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<title>Munipack ‒ Averaged Dark Frame</title>
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<h1>Averaged Dark Frame</h1>

<p class="abstract">
Compute an average dark frame of a set of dark frames.
</p>

<h2>Synopsis</h2>

<code>
munipack dark [--arith] [-bias file] [--tol-temp] [--tol-exp] [..] file(s)
</code>

<h2>Description</h2>

<p>
A dark frame is a map of a dark current, thermally generated charged particles
captured in pixels. Amount of the dark current is proportional both temperature
and exposure time. This routine creates an average dark frame,
sometimes named as a masterdark.
</p>

<p>
An output image <i>O<sub>ij</sub></i> is computed as the average of every pixel of
input images <i>(I<sub>k</sub>)<sub>ij</sub></i>:
</p>
<p>
<i>O<sub>ij</sub></i> = 〈<i>I<sub>k</sub></i> - <i>B</i>〉<i><sub>ij</sub></i>,
</p>
<p>
where <i>i,j</i> is an index of a pixel and <i>k</i> is an index of an image.
When a bias frame <i>B<sub>ij</sub></i> is available, one is subtracted from
dark exposures before averaging.
</p>

<p class="indent">
Two methods of averaging are implemented. An arithmetical mean
is fast and memory conserving while a robust mean is significantly slower and requires
much more memory. Use of the robust mean is preferred because random defects (cosmics,
interferences) are greatly suppressed.
</p>

<p class="indent">
It is strongly recommended correct setting of FITS_KEY_EXPTIME
(<a href="man_env.html">environment variables</a>) because
the exposure time will usable for later processing.
Chip temperatures are checked to be equal during processing when
FITS_KEY_TEMPERATURE is valuable.
</p>

<h2>Input And Output</h2>

<p>
On input, list of frames representing the darks is expected. Optionaly, a bias
can by pre-applied on every frame.
</p>

<p>
On output, the only one file as mean dark frame is created.
</p>

<h2>Parameters</h2>

<dl>
  <dt><samp>--arith</samp></dt><dd>use arithmetical mean instead of
    default robust mean</dd>
  <dt><samp>-bias file</samp></dt><dd>use the specified bias frame</dd>
  <dt><samp>--tol-temp temp</samp></dt><dd>limit for nearby temperatures
    (default = 1K)</dd>
  <dt><samp>--tol-exp exptime</samp></dt><dd>limit for nearby exposure times
    (default = 1 μsec)</dd>
  <dt><samp>-B bitpix</samp></dt><dd>set numerical type of output images,
    see <a href="man_com.html">Common options</a> (default -32)</dd>
  <dt><samp>-o filename</samp></dt><dd>save to the output file,
    see <a href="man_com.html">Common options</a></dd>
</dl>

<p>Also see <a href="man_com.html">Common options</a></p>


<h2>Examples</h2>

<code>
$ munipack dark -o d120.fits d120_*.fits
</code>

<figure>
<img class="figure" src="d120_1.png" alt="d10_1.png" title="A dark image">
<figcaption>
A single dark image
</figcaption>
</figure>

<figure>
<img class="figure" src="d120.png" alt="d120.png" title="Mean of dark-frames">
<figcaption>
A robust mean of dark frames.
</figcaption>
</figure>


<h2>See Also</h2>
<p>
<a href="lctut.html">Light Curve Tutorial</a>,
<a href="phcorrtut.html">Photometric corrections tutorial</a>,
<a href="man_bias.html">Averaged bias frame</a>.
</p>

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