libimage-exiftool-perl 10.80-1 / usr / share / perl5 / Image / ExifTool / GoPro.pm

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# File:         GoPro.pm
#
# Description:  Read information from GoPro videos
#
# Revisions:    2018/01/12 - P. Harvey Created
#
# References:   1) https://github.com/gopro/gpmf-parser
#               2) https://github.com/stilldavid/gopro-utils
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

package Image::ExifTool::GoPro;

use strict;
use vars qw($VERSION);
use Image::ExifTool qw(:DataAccess :Utils);
use Image::ExifTool::QuickTime;

$VERSION = '1.02';

sub ProcessGoPro($$$);
sub ProcessString($$$);
sub ScaleValues($$);
sub AddUnits($$$);
sub ConvertSystemTime($$);

# GoPro data types that have ExifTool equivalents (ref 1)
my %goProFmt = ( # format codes
  # 0x00 - container (subdirectory)
    0x62 => 'int8s',    # 'b'
    0x42 => 'int8u',    # 'B'
    0x63 => 'string',   # 'c' (possibly null terminated)
    0x73 => 'int16s',   # 's'
    0x53 => 'int16u',   # 'S'
    0x6c => 'int32s',   # 'l'
    0x4c => 'int32u',   # 'L'
    0x66 => 'float',    # 'f'
    0x64 => 'double',   # 'd'
    0x46 => 'undef',    # 'F' (4-char ID)
    0x47 => 'undef',    # 'G' (16-byte uuid)
    0x6a => 'int64s',   # 'j'
    0x4a => 'int64u',   # 'J'
    0x71 => 'fixed32s', # 'q'
    0x51 => 'fixed64s', # 'Q'
    0x55 => 'undef',    # 'U' (16-byte date)
    0x3f => 'undef',    # '?' (complex structure)
);

# sizes of format codes if different than what FormatSize() would return
my %goProSize = (
    0x46 => 4,
    0x47 => 16,
    0x55 => 16,
);

# tagInfo elements to add units to PrintConv value
my %addUnits = (
    AddUnits => 1,
    PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GoPro::AddUnits($self, $val, $tag)',
);

# Tags found in the GPMF box of Hero6 mp4 videos (ref PH), and
# the gpmd-format timed metadata of Hero5 and Hero6 videos (ref 1)
%Image::ExifTool::GoPro::GPMF = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessGoPro,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Camera' },
    NOTES => q{
        Tags extracted from the GPMF box of GoPro MP4 videos, the APP6 "GoPro" segment
        of JPEG files, and from the "gpmd" timed metadata if the ExtractEmbedded option
        is enabled.  Many more tags exist, but are currently unknown and extracted only
        with the -u option. Please let me know if you discover the meaning of any of
        these unknown tags. See L<https://github.com/gopro/gpmf-parser> for details
        about this format.
    },
    ACCL => { #2 (gpmd)
        Name => 'Accelerometer',
        Notes => 'accelerator readings in m/s',
        Binary => 1,
    },
    ALLD => 'AutoLowLightDuration', #1 (gpmd) (untested)
  # APTO (GPMF) - seen: 'RAW' (fmt c)
    ATTD => { #PH (Karma)
        Name => 'Attitude',
        # UNIT=s,rad,rad,rad,rad/s,rad/s,rad/s,
        # TYPE=LffffffB
        # SCAL=1000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
        Binary => 1,
    },
    ATTR => { #PH (Karma)
        Name => 'AttitudeTarget',
        # UNIT=s,rad,rad,rad,
        # TYPE=Jffff
        # SCAL=1000 1 1 1 1
        Binary => 1,
    },
    AUDO => 'AudioSetting', #PH (GPMF - seen: 'WIND', fmt c)
  # AUPT (GPMF) - seen: 'N' (fmt c)
    BPOS => { #PH (Karma)
        Name => 'Controller',
        Unknown => 1,
        # UNIT=deg,deg,m,deg,deg,m,m,m
        # TYPE=lllfffff
        # SCAL=10000000 10000000 1000 1 1 1 1 1
        %addUnits,
    },
  # BRID (GPMF) - seen: 0 (fmt B)
  # BROD (GPMF) - seen: 'ASK' (fmt c)
    CASN => 'CameraSerialNumber', #PH (GPMF - seen: 'C3221324545448', fmt c)
  # CINF (GPMF) - seen: 0x67376be7709bc8876a8baf3940908618 (fmt B)
  # CMOD (GPMF) - seen: 12,13,17 [13 time-laps video, 17 JPEG] (fmt B)
    CYTS => { #PH (Karma)
        Name => 'CoyoteStatus',
        # UNIT=s,,,,,rad,rad,rad,,
        # TYPE=LLLLLfffBB
        # SCAL=1000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
        Binary => 1,
    },
    CSEN => { #PH (Karma)
        Name => 'CoyoteSense',
        # UNIT=s,rad/s,rad/s,rad/s,g,g,g,,,,
        # TYPE=LffffffLLLL
        # SCAL=1000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
        Binary => 1,
    },
    DEVC => { #PH (gpmd,GPMF, fmt \0)
        Name => 'DeviceContainer',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::GoPro::GPMF' },
    },
  # DVID (GPMF) - DeviceID; seen: 1 (fmt L), HLMT (fmt F)
    DVID => { Name => 'DeviceID', Unknown => 1 }, #2 (gpmd)
  # DVNM (GPMF) seen: 'Video Global Settings' (fmt c), 'Highlights' (fmt c)
  # DVNM (gpmd) seen: 'Camera' (Hero5), 'Hero6 Black' (Hero6), 'GoPro Karma v1.0' (Karma)
    DVNM => 'DeviceName', #PH
    DZOM => { #PH (GPMF - seen: 'Y', fmt c)
        Name => 'DigitalZoom',
        PrintConv => { N => 'No', Y => 'Yes' },
    },
  # DZST (GPMF) - seen: 0 (fmt L) (something to do with digital zoom maybe?)
  # EISA (GPMF) - seen: 'Y','N' [N was for a time-lapse video] (fmt c)
  # EISE (GPMF) - seen: 'Y' (fmt c)
    EMPT => { Name => 'Empty', Unknown => 1 }, #2 (gpmd)
    ESCS => { #PH (Karma)
        Name => 'EscapeStatus',
        # UNIT=s,rpm,rpm,rpm,rpm,rpm,rpm,rpm,rpm,degC,degC,degC,degC,V,V,V,V,A,A,A,A,,,,,,,,,
        # TYPE=JSSSSSSSSssssSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSB
        # (no SCAL!)
        Unknown => 1,
        %addUnits,
    },
  # EXPT (GPMF) - seen: '' (fmt c)
    FACE => 'FaceDetected', #PH (gpmd)
    FCNM => 'FaceNumbers', #PH (gpmd) (faces counted per frame, ref 1)
    FMWR => 'FirmwareVersion', #PH (GPMF - seen: HD6.01.01.51.00, fmt c)
    FWVS => 'OtherFirmware', #PH (NC) (gpmd - seen: '1.1.11.0', Karma)
    GLPI => { #PH (gpmd, Karma)
        Name => 'GPSPos',
        # UNIT=s,deg,deg,m,m,m/s,m/s,m/s,deg
        # TYPE=LllllsssS
        # SCAL=1000 10000000 10000000 1000 1000 100 100 100 100
        RawConv => '$val', # necessary to use scaled value instead of raw data as subdir data
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::GoPro::GLPI' },
    },
    GPRI => { #PH (gpmd, Karma)
        Name => 'GPSRaw',
        # UNIT=s,deg,deg,m,m,m,m/s,deg,,
        # TYPE=JlllSSSSBB
        # SCAL=1000000,10000000,10000000,1000,100,100,100,100,1,1
        Unknown => 1,
        RawConv => '$val', # necessary to use scaled value instead of raw data as subdir data
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::GoPro::GPRI' },
    },
    GPS5 => { #2 (gpmd)
        Name => 'GPSInfo',
        # SCAL=10000000,10000000,1000,1000,100
        RawConv => '$val', # necessary to use scaled value instead of raw data as subdir data
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::GoPro::GPS5' },
    },
    GPSF => { #2 (gpmd)
        Name => 'GPSMeasureMode',
        PrintConv => {
            2 => '2-Dimensional Measurement',
            3 => '3-Dimensional Measurement',
        },
    },
    GPSP => { #2 (gpmd)
        Name => 'GPSHPositioningError',
        Description => 'GPS Horizontal Positioning Error',
        ValueConv => '$val / 100', # convert from cm to m
    },
    GPSU => { #2 (gpmd)
        Name => 'GPSDateTime',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
        # (HERO5 writes this in 'c' format, HERO6 writes 'U')
        ValueConv => '$val =~ s/^(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})/20$1:$2:$3 $4:$5:/; $val',
        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
    },
    GYRO => { #2 (gpmd)
        Name => 'Gyroscope',
        Notes => 'gyroscope readings in rad/s',
        Binary => 1,
    },
  # HFLG (APP6) - seen: 0
    ISOE => 'ISOSpeeds', #PH (gpmd)
    ISOG => { #2 (gpmd)
        Name => 'ImageSensorGain',
        Binary => 1,
    },
    KBAT => { #PH (gpmd) (Karma)
        Name => 'BatteryStatus',
        # UNIT=A,Ah,J,degC,V,V,V,V,s,%,,,,,%
        # TYPE=lLlsSSSSSSSBBBb
        # SCAL=1000,1000,0.00999999977648258,100,1000,1000,1000,1000,0.0166666675359011,1,1,1,1,1,1
        RawConv => '$val', # necessary to use scaled value instead of raw data as subdir data
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::GoPro::KBAT' },
    },
  # LINF (GPMF) - seen: LAJ7061916601668 (fmt c)
    LNED => { #PH (Karma)
        Name => 'LocalPositionNED',
        # UNIT=s,m,m,m,m/s,m/s,m/s
        # TYPE=Lffffff
        # SCAL=1000 1 1 1 1 1 1
        Binary => 1,
    },
    MAGN => 'Magnetometer', #1 (gpmd) (units of uT)
    MINF => { #PH (GPMF - seen: HERO6 Black, fmt c)
        Name => 'Model',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
        Description => 'Camera Model Name',
    },
  # MTYP (GPMF) - seen: 0,1,11 [1 for time-lapse video, 11 for JPEG] (fmt B)
  # MUID (GPMF) - seen: 3882563431 2278071152 967805802 411471936 0 0 0 0 (fmt L)
    OREN => { #PH (GPMF - seen: 'U', fmt c)
        Name => 'AutoRotation',
        PrintConv => {
            U => 'Up',
            D => 'Down', # (NC)
            A => 'Auto', # (NC)
        },
    },
    # (most of the "P" tags are ProTune settings - PH)
    PHDR => 'HDRSetting', #PH (APP6 - seen: 0)
    PIMN => 'AutoISOMin', #PH (GPMF - seen: 100, fmt L)
    PIMX => 'AutoISOMax', #PH (GPMF - seen: 1600, fmt L)
  # PRAW (APP6) - seen: 0
    PRES => 'PhotoResolution', #PH (APP6 - seen: '12MP_W')
    PRTN => { #PH (GPMF - seen: 'N', fmt c)
        Name => 'ProTune',
        PrintConv => {
            N => 'Off',
            Y => 'On', # (NC)
        },
    },
    PTCL => 'ColorMode', #PH (GPMF - seen: 'GOPRO', fmt c' APP6: 'FLAT')
    PTEV => 'ExposureCompensation', #PH (GPMF - seen: '0.0', fmt c)
    PTSH => 'Sharpness', #PH (GPMF - seen: 'HIGH', fmt c)
    PTWB => 'WhiteBalance', #PH (GPMF - seen: 'AUTO', fmt c)
    RATE => 'Rate', #PH (GPMF - seen: '0_5SEC', fmt c; APP6 - seen: '4_1SEC')
    RMRK => { #2 (gpmd)
        Name => 'Comments',
        ValueConv => '$self->Decode($val, "Latin")',
    },
    SCAL => { #2 (gpmd) scale factor for subsequent data
        Name => 'ScaleFactor',
        Unknown => 1,
    },
    SCPR => { #PH (Karma) [stream was empty]
        Name => 'ScaledPressure',
        # UNIT=s,Pa,Pa,degC
        # TYPE=Lffs
        # SCAL=1000 0.00999999977648258 0.00999999977648258 100
        %addUnits,
    },
    SHUT => { #2 (gpmd)
        Name => 'ExposureTimes',
        PrintConv => q{
            my @a = split ' ', $val;
            $_ = Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintExposureTime($_) foreach @a;
            return join ' ', @a;
        },
    },
    SIMU => { #PH (Karma)
        Name => 'ScaledIMU',
        # UNIT=s,g,g,g,rad/s,rad/s,rad/s,T,T,T
        # TYPE=Lsssssssss
        # SCAL=1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
        %addUnits,
    },
    SIUN => { #2 (gpmd - seen : 'm/s2','rad/s')
        Name => 'SIUnits',
        Unknown => 1,
        ValueConv => '$self->Decode($val, "Latin")',
    },
  # SMTR (GPMF) - seen: 'N' (fmt c)
    STMP => { #1 (gpmd)
        Name => 'TimeStamp',
        ValueConv => '$val / 1e6',
    },
    STRM => { #2 (gpmd,GPMF, fmt \0)
        Name => 'NestedSignalStream',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::GoPro::GPMF' },
    },
    STNM => { #2 (gpmd)
        Name => 'StreamName',
        Unknown => 1,
        ValueConv => '$self->Decode($val, "Latin")',
    },
    SYST => { #PH (Karma)
        Name => 'SystemTime',
        # UNIT=s,s
        # TYPE=JJ
        # SCAL=1000000 1000
        # save system time calibrations for later
        RawConv => q{
            my @v = split ' ', $val;
            if (@v == 2) {
                my $s = $$self{SystemTimeList};
                $s or $s = $$self{SystemTimeList} = [ ];
                push @$s, \@v;
            }
            return $val;
        },
    },
  # TICK => { Name => 'InTime', Unknown => 1, ValueConv => '$val/1000' }, #1 (gpmd)
    TMPC => { #2 (gpmd)
        Name => 'CameraTemperature',
        PrintConv => '"$val C"',
    },
  # TOCK => { Name => 'OutTime', Unknown => 1, ValueConv => '$val/1000' }, #1 (gpmd)
    TSMP => { Name => 'TotalSamples', Unknown => 1 }, #2 (gpmd)
    TYPE => { Name => 'StructureType', Unknown => 1 }, #2 (gpmd,GPMF - eg 'LLLllfFff', fmt c)
    UNIT => { #2 (gpmd) alternative units
        Name => 'Units',
        Unknown => 1,
        ValueConv => '$self->Decode($val, "Latin")',
    },
    VFOV => { #PH (GPMF - seen: 'W', fmt c)
        Name => 'FieldOfView',
        PrintConv => {
            W => 'Wide',
            S => 'Super View', # (NC, not seen)
            L => 'Linear', # (NC, not seen)
        },
    },
  # VLTA (GPMF) - seen: 78 ('N') (fmt B -- wrong format?)
    VFRH => { #PH (Karma)
        Name => 'VisualFlightRulesHUD',
        BinaryData => 1,
        # UNIT=m/s,m/s,m,m/s,deg,%
        # TYPE=ffffsS
    },
  # VLTE (GPMF) - seen: 'Y' (fmt c)
    WBAL => 'ColorTemperatures', #PH (gpmd)
    WRGB => { #PH (gpmd)
        Name => 'WhiteBalanceRGB',
        Binary => 1,
    },
);

# GoPro GPS5 tags (ref 2) (Hero5,Hero6)
%Image::ExifTool::GoPro::GPS5 = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessString,
    GROUPS => { 1 => 'GoPro', 2 => 'Location' },
    VARS => { HEX_ID => 0, ID_LABEL => 'Index' },
    0 => { # (unit='deg')
        Name => 'GPSLatitude',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "N")',
    },
    1 => { # (unit='deg')
        Name => 'GPSLongitude',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "E")',
    },
    2 => { # (unit='m')
        Name => 'GPSAltitude',
        PrintConv => '"$val m"',
    },
    3 => 'GPSSpeed',   # (unit='m/s')
    4 => 'GPSSpeed3D', # (unit='m/s')
);

# GoPro GPRI tags (ref PH) (Karma)
%Image::ExifTool::GoPro::GPRI = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessString,
    GROUPS => { 1 => 'GoPro', 2 => 'Location' },
    VARS => { HEX_ID => 0, ID_LABEL => 'Index' },
    0 => { # (unit='s')
        Name => 'GPSDateTimeRaw',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
        ValueConv => \&ConvertSystemTime,   # convert to date/time based on SystemTime clock
        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
    },
    1 => { # (unit='deg')
        Name => 'GPSLatitudeRaw',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "N")',
    },
    2 => { # (unit='deg')
        Name => 'GPSLongitudeRaw',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "E")',
    },
    3 => {
        Name => 'GPSAltitudeRaw', # (NC)
        PrintConv => '"$val m"',
    },
    # (unknown tags must be defined so that ProcessString() will iterate through all values)
    4 => { Name => 'GPRI_Unknown4', Unknown => 1, Hidden => 1, PrintConv => '"$val m"' },
    5 => { Name => 'GPRI_Unknown5', Unknown => 1, Hidden => 1, PrintConv => '"$val m"' },
    6 => 'GPSSpeedRaw', # (NC) # (unit='m/s' -- should convert to other units?)
    7 => 'GPSTrackRaw', # (NC) # (unit='deg')
    8 => { Name => 'GPRI_Unknown8', Unknown => 1, Hidden => 1 }, # (no units)
    9 => { Name => 'GPRI_Unknown9', Unknown => 1, Hidden => 1 }, # (no units)
);

# GoPro GLPI tags (ref PH) (Karma)
%Image::ExifTool::GoPro::GLPI = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessString,
    GROUPS => { 1 => 'GoPro', 2 => 'Location' },
    VARS => { HEX_ID => 0, ID_LABEL => 'Index' },
    0 => { # (unit='s')
        Name => 'GPSDateTime',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
        ValueConv => \&ConvertSystemTime,   # convert to date/time based on SystemTime clock
        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
    },
    1 => { # (unit='deg')
        Name => 'GPSLatitude',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "N")',
    },
    2 => { # (unit='deg')
        Name => 'GPSLongitude',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "E")',
    },
    3 => { # (unit='m')
        Name => 'GPSAltitude', # (NC)
        PrintConv => '"$val m"',
    },
    # (unknown tags must be defined so that ProcessString() will iterate through all values)
    4 => { Name => 'GLPI_Unknown4', Unknown => 1, Hidden => 1, PrintConv => '"$val m"' },
    5 => { Name => 'GPSSpeedX', PrintConv => '"$val m/s"' }, # (NC)
    6 => { Name => 'GPSSpeedY', PrintConv => '"$val m/s"' }, # (NC)
    7 => { Name => 'GPSSpeedZ', PrintConv => '"$val m/s"' }, # (NC)
    8 => { Name => 'GPSTrack' }, # (unit='deg')
);

# GoPro KBAT tags (ref PH)
%Image::ExifTool::GoPro::KBAT = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessString,
    GROUPS => { 1 => 'GoPro', 2 => 'Camera' },
    VARS => { HEX_ID => 0, ID_LABEL => 'Index' },
    NOTES => 'Battery status information found in GoPro Karma videos.',
     0 => { Name => 'BatteryCurrent',  PrintConv => '"$val A"' },
     1 => { Name => 'BatteryCapacity', PrintConv => '"$val Ah"' },
     2 => { Name => 'KBAT_Unknown2',   PrintConv => '"$val J"', Unknown => 1, Hidden => 1 },
     3 => { Name => 'BatteryTemperature', PrintConv => '"$val C"' },
     4 => { Name => 'BatteryVoltage1', PrintConv => '"$val V"' },
     5 => { Name => 'BatteryVoltage2', PrintConv => '"$val V"' },
     6 => { Name => 'BatteryVoltage3', PrintConv => '"$val V"' },
     7 => { Name => 'BatteryVoltage4', PrintConv => '"$val V"' },
     8 => { Name => 'BatteryTime',     PrintConv => 'ConvertDuration(int($val + 0.5))' }, # (NC)
     9 => { Name => 'KBAT_Unknown9',   PrintConv => '"$val %"', Unknown => 1, Hidden => 1,  },
    10 => { Name => 'KBAT_Unknown10',  Unknown => 1, Hidden => 1 }, # (no units)
    11 => { Name => 'KBAT_Unknown11',  Unknown => 1, Hidden => 1 }, # (no units)
    12 => { Name => 'KBAT_Unknown12',  Unknown => 1, Hidden => 1 }, # (no units)
    13 => { Name => 'KBAT_Unknown13',  Unknown => 1, Hidden => 1 }, # (no units)
    14 => { Name => 'BatteryLevel',    PrintConv => '"$val %"' },
);

# GoPro fdsc tags written by the Hero5 and Hero6 (ref PH)
%Image::ExifTool::GoPro::fdsc = (
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Camera' },
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    NOTES => q{
        Tags extracted from the MP4 "fdsc" timed metadata when the ExtractEmbedded
        option is used.
    },
    0x08 => { Name => 'FirmwareVersion',    Format => 'string[15]' },
    0x17 => { Name => 'SerialNumber',       Format => 'string[16]' },
    0x57 => { Name => 'OtherSerialNumber',  Format => 'string[15]' }, # (NC)
    0x66 => {
        Name => 'Model',
        Description => 'Camera Model Name',
        Format => 'string[16]',
    },
    # ...
    # after this there are lots of interesting values also found in the GPMF box,
    # but this block is lacking tag ID's and any directory structure, so the
    # value offsets are therefore presumably firmware dependent :(
);

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Convert system time to date/time string
# Inputs: 0) system time value, 1) ExifTool ref
# Returns: EXIF-format date/time string with milliseconds
sub ConvertSystemTime($$)
{
    my ($val, $et) = @_;
    my $s = $$et{SystemTimeList} or return '<uncalibrated>';
    unless ($$et{SystemTimeListSorted}) {
        $s = $$et{SystemTimeList} = [ sort { $$a[0] <=> $$b[0] } @$s ];
        $$et{SystemTimeListSorted} = 1;
    }
    my ($i, $j) = (0, $#$s);
    # perform binary search to find this system time value
    while ($j - $i > 1) {
        my $t = int(($i + $j) / 2);
        ($val < $$s[$t][0] ? $j : $i) = $t;
    }
    if ($i == $j or $$s[$j][0] == $$s[$i][0]) {
        $val = $$s[$i][1];
    } else {
        # interpolate between values
        $val = $$s[$i][1] + ($$s[$j][1] - $$s[$i][1]) * ($val - $$s[$i][0]) / ($$s[$j][0] - $$s[$i][0]);
    }
    # (a bit tricky to remove fractional seconds then add them back again after
    #  the date/time conversion while avoiding round-off errors which could
    #  put the seconds out by 1...)
    my ($t, $f) = ("$val" =~ /^(\d+)(\.\d+)/);
    return Image::ExifTool::ConvertUnixTime($t, $$et{OPTIONS}{QuickTimeUTC}) . $f;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Scale values by last 'SCAL' constants
# Inputs: 0) value or list of values, 1) string of scale factors
# Returns: nothing, but updates values
sub ScaleValues($$)
{
    my ($val, $scl) = @_;
    return unless $val and $scl;
    my @scl = split ' ', $scl or return;
    my @scaled;
    my $v = (ref $val eq 'ARRAY') ? $val : [ $val ];
    foreach $val (@$v) {
        my @a = split ' ', $val;
        $a[$_] /= $scl[$_ % @scl] foreach 0..$#a;
        push @scaled, join(' ', @a);
    }
    $_[0] = @scaled > 1 ? \@scaled : $scaled[0];
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Add units to values for human-readable output
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) value, 2) tag key
# Returns: converted value
sub AddUnits($$$)
{
    my ($et, $val, $tag) = @_;
    if ($et and $$et{TAG_EXTRA}{$tag} and $$et{TAG_EXTRA}{$tag}{Units}) {
        my $u = $$et{TAG_EXTRA}{$tag}{Units};
        $u = [ $u ] unless ref $u eq 'ARRAY';
        my @a = split ' ', $val;
        if (@$u == @a) {
            my $i;
            for ($i=0; $i<@a; ++$i) {
                $a[$i] .= ' ' . $$u[$i] if $$u[$i];
            }
            $val = join ' ', @a;
        }
    }
    return $val;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process string of values (or array of strings) to extract as separate tags
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) directory information ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
sub ProcessString($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    my @list = ref $$dataPt eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$$dataPt} : ( $$dataPt );
    my ($string, $val);
    $et->VerboseDir('GoPro structure');
    foreach $string (@list) {
        my @val = split ' ', $string;
        my $i = 0;
        foreach $val (@val) {
            $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, $i, $val);
            $$tagTablePtr{++$i} or $i = 0;
        }
    }
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process GoPro metadata (gpmd samples, GPMF box, or APP6) (ref PH/1/2)
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
sub ProcessGoPro($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    my $base = $$dirInfo{Base};
    my $pos = $$dirInfo{DirStart} || 0;
    my $dirEnd = $pos + ($$dirInfo{DirLen} || (length($$dataPt) - $pos));
    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
    my $unknown = $verbose || $et->Options('Unknown');
    my ($size, $type, $unit, $scal, $setGroup0);

    $et->VerboseDir($$dirInfo{DirName} || 'GPMF', undef, $dirEnd-$pos) if $verbose;
    if ($pos) {
        my $parent = $$dirInfo{Parent};
        $setGroup0 = $$et{SET_GROUP0} = 'APP6' if $parent and $parent eq 'APP6';
    } else {
        # set group0 to "QuickTime" unless group1 is being changed (to Track#)
        $setGroup0 = $$et{SET_GROUP0} = 'QuickTime' unless $$et{SET_GROUP1};
    }

    for (; $pos+8<=$dirEnd; $pos+=($size+3)&0xfffffffc) {
        my ($tag,$fmt,$len,$count) = unpack("x${pos}a4CCn", $$dataPt);
        $size = $len * $count;
        $pos += 8;
        last if $pos + $size > $dirEnd;
        my $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $tag);
        last if $tag eq "\0\0\0\0";     # stop at null tag
        next unless $size or $verbose;  # don't save empty values unless verbose
        my $format = $goProFmt{$fmt} || 'undef';
        my ($val, $i, $j, $p, @v);
        if ($fmt eq 0x3f and defined $type) {
            # decode structure with format given by previous 'TYPE'
            for ($i=0; $i<$count; ++$i) {
                my (@s, $l);
                for ($j=0, $p=0; $j<length($type); ++$j, $p+=$l) {
                    my $b = Get8u(\$type, $j);
                    my $f = $goProFmt{$b} or last;
                    $l = $goProSize{$b} || Image::ExifTool::FormatSize($f) or last;
                    last if $p + $l > $len;
                    my $s = ReadValue($dataPt, $pos+$i*$len+$p, $f, undef, $l);
                    last unless defined $s;
                    push @s, $s;
                }
                push @v, join ' ', @s if @s;
            }
            $val = @v > 1 ? \@v : $v[0];
        } elsif (($format eq 'undef' or $format eq 'string') and $count > 1 and $len > 1) {
            # unpack multiple undef/string values as a list
            my $a = $format eq 'undef' ? 'a' : 'A';
            $val = [ unpack("x${pos}".("$a$len" x $count), $$dataPt) ];
        } else {
            $val = ReadValue($dataPt, $pos, $format, undef, $size);
        }
        # save TYPE, UNIT/SIUN and SCAL values for later
        $type = $val if $tag eq 'TYPE';
        $unit = $val if $tag eq 'UNIT' or $tag eq 'SIUN';
        $scal = $val if $tag eq 'SCAL';

        unless ($tagInfo) {
            next unless $unknown;
            my $name = Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::PrintableTagID($tag);
            $tagInfo = { Name => "GoPro_$name", Description => "GoPro $name", Unknown => 1 };
            $$tagInfo{SubDirectory} = { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::GoPro::GPMF' } if not $fmt;
            AddTagToTable($tagTablePtr, $tag, $tagInfo);
        }
        # apply scaling if available to last tag in this container
        ScaleValues($val, $scal) if $scal and $tag ne 'SCAL' and $pos+$size+3>=$dirEnd;
        my $key = $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, $tag, $val,
            DataPt  => $dataPt,
            Base    => $base,
            Start   => $pos,
            Size    => $size,
            TagInfo => $tagInfo,
            Format  => $format,
            Extra   => $verbose ? ", type='".($fmt ? chr($fmt) : '\0')."' size=$len count=$count" : undef,
        );
        # save units for adding in print conversion if specified
        $$et{TAG_EXTRA}{$key}{Units} = $unit if $$tagInfo{AddUnits} and $key;
    }
    delete $$et{SET_GROUP0} if $setGroup0;
    return 1;
}

1;  # end

__END__

=head1 NAME

Image::ExifTool::GoPro - Read information from GoPro videos

=head1 SYNOPSIS

This module is used by Image::ExifTool

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This module contains definitions required by Image::ExifTool to decode
metadata from GoPro MP4 videos.

=head1 AUTHOR

Copyright 2003-2018, Phil Harvey (phil at owl.phy.queensu.ca)

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl itself.

=head1 REFERENCES

=over 4

=item L<https://github.com/gopro/gpmf-parser>

=item L<https://github.com/stilldavid/gopro-utils>

=back

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<Image::ExifTool::TagNames/GoPro Tags>,
L<Image::ExifTool(3pm)|Image::ExifTool>

=cut