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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="en">
<head>
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<meta name="description" content="A general astronomical image processing software">
<meta name="author" content="Filip Hroch">
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<title>Munipack ‒ Frame Composition Tutorial</title>
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<header>
<a href="munipack.html"><img src="title_logo.png" alt="Munipack's logo" class="head"></a>
<div class="headhead">
<div class="headtitle">
<a class="headtitle" href="munipack.html">Munipack</a>
<a class="headsubtitle" href="munipack.html">A general astronomical image processing software</a>
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<h1>Frame Composition</h1>

<p>
How to compose frames to get more deeper and precise image.
</p>

<h1>Deep Field of Bubble Nebula</h1>

<p>
Bubble nebula NGC 7635 is a HII ionized region in Cassiopeia.
</p>

<h2>Sample Data</h2>

<p>
A sample data are available as
<a href="ftp://munipack.physics.muni.cz/pub/munipack/munipack-data-bubble.tar.gz">munipack-data-bubble.tar.gz</a>.
Use commands
</p>
<pre>
$ cd /tmp
$ tar zxf munipack-data-bubble.tar.gz
$ cd munipack-data-bubble/
</pre>
<p>
to unpack it to a desired directory.
We will assume that the sample data are unpacked to <samp>/tmp</samp> directory
as <samp>/tmp/munipack-data-bubble</samp>.
</p>


<h2>Photometric Corrections</h2>

<p>
Prepare corrected data as is described in
<a href="phcorrtut.html">Photometric Corrections Tutorial</a>.
Flat-fields are not available.
</p>

<pre>
$ munipack dark d120_*.fits
$ munipack phcorr -gain 2.3 -dark dark.fits ngc7635_0*.fits
</pre>


<h2>Photometry and Astrometry</h2>

<p>
Both precise astrometry and photometry of all frames is necessary
to compose ones together.
The astrometry gives a mutual transformation of pixels on
images against to a world reference frame (usually
represented by spherical coordinates).
The relative (frame to frame) transformation can be also used.
</p>

<pre>
$ munipack find ngc7635_0*.fits
$ munipack aphot ngc7635_0*.fits
$ munipack cone -r 0.1 350.20 61.20
$ munipack astrometry --maxmatch 20 ngc7635_0*.fits
</pre>


<h2>Image Composition</h2>

<p>
The calibrated images can be easy used to create of a frame:
</p>

<pre>
$ munipack kombine -o bubble.fits ngc7635_0*.fits
</pre>

<p>
The example contains 19 frames each 120 sec. The composed
frame has full exposure time 2280 sec.
</p>


<figure>
<img src="bubble-single.png" alt="bubble-single.png" title="Single exposure">
<figcaption>Single exposure, 120 sec</figcaption>
</figure>

<figure>
<img src="bubble-deep.png" alt="bubble-deep.png" title="Deep exposure">
<figcaption>Deeper exposure, 2280 sec.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>
These images nicely reveals the Poisson's noise nature. Because
dispersion of the noise is square of detected photons and its relative
error the reciprocal square, frames shows more details and less noise.
</p>


<h2>Advanced Usage</h2>

<p>
Kombine action can be also used for:
</p>

<ul>
<li>Geometric transformation of images: scaling, rotation: try <samp>--scale, --angle</samp> parameters.</li>
<li>Creating of mosaics: define a large canvas using <samp>--width, --height</samp> parameters.</li>
</ul>


<h2>See Also</h2>

<p>
Manuals:
<a href="man_kombine.html">Kombine</a>,
<a href="man_astrometry.html">Astrometry</a>,
<a href="man_aphot.html">Aperture Photometry</a>,
<a href="man_phcorr.html">Photometric corrections</a>.
<a href="kombitut.sh">kombitut.sh</a> is a bash script summarizing
of this tutorial.</p>

<p>
Tutorial:
<a href="mosaics.html">Mosaic</a>
</p>


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Filip Hroch (<a style="text-decoration: none" href="mailto:hroch@physics.muni.cz?Subject=Munipack" title="Author's Email">✉</a>), license <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">GPLv3</a>.
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