>, <code>mremap</code> and <code>sbrk</code>
    calls in addition
    to <code>malloc</code>, <code>calloc</code>, <code>realloc</code>,
    and <code>new</code>.  <b>NOTE:</b> this causes the profiler to
    profile calls internal to tcmalloc, since tcmalloc and friends use
    mmap and sbrk internally for allocations.  One partial solution is
    to filter these allocations out when running <code>pprof</code>,
    with something like
    <code>pprof --ignore='DoAllocWithArena|SbrkSysAllocator::Alloc|MmapSysAllocator::Alloc</code>.
  </td>
</tr>

<tr valign=top>
  <td><code>HEAP_PROFILE_ONLY_MMAP</code></td>
  <td>default: false</td>
  <td>
    Only profile <code>mmap</code>, <code>mremap</code>, and <code>sbrk</code>
    calls; do not profile
    <code>malloc</code>, <code>calloc</code>, <code>realloc</code>,
    or <code>new</code>.
  </td>
</tr>

<tr valign=top>
  <td><code>HEAP_PROFILE_MMAP_LOG</code></td>
  <td>default: false</td>
  <td>
    Log <code>mmap</code>/<code>munmap</code> calls.
  </td>
</tr>

</table>

<H2>Checking for Leaks</H2>

<p>You can use the heap profiler to manually check for leaks, for
instance by reading the profiler output and looking for large
allocations.  However, for that task, it's easier to use the <A
HREF="heap_checker.html">automatic heap-checking facility</A> built
into tcmalloc.</p>


<h1><a name="pprof">Analyzing the Output</a></h1>

<p>If heap-profiling is turned on in a program, the program will
periodically write profiles to the filesystem.  The sequence of
profiles will be named:</p>
<pre>
           &lt;prefix&gt;.0000.heap
           &lt;prefix&gt;.0001.heap
           &lt;prefix&gt;.0002.heap
           ...
</pre>
<p>where <code>&lt;prefix&gt;</code> is the filename-prefix supplied
when running the code (e.g. via the <code>HEAPPROFILE</code>
environment variable).  Note that if the supplied prefix
does not start with a <code>/</code>, the profile files will be
written to the program's working directory.</p>

<p>The profile output can be viewed by passing it to the
<code>pprof</code> tool -- the same tool that's used to analyze <A
HREF="cpuprofile.html">CPU profiles</A>.

<p>Here are some examples.  These examples assume the binary is named
<code>gfs_master</code>, and a sequence of heap profile files can be
found in files named:</p>
<pre>
  /tmp/profile.0001.heap
  /tmp/profile.0002.heap
  ...
  /tmp/profile.0100.heap
</pre>

<h3>Why is a process so big</h3>

<pre>
    % pprof --gv gfs_master /tmp/profile.0100.heap
</pre>

<p>This command will pop-up a <code>gv</code> window that displays
the profile information as a directed graph.  Here is a portion
of the resulting output:</p>

<p><center>
<img src="heap-example1.png">
</center></p>

A few explanations:
<ul>
<li> <code>GFS_MasterChunk::AddServer</code> accounts for 255.6 MB
     of the live memory, which is 25% of the total live memory.
<li> <code>GFS_MasterChunkTable::UpdateState</code> is directly
     accountable for 176.2 MB of the live memory (i.e., it directly
     allocated 176.2 MB that has not been freed yet).  Furthermore,
     it and its callees are responsible for 729.9 MB.  The
     labels on the outgoing edges give a good indication of the
     amount allocated by each callee.
</ul>

<h3>Comparing Profiles</h3>

<p>You often want to skip allocations during the initialization phase
of a program so you can find gradual memory leaks.  One simple way to
do this is to compare two profiles -- both collected after the program
has been running for a while.  Specify the name of the first profile
using the <code>--base</code> option.  For example:</p>
<pre>
   % pprof --base=/tmp/profile.0004.heap gfs_master /tmp/profile.0100.heap
</pre>

<p>The memory-usage in <code>/tmp/profile.0004.heap</code> will be
subtracted from the memory-usage in
<code>/tmp/profile.0100.heap</code> and the result will be
displayed.</p>

<h3>Text display</h3>

<pre>
% pprof --text gfs_master /tmp/profile.0100.heap
   255.6  24.7%  24.7%    255.6  24.7% GFS_MasterChunk::AddServer
   184.6  17.8%  42.5%    298.8  28.8% GFS_MasterChunkTable::Create
   176.2  17.0%  59.5%    729.9  70.5% GFS_MasterChunkTable::UpdateState
   169.8  16.4%  75.9%    169.8  16.4% PendingClone::PendingClone
    76.3   7.4%  83.3%     76.3   7.4% __default_alloc_template::_S_chunk_alloc
    49.5   4.8%  88.0%     49.5   4.8% hashtable::resize
   ...
</pre>

<p>
<ul>
  <li> The first column contains the direct memory use in MB.
  <li> The fourth column contains memory use by the procedure
       and all of its callees.
  <li> The second and fifth columns are just percentage
       representations of the numbers in the first and fourth columns.
  <li> The third column is a cumulative sum of the second column
       (i.e., the <code>k</code>th entry in the third column is the
       sum of the first <code>k</code> entries in the second column.)
</ul>

<h3>Ignoring or focusing on specific regions</h3>

<p>The following command will give a graphical display of a subset of
the call-graph.  Only paths in the call-graph that match the regular
expression <code>DataBuffer</code> are included:</p>
<pre>
% pprof --gv --focus=DataBuffer gfs_master /tmp/profile.0100.heap
</pre>

<p>Similarly, the following command will omit all paths subset of the
call-graph.  All paths in the call-graph that match the regular
expression <code>DataBuffer</code> are discarded:</p>
<pre>
% pprof --gv --ignore=DataBuffer gfs_master /tmp/profile.0100.heap
</pre>

<h3>Total allocations + object-level information</h3>

<p>All of the previous examples have displayed the amount of in-use
space.  I.e., the number of bytes that have been allocated but not
freed.  You can also get other types of information by supplying a
flag to <code>pprof</code>:</p>

<center>
<table frame=box rules=sides cellpadding=5 width=100%>

<tr valign=top>
  <td><code>--inuse_space</code></td>
  <td>
     Display the number of in-use megabytes (i.e. space that has
     been allocated but not freed).  This is the default.
  </td>
</tr>

<tr valign=top>
  <td><code>--inuse_objects</code></td>
  <td>
     Display the number of in-use objects (i.e. number of
     objects that have been allocated but not freed).
  </td>
</tr>

<tr valign=top>
  <td><code>--alloc_space</code></td>
  <td>
     Display the number of allocated megabytes.  This includes
     the space that has since been de-allocated.  Use this
     if you want to find the main allocation sites in the
     program.
  </td>
</tr>

<tr valign=top>
  <td><code>--alloc_objects</code></td>
  <td>
     Display the number of allocated objects.  This includes
     the objects that have since been de-allocated.  Use this
     if you want to find the main allocation sites in the
     program.
  </td>

</table>
</center>


<h3>Interactive mode</a></h3>

<p>By default -- if you don't specify any flags to the contrary --
pprof runs in interactive mode.  At the <code>(pprof)</code> prompt,
you can run many of the commands described above.  You can type
<code>help</code> for a list of what commands are available in
interactive mode.</p>


<h1>Caveats</h1>

<ul>
  <li> Heap profiling requires the use of libtcmalloc.  This
       requirement may be removed in a future version of the heap
       profiler, and the heap profiler separated out into its own
       library.
     
  <li> If the program linked in a library that was not compiled
       with enough symbolic information, all samples associated
       with the library may be charged to the last symbol found
       in the program before the library.  This will artificially
       inflate the count for that symbol.

  <li> If you run the program on one machine, and profile it on
       another, and the shared libraries are different on the two
       machines, the profiling output may be confusing: samples that
       fall within the shared libaries may be assigned to arbitrary
       procedures.

  <li> Several libraries, such as some STL implementations, do their
       own memory management.  This may cause strange profiling
       results.  We have code in libtcmalloc to cause STL to use
       tcmalloc for memory management (which in our tests is better
       than STL's internal management), though it only works for some
       STL implementations.

  <li> If your program forks, the children will also be profiled
       (since they inherit the same HEAPPROFILE setting).  Each
       process is profiled separately; to distinguish the child
       profiles from the parent profile and from each other, all
       children will have their process-id attached to the HEAPPROFILE
       name.
     
  <li> Due to a hack we make to work around a possible gcc bug, your
       profiles may end up named strangely if the first character of
       your HEAPPROFILE variable has ascii value greater than 127.
       This should be exceedingly rare, but if you need to use such a
       name, just set prepend <code>./</code> to your filename:
       <code>HEAPPROFILE=./&Auml;gypten</code>.
</ul>

<hr>
<address>Sanjay Ghemawat
<!-- Created: Tue Dec 19 10:43:14 PST 2000 -->
</address>
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