/usr/share/doc/ssg-nondebian/ssg-sl6-guide-CSCF-RHEL6-MLS.html

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(function($){var Node,Tree,methods;Node=(function(){function Node(row,tree,settings){var parentId;this.row=row;this.tree=tree;this.settings=settings;this.id=this.row.data(this.settings.nodeIdAttr);parentId=this.row.data(this.settings.parentIdAttr);if(parentId!=null&&parentId!=="")this.parentId=parentId;this.treeCell=$(this.row.children(this.settings.columnElType)[this.settings.column]);this.expander=$(this.settings.expanderTemplate);this.indenter=$(this.settings.indenterTemplate);this.children=[];this.initialized=false;this.treeCell.prepend(this.indenter);}Node.prototype.addChild=function(child){return this.children.push(child);};Node.prototype.ancestors=function(){var ancestors,node;node=this;ancestors=[];while(node=node.parentNode())ancestors.push(node);return ancestors;};Node.prototype.collapse=function(){if(this.collapsed())return this;this.row.removeClass("expanded").addClass("collapsed");this._hideChildren();this.expander.attr("title",this.settings.stringExpand);if(this.initialized&&this.settings.onNodeCollapse!=null)this.settings.onNodeCollapse.apply(this);return this;};Node.prototype.collapsed=function(){return this.row.hasClass("collapsed");};Node.prototype.expand=function(){if(this.expanded())return this;this.row.removeClass("collapsed").addClass("expanded");if(this.initialized&&this.settings.onNodeExpand!=null)this.settings.onNodeExpand.apply(this);if($(this.row).is(":visible"))this._showChildren();this.expander.attr("title",this.settings.stringCollapse);return this;};Node.prototype.expanded=function(){return this.row.hasClass("expanded");};Node.prototype.hide=function(){this._hideChildren();this.row.hide();return this;};Node.prototype.isBranchNode=function(){if(this.children.length>0||this.row.data(this.settings.branchAttr)===true)return true;else return 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-2,-3.6 -4.9,-13.1 2.6,-20.7 7.6,-7.6 18.6,-6 24.4,-0.2 3.3,3.3 5.1,7.6 5.1,12.1 0.1,4.6 -1.8,9.1 -5.3,12.5 -4.2,4.2 -10.2,5.8 -16.1,4.4 -1.5,-0.4 -2.4,-1.9 -2.1,-3.4 0.4,-1.5 1.9,-2.4 3.4,-2.1 4.1,1 8,-0.1 10.9,-2.9 2.3,-2.3 3.6,-5.3 3.6,-8.4 0,0 0,-0.1 0,-0.1 0,-3 -1.3,-5.9 -3.5,-8.2 -3.9,-3.9 -11.3,-4.9 -16.5,0.2 -6.3,6.3 -1.6,14.1 -1.6,14.2 1.5,2.4 0.7,5 -0.9,6.3 l -8.4,8.4 c 9.9,8.9 27.2,11.2 39.1,-0.8 5.4,-5.4 8.4,-12.5 8.4,-20 0,-0.1 0,-0.2 0,-0.3 -0.1,-7.5 -3,-14.6 -8.4,-19.9 -5,-5 -11.9,-8 -19.1,-8.2 -7.8,-0.3 -15.2,2.7 -20.9,8.4 -8.7,8.7 -8.7,19 -7.9,24.3 0.3,2.4 1.1,4.9 2.2,7.3 0.6,1.4 0,3.1 -1.4,3.7 -1.4,0.6 -3.1,0 -3.7,-1.4 -1.3,-2.9 -2.2,-5.8 -2.6,-8.7 -0.3,-1.7 -0.4,-3.5 -0.4,-5.2 z" id="path34" style="fill:#12497f"></path></g></svg></a><div><h1>OpenSCAP Security Guide</h1></div></div></nav><div class="container"><div id="content"><div id="introduction"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-8 well well-lg"><h2>Guide to the Secure Configuration of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6</h2><blockquote>with profile <mark>CSCF RHEL6 MLS Core Baseline</mark><div class="col-md-12 well well-lg horizontal-scroll"><div class="description"><small> This profile reflects the Centralized Super Computing Facility 
(CSCF) baseline for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6. This baseline has received 
government ATO through the ICD 503 process, utilizing the CNSSI 1253 cross 
domain overlay. This profile should be considered in active development. 
Additional tailoring will be needed, such as the creation of RBAC roles 
for production deployment.</small></div></div></blockquote><div class="col-md-12 well well-lg horizontal-scroll"><div class="front-matter">The SCAP Security Guide Project<br>
<a href="https://www.open-scap.org/security-policies/scap-security-guide">https://www.open-scap.org/security-policies/scap-security-guide</a></div><div class="description">This guide presents a catalog of security-relevant
configuration settings for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6. It is a rendering of
content structured in the eXtensible Configuration Checklist Description Format (XCCDF)
in order to support security automation.  The SCAP content is
is available in the <code>scap-security-guide</code> package which is developed at
<a href="https://www.open-scap.org/security-policies/scap-security-guide">https://www.open-scap.org/security-policies/scap-security-guide</a>.
<br>
<br>
Providing system administrators with such guidance informs them how to securely
configure systems under their control in a variety of network roles. Policy
makers and baseline creators can use this catalog of settings, with its
associated references to higher-level security control catalogs, in order to
assist them in security baseline creation. This guide is a <i>catalog, not a
checklist,</i> and satisfaction of every item is not likely to be possible or
sensible in many operational scenarios. However, the XCCDF format enables
granular selection and adjustment of settings, and their association with OVAL
and OCIL content provides an automated checking capability. Transformations of
this document, and its associated automated checking content, are capable of
providing baselines that meet a diverse set of policy objectives. Some example
XCCDF <i>Profiles</i>, which are selections of items that form checklists and
can be used as baselines, are available with this guide. They can be
processed, in an automated fashion, with tools that support the Security
Content Automation Protocol (SCAP). The DISA STIG for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6,
which provides required settings for US Department of Defense systems, is
one example of a baseline created from this guidance.
</div><div class="top-spacer-10"><div class="alert alert-info"><div>
<p>This benchmark is a direct port of a <i>SCAP Security Guide </i> benchmark developed for <i>Red Hat Enterprise Linux</i>. It has been modified through an automated process to remove specific dependencies on <i>Red Hat Enterprise Linux</i> and to function with <i>Scientifc Linux</i>. The result is a generally useful <i>SCAP Security Guide</i> benchmark with the following caveats:</p>
<ul>
<li><i>Scientifc Linux</i> is not an exact copy of <i>Red Hat Enterprise Linux</i>. Scientific Linux is a Linux distribution produced by <i>Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory</i>. It is a free and open source operating system based on <i>Red Hat Enterprise Linux</i> and aims to be "as close to the commercial enterprise distribution as we can get it." There may be configuration differences that produce false positives and/or false negatives. If this occurs please file a bug report.</li>

<li><i>Scientifc Linux</i> is derived from the free and open source software made available by Red Hat, but it is not produced, maintained or supported by <i>Red Hat</i>. <i>Scientifc Linux</i> has its own build system, compiler options, patchsets, and is a community supported, non-commercial operating system. <i>Scientifc Linux</i> does not inherit certifications or evaluations from <i>Red Hat Enterprise Linux</i>. As such, some configuration rules (such as those requiring <i>FIPS 140-2</i> encryption) will continue to fail on <i>Scientifc Linux</i>.</li>
</ul>

<p>Members of the <i>Scientifc Linux</i> community are invited to participate in <a href="http://open-scap.org">OpenSCAP</a> and <a href="https://github.com/OpenSCAP/scap-security-guide">SCAP Security Guide</a> development. Bug reports and patches can be sent to GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/OpenSCAP/scap-security-guide">https://github.com/OpenSCAP/scap-security-guide</a>. The mailing list is at <a href="https://fedorahosted.org/mailman/listinfo/scap-security-guide">https://fedorahosted.org/mailman/listinfo/scap-security-guide</a>.</p></div></div><div class="alert alert-info">Do not attempt to implement any of the settings in
this guide without first testing them in a non-operational environment. The
creators of this guidance assume no responsibility whatsoever for its use by
other parties, and makes no guarantees, expressed or implied, about its
quality, reliability, or any other characteristic.</div></div></div><table class="table table-bordered"><tr><th>Profile Title</th><td>CSCF RHEL6 MLS Core Baseline</td></tr><tr><th>Profile ID</th><td>xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_profile_CSCF-RHEL6-MLS</td></tr></table></div><div class="col-md-4"><h2>Revision History</h2><p>Current version: <strong>0.1.31</strong></p><ul><li><strong>draft</strong>
                            (as of 2017-08-11)
                        </li></ul><h2>Platforms</h2><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item"><span class="label label-default">cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6</span></li><li class="list-group-item"><span class="label label-default">cpe:/o:scientificlinux:scientificlinux:6</span></li><li class="list-group-item"><span class="label label-default">cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6::client</span></li><li class="list-group-item"><span class="label label-default">cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6::computenode</span></li></ul></div></div></div><h2>Table of Contents</h2><ol><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_system">System Settings</a></li><ol><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_software">Installing and Maintaining Software</a></li><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions">File Permissions and Masks</a></li><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_selinux">SELinux</a></li><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts">Account and Access Control</a></li><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network">Network Configuration and Firewalls</a></li><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_logging">Configure Syslog</a></li><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditing">System Accounting with auditd</a></li></ol><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services">Services</a></li><ol><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_obsolete">Obsolete Services</a></li><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base">Base Services</a></li><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_cron_and_at">Cron and At Daemons</a></li><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ssh">SSH Server</a></li><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_xwindows">X Window System</a></li><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_avahi">Avahi Server</a></li><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_printing">Print Support</a></li><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dhcp">DHCP</a></li><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ntp">Network Time Protocol</a></li><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mail">Mail Server Software</a></li><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ldap">LDAP</a></li><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dns">DNS Server</a></li><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ftp">FTP Server</a></li><li><a href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_http">Web Server</a></li></ol></ol><div id="guide-tree"><h2>Checklist</h2><table class="treetable table table-bordered"><tbody><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_benchmark_RHEL-6"><td style="padding-left: 0px"><small>contains 215 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_system" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_system" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_benchmark_RHEL-6"><td style="padding-left: 19px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_system">System Settings
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_system">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>Contains rules that check correct system settings.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_system" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_benchmark_RHEL-6"><td style="padding-left: 19px"><small>contains 153 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_software" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_software" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_system"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_software">Installing and Maintaining Software
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_software">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The following sections contain information on
security-relevant choices during the initial operating system
installation process and the setup of software
updates.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_software" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_system"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><small>contains 11 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disk_partitioning" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disk_partitioning" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_software"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disk_partitioning">Disk Partitioning
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disk_partitioning">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>To ensure separation and protection of data, there
are top-level system directories which should be placed on their
own physical partition or logical volume. The installer's default
partitioning scheme creates separate logical volumes for 
<code>/</code>, <code>/boot</code>, and <code>swap</code>.
<ul><li>If starting with any of the default layouts, check the box to
"Review and modify partitioning." This allows for the easy creation
of additional logical volumes inside the volume group already
created, though it may require making <code>/</code>'s logical volume smaller to
create space. In general, using logical volumes is preferable to
using partitions because they can be more easily adjusted
later.</li><li>If creating a custom layout, create the partitions mentioned in
the previous paragraph (which the installer will require anyway),
as well as separate ones described in the following sections.</li></ul>
If a system has already been installed, and the default
partitioning scheme was used, it is possible but nontrivial to
modify it to create separate logical volumes for the directories
listed above. The Logical Volume Manager (LVM) makes this possible.
See the LVM HOWTO at <a href="http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/">http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/</a> for more
detailed information on LVM.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disk_partitioning" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_software"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 1 rule</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_partition_for_var_log_audit" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_partition_for_var_log_audit" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm22492" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disk_partitioning"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_partition_for_var_log_audit">Ensure /var/log/audit Located On Separate Partition
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_partition_for_var_log_audit">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
Audit logs are stored in the <code>/var/log/audit</code> directory.  Ensure that it
has its own partition or logical volume at installation time, or migrate it
later using LVM. Make absolutely certain that it is large enough to store all
audit logs that will be created by the auditing daemon.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Placing <code>/var/log/audit</code> in its own partition
enables better separation between audit files
and other files, and helps ensure that
auditing cannot be halted due to the partition running out
of space.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-4</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-9</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-32</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">137</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">138</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1208</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_integrity" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_integrity" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_software"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_integrity">Software Integrity Checking
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_integrity">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>
Both the AIDE (Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment)
software and the RPM package management system provide
mechanisms for verifying the integrity of installed software.
AIDE uses snapshots of file metadata (such as hashes) and compares these
to current system files in order to detect changes.
The RPM package management system can conduct integrity
checks by comparing information in its metadata database with
files installed on the system.
<br><br>
Integrity checking cannot <i>prevent</i> intrusions,
but can detect that they have occurred. Requirements
for software integrity checking may be highly dependent on
the environment in which the system will be used. Snapshot-based
approaches such as AIDE may induce considerable overhead
in the presence of frequent software updates.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_integrity" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_software"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 5 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_aide" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_aide" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_integrity"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_aide">Verify Integrity with AIDE
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_aide">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>AIDE conducts integrity checks by comparing information about
files with previously-gathered information. Ideally, the AIDE database is
created immediately after initial system configuration, and then again after any
software update.  AIDE is highly configurable, with further configuration
information located in <code>/usr/share/doc/aide-<i>VERSION</i></code>.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_aide" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_integrity"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 2 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_aide_installed" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_aide_installed" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm22644" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_aide"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_aide_installed">Install AIDE
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_aide_installed">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
Install the AIDE package with the command:
<pre>$ sudo yum install aide</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
The AIDE package must be installed if it is to be available for integrity checking.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-3(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-3(e)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-6(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-28</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SI-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1069</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm22655">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm22655"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>enable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function package_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local package_operation=$1
local package=$2

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: package_command 'install/uninstall' 'rpm_package_name"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If dnf is installed, use dnf; otherwise, use yum
if [ -f "/usr/bin/dnf" ] ; then
  install_util="/usr/bin/dnf"
else
  install_util="/usr/bin/yum"
fi

if [ "$package_operation" != 'remove' ] ; then
  # If the rpm is not installed, install the rpm
  if ! /bin/rpm -q --quiet $package; then
    $install_util -y $package_operation $package
  fi
else
  # If the rpm is installed, uninstall the rpm
  if /bin/rpm -q --quiet $package; then
    $install_util -y $package_operation $package
  fi
fi

}

package_command install aide
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm22657">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm22657"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>enable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Ensure aide is installed
  package:
    name="{{item}}"
    state=present
  with_items:
    - aide
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Puppet snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm22658">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm22658"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>enable</td></tr></table><pre><code>include install_aide

class install_aide {
  package { 'aide':
    ensure =&gt; 'installed',
  }
}
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Anaconda snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm22659">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm22659"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>enable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
package --add=aide
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_aide_build_database" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_aide_build_database" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm22664" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_aide"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_aide_build_database">Build and Test AIDE Database
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_aide_build_database">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Run the following command to generate a new database:
<pre>$ sudo /usr/sbin/aide --init</pre>
By default, the database will be written to the file <code>/var/lib/aide/aide.db.new.gz</code>.
Storing the database, the configuration file <code>/etc/aide.conf</code>, and the binary
<code>/usr/sbin/aide</code> (or hashes of these files), in a secure location (such as on read-only media) provides additional assurance about their integrity.
The newly-generated database can be installed as follows:
<pre>$ sudo cp /var/lib/aide/aide.db.new.gz /var/lib/aide/aide.db.gz</pre>
To initiate a manual check, run the following command:
<pre>$ sudo /usr/sbin/aide --check</pre>
If this check produces any unexpected output, investigate.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
For AIDE to be effective, an initial database of "known-good" information about files
must be captured and it should be able to be verified against the installed files.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-3(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-3(e)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-6(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-28</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SI-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">374</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">416</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1069</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1263</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1297</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1589</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm22685">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm22685"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>/usr/sbin/aide --init
/bin/cp -p /var/lib/aide/aide.db.new.gz /var/lib/aide/aide.db.gz
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_additional_security_software" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_additional_security_software" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_integrity"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_additional_security_software">Additional Security Software
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_additional_security_software">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>
Additional security software that is not provided or supported
by Red Hat can be installed to provide complementary or duplicative
security capabilities to those provided by the base platform.  Add-on
software may not be appropriate for some specialized systems.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_additional_security_software" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_integrity"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 2 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_install_hids" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_install_hids" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm22761" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_additional_security_software"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_install_hids">Install Intrusion Detection Software
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_install_hids">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
The base Red Hat platform already includes a sophisticated auditing system that
can detect intruder activity, as well as SELinux, which provides host-based
intrusion prevention capabilities by confining privileged programs and user
sessions which may become compromised.<br>
In DoD environments, supplemental intrusion detection tools, such as, the McAfee
Host-based Security System, are available to integrate with existing infrastructure.
When these supplemental tools interfere with the proper functioning of SELinux, SELinux
takes precedence.
<br>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Host-based intrusion detection tools provide a system-level defense when an
intruder gains access to a system or network.  
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1263</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_install_antivirus" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_install_antivirus" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm22771" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_additional_security_software"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_install_antivirus">Install Virus Scanning Software
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_install_antivirus">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
Install virus scanning software, which uses signatures to search for the
presence of viruses on the filesystem. 
The McAfee VirusScan Enterprise for Linux virus scanning tool is provided for DoD systems.
Ensure virus definition files are no older than 7 days, or their last release.

Configure the virus scanning software to perform scans dynamically on all
accessed files.  If this is not possible, configure the
system to scan all altered files on the system on a daily
basis. If the system processes inbound SMTP mail, configure the virus scanner
to scan all received mail.

</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Virus scanning software can be used to detect if a system has been compromised by
computer viruses, as well as to limit their spread to other systems. 
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-28</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SI-3</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1239</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1668</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_disable_prelink" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_disable_prelink" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm22626" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_integrity"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_disable_prelink">Disable Prelinking
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_disable_prelink">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
The prelinking feature changes binaries in an attempt to decrease their startup
time.  In order to disable it, change or add the following line inside the file
<code>/etc/sysconfig/prelink</code>:
<pre>PRELINKING=no</pre>
Next, run the following command to return binaries to a normal, non-prelinked state:
<pre>$ sudo /usr/sbin/prelink -ua</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Because the prelinking feature changes binaries, it can interfere with the
operation of certain software and/or modes such as AIDE, FIPS, etc.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-6(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-28</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SI-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm22636">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm22636"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>#
# Disable prelinking altogether
#
if grep -q ^PRELINKING /etc/sysconfig/prelink
then
  sed -i 's/PRELINKING.*/PRELINKING=no/g' /etc/sysconfig/prelink
else
  echo -e "\n# Set PRELINKING=no per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysconfig/prelink
  echo "PRELINKING=no" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysconfig/prelink
fi

#
# Undo previous prelink changes to binaries
#
/usr/sbin/prelink -ua
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_software"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome">GNOME Desktop Environment
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>
GNOME is a graphical desktop environment bundled with many Linux distributions that
allow users to easily interact with the operating system graphically rather than
textually. The GNOME Graphical Display Manager (GDM) provides login, logout, and user
switching contexts as well as display server management.
<br><br>
GNOME is developed by the GNOME Project and is considered the default
Red Hat Graphical environment.
<br><br>
For more information on GNOME and the GNOME Project, see <b><a href="https://www.gnome.org">https://www.gnome.org</a></b>
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_software"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 5 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome_screen_locking" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome_screen_locking" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome_screen_locking">Configure GNOME Screen Locking
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome_screen_locking">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>In the default GNOME desktop, the screen can be locked
by choosing <b>Lock Screen</b> from the <b>System</b> menu.
<br><br>
The <code>gconftool-2</code> program can be used to enforce mandatory
screen locking settings for the default GNOME environment.
The
following sections detail commands to enforce idle activation of the screensaver,
screen locking, a blank-screen screensaver, and an idle
activation time.

<br><br>
Because users should be trained to lock the screen when they
step away from the computer, the automatic locking feature is only
meant as a backup. The <b>Lock Screen</b> icon from the <b>System</b> menu can
also be dragged to the taskbar in order to facilitate even more
convenient screen-locking.
<br><br>
The root account cannot be screen-locked, but this should
have no practical effect as the root account should <i>never</i> be used
to log into an X Windows environment, and should only be used to
for direct login via console in emergency circumstances.
<br><br>
For more information about configuring GNOME screensaver, see
<b><a href="http://live.gnome.org/GnomeScreensaver">http://live.gnome.org/GnomeScreensaver</a></b>. For more information about
enforcing preferences in the GNOME environment using the GConf
configuration system, see <b><a href="http://projects.gnome.org/gconf">http://projects.gnome.org/gconf</a></b> and
the man page <code>gconftool-2(1)</code>.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome_screen_locking" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 3 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gnome_screensaver_idle_activation_enabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gnome_screensaver_idle_activation_enabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm22964" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome_screen_locking"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gnome_screensaver_idle_activation_enabled">GNOME Desktop Screensaver Mandatory Use
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gnome_screensaver_idle_activation_enabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
Run the following command to activate the screensaver
in the GNOME desktop after a period of inactivity:
<pre>$ sudo gconftool-2 --direct \
  --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
  --type bool \
  --set /apps/gnome-screensaver/idle_activation_enabled true</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Enabling idle activation of the screensaver ensures the screensaver will
be activated after the idle delay.  Applications requiring continuous,
real-time screen display (such as network management products) require the
login session does not have administrator rights and the display station is located in a
controlled-access area.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-11(a)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">57</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm22971">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm22971"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code># Install GConf2 package if not installed
if ! rpm -q GConf2; then
  yum -y install GConf2
fi

# Set the screensaver activation in the GNOME desktop after a period of inactivity
gconftool-2 --direct \
            --config-source "xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory" \
            --type bool \
            --set /apps/gnome-screensaver/idle_activation_enabled true
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gnome_screensaver_lock_enabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gnome_screensaver_lock_enabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm22976" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome_screen_locking"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gnome_screensaver_lock_enabled">Enable Screen Lock Activation After Idle Period
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gnome_screensaver_lock_enabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
Run the following command to activate locking of the screensaver
in the GNOME desktop when it is activated:
<pre>$ sudo gconftool-2 --direct \
  --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
  --type bool \
  --set /apps/gnome-screensaver/lock_enabled true</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Enabling the activation of the screen lock after an idle period
ensures password entry will be required in order to
access the system, preventing access by passersby.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-11(a)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">57</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm22983">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm22983"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code># Install GConf2 package if not installed
if ! rpm -q GConf2; then
  yum -y install GConf2
fi

# Set the screensaver locking activation in the GNOME desktop when the
# screensaver is activated
gconftool-2 --direct \
            --config-source "xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory" \
            --type bool \
            --set /apps/gnome-screensaver/lock_enabled true
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gnome_screensaver_mode_blank" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gnome_screensaver_mode_blank" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm22988" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome_screen_locking"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gnome_screensaver_mode_blank">Implement Blank Screensaver
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gnome_screensaver_mode_blank">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
Run the following command to set the screensaver mode
in the GNOME desktop to a blank screen:
<pre>$ sudo gconftool-2 --direct \
  --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
  --type string \
  --set /apps/gnome-screensaver/mode blank-only</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Setting the screensaver mode to blank-only conceals the
contents of the display from passersby.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-11(b)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">60</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm22995">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm22995"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code># Install GConf2 package if not installed
if ! rpm -q GConf2; then
  yum -y install GConf2
fi

# Set the screensaver mode in the GNOME desktop to a blank screen
gconftool-2 --direct \
            --config-source "xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory" \
            --type string \
            --set /apps/gnome-screensaver/mode blank-only
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome_media_settings" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome_media_settings" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome_media_settings">GNOME Media Settings
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome_media_settings">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>
GNOME media settings that apply to the graphical interface.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome_media_settings" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 2 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gnome_disable_automount" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gnome_disable_automount" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23099" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome_media_settings"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gnome_disable_automount">Disable GNOME Automounting
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gnome_disable_automount">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The system's default desktop environment, GNOME, will mount
devices and removable media (such as DVDs, CDs and USB flash drives) whenever
they are inserted into the system. Disable automount and autorun within GNOME
by running the following:
<pre>$ sudo gconftool-2 --direct \
  --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
  --type bool \
  --set /apps/nautilus/preferences/media_automount false
$ sudo gconftool-2 --direct \
  --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
  --type bool \
  --set /apps/nautilus/preferences/media_autorun_never true</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Disabling automatic mounting in GNOME can prevent
the introduction of malware via removable media.
It will, however, also prevent desktop users from legitimate use
of removable media.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-19(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-19(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-19(e)</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gnome_disable_thumbnailers" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gnome_disable_thumbnailers" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23111" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gnome_media_settings"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gnome_disable_thumbnailers">Disable All GNOME Thumbnailers
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gnome_disable_thumbnailers">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The system's default desktop environment, GNOME, uses
a number of different thumbnailer programs to generate thumbnails
for any new or modified content in an opened folder. The following
command can disable the execution of these thumbnail applications:
<pre>$ sudo gconftool-2 --direct \
  --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
  --type bool \
  --set /desktop/gnome/thumbnailers/disable_all true</pre>
This effectively prevents an attacker from gaining access to a
system through a flaw in GNOME's Nautilus thumbnail creators.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>An attacker with knowledge of a flaw in a GNOME3 thumbnailer application could craft a malicious
file to exploit this flaw. Assuming the attacker could place the malicious file on the local filesystem
(via a web upload for example) and assuming a user browses the same location using Nautilus, the
malicious file would exploit the thumbnailer with the potential for malicious code execution. It
is best to disable these thumbnailer applications unless they are explicitly required.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_system"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions">File Permissions and Masks
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>Traditional Unix security relies heavily on file and
directory permissions to prevent unauthorized users from reading or
modifying files to which they should not have access. 
<br><br>
Several of the commands in this section search filesystems
for files or directories with certain characteristics, and are
intended to be run on every local partition on a given system.
When the variable <i>PART</i> appears in one of the commands below,
it means that the command is intended to be run repeatedly, with the
name of each local partition substituted for <i>PART</i> in turn.
<br><br>
The following command prints a list of all xfs partitions on the local
system, which is the default filesystem for Red Hat Enterprise Linux
7 installations:
<pre>$ mount -t xfs | awk '{print $3}'</pre>
For any systems that use a different
local filesystem type, modify this command as appropriate.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_system"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><small>contains 37 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_partitions" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_partitions" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_partitions">Restrict Partition Mount Options
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_partitions">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>System partitions can be mounted with certain options
that limit what files on those partitions can do. These options
are set in the <code>/etc/fstab</code> configuration file, and can be
used to make certain types of malicious behavior more difficult.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_partitions" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 6 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_nodev_nonroot_local_partitions" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_nodev_nonroot_local_partitions" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23139" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_partitions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_nodev_nonroot_local_partitions">Add nodev Option to Non-Root Local Partitions
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_nodev_nonroot_local_partitions">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>nodev</code> mount option prevents files from being
interpreted as character or block devices. 
Legitimate character and block devices should exist only in
the <code>/dev</code> directory on the root partition or within chroot
jails built for system services.

	Add the <code>nodev</code> option to the fourth column of
	<code>/etc/fstab</code> for the line which controls mounting of
	any non-root local partitions.
	
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>nodev</code> mount option prevents files from being
interpreted as character or block devices. The only legitimate location
for device files is the <code>/dev</code> directory located on the root partition.
The only exception to this is chroot jails, for which it is not advised
to set <code>nodev</code> on these filesystems.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23151">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23151"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
# NOTE: Run-time reconfiguration of partitions' mount options is not possible.
# After performing this remediation be sure to also subsequently reboot the
# system as soon as possible for the remediation to take the effect!

# Shortened ID for frequently used character class
SP="[:space:]"

# Load /etc/fstab's content with LABEL= and UUID= tags expanded to real
# device names into FSTAB_REAL_DEVICES array splitting items by newline
IFS=$'\n' FSTAB_REAL_DEVICES=($(findmnt --fstab --evaluate --noheadings))

for line in ${FSTAB_REAL_DEVICES[@]}
do
    # For each line:
    # * squeeze multiple space characters into one,
    # * split line content info four columns (target, source, fstype, and
    #   mount options) by space delimiter
    IFS=$' ' read TARGET SOURCE FSTYPE MOUNT_OPTIONS &lt;&lt;&lt; "$(echo $line | tr -s ' ')"

    # Filter the targets according to the following criteria:
    # * don't include record for root partition,
    # * include the target only if it has the form of '/word.*' (not to include
    #   special entries like e.g swap),
    # * include the target only if its source has the form of '/dev.*'
    #   (to process only local partitions)
    if [[ ! $TARGET =~ ^\/$ ]] 		&amp;&amp;	# Don't include root partition
       [[ $TARGET =~ ^\/[A-Za-z0-9_] ]] &amp;&amp;	# Include if target =~ '/word.*'
       [[ $SOURCE =~ ^\/dev ]]			# Include if source =~ '/dev.*'
    then

        # Check the mount options column if it doesn't contain 'nodev' keyword yet
        if ! grep -q "nodev" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$MOUNT_OPTIONS"
        then
            # Check if current mount options is empty string ('') meaning
            # particular /etc/fstab row contain just 'defaults' keyword
            if [[ ${#MOUNT_OPTIONS} == "0" ]]
            then
                # If so, add 'defaults' back and append 'nodev' keyword
                MOUNT_OPTIONS="defaults,nodev"
            else
                # Otherwise append just 'nodev' keyword
                MOUNT_OPTIONS="$MOUNT_OPTIONS,nodev"
            fi

            # Escape possible slash ('/') characters in target for use as sed
            # expression below
            TARGET_ESCAPED=${TARGET//$'/'/$'\/'}
            # This target doesn't contain 'nodev' in mount options yet (and meets
            # the above filtering criteria). Therefore obtain particular /etc/fstab's
            # row into FSTAB_TARGET_ROW variable separating the mount options field with
            # hash '#' character
            FSTAB_TARGET_ROW=$(sed -n "s/\(.*$TARGET_ESCAPED[$SP]\+$FSTYPE[$SP]\+\)\([^$SP]\+\)/\1#\2#/p" /etc/fstab)
            # Split the retrieved value by the hash '#' delimiter to get the
            # row's head &amp; tail (i.e. columns other than mount options) which won't
            # get modified
            IFS=$'#' read TARGET_HEAD TARGET_OPTS TARGET_TAIL &lt;&lt;&lt; "$FSTAB_TARGET_ROW"
            # Replace old mount options for particular /etc/fstab's row (for this target
            # and fstype) with new mount options
            sed -i "s#${TARGET_HEAD}\(.*\)${TARGET_TAIL}#${TARGET_HEAD}${MOUNT_OPTIONS}${TARGET_TAIL}#" /etc/fstab

        fi
    fi
done
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_tmp_nodev" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_tmp_nodev" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23205" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_partitions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_tmp_nodev">Add nodev Option to /tmp
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_tmp_nodev">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
The <code>nodev</code> mount option can be used to prevent device files from
being created in <code>/tmp</code>.
Legitimate character and block devices should not exist
within temporary directories like <code>/tmp</code>. 

	Add the <code>nodev</code> option to the fourth column of
	<code>/etc/fstab</code> for the line which controls mounting of
	<code>/tmp</code>.
	
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The only legitimate location for device files is the <code>/dev</code> directory
located on the root partition. The only exception to this is chroot jails.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">MP-2</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Anaconda snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23218">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23218"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>high</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>enable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
part /tmp -mountoptions="nodev"
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_tmp_nosuid" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_tmp_nosuid" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23235" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_partitions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_tmp_nosuid">Add nosuid Option to /tmp
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_tmp_nosuid">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>nosuid</code> mount option can be used to prevent
execution of setuid programs in <code>/tmp</code>. The SUID and SGID permissions
should not be required in these world-writable directories.

	Add the <code>nosuid</code> option to the fourth column of
	<code>/etc/fstab</code> for the line which controls mounting of
	<code>/tmp</code>.
	
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The presence of SUID and SGID executables should be tightly controlled. Users
should not be able to execute SUID or SGID binaries from temporary storage partitions.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">MP-2</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_dev_shm_nodev" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_dev_shm_nodev" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23248" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_partitions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_dev_shm_nodev">Add nodev Option to /dev/shm
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_dev_shm_nodev">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>nodev</code> mount option can be used to prevent creation
of device files in <code>/dev/shm</code>.
Legitimate character and block devices should not exist
within temporary directories like <code>/dev/shm</code>. 

	Add the <code>nodev</code> option to the fourth column of
	<code>/etc/fstab</code> for the line which controls mounting of
	<code>/dev/shm</code>.
	
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The only legitimate location for device files is the <code>/dev</code> directory
located on the root partition. The only exception to this is chroot jails.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">MP-2</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23261">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23261"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
# Load /etc/fstab's /dev/shm row into DEV_SHM_FSTAB variable separating start &amp;
# end of the filesystem mount options (4-th field) with the '#' character
DEV_SHM_FSTAB=$(sed -n "s/\(.*[[:space:]]\+\/dev\/shm[[:space:]]\+tmpfs[[:space:]]\+\)\([^[:space:]]\+\)/\1#\2#/p" /etc/fstab)

#Rest of script can trash /etc/fstab if $DEV_SHM_FSTAB is empty, check before continuing.
echo $DEV_SHM_FSTAB | grep -q -P '/dev/shm'
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
	# Save the:
	# * 1-th, 2-nd, 3-rd fields into DEV_SHM_HEAD variable
	# * 4-th field into DEV_SHM_OPTS variable, and
	# * 5-th, and 6-th fields into DEV_SHM_TAIL variable
	# splitting DEV_SHM_FSTAB variable value based on the '#' separator
	IFS='#' read DEV_SHM_HEAD DEV_SHM_OPTS DEV_SHM_TAIL &lt;&lt;&lt; "$DEV_SHM_FSTAB"

	# Replace occurrence of 'defaults' key with the actual list of mount options
	# for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
	DEV_SHM_OPTS=${DEV_SHM_OPTS//defaults/rw,suid,dev,exec,auto,nouser,async,relatime}

	# 'dev' option (not prefixed with 'no') present in the list?
	echo $DEV_SHM_OPTS | grep -q -P '(?&lt;!no)dev'
	if [ $? -eq 0 ]
	then
	        # 'dev' option found, replace with 'nodev'
	        DEV_SHM_OPTS=${DEV_SHM_OPTS//dev/nodev}
	fi

	# at least one 'nodev' present in the options list?
	echo $DEV_SHM_OPTS | grep -q -v 'nodev'
	if [ $? -eq 0 ]
	then
	        # 'nodev' not found yet, append it
	        DEV_SHM_OPTS="$DEV_SHM_OPTS,nodev"
	fi

	# DEV_SHM_OPTS now contains final list of mount options. Replace original form of /dev/shm row
	# in /etc/fstab with the corrected version
	sed -i "s#${DEV_SHM_HEAD}\(.*\)${DEV_SHM_TAIL}#${DEV_SHM_HEAD}${DEV_SHM_OPTS}${DEV_SHM_TAIL}#" /etc/fstab
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_dev_shm_noexec" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_dev_shm_noexec" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23264" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_partitions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_dev_shm_noexec">Add noexec Option to /dev/shm
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_dev_shm_noexec">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>noexec</code> mount option can be used to prevent binaries
from being executed out of <code>/dev/shm</code>.
It can be dangerous to allow the execution of binaries
from world-writable temporary storage directories such as <code>/dev/shm</code>.

	Add the <code>noexec</code> option to the fourth column of
	<code>/etc/fstab</code> for the line which controls mounting of
	<code>/dev/shm</code>.
	
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Allowing users to execute binaries from world-writable directories
such as <code>/dev/shm</code> can expose the system to potential compromise.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">MP-2</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23277">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23277"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
# Load /etc/fstab's /dev/shm row into DEV_SHM_FSTAB variable separating start &amp;
# end of the filesystem mount options (4-th field) with the '#' character
DEV_SHM_FSTAB=$(sed -n "s/\(.*[[:space:]]\+\/dev\/shm[[:space:]]\+tmpfs[[:space:]]\+\)\([^[:space:]]\+\)/\1#\2#/p" /etc/fstab)

#Rest of script can trash /etc/fstab if $DEV_SHM_FSTAB is empty, check before continuing.
echo $DEV_SHM_FSTAB | grep -q -P '/dev/shm'
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
	# Save the:
	# * 1-th, 2-nd, 3-rd fields into DEV_SHM_HEAD variable
	# * 4-th field into DEV_SHM_OPTS variable, and
	# * 5-th, and 6-th fields into DEV_SHM_TAIL variable
	# splitting DEV_SHM_FSTAB variable value based on the '#' separator
	IFS='#' read DEV_SHM_HEAD DEV_SHM_OPTS DEV_SHM_TAIL &lt;&lt;&lt; "$DEV_SHM_FSTAB"

	# Replace occurrence of 'defaults' key with the actual list of mount options
	# for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
	DEV_SHM_OPTS=${DEV_SHM_OPTS//defaults/rw,suid,dev,exec,auto,nouser,async,relatime}

	# 'exec' option (not prefixed with 'no') present in the list?
	echo $DEV_SHM_OPTS | grep -q -P '(?&lt;!no)exec'
	if [ $? -eq 0 ]
	then
	        # 'exec' option found, replace with 'noexec'
	        DEV_SHM_OPTS=${DEV_SHM_OPTS//exec/noexec}
	fi

	# at least one 'noexec' present in the options list?
	echo $DEV_SHM_OPTS | grep -q -v 'noexec'
	if [ $? -eq 0 ]
	then
	        # 'noexec' not found yet, append it
	        DEV_SHM_OPTS="$DEV_SHM_OPTS,noexec"
	fi

	# DEV_SHM_OPTS now contains final list of mount options. Replace original form of /dev/shm row
	# in /etc/fstab with the corrected version
	sed -i "s#${DEV_SHM_HEAD}\(.*\)${DEV_SHM_TAIL}#${DEV_SHM_HEAD}${DEV_SHM_OPTS}${DEV_SHM_TAIL}#" /etc/fstab

fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_dev_shm_nosuid" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_dev_shm_nosuid" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23280" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_partitions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_dev_shm_nosuid">Add nosuid Option to /dev/shm
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_mount_option_dev_shm_nosuid">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>nosuid</code> mount option can be used to prevent execution
of setuid programs in <code>/dev/shm</code>.  The SUID and SGID permissions should not
be required in these world-writable directories.

	Add the <code>nosuid</code> option to the fourth column of
	<code>/etc/fstab</code> for the line which controls mounting of
	<code>/dev/shm</code>.
	
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The presence of SUID and SGID executables should be tightly controlled. Users
should not be able to execute SUID or SGID binaries from temporary storage partitions.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">MP-2</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23291">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23291"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
# Load /etc/fstab's /dev/shm row into DEV_SHM_FSTAB variable separating start &amp;
# end of the filesystem mount options (4-th field) with the '#' character
DEV_SHM_FSTAB=$(sed -n "s/\(.*[[:space:]]\+\/dev\/shm[[:space:]]\+tmpfs[[:space:]]\+\)\([^[:space:]]\+\)/\1#\2#/p" /etc/fstab)

#Rest of script can trash /etc/fstab if $DEV_SHM_FSTAB is empty, check before continuing.
echo $DEV_SHM_FSTAB | grep -q -P '/dev/shm'
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
	# Save the:
	# * 1-th, 2-nd, 3-rd fields into DEV_SHM_HEAD variable
	# * 4-th field into DEV_SHM_OPTS variable, and
	# * 5-th, and 6-th fields into DEV_SHM_TAIL variable
	# splitting DEV_SHM_FSTAB variable value based on the '#' separator
	IFS='#' read DEV_SHM_HEAD DEV_SHM_OPTS DEV_SHM_TAIL &lt;&lt;&lt; "$DEV_SHM_FSTAB"

	# Replace occurrence of 'defaults' key with the actual list of mount options
	# for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
	DEV_SHM_OPTS=${DEV_SHM_OPTS//defaults/rw,suid,dev,exec,auto,nouser,async,relatime}

	# 'suid' option (not prefixed with 'no') present in the list?
	echo $DEV_SHM_OPTS | grep -q -P '(?&lt;!no)suid'
	if [ $? -eq 0 ]
	then
	        # 'suid' option found, replace with 'nosuid'
	        DEV_SHM_OPTS=${DEV_SHM_OPTS//suid/nosuid}
	fi

	# at least one 'nosuid' present in the options list?
	echo $DEV_SHM_OPTS | grep -q -v 'nosuid'
	if [ $? -eq 0 ]
	then
	        # 'nosuid' not found yet, append it
	        DEV_SHM_OPTS="$DEV_SHM_OPTS,nosuid"
	fi

	# DEV_SHM_OPTS now contains final list of mount options. Replace original form of /dev/shm row
	# in /etc/fstab with the corrected version
	sed -i "s#${DEV_SHM_HEAD}\(.*\)${DEV_SHM_TAIL}#${DEV_SHM_HEAD}${DEV_SHM_OPTS}${DEV_SHM_TAIL}#" /etc/fstab
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mounting" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mounting" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mounting">Restrict Dynamic Mounting and Unmounting of
Filesystems
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mounting">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>Linux includes a number of facilities for the automated addition
and removal of filesystems on a running system.  These facilities may be
necessary in many environments, but this capability also carries some risk -- whether direct
risk from allowing users to introduce arbitrary filesystems,
or risk that software flaws in the automated mount facility itself could
allow an attacker to compromise the system.
<br><br>
This command can be used to list the types of filesystems that are
available to the currently executing kernel:
<pre>$ find /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/fs -type f -name '*.ko'</pre>
If these filesystems are not required then they can be explicitly disabled
in a configuratio file in  <code>/etc/modprobe.d</code>.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mounting" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 9 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_usb-storage_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_usb-storage_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23317" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mounting"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_usb-storage_disabled">Disable Modprobe Loading of USB Storage Driver
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_usb-storage_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
To prevent USB storage devices from being used, configure the kernel module loading system
to prevent automatic loading of the USB storage driver. 

To configure the system to prevent the <code>usb-storage</code>
kernel module from being loaded, add the following line to a file in the directory <code>/etc/modprobe.d</code>:
<pre xml:space="preserve">install usb-storage /bin/true</pre>
This will prevent the <code>modprobe</code> program from loading the <code>usb-storage</code>
module, but will not prevent an administrator (or another program) from using the
<code>insmod</code> program to load the module manually.</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>USB storage devices such as thumb drives can be used to introduce
malicious software.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-19(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-19(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-19(e)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1250</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">85</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23332">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23332"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>echo "install usb-storage /bin/true" &gt; /etc/modprobe.d/usb-storage.conf
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23333">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23333"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Ensure kernel module 'usb-storage' is disabled
  lineinfile:
    create=yes
    dest="/etc/modprobe.d/{{item}}.conf"
    regexp="{{item}}"
    line="install {{item}} /bin/true"
  with_items:
    - usb-storage
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_bios_disable_usb_boot" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_bios_disable_usb_boot" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23354" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mounting"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_bios_disable_usb_boot">Disable Booting from USB Devices in Boot Firmware
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_bios_disable_usb_boot">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Configure the system boot firmware (historically called BIOS on PC
systems) to disallow booting from USB drives. 
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Booting a system from a USB device would allow an attacker to
circumvent any security measures provided by the operating system. Attackers
could mount partitions and modify the configuration of the OS.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-19(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-19(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-19(e)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1250</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_autofs_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_autofs_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23366" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mounting"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_autofs_disabled">Disable the Automounter
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_autofs_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>autofs</code> daemon mounts and unmounts filesystems, such as user
home directories shared via NFS, on demand. In addition, autofs can be used to handle
removable media, and the default configuration provides the cdrom device as <code>/misc/cd</code>.
However, this method of providing access to removable media is not common, so autofs
can almost always be disabled if NFS is not in use. Even if NFS is required, it may be
possible to configure filesystem mounts statically by editing <code>/etc/fstab</code>
rather than relying on the automounter.
<br><br>

        The <code>autofs</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig autofs off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Disabling the automounter permits the administrator to 
statically control filesystem mounting through <code>/etc/fstab</code>. 
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-19(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-19(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-19(e)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">366</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23382">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23382"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable autofs
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23384">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23384"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service autofs
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - autofs

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_cramfs_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_cramfs_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23389" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mounting"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_cramfs_disabled">Disable Mounting of cramfs
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_cramfs_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
To configure the system to prevent the <code>cramfs</code>
kernel module from being loaded, add the following line to a file in the directory <code>/etc/modprobe.d</code>:
<pre xml:space="preserve">install cramfs /bin/true</pre>
This effectively prevents usage of this uncommon filesystem.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Linux kernel modules which implement filesystems that are not needed by the
local system should be disabled.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23397">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23397"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>echo "install cramfs /bin/true" &gt; /etc/modprobe.d/cramfs.conf
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23398">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23398"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Ensure kernel module 'cramfs' is disabled
  lineinfile:
    create=yes
    dest="/etc/modprobe.d/{{item}}.conf"
    regexp="{{item}}"
    line="install {{item}} /bin/true"
  with_items:
    - cramfs
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_freevxfs_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_freevxfs_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23401" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mounting"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_freevxfs_disabled">Disable Mounting of freevxfs
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_freevxfs_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
To configure the system to prevent the <code>freevxfs</code>
kernel module from being loaded, add the following line to a file in the directory <code>/etc/modprobe.d</code>:
<pre xml:space="preserve">install freevxfs /bin/true</pre>
This effectively prevents usage of this uncommon filesystem.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Linux kernel modules which implement filesystems that are not needed by the
local system should be disabled.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23409">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23409"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>echo "install freevxfs /bin/true" &gt; /etc/modprobe.d/freevxfs.conf
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23410">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23410"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Ensure kernel module 'freevxfs' is disabled
  lineinfile:
    create=yes
    dest="/etc/modprobe.d/{{item}}.conf"
    regexp="{{item}}"
    line="install {{item}} /bin/true"
  with_items:
    - freevxfs
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_jffs2_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_jffs2_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23413" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mounting"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_jffs2_disabled">Disable Mounting of jffs2
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_jffs2_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
To configure the system to prevent the <code>jffs2</code>
kernel module from being loaded, add the following line to a file in the directory <code>/etc/modprobe.d</code>:
<pre xml:space="preserve">install jffs2 /bin/true</pre>
This effectively prevents usage of this uncommon filesystem.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Linux kernel modules which implement filesystems that are not needed by the
local system should be disabled.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23421">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23421"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>echo "install jffs2 /bin/true" &gt; /etc/modprobe.d/jffs2.conf
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23422">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23422"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Ensure kernel module 'jffs2' is disabled
  lineinfile:
    create=yes
    dest="/etc/modprobe.d/{{item}}.conf"
    regexp="{{item}}"
    line="install {{item}} /bin/true"
  with_items:
    - jffs2
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_hfs_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_hfs_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23425" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mounting"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_hfs_disabled">Disable Mounting of hfs
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_hfs_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
To configure the system to prevent the <code>hfs</code>
kernel module from being loaded, add the following line to a file in the directory <code>/etc/modprobe.d</code>:
<pre xml:space="preserve">install hfs /bin/true</pre>
This effectively prevents usage of this uncommon filesystem.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Linux kernel modules which implement filesystems that are not needed by the
local system should be disabled.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23433">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23433"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>echo "install hfs /bin/true" &gt; /etc/modprobe.d/hfs.conf
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23434">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23434"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Ensure kernel module 'hfs' is disabled
  lineinfile:
    create=yes
    dest="/etc/modprobe.d/{{item}}.conf"
    regexp="{{item}}"
    line="install {{item}} /bin/true"
  with_items:
    - hfs
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_hfsplus_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_hfsplus_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23437" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mounting"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_hfsplus_disabled">Disable Mounting of hfsplus
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_hfsplus_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
To configure the system to prevent the <code>hfsplus</code>
kernel module from being loaded, add the following line to a file in the directory <code>/etc/modprobe.d</code>:
<pre xml:space="preserve">install hfsplus /bin/true</pre>
This effectively prevents usage of this uncommon filesystem.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Linux kernel modules which implement filesystems that are not needed by the
local system should be disabled.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23445">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23445"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>echo "install hfsplus /bin/true" &gt; /etc/modprobe.d/hfsplus.conf
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23446">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23446"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Ensure kernel module 'hfsplus' is disabled
  lineinfile:
    create=yes
    dest="/etc/modprobe.d/{{item}}.conf"
    regexp="{{item}}"
    line="install {{item}} /bin/true"
  with_items:
    - hfsplus
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_squashfs_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_squashfs_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23449" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mounting"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_squashfs_disabled">Disable Mounting of squashfs
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_squashfs_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
To configure the system to prevent the <code>squashfs</code>
kernel module from being loaded, add the following line to a file in the directory <code>/etc/modprobe.d</code>:
<pre xml:space="preserve">install squashfs /bin/true</pre>
This effectively prevents usage of this uncommon filesystem.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Linux kernel modules which implement filesystems that are not needed by the
local system should be disabled.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23457">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23457"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>echo "install squashfs /bin/true" &gt; /etc/modprobe.d/squashfs.conf
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23458">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23458"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Ensure kernel module 'squashfs' is disabled
  lineinfile:
    create=yes
    dest="/etc/modprobe.d/{{item}}.conf"
    regexp="{{item}}"
    line="install {{item}} /bin/true"
  with_items:
    - squashfs
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_files" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_files" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_files">Verify Permissions on Important Files and
Directories
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_files">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>Permissions for many files on a system must be set
restrictively to ensure sensitive information is properly protected.
This section discusses important
permission restrictions which can be verified
to ensure that no harmful discrepancies have
arisen.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_files" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 16 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_important_account_files" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_important_account_files" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_files"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_important_account_files">Verify Permissions on Files with Local Account Information and Credentials
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_important_account_files">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The default restrictive permissions for files which act as
important security databases such as <code>passwd</code>, <code>shadow</code>,
<code>group</code>, and <code>gshadow</code> files must be maintained.  Many utilities
need read access to the <code>passwd</code> file in order to function properly, but
read access to the <code>shadow</code> file allows malicious attacks against system
passwords, and should never be enabled.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_important_account_files" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_files"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 12 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_userowner_shadow_file" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_userowner_shadow_file" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23485" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_important_account_files"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_userowner_shadow_file">Verify User Who Owns shadow File
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_userowner_shadow_file">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To properly set the owner of <code>/etc/shadow</code>, run the command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo chown root /etc/shadow </pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>/etc/shadow</code> file contains the list of local
system accounts and stores password hashes. Protection of this file is
critical for system security. Failure to give ownership of this file
to root provides the designated owner with access to sensitive information
which could weaken the system security posture.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">225</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23494">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23494"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>chown root /etc/shadow
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_groupowner_shadow_file" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_groupowner_shadow_file" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23499" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_important_account_files"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_groupowner_shadow_file">Verify Group Who Owns shadow File
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_groupowner_shadow_file">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To properly set the group owner of <code>/etc/shadow</code>, run the command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo chgrp root /etc/shadow </pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>/etc/shadow</code> file stores password hashes. Protection of this file is
critical for system security.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">225</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23508">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23508"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>chgrp root /etc/shadow
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_etc_shadow" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_etc_shadow" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23513" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_important_account_files"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_etc_shadow">Verify Permissions on shadow File
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_etc_shadow">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To properly set the permissions of <code>/etc/shadow</code>, run the command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo chmod 0000 /etc/shadow</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>/etc/shadow</code> file contains the list of local
system accounts and stores password hashes. Protection of this file is
critical for system security. Failure to give ownership of this file
to root provides the designated owner with access to sensitive information
which could weaken the system security posture.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">225</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23522">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23522"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>configure</td></tr></table><pre><code>chmod 0000 /etc/shadow
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23523">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23523"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>configure</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Ensure permission 0000 on /etc/shadow
  file:
    path="{{item}}"
    mode=0000
  with_items:
    - /etc/shadow
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_owner_etc_group" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_owner_etc_group" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23528" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_important_account_files"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_owner_etc_group">Verify User Who Owns group File
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_owner_etc_group">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To properly set the owner of <code>/etc/group</code>, run the command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo chown root /etc/group </pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>/etc/group</code> file contains information regarding groups that are configured
on the system. Protection of this file is important for system security.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23536">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23536"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>chown root /etc/group
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_groupowner_etc_group" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_groupowner_etc_group" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23541" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_important_account_files"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_groupowner_etc_group">Verify Group Who Owns group File
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_groupowner_etc_group">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To properly set the group owner of <code>/etc/group</code>, run the command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo chgrp root /etc/group </pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>/etc/group</code> file contains information regarding groups that are configured
on the system. Protection of this file is important for system security.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">225</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23550">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23550"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>chgrp root /etc/group
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_etc_group" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_etc_group" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23555" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_important_account_files"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_etc_group">Verify Permissions on group File
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_etc_group">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To properly set the permissions of <code>/etc/group</code>, run the command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo chmod 644 /etc/group</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>/etc/group</code> file contains information regarding groups that are configured
on the system. Protection of this file is important for system security.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">225</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23564">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23564"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>chmod 644 /etc/group
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_owner_etc_gshadow" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_owner_etc_gshadow" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23569" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_important_account_files"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_owner_etc_gshadow">Verify User Who Owns gshadow File
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_owner_etc_gshadow">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To properly set the owner of <code>/etc/gshadow</code>, run the command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo chown root /etc/gshadow </pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>/etc/gshadow</code> file contains group password hashes. Protection of this file
is critical for system security.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">366</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23578">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23578"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>chown root /etc/gshadow
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_groupowner_etc_gshadow" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_groupowner_etc_gshadow" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23583" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_important_account_files"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_groupowner_etc_gshadow">Verify Group Who Owns gshadow File
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_groupowner_etc_gshadow">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To properly set the group owner of <code>/etc/gshadow</code>, run the command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo chgrp root /etc/gshadow </pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>/etc/gshadow</code> file contains group password hashes. Protection of this file
is critical for system security.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">225</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23592">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23592"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>chgrp root /etc/gshadow
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_etc_gshadow" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_etc_gshadow" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23597" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_important_account_files"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_etc_gshadow">Verify Permissions on gshadow File
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_etc_gshadow">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To properly set the permissions of <code>/etc/gshadow</code>, run the command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo chmod 0000 /etc/gshadow</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>/etc/gshadow</code> file contains group password hashes. Protection of this file
is critical for system security.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">225</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23606">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23606"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>chmod 0000 /etc/gshadow
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_owner_etc_passwd" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_owner_etc_passwd" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23611" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_important_account_files"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_owner_etc_passwd">Verify User Who Owns passwd File
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_owner_etc_passwd">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To properly set the owner of <code>/etc/passwd</code>, run the command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo chown root /etc/passwd </pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>/etc/passwd</code> file contains information about the users that are configured on
the system. Protection of this file is critical for system security.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">225</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23620">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23620"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>chown root /etc/passwd
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_groupowner_etc_passwd" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_groupowner_etc_passwd" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23625" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_important_account_files"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_groupowner_etc_passwd">Verify Group Who Owns passwd File
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_groupowner_etc_passwd">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To properly set the group owner of <code>/etc/passwd</code>, run the command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo chgrp root /etc/passwd </pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>/etc/passwd</code> file contains information about the users that are configured on
the system. Protection of this file is critical for system security.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">225</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23634">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23634"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>chgrp root /etc/passwd
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_etc_passwd" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_etc_passwd" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23639" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_important_account_files"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_etc_passwd">Verify Permissions on passwd File
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_etc_passwd">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To properly set the permissions of <code>/etc/passwd</code>, run the command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo chmod 0644 /etc/passwd</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>If the <code>/etc/passwd</code> file is writable by a group-owner or the
world the risk of its compromise is increased. The file contains the list of
accounts on the system and associated information, and protection of this file
is critical for system security.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">225</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23648">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23648"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>chmod 0644 /etc/passwd
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_within_important_dirs" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_within_important_dirs" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_files"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_within_important_dirs">Verify File Permissions Within Some Important Directories
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_within_important_dirs">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>Some directories contain files whose confidentiality or integrity
is notably important and may also be susceptible to misconfiguration over time, particularly if
unpackaged software is installed. As such,
an argument exists to verify that files' permissions within these directories remain
configured correctly and restrictively.   
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_within_important_dirs" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_files"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 3 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_ownership_library_dirs" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_ownership_library_dirs" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23671" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_within_important_dirs"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_ownership_library_dirs">Verify that Shared Library Files Have Root Ownership
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_ownership_library_dirs">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>System-wide shared library files, which are linked to executables
during process load time or run time, are stored in the following directories
by default:
<pre>/lib
/lib64
/usr/lib
/usr/lib64
</pre>
Kernel modules, which can be added to the kernel during runtime, are also
stored in <code>/lib/modules</code>. All files in these directories should be
owned by the <code>root</code> user. If the directory, or any file in these
directories, is found to be owned by a user other than root correct its
ownership with the following command:
<pre>$ sudo chown root <i>FILE</i></pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Files from shared library directories are loaded into the address
space of processes (including privileged ones) or of the kernel itself at
runtime. Proper ownership is necessary to protect the integrity of the system.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1499</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23682">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23682"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>for LIBDIR in /usr/lib /usr/lib64 /lib /lib64
do
  if [ -d $LIBDIR ]
  then
    find -L $LIBDIR \! -user root -exec chown root {} \; 
  fi
done
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_binary_dirs" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_binary_dirs" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23687" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_within_important_dirs"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_binary_dirs">Verify that System Executables Have Restrictive Permissions
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_binary_dirs">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
System executables are stored in the following directories by default:
<pre>/bin
/sbin
/usr/bin
/usr/libexec
/usr/local/bin
/usr/local/sbin
/usr/sbin</pre>
All files in these directories should not be group-writable or world-writable.
If any file <i>FILE</i> in these directories is found
to be group-writable or world-writable, correct its permission with the
following command:
<pre>$ sudo chmod go-w <i>FILE</i></pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>System binaries are executed by privileged users, as well as system services,
and restrictive permissions are necessary to ensure execution of these programs
cannot be co-opted.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1499</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23697">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23697"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>DIRS="/bin /usr/bin /usr/local/bin /sbin /usr/sbin /usr/local/sbin /usr/libexec"
for dirPath in $DIRS; do
	find "$dirPath" -perm /022 -exec chmod go-w '{}' \;
done
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_ownership_binary_dirs" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_ownership_binary_dirs" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23702" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions_within_important_dirs"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_ownership_binary_dirs">Verify that System Executables Have Root Ownership
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_ownership_binary_dirs">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
System executables are stored in the following directories by default:
<pre>/bin
/sbin
/usr/bin
/usr/libexec
/usr/local/bin
/usr/local/sbin
/usr/sbin</pre>
All files in these directories should be owned by the <code>root</code> user.
If any file <i>FILE</i> in these directories is found
to be owned by a user other than root, correct its ownership with the
following command:
<pre>$ sudo chown root <i>FILE</i></pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>System binaries are executed by privileged users as well as system services,
and restrictive permissions are necessary to ensure that their
execution of these programs cannot be co-opted.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1499</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23713">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23713"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>find /bin/ \
/usr/bin/ \
/usr/local/bin/ \
/sbin/ \
/usr/sbin/ \
/usr/local/sbin/ \
/usr/libexec \
\! -user root -execdir chown root {} \;
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_unauthorized_sgid" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_unauthorized_sgid" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23743" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_files"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_unauthorized_sgid">Ensure All SGID Executables Are Authorized
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_unauthorized_sgid">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The SGID (set group id) bit should be set only on files that were
installed via authorized means. A straightforward means of identifying
unauthorized SGID files is determine if any were not installed as part of an
RPM package, which is cryptographically verified. Investigate the origin
of any unpackaged SGID files. 
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Executable files with the SGID permission run with the privileges of
the owner of the file. SGID files of uncertain provenance could allow for
unprivileged users to elevate privileges. The presence of these files should be
strictly controlled on the system.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6(1)</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_restrictions" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_restrictions" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_restrictions">Restrict Programs from Dangerous Execution Patterns
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_restrictions">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The recommendations in this section are designed to
ensure that the system's features to protect against potentially
dangerous program execution are activated.
These protections are applied at the system initialization or
kernel level, and defend against certain types of badly-configured
or compromised programs.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_restrictions" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_permissions"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 6 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_daemon_umask" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_daemon_umask" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_restrictions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_daemon_umask">Daemon Umask
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_daemon_umask">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The umask is a per-process setting which limits
the default permissions for creation of new files and directories.
The system includes initialization scripts which set the default umask
for system daemons.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_daemon_umask" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_restrictions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 1 rule</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_umask_for_daemons" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_umask_for_daemons" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23802" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_daemon_umask"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_umask_for_daemons">Set Daemon Umask
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_umask_for_daemons">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The file <code>/etc/init.d/functions</code> includes initialization
parameters for most or all daemons started at boot time.  The default umask of
022 prevents creation of group- or world-writable files.  To set the default
umask for daemons, edit the following line, inserting 022 or 027 for
<i>umask</i> appropriately:
<pre>umask <i><abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_umask_for_daemons">022</abbr></i></pre>
Setting the umask to too restrictive a setting can cause serious errors at
runtime.  Many daemons on the system already individually restrict themselves to
a umask of 077 in their own init scripts.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The umask influences the permissions assigned to files created by a
process at run time.  An unnecessarily permissive umask could result in files
being created with insecure permissions.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23812">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23812"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
var_umask_for_daemons="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_umask_for_daemons">022</abbr>"

grep -q ^umask /etc/init.d/functions &amp;&amp; \
  sed -i "s/umask.*/umask $var_umask_for_daemons/g" /etc/init.d/functions
if ! [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo "umask $var_umask_for_daemons" &gt;&gt; /etc/init.d/functions
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_coredumps" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_coredumps" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_restrictions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_coredumps">Disable Core Dumps
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_coredumps">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>A core dump file is the memory image of an executable
program when it was terminated by the operating system due to
errant behavior. In most cases, only software developers
legitimately need to access these files. The core dump files may
also contain sensitive information, or unnecessarily occupy large
amounts of disk space.
<br><br>
Once a hard limit is set in <code>/etc/security/limits.conf</code>, a
user cannot increase that limit within his or her own session. If access
to core dumps is required, consider restricting them to only
certain users or groups. See the <code>limits.conf</code> man page for more
information.
<br><br>
The core dumps of setuid programs are further protected. The
<code>sysctl</code> variable <code>fs.suid_dumpable</code> controls whether
the kernel allows core dumps from these programs at all. The default
value of 0 is recommended.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_coredumps" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_restrictions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 2 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_disable_users_coredumps" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_disable_users_coredumps" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23830" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_coredumps"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_disable_users_coredumps">Disable Core Dumps for All Users
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_disable_users_coredumps">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>To disable core dumps for all users, add the following line to
<code>/etc/security/limits.conf</code>:
<pre>*     hard   core    0</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>A core dump includes a memory image taken at the time the operating system
terminates an application. The memory image could contain sensitive data and is generally useful
only for developers trying to debug problems.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-5</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23837">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23837"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>echo "*     hard   core    0" &gt;&gt; /etc/security/limits.conf
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_fs_suid_dumpable" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_fs_suid_dumpable" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23842" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_coredumps"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_fs_suid_dumpable">Disable Core Dumps for SUID programs
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_fs_suid_dumpable">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To set the runtime status of the <code>fs.suid_dumpable</code> kernel parameter,
    run the following command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo sysctl -w fs.suid_dumpable=0</pre>
    If this is not the system's default value, add the following line to <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code>:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">fs.suid_dumpable = 0</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The core dump of a setuid program is more likely to contain
sensitive data, as the program itself runs with greater privileges than the
user who initiated execution of the program.  Disabling the ability for any
setuid program to write a core file decreases the risk of unauthorized access
of such data.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SI-11</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23851">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23851"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>#
# Set runtime for fs.suid_dumpable
#
/sbin/sysctl -q -n -w fs.suid_dumpable=0

#
# If fs.suid_dumpable present in /etc/sysctl.conf, change value to "0"
#	else, add "fs.suid_dumpable = 0" to /etc/sysctl.conf
#
if grep --silent ^fs.suid_dumpable /etc/sysctl.conf ; then
	sed -i 's/^fs.suid_dumpable.*/fs.suid_dumpable = 0/g' /etc/sysctl.conf
else
	echo -e "\n# Set fs.suid_dumpable to 0 per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
	echo "fs.suid_dumpable = 0" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_enable_execshield_settings" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_enable_execshield_settings" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_restrictions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_enable_execshield_settings">Enable ExecShield
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_enable_execshield_settings">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>ExecShield describes kernel features that provide
protection against exploitation of memory corruption errors such as buffer
overflows. These features include random placement of the stack and other
memory regions, prevention of execution in memory that should only hold data,
and special handling of text buffers. These protections are enabled by default and
controlled through <code>sysctl</code> variables <code>kernel.exec-shield</code> and
<code>kernel.randomize_va_space</code>.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_enable_execshield_settings" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_restrictions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 2 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_kernel_exec_shield" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_kernel_exec_shield" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23862" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_enable_execshield_settings"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_kernel_exec_shield">Enable ExecShield
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_kernel_exec_shield">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To set the runtime status of the <code>kernel.exec-shield</code> kernel parameter,
    run the following command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo sysctl -w kernel.exec-shield=1</pre>
    If this is not the system's default value, add the following line to <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code>:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">kernel.exec-shield = 1</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>ExecShield uses the segmentation feature on all x86 systems
to prevent execution in memory higher than a certain address. It
writes an address as a limit in the code segment descriptor, to
control where code can be executed, on a per-process basis. When
the kernel places a process's memory regions such as the stack and
heap higher than this address, the hardware prevents execution in that
address range.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-39</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">2530</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23872">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23872"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>#
# Set runtime for kernel.exec-shield
#
/sbin/sysctl -q -n -w kernel.exec-shield=1

#
# If kernel.exec-shield present in /etc/sysctl.conf, change value to "1"
#	else, add "kernel.exec-shield = 1" to /etc/sysctl.conf
#
if grep --silent ^kernel.exec-shield /etc/sysctl.conf ; then
	sed -i 's/^kernel.exec-shield.*/kernel.exec-shield = 1/g' /etc/sysctl.conf
else
	echo -e "\n# Set kernel.exec-shield to 1 per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
	echo "kernel.exec-shield = 1" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_kernel_randomize_va_space" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_kernel_randomize_va_space" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23877" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_enable_execshield_settings"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_kernel_randomize_va_space">Enable Randomized Layout of Virtual Address Space
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_kernel_randomize_va_space">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To set the runtime status of the <code>kernel.randomize_va_space</code> kernel parameter,
    run the following command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo sysctl -w kernel.randomize_va_space=2</pre>
    If this is not the system's default value, add the following line to <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code>:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">kernel.randomize_va_space = 2</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p> Address space layout randomization (ASLR) makes it more difficult
for an attacker to predict the location of attack code they have introduced
into a process's address space during an attempt at exploitation.  Additionally, ASLR 
makes it more difficult for an attacker to know the location of existing code
in order to re-purpose it using return oriented programming (ROP) techniques.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-30(2)</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23886">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23886"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>#
# Set runtime for kernel.randomize_va_space
#
/sbin/sysctl -q -n -w kernel.randomize_va_space=2

#
# If kernel.randomize_va_space present in /etc/sysctl.conf, change value to "2"
#	else, add "kernel.randomize_va_space = 2" to /etc/sysctl.conf
#
if grep --silent ^kernel.randomize_va_space /etc/sysctl.conf ; then
	sed -i 's/^kernel.randomize_va_space.*/kernel.randomize_va_space = 2/g' /etc/sysctl.conf
else
	echo -e "\n# Set kernel.randomize_va_space to 2 per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
	echo "kernel.randomize_va_space = 2" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_enable_nx" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_enable_nx" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_restrictions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_enable_nx">Enable Execute Disable (XD) or No Execute (NX) Support on
x86 Systems
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_enable_nx">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>Recent processors in the x86 family support the
ability to prevent code execution on a per memory page basis.
Generically and on AMD processors, this ability is called No
Execute (NX), while on Intel processors it is called Execute
Disable (XD). This ability can help prevent exploitation of buffer
overflow vulnerabilities and should be activated whenever possible.
Extra steps must be taken to ensure that this protection is
enabled, particularly on 32-bit x86 systems. Other processors, such
as Itanium and POWER, have included such support since inception
and the standard kernel for those platforms supports the
feature.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_enable_nx" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_restrictions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 1 rule</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_bios_enable_execution_restrictions" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_bios_enable_execution_restrictions" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23902" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_enable_nx"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_bios_enable_execution_restrictions">Enable NX or XD Support in the BIOS
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_bios_enable_execution_restrictions">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Reboot the system and enter the BIOS or Setup configuration menu.
Navigate the BIOS configuration menu and make sure that the option is enabled. The setting may be located
under a Security section. Look for Execute Disable (XD) on Intel-based systems and No Execute (NX)
on AMD-based systems.</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Computers with the ability to prevent this type of code execution frequently put an option in the BIOS that will
allow users to turn the feature on or off at will.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-6(b)</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_selinux" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_selinux" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_system"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_selinux">SELinux
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_selinux">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>SELinux is a feature of the Linux kernel which can be
used to guard against misconfigured or compromised programs.
SELinux enforces the idea that programs should be limited in what
files they can access and what actions they can take.
<br><br>
The default SELinux policy, as configured on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6, has been
sufficiently developed and debugged that it should be usable on
almost any Red Hat machine with minimal configuration and a small
amount of system administrator training. This policy prevents
system services - including most of the common network-visible
services such as mail servers, FTP servers, and DNS servers - from
accessing files which those services have no valid reason to
access. This action alone prevents a huge amount of possible damage
from network attacks against services, from trojaned software, and
so forth.
<br><br>
This guide recommends that SELinux be enabled using the
default (targeted) policy on every Red Hat system, unless that
system has unusual requirements which make a stronger policy
appropriate.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_selinux" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_system"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><small>contains 5 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_enable_selinux_bootloader" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_enable_selinux_bootloader" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23945" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_selinux"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_enable_selinux_bootloader">Ensure SELinux Not Disabled in /etc/grub.conf
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_enable_selinux_bootloader">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>SELinux can be disabled at boot time by an argument in
<code>/etc/grub.conf</code>.
Remove any instances of <code>selinux=0</code> from the kernel arguments in that
file to prevent SELinux from being disabled at boot.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Disabling a major host protection feature, such as SELinux, at boot time prevents
it from confining system services at boot time.  Further, it increases
the chances that it will remain off during system operation.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(3)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-9</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">22</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">32</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23957">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23957"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>sed -i --follow-symlinks "s/selinux=0//gI" /etc/grub.conf
sed -i --follow-symlinks "s/enforcing=0//gI" /etc/grub.conf
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_selinux_state" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_selinux_state" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23962" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_selinux"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_selinux_state">Ensure SELinux State is Enforcing
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_selinux_state">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The SELinux state should be set to <code><abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_selinux_state">enforcing</abbr></code> at
system boot time.  In the file <code>/etc/selinux/config</code>, add or correct the
following line to configure the system to boot into enforcing mode:
<pre>SELINUX=<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_selinux_state">enforcing</abbr></pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Setting the SELinux state to enforcing ensures SELinux is able to confine
potentially compromised processes to the security policy, which is designed to
prevent them from causing damage to the system or further elevating their
privileges.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(3)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-4</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-9</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">22</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">32</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">26</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm23979">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm23979"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
var_selinux_state="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_selinux_state">enforcing</abbr>"

function replace_or_append {
  local config_file=$1
  local key=$2
  local value=$3
  local cce=$4
  local format=$5

  # Check sanity of the input
  if [ $# -lt "3" ]
  then
        echo "Usage: replace_or_append 'config_file_location' 'key_to_search' 'new_value'"
        echo
        echo "If symlinks need to be taken into account, add yes/no to the last argument"
        echo "to allow to 'follow_symlinks'."
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
  fi

  # Test if the config_file is a symbolic link. If so, use --follow-symlinks with sed.
  # Otherwise, regular sed command will do.
  if test -L $config_file; then
    sed_command="sed -i --follow-symlinks"
  else
    sed_command="sed -i"
  fi

  # Test that the cce arg is not empty or does not equal $CCENUM.
  # If $CCENUM exists, it means that there is no CCE assigned.
  if ! [ "x$cce" = x ] &amp;&amp; [ "$cce" != '$CCENUM' ]; then
    cce="CCE-${cce}"
  else
    cce="CCE"
  fi

  # Strip any search characters in the key arg so that the key can be replaced without
  # adding any search characters to the config file.
  stripped_key=$(sed "s/[\^=\$,;+]*//g" &lt;&lt;&lt; $key)

  # If there is no print format specified in the last arg, use the default format.
  if ! [ "x$format" = x ] ; then
    printf -v formatted_output "$format" $stripped_key $value
  else
    formatted_output="$stripped_key = $value"
  fi

  # If the key exists, change it. Otherwise, add it to the config_file.
  if `grep -qi $key $config_file` ; then
    $sed_command "s/$key.*/$formatted_output/g" $config_file
  else
    echo -ne "\n# Per $cce: Set $formatted_output in $config_file" &gt;&gt; $config_file
    echo -ne "\n$formatted_output" &gt;&gt; $config_file
  fi

}

replace_or_append '/etc/sysconfig/selinux' '^SELINUX=' $var_selinux_state 'CCE-26969-6' '%s=%s'
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_selinux_policytype" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_selinux_policytype" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm23987" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_selinux"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_selinux_policytype">Configure SELinux Policy
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_selinux_policytype">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The SELinux <code>targeted</code> policy is appropriate for
general-purpose desktops and servers, as well as systems in many other roles.
To configure the system to use this policy, add or correct the following line
in <code>/etc/selinux/config</code>:
<pre>SELINUXTYPE=<abbr title="from Profile/refine-value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_selinux_policy_name">mls</abbr></pre>
Other policies, such as <code>mls</code>, provide additional security labeling
and greater confinement but are not compatible with many general-purpose
use cases.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Setting the SELinux policy to <code>targeted</code> or a more specialized policy
ensures the system will confine processes that are likely to be
targeted for exploitation, such as network or system services.

Note: During the development or debugging of SELinux modules, it is common to 
temporarily place non-production systems in <code>permissive</code> mode. In such 
temporary cases, SELinux policies should be developed, and once work
is completed, the system should be reconfigured to
<code><abbr title="from Profile/refine-value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_selinux_policy_name">mls</abbr></code>.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(3)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-4</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-9</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">22</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">32</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm24007">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm24007"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
var_selinux_policy_name="<abbr title="from Profile/refine-value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_selinux_policy_name">mls</abbr>"

function replace_or_append {
  local config_file=$1
  local key=$2
  local value=$3
  local cce=$4
  local format=$5

  # Check sanity of the input
  if [ $# -lt "3" ]
  then
        echo "Usage: replace_or_append 'config_file_location' 'key_to_search' 'new_value'"
        echo
        echo "If symlinks need to be taken into account, add yes/no to the last argument"
        echo "to allow to 'follow_symlinks'."
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
  fi

  # Test if the config_file is a symbolic link. If so, use --follow-symlinks with sed.
  # Otherwise, regular sed command will do.
  if test -L $config_file; then
    sed_command="sed -i --follow-symlinks"
  else
    sed_command="sed -i"
  fi

  # Test that the cce arg is not empty or does not equal $CCENUM.
  # If $CCENUM exists, it means that there is no CCE assigned.
  if ! [ "x$cce" = x ] &amp;&amp; [ "$cce" != '$CCENUM' ]; then
    cce="CCE-${cce}"
  else
    cce="CCE"
  fi

  # Strip any search characters in the key arg so that the key can be replaced without
  # adding any search characters to the config file.
  stripped_key=$(sed "s/[\^=\$,;+]*//g" &lt;&lt;&lt; $key)

  # If there is no print format specified in the last arg, use the default format.
  if ! [ "x$format" = x ] ; then
    printf -v formatted_output "$format" $stripped_key $value
  else
    formatted_output="$stripped_key = $value"
  fi

  # If the key exists, change it. Otherwise, add it to the config_file.
  if `grep -qi $key $config_file` ; then
    $sed_command "s/$key.*/$formatted_output/g" $config_file
  else
    echo -ne "\n# Per $cce: Set $formatted_output in $config_file" &gt;&gt; $config_file
    echo -ne "\n$formatted_output" &gt;&gt; $config_file
  fi

}

replace_or_append '/etc/sysconfig/selinux' '^SELINUXTYPE=' $var_selinux_policy_name 'CCE-26875-5' '%s=%s'
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_selinux_confinement_of_daemons" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_selinux_confinement_of_daemons" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24054" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_selinux"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_selinux_confinement_of_daemons">Ensure No Daemons are Unconfined by SELinux
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_selinux_confinement_of_daemons">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
Daemons for which the SELinux policy does not contain rules will inherit the
context of the parent process. Because daemons are launched during
startup and descend from the <code>init</code> process, they inherit the <code>initrc_t</code> context.
<br>
<br>
To check for unconfined daemons, run the following command:
<pre>$ sudo ps -eZ | egrep "initrc" | egrep -vw "tr|ps|egrep|bash|awk" | tr ':' ' ' | awk '{ print $NF }'</pre>
It should produce no output in a well-configured system.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Daemons which run with the <code>initrc_t</code> context may cause AVC denials,
or allow privileges that the daemon does not require.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-9</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_selinux_all_devicefiles_labeled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_selinux_all_devicefiles_labeled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24069" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_selinux"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_selinux_all_devicefiles_labeled">Ensure No Device Files are Unknown to SELinux
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_selinux_all_devicefiles_labeled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Device files, which are used for communication with important
system resources, should be labeled with proper SELinux types. If any device
files carry the SELinux type <code>device_t</code>, report the bug so that policy can be corrected. Supply information about what the device is and what programs use it.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
If a device file carries the SELinux type <code>device_t</code>, then SELinux
cannot properly restrict access to the device file.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-9</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">22</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">32</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_system"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts">Account and Access Control
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>In traditional Unix security, if an attacker gains
shell access to a certain login account, they can perform any action
or access any file to which that account has access. Therefore,
making it more difficult for unauthorized people to gain shell
access to accounts, particularly to privileged accounts, is a
necessary part of securing a system. This section introduces
mechanisms for restricting access to accounts under
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_system"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><small>contains 25 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-restrictions" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-restrictions" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-restrictions">Protect Accounts by Restricting Password-Based Login
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-restrictions">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>Conventionally, Unix shell accounts are accessed by
providing a username and password to a login program, which tests
these values for correctness using the <code>/etc/passwd</code> and
<code>/etc/shadow</code> files. Password-based login is vulnerable to
guessing of weak passwords, and to sniffing and man-in-the-middle
attacks against passwords entered over a network or at an insecure
console. Therefore, mechanisms for accessing accounts by entering
usernames and passwords should be restricted to those which are
operationally necessary.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-restrictions" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 12 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_root_logins" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_root_logins" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-restrictions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_root_logins">Restrict Root Logins
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_root_logins">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>
Direct root logins should be allowed only for emergency use.
In normal situations, the administrator should access the system
via a unique unprivileged account, and then use <code>su</code> or <code>sudo</code> to execute
privileged commands. Discouraging administrators from accessing the
root account directly ensures an audit trail in organizations with
multiple administrators. Locking down the channels through which
root can connect directly also reduces opportunities for
password-guessing against the root account. The <code>login</code> program
uses the file <code>/etc/securetty</code> to determine which interfaces
should allow root logins.

The virtual devices <code>/dev/console</code>
and <code>/dev/tty*</code> represent the system consoles (accessible via
the Ctrl-Alt-F1 through Ctrl-Alt-F6 keyboard sequences on a default
installation). The default securetty file also contains <code>/dev/vc/*</code>.
These are likely to be deprecated in most environments, but may be retained
for compatibility. Root should also be prohibited from connecting
via network protocols. Other sections of this document
include guidance describing how to prevent root from logging in via SSH.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_root_logins" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-restrictions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 4 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_no_direct_root_logins" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_no_direct_root_logins" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24102" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_root_logins"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_no_direct_root_logins">Direct root Logins Not Allowed
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_no_direct_root_logins">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>To further limit access to the <code>root</code> account, administrators
can disable root logins at the console by editing the <code>/etc/securetty</code> file.
This file lists all devices the root user is allowed to login to. If the file does
not exist at all, the root user can login through any communication device on the
system, whether via the console or via a raw network interface. This is dangerous
as user can login to his machine as root via Telnet, which sends the password in
plain text over the network. By default, Red Hat Enteprise Linux's
<code>/etc/securetty</code> file only allows the root user to login at the console
physically attached to the machine. To prevent root from logging in, remove the
contents of this file. To prevent direct root logins, remove the contents of this
file by typing the following command:
<pre>
$ sudo echo &gt; /etc/securetty
</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Disabling direct root logins ensures proper accountability and multifactor
authentication to privileged accounts. Users will first login, then escalate
to privileged (root) access via su / sudo. This is required for FISMA Low
and FISMA Moderate systems.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-2(1)</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm24111">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm24111"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>echo &gt; /etc/securetty
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_securetty_root_login_console_only" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_securetty_root_login_console_only" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24116" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_root_logins"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_securetty_root_login_console_only">Restrict Virtual Console Root Logins
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_securetty_root_login_console_only">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
To restrict root logins through the (deprecated) virtual console devices,
ensure lines of this form do not appear in <code>/etc/securetty</code>:
<pre>vc/1
vc/2
vc/3
vc/4</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Preventing direct root login to virtual console devices
helps ensure accountability for actions taken on the system
using the root account.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6(2)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">770</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm24124">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm24124"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>sed -i '/^vc\//d' /etc/securetty
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_restrict_serial_port_logins" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_restrict_serial_port_logins" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24129" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_root_logins"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_restrict_serial_port_logins">Restrict Serial Port Root Logins
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_restrict_serial_port_logins">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>To restrict root logins on serial ports,
ensure lines of this form do not appear in <code>/etc/securetty</code>:
<pre>ttyS0
ttyS1</pre>

</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Preventing direct root login to serial port interfaces
helps ensure accountability for actions taken on the systems
using the root account.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6(2)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">770</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm24137">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm24137"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>sed -i '/ttyS/d' /etc/securetty
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_no_uid_except_zero" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_no_uid_except_zero" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24165" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_root_logins"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_no_uid_except_zero">Verify Only Root Has UID 0
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_no_uid_except_zero">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
If any account other than root has a UID of 0,
this misconfiguration should be investigated and the
accounts other than root should be removed or have their UID changed.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
An account has root authority if it has a UID of 0. Multiple accounts
with a UID of 0 afford more opportunity for potential intruders to
guess a password for a privileged account. Proper configuration of
sudo is recommended to afford multiple system administrators
access to root privileges in an accountable manner.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-2(1)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">366</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm24172">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm24172"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>awk -F: '$3 == 0 &amp;&amp; $1 != "root" { print $1 }' /etc/passwd | xargs passwd -l
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_storage" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_storage" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-restrictions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_storage">Verify Proper Storage and Existence of Password
Hashes
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_storage">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>
By default, password hashes for local accounts are stored
in the second field (colon-separated) in
<code>/etc/shadow</code>. This file should be readable only by
processes running with root credentials, preventing users from
casually accessing others' password hashes and attempting
to crack them.
However, it remains possible to misconfigure the system
and store password hashes
in world-readable files such as <code>/etc/passwd</code>, or
to even store passwords themselves in plaintext on the system.
Using system-provided tools for password change/creation
should allow administrators to avoid such misconfiguration.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_storage" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-restrictions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 3 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_no_empty_passwords" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_no_empty_passwords" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24193" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_storage"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_no_empty_passwords">Prevent Log In to Accounts With Empty Password
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_no_empty_passwords">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>If an account is configured for password authentication
but does not have an assigned password, it may be possible to log
onto the account without authentication. Remove any instances of the <code>nullok</code>
option in <code>/etc/pam.d/system-auth</code> to
prevent logins with empty passwords.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
If an account has an empty password, anyone could log in and
run commands with the privileges of that account. Accounts with
empty passwords should never be used in operational
environments.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        high</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(1)(a)</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm24202">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm24202"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>sed --follow-symlinks -i 's/\&lt;nullok\&gt;//g' /etc/pam.d/system-auth
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_all_shadowed" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_all_shadowed" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24207" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_storage"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_all_shadowed">Verify All Account Password Hashes are Shadowed
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_all_shadowed">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
If any password hashes are stored in <code>/etc/passwd</code> (in the second field,
instead of an <code>x</code>), the cause of this misconfiguration should be
investigated.  The account should have its password reset and the hash should be
properly stored, or the account should be deleted entirely.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
The hashes for all user account passwords should be stored in
the file <code>/etc/shadow</code> and never in <code>/etc/passwd</code>,
which is readable by all users.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(h)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">201</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_no_netrc_files" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_no_netrc_files" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24232" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_storage"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_no_netrc_files">Verify No netrc Files Exist
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_no_netrc_files">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>.netrc</code> files contain login information
used to auto-login into FTP servers and reside in the user's home
directory. These files may contain unencrypted passwords to
remote FTP servers making them susceptible to access by unauthorized
users and should not be used.  Any <code>.netrc</code> files should be removed.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Unencrypted passwords for remote FTP servers may be stored in <code>.netrc</code>
files. DoD policy requires passwords be encrypted in storage and not used
in access scripts.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(h)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">196</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_expiration" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_expiration" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-restrictions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_expiration">Set Password Expiration Parameters
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_expiration">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The file <code>/etc/login.defs</code> controls several
password-related settings. Programs such as <code>passwd</code>,
<code>su</code>, and
<code>login</code> consult <code>/etc/login.defs</code> to determine
behavior with regard to password aging, expiration warnings,
and length. See the man page <code>login.defs(5)</code> for more information.
<br><br>
Users should be forced to change their passwords, in order to
decrease the utility of compromised passwords. However, the need to
change passwords often should be balanced against the risk that
users will reuse or write down passwords if forced to change them
too often. Forcing password changes every 90-360 days, depending on
the environment, is recommended. Set the appropriate value as
<code>PASS_MAX_DAYS</code> and apply it to existing accounts with the
<code>-M</code> flag.
<br><br>
The <code>PASS_MIN_DAYS</code> (<code>-m</code>) setting prevents password
changes for 7 days after the first change, to discourage password
cycling. If you use this setting, train users to contact an administrator
for an emergency password change in case a new password becomes
compromised. The <code>PASS_WARN_AGE</code> (<code>-W</code>) setting gives
users 7 days of warnings at login time that their passwords are about to expire.
<br><br>
For example, for each existing human user <i>USER</i>, expiration parameters
could be adjusted to a 180 day maximum password age, 7 day minimum password
age, and 7 day warning period with the following command:
<pre>$ sudo chage -M 180 -m 7 -W 7 USER</pre>
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_expiration" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-restrictions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 3 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_minlen_login_defs" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_minlen_login_defs" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24306" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_expiration"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_minlen_login_defs">Set Password Minimum Length in login.defs
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_minlen_login_defs">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>To specify password length requirements for new accounts,
edit the file <code>/etc/login.defs</code> and add or correct the following
lines:
<pre>PASS_MIN_LEN <abbr title="from Profile/refine-value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_accounts_password_minlen_login_defs">12</abbr></pre>
<br><br>
As of the DISA Red Hat 6 STIG - Ver 1, Rel 13 (28-OCT-2016), the DoD requirement is now <code>15</code>.
The FISMA requirement is <code>12</code>.
If a program consults <code>/etc/login.defs</code> and also another PAM module
(such as <code>pam_cracklib</code>) during a password change operation,
then the most restrictive must be satisfied. See PAM section
for more information about enforcing password quality requirements.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Requiring a minimum password length makes password
cracking attacks more difficult by ensuring a larger
search space. However, any security benefit from an onerous requirement
must be carefully weighed against usability problems, support costs, or counterproductive
behavior that may result.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(f)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(1)(a)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">205</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm24322">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm24322"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
var_accounts_password_minlen_login_defs="<abbr title="from Profile/refine-value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_accounts_password_minlen_login_defs">12</abbr>"

grep -q ^PASS_MIN_LEN /etc/login.defs &amp;&amp; \
  sed -i "s/PASS_MIN_LEN.*/PASS_MIN_LEN     $var_accounts_password_minlen_login_defs/g" /etc/login.defs
if ! [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo "PASS_MIN_LEN      $var_accounts_password_minlen_login_defs" &gt;&gt; /etc/login.defs
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_maximum_age_login_defs" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_maximum_age_login_defs" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24347" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_expiration"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_maximum_age_login_defs">Set Password Maximum Age
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_maximum_age_login_defs">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>To specify password maximum age for new accounts,
edit the file <code>/etc/login.defs</code>
and add or correct the following line:
<pre>PASS_MAX_DAYS <i><abbr title="from Profile/refine-value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_accounts_maximum_age_login_defs">180</abbr></i></pre>
A value of 180 days is sufficient for many environments. 
The DoD requirement is 60.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Setting the password maximum age ensures users are required to
periodically change their passwords. This could possibly decrease
the utility of a stolen password. Requiring shorter password lifetimes
increases the risk of users writing down the password in a convenient
location subject to physical compromise.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(f)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(g)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(1)(d)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">180</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">199</a>, <a href="">76</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm24361">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm24361"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
var_accounts_maximum_age_login_defs="<abbr title="from Profile/refine-value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_accounts_maximum_age_login_defs">180</abbr>"

grep -q ^PASS_MAX_DAYS /etc/login.defs &amp;&amp; \
  sed -i "s/PASS_MAX_DAYS.*/PASS_MAX_DAYS     $var_accounts_maximum_age_login_defs/g" /etc/login.defs
if ! [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo "PASS_MAX_DAYS      $var_accounts_maximum_age_login_defs" &gt;&gt; /etc/login.defs
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_warn_age_login_defs" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_warn_age_login_defs" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24368" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_expiration"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_warn_age_login_defs">Set Password Warning Age
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_warn_age_login_defs">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>To specify how many days prior to password
expiration that a warning will be issued to users,
edit the file <code>/etc/login.defs</code> and add or correct
 the following line:
<pre>PASS_WARN_AGE <i><abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_accounts_password_warn_age_login_defs">7</abbr></i></pre>
The DoD requirement is 7.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Setting the password warning age enables users to
make the change at a practical time.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-2(2)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(f)</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm24378">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm24378"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
var_accounts_password_warn_age_login_defs="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_accounts_password_warn_age_login_defs">7</abbr>"

grep -q ^PASS_WARN_AGE /etc/login.defs &amp;&amp; \
  sed -i "s/PASS_WARN_AGE.*/PASS_WARN_AGE     $var_accounts_password_warn_age_login_defs/g" /etc/login.defs
if ! [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo "PASS_WARN_AGE      $var_accounts_password_warn_age_login_defs" &gt;&gt; /etc/login.defs
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_account_expiration" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_account_expiration" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-restrictions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_account_expiration">Set Account Expiration Parameters
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_account_expiration">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>Accounts can be configured to be automatically disabled
after a certain time period,
meaning that they will require administrator interaction to become usable again.
Expiration of accounts after inactivity can be set for all accounts by default
and also on a per-account basis, such as for accounts that are known to be temporary.
To configure automatic expiration of an account following
the expiration of its password (that is, after the password has expired and not been changed),
run the following command, substituting <code><i>NUM_DAYS</i></code> and <code><i>USER</i></code> appropriately:
<pre>$ sudo chage -I <i>NUM_DAYS USER</i></pre>
Accounts, such as temporary accounts, can also be configured to expire on an explicitly-set date with the
<code>-E</code> option.
The file <code>/etc/default/useradd</code> controls
default settings for all newly-created accounts created with the system's
normal command line utilities.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_account_expiration" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-restrictions"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 2 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_account_disable_post_pw_expiration" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_account_disable_post_pw_expiration" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24407" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_account_expiration"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_account_disable_post_pw_expiration">Set Account Expiration Following Inactivity
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_account_disable_post_pw_expiration">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>To specify the number of days after a password expires (which
signifies inactivity) until an account is permanently disabled, add or correct
the following lines in <code>/etc/default/useradd</code>, substituting
<code><i>NUM_DAYS</i></code> appropriately:
<pre>INACTIVE=<i><abbr title="Substitution failed: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_account_disable_post_pw_expiration">(N/A)</abbr></i></pre>
A value of 35 is recommended.  
If a password is currently on the
verge of expiration, then 35 days remain until the account is automatically
disabled. However, if the password will not expire for another 60 days, then 95
days could elapse until the account would be automatically disabled. See the
<code>useradd</code> man page for more information.  Determining the inactivity
timeout must be done with careful consideration of the length of a "normal"
period of inactivity for users in the particular environment. Setting
the timeout too low incurs support costs and also has the potential to impact
availability of the system to legitimate users.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Disabling inactive accounts ensures that accounts which may not
have been responsibly removed are not available to attackers
who may have compromised their credentials.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-2(2)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-2(3)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">16</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">17</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">795</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm24423">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm24423"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
var_account_disable_post_pw_expiration="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_account_disable_post_pw_expiration">35</abbr>"

grep -q ^INACTIVE /etc/default/useradd &amp;&amp; \
  sed -i "s/INACTIVE.*/INACTIVE=$var_account_disable_post_pw_expiration/g" /etc/default/useradd
if ! [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo "INACTIVE=$var_account_disable_post_pw_expiration" &gt;&gt; /etc/default/useradd
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_account_temp_expire_date" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_account_temp_expire_date" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24440" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_account_expiration"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_account_temp_expire_date">Assign Expiration Date to Temporary Accounts
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_account_temp_expire_date">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
In the event temporary or emergency accounts are required, configure the system
to terminate them after a documented time period. For every temporary and
emergency account, run the following command to set an expiration date on it,
substituting <code><i>USER</i></code> and <code><i>YYYY-MM-DD</i></code> appropriately:
<pre>$ sudo chage -E <i>YYYY-MM-DD USER</i></pre>
<code><i>YYYY-MM-DD</i></code> indicates the documented expiration date for the account.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
When temporary and emergency accounts are created, there is a risk they may
remain in place and active after the need for them no longer exists.  Account
expiration greatly reduces the risk of accounts being misused or hijacked. 
<br>
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-2(2)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-2(3)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">16</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1682</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-pam" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-pam" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-pam">Protect Accounts by Configuring PAM
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-pam">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>PAM, or Pluggable Authentication Modules, is a system
which implements modular authentication for Linux programs. PAM provides
a flexible and configurable architecture for authentication, and it should be configured
to minimize exposure to unnecessary risk. This section contains
guidance on how to accomplish that.
<br><br>
PAM is implemented as a set of shared objects which are
loaded and invoked whenever an application wishes to authenticate a
user. Typically, the application must be running as root in order
to take advantage of PAM, because PAM's modules often need to be able
to access sensitive stores of account information, such as /etc/shadow.
Traditional privileged network listeners
(e.g. sshd) or SUID programs (e.g. sudo) already meet this
requirement. An SUID root application, userhelper, is provided so
that programs which are not SUID or privileged themselves can still
take advantage of PAM.
<br><br>
PAM looks in the directory <code>/etc/pam.d</code> for
application-specific configuration information. For instance, if
the program login attempts to authenticate a user, then PAM's
libraries follow the instructions in the file <code>/etc/pam.d/login</code>
to determine what actions should be taken.
<br><br>
One very important file in <code>/etc/pam.d</code> is
<code>/etc/pam.d/system-auth</code>. This file, which is included by
many other PAM configuration files, defines 'default' system authentication
measures. Modifying this file is a good way to make far-reaching
authentication changes, for instance when implementing a
centralized authentication service.</p><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                                Be careful when making changes to PAM's
configuration files. The syntax for these files is complex, and
modifications can have unexpected consequences. The default
configurations shipped with applications should be sufficient for
most users.</div></div><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                                Running <code>authconfig</code> or
<code>system-config-authentication</code> will re-write the PAM configuration
files, destroying any manually made changes and replacing them with
a series of system defaults. One reference to the configuration
file syntax can be found at
<a href="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/Linux-PAM-html/sag-configuration-file.html">http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/Linux-PAM-html/sag-configuration-file.html</a>.</div></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-pam" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 10 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_quality" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_quality" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-pam"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_quality">Set Password Quality Requirements
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_quality">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The default <code>pam_cracklib</code> PAM module provides strength
checking for passwords. It performs a number of checks, such as
making sure passwords are not similar to dictionary words, are of
at least a certain length, are not the previous password reversed,
and are not simply a change of case from the previous password. It
can also require passwords to be in certain character classes.
<br><br>
The man page <code>pam_cracklib(8)</code> provides information on the
capabilities and configuration of each.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_quality" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-pam"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 6 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_quality_pamcracklib" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_quality_pamcracklib" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_quality"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_quality_pamcracklib">Set Password Quality Requirements, if using
pam_cracklib
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_quality_pamcracklib">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The <code>pam_cracklib</code> PAM module can be configured to meet
requirements for a variety of policies.
<br><br>
For example, to configure <code>pam_cracklib</code> to require at least one uppercase
character, lowercase character, digit, and other (special)
character, locate the following line in <code>/etc/pam.d/system-auth</code>:
<pre>password requisite pam_cracklib.so try_first_pass retry=3</pre>
and then alter it to read:
<pre>password required pam_cracklib.so try_first_pass retry=3 maxrepeat=3 minlen=14 dcredit=-1 ucredit=-1 ocredit=-1 lcredit=-1 difok=4</pre>
If no such line exists, add one as the first line of the password section in <code>/etc/pam.d/system-auth</code>.
The arguments can be modified to ensure compliance with
your organization's security policy. Discussion of each parameter follows.
</p><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                                Note that the password quality
requirements are not enforced for the root account for some
reason.</div></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_quality_pamcracklib" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_quality"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><small>contains 6 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_retry" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_retry" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24615" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_quality_pamcracklib"><td style="padding-left: 114px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_retry">Set Password Retry Prompts Permitted Per-Session
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_retry">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>To configure the number of retry prompts that are permitted per-session:
<br><br>
Edit the <code>pam_cracklib.so</code> statement in <code>/etc/pam.d/system-auth</code> to 
show <code>retry=<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_password_pam_retry">3</abbr></code>, or a lower value if site policy is more restrictive.
<br><br>
The DoD requirement is a maximum of 3 prompts per session.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Setting the password retry prompts that are permitted on a per-session basis to a low value
requires some software, such as SSH, to re-connect. This can slow down and
draw additional attention to some types of password-guessing attacks. Note that this
is different from account lockout, which is provided by the pam_faillock module.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(c)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1092</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_dcredit" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_dcredit" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24654" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_quality_pamcracklib"><td style="padding-left: 114px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_dcredit">Set Password Strength Minimum Digit Characters
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_dcredit">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The pam_cracklib module's <code>dcredit</code> parameter controls requirements for
usage of digits in a password. When set to a negative number, any password will be required to
contain that many digits. When set to a positive number, pam_cracklib will grant +1 additional
length credit for each digit.  
Add <code>dcredit=-1</code> after pam_cracklib.so to require use of a digit in passwords.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Requiring digits makes password guessing attacks more difficult by ensuring a larger
search space.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(c)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">194</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm24663">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm24663"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
var_password_pam_dcredit="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_password_pam_dcredit">-1</abbr>"

if grep -q "dcredit=" /etc/pam.d/system-auth; then
	sed -i --follow-symlinks "s/\(dcredit *= *\).*/\1$var_password_pam_dcredit/" /etc/pam.d/system-auth
else
	sed -i --follow-symlinks "/pam_cracklib.so/ s/$/ dcredit=$var_password_pam_dcredit/" /etc/pam.d/system-auth
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_ucredit" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_ucredit" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24686" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_quality_pamcracklib"><td style="padding-left: 114px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_ucredit">Set Password Strength Minimum Uppercase Characters
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_ucredit">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The pam_cracklib module's <code>ucredit=</code> parameter controls requirements for
usage of uppercase letters in a password. When set to a negative number, any password will be required to
contain that many uppercase characters. When set to a positive number, pam_cracklib will grant +1 additional
length credit for each uppercase character.
Add <code>ucredit=-1</code> after pam_cracklib.so to require use of an upper case character in passwords.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Requiring a minimum number of uppercase characters makes password guessing attacks
more difficult by ensuring a larger search space.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(1)(a)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">192</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm24696">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm24696"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
var_password_pam_ucredit="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_password_pam_ucredit">-1</abbr>"

if grep -q "ucredit=" /etc/pam.d/system-auth; then   
	sed -i --follow-symlinks "s/\(ucredit *= *\).*/\1$var_password_pam_ucredit/" /etc/pam.d/system-auth
else
	sed -i --follow-symlinks "/pam_cracklib.so/ s/$/ ucredit=$var_password_pam_ucredit/" /etc/pam.d/system-auth
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_ocredit" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_ocredit" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24703" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_quality_pamcracklib"><td style="padding-left: 114px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_ocredit">Set Password Strength Minimum Special Characters
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_ocredit">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The pam_cracklib module's <code>ocredit=</code> parameter controls requirements for
usage of special (or ``other'') characters in a password. When set to a negative number, any password will be required to
contain that many special characters. When set to a positive number, pam_cracklib will grant +1 additional
length credit for each special character.
Add <code>ocredit=<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_password_pam_ocredit">-1</abbr></code> after pam_cracklib.so to require use of a special character in passwords.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Requiring a minimum number of special characters makes password guessing attacks
more difficult by ensuring a larger search space.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(1)(a)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1619</a>, <a href="">266</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm24715">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm24715"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
var_password_pam_ocredit="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_password_pam_ocredit">-1</abbr>"

if grep -q "ocredit=" /etc/pam.d/system-auth; then   
	sed -i --follow-symlinks "s/\(ocredit *= *\).*/\1$var_password_pam_ocredit/" /etc/pam.d/system-auth
else
	sed -i --follow-symlinks "/pam_cracklib.so/ s/$/ ocredit=$var_password_pam_ocredit/" /etc/pam.d/system-auth
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_lcredit" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_lcredit" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24722" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_quality_pamcracklib"><td style="padding-left: 114px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_lcredit">Set Password Strength Minimum Lowercase Characters
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_lcredit">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The pam_cracklib module's <code>lcredit=</code> parameter controls requirements for
usage of lowercase letters in a password. When set to a negative number, any password will be required to
contain that many lowercase characters. When set to a positive number, pam_cracklib will grant +1 additional
length credit for each lowercase character.
Add <code>lcredit=-1</code> after pam_cracklib.so to require use of a lowercase character in passwords.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Requiring a minimum number of lowercase characters makes password guessing attacks
more difficult by ensuring a larger search space.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(1)(a)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">193</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm24732">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm24732"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
var_password_pam_lcredit="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_password_pam_lcredit">-1</abbr>"

if grep -q "lcredit=" /etc/pam.d/system-auth; then   
	sed -i --follow-symlinks "s/\(lcredit *= *\).*/\1$var_password_pam_lcredit/" /etc/pam.d/system-auth
else
	sed -i --follow-symlinks "/pam_cracklib.so/ s/$/ lcredit=$var_password_pam_lcredit/" /etc/pam.d/system-auth
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_difok" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_difok" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24739" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_password_quality_pamcracklib"><td style="padding-left: 114px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_difok">Set Password Strength Minimum Different Characters
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_difok">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The pam_cracklib module's <code>difok</code> parameter controls requirements for
usage of different characters during a password change.
Add <code>difok=<i><abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_password_pam_difok">4</abbr></i></code> after pam_cracklib.so to require differing
characters when changing passwords. The DoD requirement is <code>4</code>.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Requiring a minimum number of different characters during password changes ensures that
newly changed passwords should not resemble previously compromised ones.
Note that passwords which are changed on compromised systems will still be compromised, however.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(1)(b)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">195</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm24752">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm24752"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
var_password_pam_difok="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_password_pam_difok">4</abbr>"

if grep -q "difok=" /etc/pam.d/system-auth; then   
	sed -i --follow-symlinks "s/\(difok *= *\).*/\1$var_password_pam_difok/" /etc/pam.d/system-auth
else
	sed -i --follow-symlinks "/pam_cracklib.so/ s/$/ difok=$var_password_pam_difok/" /etc/pam.d/system-auth
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_locking_out_password_attempts" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_locking_out_password_attempts" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-pam"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_locking_out_password_attempts">Set Lockouts for Failed Password Attempts
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_locking_out_password_attempts">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The <code>pam_faillock</code> PAM module provides the capability to
lock out user accounts after a number of failed login attempts. Its
documentation is available in
<code>/usr/share/doc/pam-VERSION/txts/README.pam_faillock</code>.
<br><br>
</p><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                                Locking out user accounts presents the
risk of a denial-of-service attack. The lockout policy
must weigh whether the risk of such a
denial-of-service attack outweighs the benefits of thwarting
password guessing attacks.</div></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_locking_out_password_attempts" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-pam"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 1 rule</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_unix_remember" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_unix_remember" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24907" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_locking_out_password_attempts"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_unix_remember">Limit Password Reuse
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_accounts_password_pam_unix_remember">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Do not allow users to reuse recent passwords. This can be
accomplished by using the <code>remember</code> option for the <code>pam_unix</code>
or <code>pam_pwhistory</code> PAM modules. In the file
<code>/etc/pam.d/system-auth</code>, append <code>remember=<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_password_pam_unix_remember">5</abbr></code>
to the line which refers to the <code>pam_unix.so</code> or
<code>pam_pwhistory.so</code>module, as shown below:
<ul><li>for the <code>pam_unix.so</code> case:
<pre>password sufficient pam_unix.so <i>existing_options</i> remember=<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_password_pam_unix_remember">5</abbr></pre>
</li><li>for the <code>pam_pwhistory.so</code> case:
<pre>password requisite pam_pwhistory.so <i>existing_options</i> remember=<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_password_pam_unix_remember">5</abbr></pre>
</li></ul>
The DoD STIG requirement is 5 passwords.</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Preventing re-use of previous passwords helps ensure that a compromised password is not re-used by a user.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(f)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(1)(e)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">200</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm24933">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm24933"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
var_password_pam_unix_remember="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_password_pam_unix_remember">5</abbr>"

if grep -q "remember=" /etc/pam.d/system-auth; then   
	sed -i --follow-symlinks "s/\(^password.*sufficient.*pam_unix.so.*\)\(\(remember *= *\)[^ $]*\)/\1remember=$var_password_pam_unix_remember/" /etc/pam.d/system-auth
else
	sed -i --follow-symlinks "/^password[[:space:]]\+sufficient[[:space:]]\+pam_unix.so/ s/$/ remember=$var_password_pam_unix_remember/" /etc/pam.d/system-auth
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_set_password_hashing_algorithm" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_set_password_hashing_algorithm" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-pam"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_set_password_hashing_algorithm">Set Password Hashing Algorithm
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_set_password_hashing_algorithm">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The system's default algorithm for storing password hashes in
<code>/etc/shadow</code> is SHA-512. This can be configured in several
locations.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_set_password_hashing_algorithm" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-pam"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 3 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_set_password_hashing_algorithm_systemauth" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_set_password_hashing_algorithm_systemauth" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24944" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_set_password_hashing_algorithm"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_set_password_hashing_algorithm_systemauth">Set Password Hashing Algorithm in /etc/pam.d/system-auth
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_set_password_hashing_algorithm_systemauth">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
In <code>/etc/pam.d/system-auth</code>, the <code>password</code> section of
the file controls which PAM modules execute during a password change.
Set the <code>pam_unix.so</code> module in the
<code>password</code> section to include the argument <code>sha512</code>, as shown below:
<pre>password    sufficient    pam_unix.so sha512 <i>other arguments...</i></pre>
This will help ensure when local users change their passwords, hashes for the new
passwords will be generated using the SHA-512 algorithm.
This is the default.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Using a stronger hashing algorithm makes password cracking attacks more difficult.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(1)(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">803</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm24960">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm24960"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>if ! grep -q "^password.*sufficient.*pam_unix.so.*sha512" /etc/pam.d/system-auth; then   
	sed -i --follow-symlinks "/^password.*sufficient.*pam_unix.so/ s/$/ sha512/" /etc/pam.d/system-auth
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_set_password_hashing_algorithm_logindefs" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_set_password_hashing_algorithm_logindefs" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24965" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_set_password_hashing_algorithm"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_set_password_hashing_algorithm_logindefs">Set Password Hashing Algorithm in /etc/login.defs
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_set_password_hashing_algorithm_logindefs">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
In <code>/etc/login.defs</code>, add or correct the following line to ensure
the system will use SHA-512 as the hashing algorithm:
<pre>ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Using a stronger hashing algorithm makes password cracking attacks more difficult.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(1)(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">803</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm24976">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm24976"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>if grep --silent ^ENCRYPT_METHOD /etc/login.defs ; then
	sed -i 's/^ENCRYPT_METHOD.*/ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512/g' /etc/login.defs
else
	echo "" &gt;&gt; /etc/login.defs
	echo "ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512" &gt;&gt; /etc/login.defs
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_set_password_hashing_algorithm_libuserconf" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_set_password_hashing_algorithm_libuserconf" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm24981" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_set_password_hashing_algorithm"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_set_password_hashing_algorithm_libuserconf">Set Password Hashing Algorithm in /etc/libuser.conf
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_set_password_hashing_algorithm_libuserconf">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
In <code>/etc/libuser.conf</code>, add or correct the following line in its
<code>[defaults]</code> section to ensure the system will use the SHA-512
algorithm for password hashing:
<pre>crypt_style = sha512</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Using a stronger hashing algorithm makes password cracking attacks more difficult.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(1)(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">803</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-physical" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-physical" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-physical">Protect Physical Console Access
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-physical">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>It is impossible to fully protect a system from an
attacker with physical access, so securing the space in which the
system is located should be considered a necessary step. However,
there are some steps which, if taken, make it more difficult for an
attacker to quickly or undetectably modify a system from its
console.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-physical" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 2 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_bootloader" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_bootloader" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-physical"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_bootloader">Set Boot Loader Password
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_bootloader">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>During the boot process, the boot loader is
responsible for starting the execution of the kernel and passing
options to it. The boot loader allows for the selection of
different kernels - possibly on different partitions or media.
The default Red Hat Enterprise Linux boot loader for x86 systems is called GRUB.
Options it can pass to the kernel include <i>single-user mode</i>, which
provides root access without any authentication, and the ability to
disable SELinux. To prevent local users from modifying the boot
parameters and endangering security, protect the boot loader configuration
with a password and ensure its configuration file's permissions
are set properly.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_bootloader" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-physical"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 1 rule</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_bootloader_password" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_bootloader_password" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25229" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_bootloader"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_bootloader_password">Set Boot Loader Password
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_bootloader_password">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The grub boot loader should have password protection
enabled to protect boot-time settings.
To do so, select a password and then generate a hash from it by running the following command:
<pre>$ grub-crypt --sha-512</pre>
When prompted to enter a password, insert the following line into <code>/etc/grub.conf</code>
immediately after the header comments. (Use the output from <code>grub-crypt</code> as the
value of <b>password-hash</b>):
<pre>password --encrypted <b>password-hash</b></pre>
NOTE: To meet FISMA Moderate, the bootloader password MUST differ from the root password.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Password protection on the boot loader configuration ensures
users with physical access cannot trivially alter
important bootloader settings. These include which kernel to use,
and whether to enter single-user mode.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-2(1)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(e) AC-3</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">213</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_disable_interactive_boot" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_disable_interactive_boot" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25286" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-physical"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_disable_interactive_boot">Disable Interactive Boot
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_disable_interactive_boot">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
To disable the ability for users to perform interactive startups, perform both
of the following:
<ol><li>Edit the file <code>/etc/sysconfig/init</code>. Add or correct the line:
<pre>PROMPT=no</pre></li><li>Inspect the kernel boot arguments (which follow the word <code>kernel</code>)
in <code>/etc/grub.conf</code> and ensure the <code>confirm</code> argument is <b>not</b>
present.</li></ol>
Both the <code>PROMPT</code> option of the <code>/etc/sysconfig/init</code> file and
the <code>confirm</code> kernel boot argument of the <code>/etc/grub.conf</code> file
allow the console user to perform an interactive system startup, in which it is
possible to select the set of services which are started on boot.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Using interactive boot, the console user could disable auditing, firewalls, or
other services, weakening system security.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-2</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">213</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25306">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25306"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
# Ensure value of PROMPT key in /etc/sysconfig/init is set to 'no'
grep -q ^PROMPT /etc/sysconfig/init &amp;&amp; \
  sed -i "s/PROMPT.*/PROMPT=no/g" /etc/sysconfig/init
if ! [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo "PROMPT=no" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysconfig/init
fi

# Ensure 'confirm' kernel boot argument is not present in some of
# kernel lines in /etc/grub.conf
sed -i --follow-symlinks "s/confirm//gI" /etc/grub.conf
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-banners" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-banners" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-banners">Warning Banners for System Accesses
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-banners">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>Each system should expose as little information about
itself as possible.
<br><br>
System banners, which are typically displayed just before a
login prompt, give out information about the service or the host's
operating system. This might include the distribution name and the
system kernel version, and the particular version of a network
service. This information can assist intruders in gaining access to
the system as it can reveal whether the system is running
vulnerable software. Most network services can be configured to
limit what information is displayed.
<br><br>
Many organizations implement security policies that require a
system banner provide notice of the system's ownership, provide
warning to unauthorized users, and remind authorized users of their
consent to monitoring.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-banners" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 1 rule</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gui_login_banner" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gui_login_banner" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-banners"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gui_login_banner">Implement a GUI Warning Banner
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gui_login_banner">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>In the default graphical environment, users logging
directly into the system are greeted with a login screen provided
by the GNOME Display Manager (GDM). The warning banner should be
displayed in this graphical environment for these users.
The following sections describe how to configure the GDM login
banner.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gui_login_banner" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_accounts-banners"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 1 rule</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gdm_enable_warning_gui_banner" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gdm_enable_warning_gui_banner" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25428" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_gui_login_banner"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gdm_enable_warning_gui_banner">Enable GUI Warning Banner
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_gconf_gdm_enable_warning_gui_banner">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
To enable displaying a login warning banner in the GNOME
Display Manager's login screen, run the following command:
<pre>$ sudo gconftool-2 --direct \
  --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
  --type bool \
  --set /apps/gdm/simple-greeter/banner_message_enable true</pre>
To display a banner, this setting must be enabled and then
banner text must also be set.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
An appropriate warning message reinforces policy awareness during the login
process and facilitates possible legal action against attackers.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-8(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-8(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-8(c)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">48</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">50</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25438">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25438"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code># Install GConf2 package if not installed
if ! rpm -q GConf2; then
  yum -y install GConf2
fi

# Enable displaying of a login warning banner in the GNOME Display Manager's
# login screen
gconftool-2 --direct \
            --config-source "xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory" \
            --type bool \
            --set /apps/gdm/simple-greeter/banner_message_enable true
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_system"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network">Network Configuration and Firewalls
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>Most machines must be connected to a network of some
sort, and this brings with it the substantial risk of network
attack. This section discusses the security impact of decisions
about networking which must be made when configuring a system.
<br><br>
This section also discusses firewalls, network access
controls, and other network security frameworks, which allow
system-level rules to be written that can limit an attackers' ability
to connect to your system. These rules can specify that network
traffic should be allowed or denied from certain IP addresses,
hosts, and networks. The rules can also specify which of the
system's network services are available to particular hosts or
networks.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_system"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><small>contains 30 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-kernel" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-kernel" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-kernel">Kernel Parameters Which Affect Networking
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-kernel">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The <code>sysctl</code> utility is used to set
parameters which affect the operation of the Linux kernel. Kernel parameters
which affect networking and have security implications are described here.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-kernel" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 15 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_parameters" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_parameters" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-kernel"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_parameters">Network Parameters for Hosts Only
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_parameters">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>If the system is not going to be used as a router, then setting certain
kernel parameters ensure that the host will not perform routing
of network traffic.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_parameters" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-kernel"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 3 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_send_redirects" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_send_redirects" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25511" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_parameters"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_send_redirects">Disable Kernel Parameter for Sending ICMP Redirects by Default
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_send_redirects">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To set the runtime status of the <code>net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects</code> kernel parameter,
    run the following command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects=0</pre>
    If this is not the system's default value, add the following line to <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code>:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Sending ICMP redirects permits the system to instruct other systems
to update their routing information.  The ability to send ICMP redirects is
only appropriate for systems acting as routers.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-4</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-5</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1551</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25524">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25524"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>#
# Set runtime for net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects
#
/sbin/sysctl -q -n -w net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects=0

#
# If net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects present in /etc/sysctl.conf, change value to "0"
#	else, add "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0" to /etc/sysctl.conf
#
if grep --silent ^net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects /etc/sysctl.conf ; then
	sed -i 's/^net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects.*/net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0/g' /etc/sysctl.conf
else
	echo -e "\n# Set net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects to 0 per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
	echo "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_send_redirects" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_send_redirects" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25529" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_parameters"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_send_redirects">Disable Kernel Parameter for Sending ICMP Redirects for All Interfaces
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_send_redirects">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To set the runtime status of the <code>net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects</code> kernel parameter,
    run the following command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects=0</pre>
    If this is not the system's default value, add the following line to <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code>:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Sending ICMP redirects permits the system to instruct other systems
to update their routing information.  The ability to send ICMP redirects is
only appropriate for systems acting as routers.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-5(1)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1551</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25540">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25540"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>#
# Set runtime for net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects
#
/sbin/sysctl -q -n -w net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects=0

#
# If net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects present in /etc/sysctl.conf, change value to "0"
#	else, add "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0" to /etc/sysctl.conf
#
if grep --silent ^net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects /etc/sysctl.conf ; then
	sed -i 's/^net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects.*/net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0/g' /etc/sysctl.conf
else
	echo -e "\n# Set net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects to 0 per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
	echo "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_ip_forward" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_ip_forward" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25545" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_parameters"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_ip_forward">Disable Kernel Parameter for IP Forwarding
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_ip_forward">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To set the runtime status of the <code>net.ipv4.ip_forward</code> kernel parameter,
    run the following command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=0</pre>
    If this is not the system's default value, add the following line to <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code>:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>IP forwarding permits the kernel to forward packets from one network
interface to another. The ability to forward packets between two networks is
only appropriate for systems acting as routers.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">366</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25556">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25556"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>#
# Set runtime for net.ipv4.ip_forward
#
/sbin/sysctl -q -n -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=0

#
# If net.ipv4.ip_forward present in /etc/sysctl.conf, change value to "0"
#	else, add "net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0" to /etc/sysctl.conf
#
if grep --silent ^net.ipv4.ip_forward /etc/sysctl.conf ; then
	sed -i 's/^net.ipv4.ip_forward.*/net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0/g' /etc/sysctl.conf
else
	echo -e "\n# Set net.ipv4.ip_forward to 0 per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
	echo "net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_and_router_parameters" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_and_router_parameters" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-kernel"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_and_router_parameters">Network Related Kernel Runtime Parameters for Hosts and Routers
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_and_router_parameters">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>Certain kernel parameters should be set for systems which are
acting as either hosts or routers to improve the system's ability defend
against certain types of IPv4 protocol attacks.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_and_router_parameters" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-kernel"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 12 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_accept_source_route" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_accept_source_route" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25636" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_and_router_parameters"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_accept_source_route">Configure Kernel Parameter for Accepting Source-Routed Packets for All Interfaces
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_accept_source_route">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To set the runtime status of the <code>net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route</code> kernel parameter,
    run the following command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route=0</pre>
    If this is not the system's default value, add the following line to <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code>:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Accepting source-routed packets in the IPv4 protocol has few legitimate
uses. It should be disabled unless it is absolutely required.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1551</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25647">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25647"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_accept_source_route_value="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_accept_source_route_value">0</abbr>"

#
# Set runtime for net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route
#
/sbin/sysctl -q -n -w net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route=$sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_accept_source_route_value

#
# If net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route present in /etc/sysctl.conf, change value to appropriate value
#	else, add "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = value" to /etc/sysctl.conf
#
if grep --silent ^net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route /etc/sysctl.conf ; then
	sed -i "s/^net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route.*/net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_accept_source_route_value/g" /etc/sysctl.conf
else
	echo -e "\n# Set net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route to $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_accept_source_route_value per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
	echo "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_accept_source_route_value" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_accept_redirects" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_accept_redirects" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25654" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_and_router_parameters"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_accept_redirects">Configure Kernel Parameter for Accepting ICMP Redirects for All Interfaces
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_accept_redirects">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To set the runtime status of the <code>net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects</code> kernel parameter,
    run the following command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects=0</pre>
    If this is not the system's default value, add the following line to <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code>:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Accepting ICMP redirects has few legitimate
uses. It should be disabled unless it is absolutely required.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1503</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1551</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25666">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25666"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_accept_redirects_value="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_accept_redirects_value">0</abbr>"

#
# Set runtime for net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects
#
/sbin/sysctl -q -n -w net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects=$sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_accept_redirects_value

#
# If net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects present in /etc/sysctl.conf, change value to appropriate value
#	else, add "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = value" to /etc/sysctl.conf
#
if grep --silent ^net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects /etc/sysctl.conf ; then
	sed -i "s/^net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects.*/net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_accept_redirects_value/g" /etc/sysctl.conf
else
	echo -e "\n# Set net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects to $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_accept_redirects_value per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
	echo "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_accept_redirects_value" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_secure_redirects" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_secure_redirects" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25673" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_and_router_parameters"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_secure_redirects">Configure Kernel Parameter for Accepting Secure Redirects for All Interfaces
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_secure_redirects">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To set the runtime status of the <code>net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects</code> kernel parameter,
    run the following command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects=0</pre>
    If this is not the system's default value, add the following line to <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code>:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 0</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Accepting "secure" ICMP redirects (from those gateways listed as
default gateways) has few legitimate uses. It should be disabled unless it is
absolutely required.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-4</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1503</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1551</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25686">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25686"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_secure_redirects_value="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_secure_redirects_value">1</abbr>"

#
# Set runtime for net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects
#
/sbin/sysctl -q -n -w net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects=$sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_secure_redirects_value

#
# If net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects present in /etc/sysctl.conf, change value to appropriate value
#	else, add "net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = value" to /etc/sysctl.conf
#
if grep --silent ^net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects /etc/sysctl.conf ; then
	sed -i "s/^net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects.*/net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_secure_redirects_value/g" /etc/sysctl.conf
else
	echo -e "\n# Set net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects to $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_secure_redirects_value per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
	echo "net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_secure_redirects_value" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_log_martians" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_log_martians" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25693" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_and_router_parameters"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_log_martians">Configure Kernel Parameter to Log Martian Packets
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_log_martians">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To set the runtime status of the <code>net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians</code> kernel parameter,
    run the following command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians=1</pre>
    If this is not the system's default value, add the following line to <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code>:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The presence of "martian" packets (which have impossible addresses)
as well as spoofed packets, source-routed packets, and redirects could be a
sign of nefarious network activity. Logging these packets enables this activity
to be detected.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-5(3)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">126</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25705">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25705"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_log_martians_value="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_log_martians_value">0</abbr>"

#
# Set runtime for net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians
#
/sbin/sysctl -q -n -w net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians=$sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_log_martians_value

#
# If net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians present in /etc/sysctl.conf, change value to appropriate value
#	else, add "net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = value" to /etc/sysctl.conf
#
if grep --silent ^net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians /etc/sysctl.conf ; then
	sed -i "s/^net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians.*/net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_log_martians_value/g" /etc/sysctl.conf
else
	echo -e "\n# Set net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians to $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_log_martians_value per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
	echo "net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_log_martians_value" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_accept_source_route" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_accept_source_route" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25712" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_and_router_parameters"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_accept_source_route">Configure Kernel Parameter for Accepting Source-Routed Packets By Default
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_accept_source_route">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To set the runtime status of the <code>net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route</code> kernel parameter,
    run the following command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route=0</pre>
    If this is not the system's default value, add the following line to <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code>:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Accepting source-routed packets in the IPv4 protocol has few legitimate
uses. It should be disabled unless it is absolutely required.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-4</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-5</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1551</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25725">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25725"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_accept_source_route_value="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_accept_source_route_value">0</abbr>"

#
# Set runtime for net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route
#
/sbin/sysctl -q -n -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route=$sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_accept_source_route_value

#
# If net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route present in /etc/sysctl.conf, change value to appropriate value
#	else, add "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = value" to /etc/sysctl.conf
#
if grep --silent ^net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route /etc/sysctl.conf ; then
	sed -i "s/^net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route.*/net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_accept_source_route_value/g" /etc/sysctl.conf
else
	echo -e "\n# Set net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route to $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_accept_source_route_value per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
	echo "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_accept_source_route_value" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_accept_redirects" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_accept_redirects" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25732" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_and_router_parameters"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_accept_redirects">Configure Kernel Parameter for Accepting ICMP Redirects By Default
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_accept_redirects">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To set the runtime status of the <code>net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects</code> kernel parameter,
    run the following command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects=0</pre>
    If this is not the system's default value, add the following line to <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code>:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>This feature of the IPv4 protocol has few legitimate
uses. It should be disabled unless it is absolutely required.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-4</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-5</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1551</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25745">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25745"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_accept_redirects_value="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_accept_redirects_value">0</abbr>"

#
# Set runtime for net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects
#
/sbin/sysctl -q -n -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects=$sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_accept_redirects_value

#
# If net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects present in /etc/sysctl.conf, change value to appropriate value
#	else, add "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = value" to /etc/sysctl.conf
#
if grep --silent ^net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects /etc/sysctl.conf ; then
	sed -i "s/^net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects.*/net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_accept_redirects_value/g" /etc/sysctl.conf
else
	echo -e "\n# Set net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects to $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_accept_redirects_value per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
	echo "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_accept_redirects_value" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_secure_redirects" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_secure_redirects" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25752" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_and_router_parameters"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_secure_redirects">Configure Kernel Parameter for Accepting Secure Redirects By Default
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_secure_redirects">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To set the runtime status of the <code>net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects</code> kernel parameter,
    run the following command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects=0</pre>
    If this is not the system's default value, add the following line to <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code>:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 0</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Accepting "secure" ICMP redirects (from those gateways listed as
default gateways) has few legitimate uses. It should be disabled unless it is
absolutely required.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-4</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-5</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1551</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25765">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25765"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_secure_redirects_value="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_secure_redirects_value">1</abbr>"

#
# Set runtime for net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects
#
/sbin/sysctl -q -n -w net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects=$sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_secure_redirects_value

#
# If net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects present in /etc/sysctl.conf, change value to appropriate value
#	else, add "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = value" to /etc/sysctl.conf
#
if grep --silent ^net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects /etc/sysctl.conf ; then
	sed -i "s/^net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects.*/net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_secure_redirects_value/g" /etc/sysctl.conf
else
	echo -e "\n# Set net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects to $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_secure_redirects_value per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
	echo "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_secure_redirects_value" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25772" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_and_router_parameters"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts">Configure Kernel Parameter to Ignore ICMP Broadcast Echo Requests
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To set the runtime status of the <code>net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts</code> kernel parameter,
    run the following command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts=1</pre>
    If this is not the system's default value, add the following line to <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code>:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Ignoring ICMP echo requests (pings) sent to broadcast or multicast
addresses makes the system slightly more difficult to enumerate on the network.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1551</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25783">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25783"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
sysctl_net_ipv4_icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts_value="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_sysctl_net_ipv4_icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts_value">1</abbr>"

#
# Set runtime for net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts
#
/sbin/sysctl -q -n -w net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts=$sysctl_net_ipv4_icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts_value

#
# If net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts present in /etc/sysctl.conf, change value to appropriate value
#	else, add "net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = value" to /etc/sysctl.conf
#
if grep --silent ^net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts /etc/sysctl.conf ; then
	sed -i "s/^net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts.*/net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = $sysctl_net_ipv4_icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts_value/g" /etc/sysctl.conf
else
	echo -e "\n# Set net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts to $sysctl_net_ipv4_icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts_value per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
	echo "net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = $sysctl_net_ipv4_icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts_value" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25790" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_and_router_parameters"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses">Configure Kernel Parameter to Ignore Bogus ICMP Error Responses
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To set the runtime status of the <code>net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses</code> kernel parameter,
    run the following command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses=1</pre>
    If this is not the system's default value, add the following line to <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code>:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Ignoring bogus ICMP error responses reduces
log size, although some activity would not be logged.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-5</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25800">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25800"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
sysctl_net_ipv4_icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses_value="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_sysctl_net_ipv4_icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses_value">1</abbr>"

#
# Set runtime for net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses
#
/sbin/sysctl -q -n -w net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses=$sysctl_net_ipv4_icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses_value

#
# If net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses present in /etc/sysctl.conf, change value to appropriate value
#	else, add "net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = value" to /etc/sysctl.conf
#
if grep --silent ^net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses /etc/sysctl.conf ; then
	sed -i "s/^net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses.*/net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = $sysctl_net_ipv4_icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses_value/g" /etc/sysctl.conf
else
	echo -e "\n# Set net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses to $sysctl_net_ipv4_icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses_value per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
	echo "net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = $sysctl_net_ipv4_icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses_value" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_tcp_syncookies" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_tcp_syncookies" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25807" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_and_router_parameters"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_tcp_syncookies">Configure Kernel Parameter to Use TCP Syncookies
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_tcp_syncookies">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To set the runtime status of the <code>net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies</code> kernel parameter,
    run the following command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1</pre>
    If this is not the system's default value, add the following line to <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code>:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p> A TCP SYN flood attack can cause a denial of service by filling a
system's TCP connection table with connections in the SYN_RCVD state.
Syncookies can be used to track a connection when a subsequent ACK is received,
verifying the initiator is attempting a valid connection and is not a flood
source. This feature is activated when a flood condition is detected, and
enables the system to continue servicing valid connection requests.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-4</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-5(2)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-5(3)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1092</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1095</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25820">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25820"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
sysctl_net_ipv4_tcp_syncookies_value="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_sysctl_net_ipv4_tcp_syncookies_value">1</abbr>"

#
# Set runtime for net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies
#
/sbin/sysctl -q -n -w net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=$sysctl_net_ipv4_tcp_syncookies_value

#
# If net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies present in /etc/sysctl.conf, change value to appropriate value
#	else, add "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = value" to /etc/sysctl.conf
#
if grep --silent ^net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies /etc/sysctl.conf ; then
	sed -i "s/^net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies.*/net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = $sysctl_net_ipv4_tcp_syncookies_value/g" /etc/sysctl.conf
else
	echo -e "\n# Set net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies to $sysctl_net_ipv4_tcp_syncookies_value per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
	echo "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = $sysctl_net_ipv4_tcp_syncookies_value" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_rp_filter" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_rp_filter" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25827" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_and_router_parameters"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_rp_filter">Configure Kernel Parameter to Use Reverse Path Filtering for All Interfaces
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_rp_filter">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To set the runtime status of the <code>net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter</code> kernel parameter,
    run the following command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=1</pre>
    If this is not the system's default value, add the following line to <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code>:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Enabling reverse path filtering drops packets with source addresses
that should not have been able to be received on the interface they were
received on. It should not be used on systems which are routers for
complicated networks, but is helpful for end hosts and routers serving small
networks.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-4</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-5</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1551</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25839">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25839"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_rp_filter_value="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_rp_filter_value">1</abbr>"

#
# Set runtime for net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter
#
/sbin/sysctl -q -n -w net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=$sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_rp_filter_value

#
# If net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter present in /etc/sysctl.conf, change value to appropriate value
#	else, add "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = value" to /etc/sysctl.conf
#
if grep --silent ^net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter /etc/sysctl.conf ; then
	sed -i "s/^net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter.*/net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_rp_filter_value/g" /etc/sysctl.conf
else
	echo -e "\n# Set net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter to $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_rp_filter_value per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
	echo "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_all_rp_filter_value" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_rp_filter" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_rp_filter" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25846" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network_host_and_router_parameters"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_rp_filter">Configure Kernel Parameter to Use Reverse Path Filtering by Default
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_rp_filter">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
    To set the runtime status of the <code>net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter</code> kernel parameter,
    run the following command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter=1</pre>
    If this is not the system's default value, add the following line to <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code>:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Enabling reverse path filtering drops packets with source addresses
that should not have been able to be received on the interface they were
received on. It should not be used on systems which are routers for
complicated networks, but is helpful for end hosts and routers serving small
networks.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-4</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-5</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SC-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25857">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25857"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_rp_filter_value="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_rp_filter_value">1</abbr>"

#
# Set runtime for net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter
#
/sbin/sysctl -q -n -w net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter=$sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_rp_filter_value

#
# If net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter present in /etc/sysctl.conf, change value to appropriate value
#	else, add "net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = value" to /etc/sysctl.conf
#
if grep --silent ^net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter /etc/sysctl.conf ; then
	sed -i "s/^net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter.*/net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_rp_filter_value/g" /etc/sysctl.conf
else
	echo -e "\n# Set net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter to $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_rp_filter_value per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
	echo "net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = $sysctl_net_ipv4_conf_default_rp_filter_value" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-wireless" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-wireless" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-wireless">Wireless Networking
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-wireless">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>Wireless networking, such as 802.11
(WiFi) and Bluetooth, can present a security risk to sensitive or
classified systems and networks. Wireless networking hardware is
much more likely to be included in laptop or portable systems than
in desktops or servers. 
<br><br>
Removal of hardware provides the greatest assurance that the wireless
capability remains disabled. Acquisition policies often include provisions to
prevent the purchase of equipment that will be used in sensitive spaces and
includes wireless capabilities. If it is impractical to remove the wireless
hardware, and policy permits the device to enter sensitive spaces as long
as wireless is disabled, efforts should instead focus on disabling wireless capability
via software.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-wireless" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 4 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_wireless_software" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_wireless_software" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-wireless"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_wireless_software">Disable Wireless Through Software Configuration
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_wireless_software">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>If it is impossible to remove the wireless hardware
from the device in question, disable as much of it as possible
through software. The following methods can disable software
support for wireless networking, but note that these methods do not
prevent malicious software or careless users from re-activating the
devices.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_wireless_software" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-wireless"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 4 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_wireless_disable_in_bios" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_wireless_disable_in_bios" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25872" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_wireless_software"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_wireless_disable_in_bios">Disable WiFi or Bluetooth in BIOS
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_wireless_disable_in_bios">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Some systems that include built-in wireless support offer the
ability to disable the device through the BIOS. This is system-specific;
consult your hardware manual or explore the BIOS setup during
boot.</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Disabling wireless support in the BIOS prevents easy
activation of the wireless interface, generally requiring administrators
to reboot the system first.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-18(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-18(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-18(3)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">85</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_wireless_disable_interfaces" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_wireless_disable_interfaces" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25881" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_wireless_software"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_wireless_disable_interfaces">Deactivate Wireless Network Interfaces
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_wireless_disable_interfaces">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Deactivating wireless network interfaces should prevent
normal usage of the wireless capability.
<br><br>
First, identify the interfaces available with the command:
<pre>$ ifconfig -a</pre>
Additionally, the following command may be used to
determine whether wireless support is included for a
particular interface, though this may not always be a clear
indicator:
<pre>$ iwconfig</pre>
After identifying any wireless interfaces (which may have
names like <code>wlan0</code>, <code>ath0</code>, <code>wifi0</code>, <code>em1</code> or
<code>eth0</code>), deactivate the interface with the command:
<pre>$ sudo ifdown <i>interface</i></pre>
These changes will only last until the next reboot. To
disable the interface for future boots, remove the appropriate
interface file from <code>/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts</code>:
<pre>$ sudo rm /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-<i>interface</i></pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Wireless networking allows attackers within physical proximity to
launch network-based attacks against systems, including those against local LAN
protocols which were not designed with security in mind.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-18(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-18(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-18(3)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">85</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_bluetooth_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_bluetooth_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25906" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_wireless_software"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_bluetooth_disabled">Disable Bluetooth Service
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_bluetooth_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
        The <code>bluetooth</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig bluetooth off</pre>
              <pre>$ sudo service bluetooth stop</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Disabling the <code>bluetooth</code> service prevents the system from attempting
connections to Bluetooth devices, which entails some security risk.
Nevertheless, variation in this risk decision may be expected due to the
utility of Bluetooth connectivity and its limited range.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-18(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-18(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-18(3)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">85</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1551</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25920">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25920"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable bluetooth
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25922">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25922"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service bluetooth
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - bluetooth

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_bluetooth_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_bluetooth_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25927" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_wireless_software"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_bluetooth_disabled">Disable Bluetooth Kernel Modules
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_bluetooth_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The kernel's module loading system can be configured to prevent
loading of the Bluetooth module. Add the following to
the appropriate <code>/etc/modprobe.d</code> configuration file
to prevent the loading of the Bluetooth module:
<pre>install bluetooth /bin/true</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>If Bluetooth functionality must be disabled, preventing the kernel
from loading the kernel module provides an additional safeguard against its
activation.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-18(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-18(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-18(3)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">85</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1551</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25939">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25939"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>if grep --silent "^install bluetooth" /etc/modprobe.d/bluetooth.conf ; then
        sed -i 's/^install bluetooth.*/install bluetooth /bin/true/g' /etc/modprobe.d/bluetooth.conf
else
        echo -e "\n# Disable per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/modprobe.d/bluetooth.conf
        echo "install bluetooth /bin/true" &gt;&gt; /etc/modprobe.d/bluetooth.conf
fi
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25940">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25940"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Ensure kernel module 'bluetooth' is disabled
  lineinfile:
    create=yes
    dest="/etc/modprobe.d/{{item}}.conf"
    regexp="{{item}}"
    line="install {{item}} /bin/true"
  with_items:
    - bluetooth
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-ipv6" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-ipv6" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-ipv6">IPv6
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-ipv6">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The system includes support for Internet Protocol
version 6. A major and often-mentioned improvement over IPv4 is its
enormous increase in the number of available addresses. Another
important feature is its support for automatic configuration of
many network settings.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-ipv6" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 2 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_ipv6" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_ipv6" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-ipv6"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_ipv6">Disable Support for IPv6 Unless Needed
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_ipv6">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>
Despite configuration that suggests support for IPv6 has
been disabled, link-local IPv6 address auto-configuration occurs
even when only an IPv4 address is assigned. The only way to
effectively prevent execution of the IPv6 networking stack is to
instruct the system not to activate the IPv6 kernel module.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_ipv6" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-ipv6"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 2 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_ipv6_option_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_ipv6_option_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25951" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_ipv6"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_ipv6_option_disabled">Disable IPv6 Networking Support Automatic Loading
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_ipv6_option_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>To prevent the IPv6 kernel module (<code>ipv6</code>) from binding to the
IPv6 networking stack, add the following line to
<code>/etc/modprobe.d/disabled.conf</code> (or another file in
<code>/etc/modprobe.d</code>):
<pre>options ipv6 disable=1</pre>
This permits the IPv6 module to be loaded (and thus satisfy other modules that
depend on it), while disabling support for the IPv6 protocol.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Any unnecessary network stacks - including IPv6 - should be disabled, to reduce
the vulnerability to exploitation.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1551</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25961">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25961"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
# Prevent the IPv6 kernel module (ipv6) from loading the IPv6 networking stack
echo "options ipv6 disable=1" &gt; /etc/modprobe.d/ipv6.conf

# Since according to: https://access.redhat.com/solutions/72733
# "ipv6 disable=1" options doesn't always disable the IPv6 networking stack from
# loading, instruct also sysctl configuration to disable IPv6 according to:
# https://access.redhat.com/solutions/8709#rhel6disable

declare -a IPV6_SETTINGS=("net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6" "net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6")

for setting in ${IPV6_SETTINGS[@]}
do
	# Set runtime =1 for setting
	/sbin/sysctl -q -n -w "$setting=1"

	# If setting is present in /etc/sysctl.conf, change value to "1"
	# else, add "$setting = 1" to /etc/sysctl.conf
	if grep -q ^"$setting" /etc/sysctl.conf ; then
		sed -i "s/^$setting.*/$setting = 1/g" /etc/sysctl.conf
	else
		echo "" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
		echo "# Set $setting = 1 per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
		echo "$setting = 1" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
	fi
done
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_network_ipv6_disable_rpc" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_network_ipv6_disable_rpc" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25971" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_ipv6"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_network_ipv6_disable_rpc">Disable Support for RPC IPv6
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_network_ipv6_disable_rpc">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>RPC services for NFSv4 try to load transport modules for
<code>udp6</code> and <code>tcp6</code> by default, even if IPv6 has been disabled in
<code>/etc/modprobe.d</code>. To prevent RPC services such as <code>rpc.mountd</code>
from attempting to start IPv6 network listeners, remove or comment out the
following two lines in <code>/etc/netconfig</code>:
<pre>udp6       tpi_clts      v     inet6    udp     -       -
tcp6       tpi_cots_ord  v     inet6    tcp     -       -</pre>
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25981">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25981"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
# Drop 'tcp6' and 'udp6' entries from /etc/netconfig to prevent RPC
# services for NFSv4 from attempting to start IPv6 network listeners
declare -a IPV6_RPC_ENTRIES=("tcp6" "udp6")

for rpc_entry in ${IPV6_RPC_ENTRIES[@]}
do
	sed -i "/^$rpc_entry[[:space:]]\+tpi\_.*inet6.*/d" /etc/netconfig
done
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-iptables" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-iptables" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-iptables">iptables and ip6tables
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-iptables">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>A host-based firewall called <code>netfilter</code> is included as
part of the Linux kernel distributed with the system. It is
activated by default. This firewall is controlled by the program
<code>iptables</code>, and the entire capability is frequently referred to by
this name. An analogous program called <code>ip6tables</code> handles filtering
for IPv6.
<br><br>
Unlike TCP Wrappers, which depends on the network server
program to support and respect the rules written, <code>netfilter</code>
filtering occurs at the kernel level, before a program can even
process the data from the network packet. As such, any program on
the system is affected by the rules written.
<br><br>
This section provides basic information about strengthening
the <code>iptables</code> and <code>ip6tables</code> configurations included with the system.
For more complete information that may allow the construction of a
sophisticated ruleset tailored to your environment, please consult
the references at the end of this section.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-iptables" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 3 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_iptables_activation" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_iptables_activation" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-iptables"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_iptables_activation">Inspect and Activate Default Rules
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_iptables_activation">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>View the currently-enforced <code>iptables</code> rules by running
the command:
<pre>$ sudo iptables -nL --line-numbers</pre>
The command is analogous for <code>ip6tables</code>.
<br><br>
If the firewall does not appear to be active (i.e., no rules
appear), activate it and ensure that it starts at boot by issuing
the following commands (and analogously for <code>ip6tables</code>):
<pre>$ sudo service iptables restart</pre>
The default iptables rules are:
<pre>Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
num  target     prot opt source       destination
1    ACCEPT     all  --  0.0.0.0/0    0.0.0.0/0    state RELATED,ESTABLISHED 
2    ACCEPT     icmp --  0.0.0.0/0    0.0.0.0/0
3    ACCEPT     all  --  0.0.0.0/0    0.0.0.0/0
4    ACCEPT     tcp  --  0.0.0.0/0    0.0.0.0/0    state NEW tcp dpt:22 
5    REJECT     all  --  0.0.0.0/0    0.0.0.0/0    reject-with icmp-host-prohibited 

Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
num  target     prot opt source       destination
1    REJECT     all  --  0.0.0.0/0    0.0.0.0/0    reject-with icmp-host-prohibited 

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
num  target     prot opt source       destination</pre>
The <code>ip6tables</code> default rules are essentially the same.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_iptables_activation" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-iptables"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 1 rule</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_iptables_enabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_iptables_enabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm26269" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_iptables_activation"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_iptables_enabled">Verify iptables Enabled
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_iptables_enabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
              
        The <code>iptables</code> service can be enabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig --level 2345 iptables on</pre>
            </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
The <code>iptables</code> service provides the system's host-based firewalling
capability for IPv4 and ICMP.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-4</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CA-3(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">32</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">66</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1115</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1118</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1092</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1117</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1098</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1100</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1097</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1414</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26289">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26289"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>enable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command enable iptables
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26291">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26291"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>enable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Enable service iptables
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="yes"
    state="started"
  with_items:
    - iptables

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ruleset_modifications" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ruleset_modifications" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-iptables"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ruleset_modifications">Strengthen the Default Ruleset
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ruleset_modifications">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The default rules can be strengthened. The system
scripts that activate the firewall rules expect them to be defined
in the configuration files <code>iptables</code> and <code>ip6tables</code> in the directory
<code>/etc/sysconfig</code>. Many of the lines in these files are similar
to the command line arguments that would be provided to the programs
<code>/sbin/iptables</code> or <code>/sbin/ip6tables</code> - but some are quite
different.
<br><br>
The following recommendations describe how to strengthen the
default ruleset configuration file. An alternative to editing this
configuration file is to create a shell script that makes calls to
the iptables program to load in rules, and then invokes service
iptables save to write those loaded rules to
<code>/etc/sysconfig/iptables.</code>
<br><br>
The following alterations can be made directly to
<code>/etc/sysconfig/iptables</code> and <code>/etc/sysconfig/ip6tables</code>.
Instructions apply to both unless otherwise noted. Language and address
conventions for regular iptables are used throughout this section;
configuration for ip6tables will be either analogous or explicitly
covered.</p><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                                The program <code>system-config-securitylevel</code>
allows additional services to penetrate the default firewall rules
and automatically adjusts <code>/etc/sysconfig/iptables</code>. This program
is only useful if the default ruleset meets your security
requirements. Otherwise, this program should not be used to make
changes to the firewall configuration because it re-writes the
saved configuration file.</div></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ruleset_modifications" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-iptables"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 2 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_set_iptables_default_rule" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_set_iptables_default_rule" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm26314" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ruleset_modifications"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_set_iptables_default_rule">Set Default iptables Policy for Incoming Packets
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_set_iptables_default_rule">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>To set the default policy to DROP (instead of ACCEPT) for
the built-in INPUT chain which processes incoming packets,
add or correct the following line in
<code>/etc/sysconfig/iptables</code>:
<pre>:INPUT DROP [0:0]</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>In <code>iptables</code> the default policy is applied only after all
the applicable rules in the table are examined for a match. Setting the
default policy to <code>DROP</code> implements proper design for a firewall, i.e.
any packets which are not explicitly permitted should not be
accepted.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">66</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1109</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1154</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1414</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26327">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26327"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>sed -i 's/^:INPUT ACCEPT.*/:INPUT DROP [0:0]/g' /etc/sysconfig/iptables
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_set_iptables_default_rule_forward" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_set_iptables_default_rule_forward" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm26332" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ruleset_modifications"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_set_iptables_default_rule_forward">Set Default iptables Policy for Forwarded Packets
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_set_iptables_default_rule_forward">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>To set the default policy to DROP (instead of ACCEPT) for
the built-in FORWARD chain which processes packets that will be forwarded from
one interface to another,
add or correct the following line in
<code>/etc/sysconfig/iptables</code>:
<pre>:FORWARD DROP [0:0]</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>In <code>iptables</code>, the default policy is applied only after all
the applicable rules in the table are examined for a match. Setting the
default policy to <code>DROP</code> implements proper design for a firewall, i.e.
any packets which are not explicitly permitted should not be
accepted.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1109</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26342">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26342"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>sed -i 's/^:FORWARD ACCEPT.*/:FORWARD DROP [0:0]/g' /etc/sysconfig/iptables
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-uncommon" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-uncommon" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-uncommon">Uncommon Network Protocols
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-uncommon">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The system includes support for several network
protocols which are not commonly used. Although security vulnerabilities 
in kernel networking code are not frequently
discovered, the consequences can be dramatic. Ensuring uncommon
network protocols are disabled reduces the system's risk to attacks
targeted at its implementation of those protocols.</p><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                                
Although these protocols are not commonly used, avoid disruption
in your network environment by ensuring they are not needed
prior to disabling them.
</div></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-uncommon" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 4 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_dccp_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_dccp_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm26388" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-uncommon"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_dccp_disabled">Disable DCCP Support
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_dccp_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
The Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is a
relatively new transport layer protocol, designed to support
streaming media and telephony.

To configure the system to prevent the <code>dccp</code>
kernel module from being loaded, add the following line to a file in the directory <code>/etc/modprobe.d</code>:
<pre xml:space="preserve">install dccp /bin/true</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Disabling DCCP protects
the system against exploitation of any flaws in its implementation.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">382</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26397">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26397"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>echo "install dccp /bin/true" &gt; /etc/modprobe.d/dccp.conf
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26398">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26398"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Ensure kernel module 'dccp' is disabled
  lineinfile:
    create=yes
    dest="/etc/modprobe.d/{{item}}.conf"
    regexp="{{item}}"
    line="install {{item}} /bin/true"
  with_items:
    - dccp
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_sctp_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_sctp_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm26403" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-uncommon"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_sctp_disabled">Disable SCTP Support
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_sctp_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a
transport layer protocol, designed to support the idea of
message-oriented communication, with several streams of messages
within one connection.

To configure the system to prevent the <code>sctp</code>
kernel module from being loaded, add the following line to a file in the directory <code>/etc/modprobe.d</code>:
<pre xml:space="preserve">install sctp /bin/true</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Disabling SCTP protects
the system against exploitation of any flaws in its implementation.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">382</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26412">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26412"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>echo "install sctp /bin/true" &gt; /etc/modprobe.d/sctp.conf
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26413">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26413"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Ensure kernel module 'sctp' is disabled
  lineinfile:
    create=yes
    dest="/etc/modprobe.d/{{item}}.conf"
    regexp="{{item}}"
    line="install {{item}} /bin/true"
  with_items:
    - sctp
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_rds_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_rds_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm26418" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-uncommon"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_rds_disabled">Disable RDS Support
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_rds_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
The Reliable Datagram Sockets (RDS) protocol is a transport
layer protocol designed to provide reliable high- bandwidth,
low-latency communications between nodes in a cluster.

To configure the system to prevent the <code>rds</code>
kernel module from being loaded, add the following line to a file in the directory <code>/etc/modprobe.d</code>:
<pre xml:space="preserve">install rds /bin/true</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Disabling RDS protects
the system against exploitation of any flaws in its implementation.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">382</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26427">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26427"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>echo "install rds /bin/true" &gt; /etc/modprobe.d/rds.conf
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26428">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26428"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Ensure kernel module 'rds' is disabled
  lineinfile:
    create=yes
    dest="/etc/modprobe.d/{{item}}.conf"
    regexp="{{item}}"
    line="install {{item}} /bin/true"
  with_items:
    - rds
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_tipc_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_tipc_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm26433" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network-uncommon"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_tipc_disabled">Disable TIPC Support
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_kernel_module_tipc_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
The Transparent Inter-Process Communication (TIPC) protocol
is designed to provide communications between nodes in a
cluster.

To configure the system to prevent the <code>tipc</code>
kernel module from being loaded, add the following line to a file in the directory <code>/etc/modprobe.d</code>:
<pre xml:space="preserve">install tipc /bin/true</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Disabling TIPC protects
the system against exploitation of any flaws in its implementation.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">382</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26442">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26442"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>echo "install tipc /bin/true" &gt; /etc/modprobe.d/tipc.conf
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26443">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26443"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>medium</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>true</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Ensure kernel module 'tipc' is disabled
  lineinfile:
    create=yes
    dest="/etc/modprobe.d/{{item}}.conf"
    regexp="{{item}}"
    line="install {{item}} /bin/true"
  with_items:
    - tipc
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_network_disable_zeroconf" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_network_disable_zeroconf" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25485" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_network_disable_zeroconf">Disable Zeroconf Networking
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_network_disable_zeroconf">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Zeroconf networking allows the system to assign itself an IP
address and engage in IP communication without a statically-assigned address or
even a DHCP server. Automatic address assignment via Zeroconf (or DHCP) is not
recommended. To disable Zeroconf automatic route assignment in the 169.254.0.0
subnet, add or correct the following line in <code>/etc/sysconfig/network</code>:
<pre>NOZEROCONF=yes</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Zeroconf addresses are in the network 169.254.0.0. The networking
scripts add entries to the system's routing table for these addresses. Zeroconf
address assignment commonly occurs when the system is configured to use DHCP
but fails to receive an address assignment from the DHCP server.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm25492">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm25492"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>echo "NOZEROCONF=yes" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysconfig/network
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_network_sniffer_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_network_sniffer_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm25495" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_network"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_network_sniffer_disabled">Ensure System is Not Acting as a Network Sniffer
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_network_sniffer_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The system should not be acting as a network sniffer, which can
capture all traffic on the network to which it is connected. Run the following
to determine if any interface is running in promiscuous mode:
<pre>$ ip link | grep PROMISC</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>If any results are returned, then a sniffing process (such as tcpdump
or Wireshark) is likely to be using the interface and this should be
investigated.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">MA-3</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_logging" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_logging" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_system"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_logging">Configure Syslog
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_logging">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The syslog service has been the default Unix logging mechanism for
many years. It has a number of downsides, including inconsistent log format,
lack of authentication for received messages, and lack of authentication,
encryption, or reliable transport for messages sent over a network. However,
due to its long history, syslog is a de facto standard which is supported by
almost all Unix applications.
<br>
<br>
In Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6, rsyslog has replaced ksyslogd as the
syslog daemon of choice, and it includes some additional security features
such as reliable, connection-oriented (i.e. TCP) transmission of logs, the
option to log to database formats, and the encryption of log data en route to
a central logging server.
This section discusses how to configure rsyslog for
best effect, and how to use tools provided with the system to maintain and
monitor logs.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_logging" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_system"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><small>contains 7 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ensure_rsyslog_log_file_configuration" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ensure_rsyslog_log_file_configuration" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_logging"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ensure_rsyslog_log_file_configuration">Ensure Proper Configuration of Log Files
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ensure_rsyslog_log_file_configuration">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>
The file <code>/etc/rsyslog.conf</code> controls where log message are written.
These are controlled by lines called <i>rules</i>, which consist of a
<i>selector</i> and an <i>action</i>.
These rules are often customized depending on the role of the system, the
requirements of the environment, and whatever may enable
the administrator to most effectively make use of log data.
The default rules in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 are:
<pre>*.info;mail.none;authpriv.none;cron.none                /var/log/messages
authpriv.*                                              /var/log/secure
mail.*                                                  -/var/log/maillog
cron.*                                                  /var/log/cron
*.emerg                                                 *
uucp,news.crit                                          /var/log/spooler
local7.*                                                /var/log/boot.log</pre>
See the man page <code>rsyslog.conf(5)</code> for more information.
<i>Note that the <code>rsyslog</code> daemon can be configured to use a timestamp format that
some log processing programs may not understand. If this occurs, 
edit the file <code>/etc/rsyslog.conf</code> and add or edit the following line:</i>
<pre>$ ActionFileDefaultTemplate RSYSLOG_TraditionalFileFormat</pre>
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ensure_rsyslog_log_file_configuration" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_logging"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 1 rule</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_rsyslog_files_groupownership" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_rsyslog_files_groupownership" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm26559" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ensure_rsyslog_log_file_configuration"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_rsyslog_files_groupownership">Ensure Log Files Are Owned By Appropriate Group
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_rsyslog_files_groupownership">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The group-owner of all log files written by
<code>rsyslog</code> should be root.
These log files are determined by the second part of each Rule line in
<code>/etc/rsyslog.conf</code> and typically all appear in <code>/var/log</code>.
For each log file <i>LOGFILE</i> referenced in <code>/etc/rsyslog.conf</code>,
run the following command to inspect the file's group owner:
<pre>$ ls -l <i>LOGFILE</i></pre>
If the owner is not <code>root</code>, run the following command to
correct this:
<pre>$ sudo chgrp root <i>LOGFILE</i></pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The log files generated by rsyslog contain valuable information regarding system
configuration, user authentication, and other such information. Log files should be
protected from unauthorized access.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SI-11</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1314</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_rsyslog_accepting_remote_messages" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_rsyslog_accepting_remote_messages" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_logging"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_rsyslog_accepting_remote_messages">Configure rsyslogd to Accept Remote Messages If Acting as a Log Server
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_rsyslog_accepting_remote_messages">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>
By default, <code>rsyslog</code> does not listen over the network
for log messages. If needed, modules can be enabled to allow
the rsyslog daemon to receive messages from other systems and for the system
thus to act as a log server.
If the machine is not a log server, then lines concerning these modules
should remain commented out.
<br><br>
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_rsyslog_accepting_remote_messages" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_logging"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 3 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_rsyslog_nolisten" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_rsyslog_nolisten" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm26637" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_rsyslog_accepting_remote_messages"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_rsyslog_nolisten">Ensure rsyslog Does Not Accept Remote Messages Unless Acting As Log Server
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_rsyslog_nolisten">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>rsyslog</code> daemon should not accept remote messages
unless the system acts as a log server.
To ensure that it is not listening on the network, ensure the following lines are
<i>not</i> found in <code>/etc/rsyslog.conf</code>:
<pre>$ModLoad imtcp
$InputTCPServerRun <i>port</i>
$ModLoad imudp
$UDPServerRun <i>port</i>
$ModLoad imrelp
$InputRELPServerRun <i>port</i></pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Any process which receives messages from the network incurs some risk
of receiving malicious messages. This risk can be eliminated for
rsyslog by configuring it not to listen on the network.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-9(2)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-4</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_rsyslog_listen_tcp" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_rsyslog_listen_tcp" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm26652" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_rsyslog_accepting_remote_messages"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_rsyslog_listen_tcp">Enable rsyslog to Accept Messages via TCP, if Acting As Log Server
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_rsyslog_listen_tcp">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>rsyslog</code> daemon should not accept remote messages
unless the system acts as a log server.
If the system needs to act as a central log server, add the following lines to
<code>/etc/rsyslog.conf</code> to enable reception of messages over TCP:
<pre>$ModLoad imtcp
$InputTCPServerRun 514</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
If the system needs to act as a log server, this ensures that it can receive
messages over a reliable TCP connection.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-9</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_rsyslog_accept_remote_messages_udp" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_rsyslog_accept_remote_messages_udp" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm26660" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_rsyslog_accepting_remote_messages"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_rsyslog_accept_remote_messages_udp">Enable rsyslog to Accept Messages via UDP, if Acting As Log Server
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_rsyslog_accept_remote_messages_udp">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>rsyslog</code> daemon should not accept remote messages
unless the system acts as a log server.
If the system needs to act as a central log server, add the following lines to
<code>/etc/rsyslog.conf</code> to enable reception of messages over UDP:
<pre>$ModLoad imudp
$UDPServerRun 514</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Many devices, such as switches, routers, and other Unix-like systems, may only support
the traditional syslog transmission over UDP. If the system must act as a log server,
this enables it to receive their messages as well.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-9</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_log_rotation" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_log_rotation" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_logging"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_log_rotation">Ensure All Logs are Rotated by logrotate
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_log_rotation">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>Edit the file <code>/etc/logrotate.d/syslog</code>. Find the first
line, which should look like this (wrapped for clarity):
<pre>/var/log/messages /var/log/secure /var/log/maillog /var/log/spooler \
  /var/log/boot.log /var/log/cron {</pre>
Edit this line so that it contains a one-space-separated
listing of each log file referenced in <code>/etc/rsyslog.conf</code>.
<br><br>
All logs in use on a system must be rotated regularly, or the
log files will consume disk space over time, eventually interfering
with system operation. The file <code>/etc/logrotate.d/syslog</code> is the
configuration file used by the <code>logrotate</code> program to maintain all
log files written by <code>syslog</code>. By default, it rotates logs weekly and
stores four archival copies of each log. These settings can be
modified by editing <code>/etc/logrotate.conf</code>, but the defaults are
sufficient for purposes of this guide.
<br><br>
Note that <code>logrotate</code> is run nightly by the cron job
<code>/etc/cron.daily/logrotate</code>. If particularly active logs need to be
rotated more often than once a day, some other mechanism must be
used.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_log_rotation" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_logging"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 1 rule</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_ensure_logrotate_activated" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_ensure_logrotate_activated" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm26684" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_log_rotation"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_ensure_logrotate_activated">Ensure Logrotate Runs Periodically
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_ensure_logrotate_activated">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>logrotate</code> utility allows for the automatic rotation of 
log files.  The frequency of rotation is specified in <code>/etc/logrotate.conf</code>, 
which triggers a cron task.  To configure logrotate to run daily, add or correct 
the following line in <code>/etc/logrotate.conf</code>:
<pre># rotate log files <i>frequency</i>
daily</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Log files that are not properly rotated run the risk of growing so large
that they fill up the /var/log partition. Valuable logging information could be lost
if the /var/log partition becomes full.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-9</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">366</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_rsyslog_installed" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_rsyslog_installed" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm26478" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_logging"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_rsyslog_installed">Ensure rsyslog is Installed
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_rsyslog_installed">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
Rsyslog is installed by default. 

        The <code>rsyslog</code> package can be installed with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo yum install rsyslog</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
The rsyslog package provides the rsyslog daemon, which provides
system logging services.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-9(2)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1311</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1312</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26487">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26487"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>enable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function package_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local package_operation=$1
local package=$2

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: package_command 'install/uninstall' 'rpm_package_name"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If dnf is installed, use dnf; otherwise, use yum
if [ -f "/usr/bin/dnf" ] ; then
  install_util="/usr/bin/dnf"
else
  install_util="/usr/bin/yum"
fi

if [ "$package_operation" != 'remove' ] ; then
  # If the rpm is not installed, install the rpm
  if ! /bin/rpm -q --quiet $package; then
    $install_util -y $package_operation $package
  fi
else
  # If the rpm is installed, uninstall the rpm
  if /bin/rpm -q --quiet $package; then
    $install_util -y $package_operation $package
  fi
fi

}

package_command install rsyslog
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26489">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26489"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>enable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Ensure rsyslog is installed
  package:
    name="{{item}}"
    state=present
  with_items:
    - rsyslog
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Puppet snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26490">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26490"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>enable</td></tr></table><pre><code>include install_rsyslog

class install_rsyslog {
  package { 'rsyslog':
    ensure =&gt; 'installed',
  }
}
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Anaconda snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26491">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26491"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>enable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
package --add=rsyslog
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rsyslog_enabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rsyslog_enabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm26496" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_logging"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rsyslog_enabled">Enable rsyslog Service
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rsyslog_enabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>rsyslog</code> service provides syslog-style logging by default on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.

        The <code>rsyslog</code> service can be enabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig --level 2345 rsyslog on</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>rsyslog</code> service must be running in order to provide
logging services, which are essential to system administration.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1557</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1312</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1311</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26508">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26508"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>enable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command enable rsyslog
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26510">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26510"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>enable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Enable service rsyslog
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="yes"
    state="started"
  with_items:
    - rsyslog

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditing" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditing" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_system"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditing">System Accounting with auditd
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditing">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The audit service provides substantial capabilities
for recording system activities. By default, the service audits about
SELinux AVC denials and certain types of security-relevant events
such as system logins, account modifications, and authentication
events performed by programs such as sudo.
Under its default configuration, <code>auditd</code> has modest disk space
requirements, and should not noticeably impact system performance.
<br><br>
Government networks often have substantial auditing
requirements and <code>auditd</code> can be configured to meet these
requirements.
Examining some example audit records demonstrates how the Linux audit system
satisfies common requirements.  
The following example from Fedora Documentation available at 
<code><a href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/13/html/Security-Enhanced_Linux/sect-Security-Enhanced_Linux-Fixing_Problems-Raw_Audit_Messages.html">http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/13/html/Security-Enhanced_Linux/sect-Security-Enhanced_Linux-Fixing_Problems-Raw_Audit_Messages.html</a></code>
shows the substantial amount of information captured in a
two typical "raw" audit messages, followed by a breakdown of the most important
fields. In this example the message is SELinux-related and reports an AVC
denial (and the associated system call) that occurred when the Apache HTTP
Server attempted to access the <code>/var/www/html/file1</code> file (labeled with
the <code>samba_share_t</code> type):
<pre>type=AVC msg=audit(1226874073.147:96): avc:  denied  { getattr } for pid=2465 comm="httpd"
path="/var/www/html/file1" dev=dm-0 ino=284133 scontext=unconfined_u:system_r:httpd_t:s0 
tcontext=unconfined_u:object_r:samba_share_t:s0 tclass=file

type=SYSCALL msg=audit(1226874073.147:96): arch=40000003 syscall=196 success=no exit=-13 
a0=b98df198 a1=bfec85dc a2=54dff4 a3=2008171 items=0 ppid=2463 pid=2465 auid=502 uid=48
gid=48 euid=48 suid=48 fsuid=48 egid=48 sgid=48 fsgid=48 tty=(none) ses=6 comm="httpd"
exe="/usr/sbin/httpd" subj=unconfined_u:system_r:httpd_t:s0 key=(null)
</pre>
<ul><li><code>msg=audit(1226874073.147:96)</code><ul><li>The number in parentheses is the unformatted time stamp (Epoch time)
for the event, which can be converted to standard time by using the
<code>date</code> command.
</li></ul></li><li><code>{ getattr }</code><ul><li>The item in braces indicates the permission that was denied. <code>getattr</code>
indicates the source process was trying to read the target file's status information.
This occurs before reading files. This action is denied due to the file being
accessed having the wrong label. Commonly seen permissions include <code>getattr</code>,
<code>read</code>, and <code>write</code>.</li></ul></li><li><code>comm="httpd"</code><ul><li>The executable that launched the process. The full path of the executable is
found in the <code>exe=</code> section of the system call (<code>SYSCALL</code>) message,
which in this case, is <code>exe="/usr/sbin/httpd"</code>.
</li></ul></li><li><code>path="/var/www/html/file1"</code><ul><li>The path to the object (target) the process attempted to access.
</li></ul></li><li><code>scontext="unconfined_u:system_r:httpd_t:s0"</code><ul><li>The SELinux context of the process that attempted the denied action. In
this case, it is the SELinux context of the Apache HTTP Server, which is running
in the <code>httpd_t</code> domain.
</li></ul></li><li><code>tcontext="unconfined_u:object_r:samba_share_t:s0"</code><ul><li>The SELinux context of the object (target) the process attempted to access.
In this case, it is the SELinux context of <code>file1</code>. Note: the <code>samba_share_t</code>
type is not accessible to processes running in the <code>httpd_t</code> domain.</li></ul></li><li> From the system call (<code>SYSCALL</code>) message, two items are of interest:
<ul><li><code>success=no</code>: indicates whether the denial (AVC) was enforced or not.
<code>success=no</code> indicates the system call was not successful (SELinux denied
access). <code>success=yes</code> indicates the system call was successful - this can
be seen for permissive domains or unconfined domains, such as <code>initrc_t</code>
and <code>kernel_t</code>.
</li><li><code>exe="/usr/sbin/httpd"</code>: the full path to the executable that launched
the process, which in this case, is <code>exe="/usr/sbin/httpd"</code>.
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditing" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_system"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><small>contains 38 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_configure_auditd_data_retention" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_configure_auditd_data_retention" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditing"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_configure_auditd_data_retention">Configure auditd Data Retention
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_configure_auditd_data_retention">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>
The audit system writes data to <code>/var/log/audit/audit.log</code>. By default,
<code>auditd</code> rotates 5 logs by size (6MB), retaining a maximum of 30MB of
data in total, and refuses to write entries when the disk is too
full. This minimizes the risk of audit data filling its partition
and impacting other services. This also minimizes the risk of the audit
daemon temporarily disabling the system if it cannot write audit log (which
it can be configured to do).

For a busy
system or a system which is thoroughly auditing system activity, the default settings
for data retention may be
 insufficient. The log file size needed will depend heavily on what types
of events are being audited. First configure auditing to log all the events of
interest. Then monitor the log size manually for awhile to determine what file
size will allow you to keep the required data for the correct time period.
<br><br>
Using a dedicated partition for <code>/var/log/audit</code> prevents the
<code>auditd</code> logs from disrupting system functionality if they fill, and,
more importantly, prevents other activity in <code>/var</code> from filling the
partition and stopping the audit trail. (The audit logs are size-limited and
therefore unlikely to grow without bound unless configured to do so.) Some
machines may have requirements that no actions occur which cannot be audited.
If this is the case, then <code>auditd</code> can be configured to halt the machine
if it runs out of space. <b>Note:</b> Since older logs are rotated,
configuring <code>auditd</code> this way does not prevent older logs from being
rotated away before they can be viewed.

<i>If your system is configured to halt when logging cannot be performed, make
sure this can never happen under normal circumstances! Ensure that
<code>/var/log/audit</code> is on its own partition, and that this partition is
larger than the maximum amount of data <code>auditd</code> will retain
normally.</i>
</p><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-11</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">138</a></p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_configure_auditd_data_retention" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditing"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 7 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_num_logs" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_num_logs" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm26925" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_configure_auditd_data_retention"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_num_logs">Configure auditd Number of Logs Retained
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_num_logs">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Determine how many log files
<code>auditd</code> should retain when it rotates logs.
Edit the file <code>/etc/audit/auditd.conf</code>. Add or modify the following
line, substituting <i>NUMLOGS</i> with the correct value of <abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_auditd_num_logs">5</abbr>:
<pre>num_logs = <i>NUMLOGS</i></pre>
Set the value to 5 for general-purpose systems. 
Note that values less than 2 result in no log rotation.</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The total storage for audit log files must be large enough to retain
log information over the period required. This is a function of the maximum log
file size and the number of logs retained.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-11</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26938">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26938"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
var_auditd_num_logs="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_auditd_num_logs">5</abbr>"

AUDITCONFIG=/etc/audit/auditd.conf

grep -q ^num_logs $AUDITCONFIG &amp;&amp; \
  sed -i 's/^num_logs.*/num_logs = '"$var_auditd_num_logs"'/g' $AUDITCONFIG
if ! [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
  echo "num_logs = $var_auditd_num_logs" &gt;&gt; $AUDITCONFIG
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_max_log_file" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_max_log_file" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm26945" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_configure_auditd_data_retention"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_max_log_file">Configure auditd Max Log File Size
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_max_log_file">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Determine the amount of audit data (in megabytes)
which should be retained in each log file. Edit the file
<code>/etc/audit/auditd.conf</code>. Add or modify the following line, substituting
the correct value of <abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_auditd_max_log_file">6</abbr> for <i>STOREMB</i>:
<pre>max_log_file = <i>STOREMB</i></pre>
Set the value to <code>6</code> (MB) or higher for general-purpose systems.
Larger values, of course,
support retention of even more audit data.</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The total storage for audit log files must be large enough to retain
log information over the period required. This is a function of the maximum
log file size and the number of logs retained.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-11</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26958">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26958"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
var_auditd_max_log_file="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_auditd_max_log_file">6</abbr>"

AUDITCONFIG=/etc/audit/auditd.conf

grep -q ^max_log_file $AUDITCONFIG &amp;&amp; \
  sed -i 's/^max_log_file.*/max_log_file = '"$var_auditd_max_log_file"'/g' $AUDITCONFIG
if ! [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
  echo "max_log_file = $var_auditd_max_log_file" &gt;&gt; $AUDITCONFIG
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_max_log_file_action" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_max_log_file_action" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm26965" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_configure_auditd_data_retention"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_max_log_file_action">Configure auditd max_log_file_action Upon Reaching Maximum Log Size
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_max_log_file_action">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p> The default action to take when the logs reach their maximum size
is to rotate the log files, discarding the oldest one. To configure the action taken
by <code>auditd</code>, add or correct the line in <code>/etc/audit/auditd.conf</code>:
<pre>max_log_file_action = <i>ACTION</i></pre>
Possible values for <i>ACTION</i> are described in the <code>auditd.conf</code> man
page. These include:
<ul><li><code>ignore</code></li><li><code>syslog</code></li><li><code>suspend</code></li><li><code>rotate</code></li><li><code>keep_logs</code></li></ul>
Set the <code><i>ACTION</i></code> to <code>rotate</code> to ensure log rotation
occurs.  This is the default.  The setting is case-insensitive.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Automatically rotating logs (by setting this to <code>rotate</code>)
minimizes the chances of the system unexpectedly running out of disk space by
being overwhelmed with log data. However, for systems that must never discard
log data, or which use external processes to transfer it and reclaim space,
<code>keep_logs</code> can be employed.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-4</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-11</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26995">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26995"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
var_auditd_max_log_file_action="<abbr title="from Profile/refine-value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_auditd_max_log_file_action">keep_logs</abbr>"

AUDITCONFIG=/etc/audit/auditd.conf

grep -q ^max_log_file_action $AUDITCONFIG &amp;&amp; \
  sed -i 's/^max_log_file_action.*/max_log_file_action = '"$var_auditd_max_log_file_action"'/g' $AUDITCONFIG
if ! [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
  echo "max_log_file_action = $var_auditd_max_log_file_action" &gt;&gt; $AUDITCONFIG
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_space_left_action" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_space_left_action" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27002" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_configure_auditd_data_retention"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_space_left_action">Configure auditd space_left Action on Low Disk Space
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_space_left_action">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>auditd</code> service can be configured to take an action
when disk space <i>starts</i> to run low. 
Edit the file <code>/etc/audit/auditd.conf</code>. Modify the following line,
substituting <i>ACTION</i> appropriately:
<pre>space_left_action = <i>ACTION</i></pre>
Possible values for <i>ACTION</i> are described in the <code>auditd.conf</code> man page.
These include:
<ul><li><code>ignore</code></li><li><code>syslog</code></li><li><code>email</code></li><li><code>exec</code></li><li><code>suspend</code></li><li><code>single</code></li><li><code>halt</code></li></ul>
Set this to <code>email</code> (instead of the default,
which is <code>suspend</code>) as it is more likely to get prompt attention. Acceptable values
also include <code>suspend</code>, <code>single</code>, and <code>halt</code>.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Notifying administrators of an impending disk space problem may
allow them to take corrective action prior to any disruption.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-4</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-5(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">140</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">143</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27040">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27040"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
var_auditd_space_left_action="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_auditd_space_left_action">email</abbr>"

#
# If space_left_action present in /etc/audit/auditd.conf, change value
# to var_auditd_space_left_action, else
# add "space_left_action = $var_auditd_space_left_action" to /etc/audit/auditd.conf
#

if grep --silent ^space_left_action /etc/audit/auditd.conf ; then
        sed -i 's/^space_left_action.*/space_left_action = '"$var_auditd_space_left_action"'/g' /etc/audit/auditd.conf
else
        echo -e "\n# Set space_left_action to $var_auditd_space_left_action per security requirements" &gt;&gt; /etc/audit/auditd.conf
        echo "space_left_action = $var_auditd_space_left_action" &gt;&gt; /etc/audit/auditd.conf
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_admin_space_left_action" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_admin_space_left_action" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27047" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_configure_auditd_data_retention"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_admin_space_left_action">Configure auditd admin_space_left Action on Low Disk Space
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_admin_space_left_action">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>auditd</code> service can be configured to take an action
when disk space is running low but prior to running out of space completely. 
Edit the file <code>/etc/audit/auditd.conf</code>. Add or modify the following line,
substituting <i>ACTION</i> appropriately:
<pre>admin_space_left_action = <i>ACTION</i></pre>
Set this value to <code>single</code> to cause the system to switch to single-user
mode for corrective action. Acceptable values also include <code>suspend</code> and
<code>halt</code>. For certain systems, the need for availability
outweighs the need to log all actions, and a different setting should be
determined. Details regarding all possible values for <i>ACTION</i> are described in the
<code>auditd.conf</code> man page.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Administrators should be made aware of an inability to record
audit records. If a separate partition or logical volume of adequate size
is used, running low on space for audit records should never occur.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-4</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-5(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">140</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1343</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27067">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27067"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
var_auditd_admin_space_left_action="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_auditd_admin_space_left_action">single</abbr>"

grep -q ^admin_space_left_action /etc/audit/auditd.conf &amp;&amp; \
  sed -i "s/admin_space_left_action.*/admin_space_left_action = $var_auditd_admin_space_left_action/g" /etc/audit/auditd.conf
if ! [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo "admin_space_left_action = $var_auditd_admin_space_left_action" &gt;&gt; /etc/audit/auditd.conf
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_action_mail_acct" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_action_mail_acct" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27074" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_configure_auditd_data_retention"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_action_mail_acct">Configure auditd mail_acct Action on Low Disk Space
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_data_retention_action_mail_acct">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>auditd</code> service can be configured to send email to
a designated account in certain situations. Add or correct the following line
in <code>/etc/audit/auditd.conf</code> to ensure that administrators are notified
via email for those situations:
<pre>action_mail_acct = <abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_auditd_action_mail_acct">root</abbr></pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Email sent to the root account is typically aliased to the
administrators of the system, who can take appropriate action.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-4</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-5(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">139</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">144</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27088">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27088"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
var_auditd_action_mail_acct="<abbr title="from Benchmark/Value: xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_auditd_action_mail_acct">root</abbr>"

AUDITCONFIG=/etc/audit/auditd.conf

grep -q ^action_mail_acct $AUDITCONFIG &amp;&amp; \
  sed -i 's/^action_mail_acct.*/action_mail_acct = '"$var_auditd_action_mail_acct"'/g' $AUDITCONFIG
if ! [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
  echo "action_mail_acct = $var_auditd_action_mail_acct" &gt;&gt; $AUDITCONFIG
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_audispd_syslog_plugin_activated" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_audispd_syslog_plugin_activated" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27113" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_configure_auditd_data_retention"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_audispd_syslog_plugin_activated">Configure auditd to use audispd's syslog plugin
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_auditd_audispd_syslog_plugin_activated">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>To configure the <code>auditd</code> service to use the
<code>syslog</code> plug-in of the <code>audispd</code> audit event multiplexor, set
the <code>active</code> line in <code>/etc/audisp/plugins.d/syslog.conf</code> to
<code>yes</code>. Restart the <code>auditd</code> service:
<pre>$ sudo service auditd restart</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The auditd service does not include the ability to send audit
records to a centralized server for management directly. It does, however,
include a plug-in for audit event multiplexor (audispd) to pass audit records
to the local syslog server</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-3(2)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">136</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27129">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27129"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
grep -q ^active /etc/audisp/plugins.d/syslog.conf &amp;&amp; \
  sed -i "s/active.*/active = yes/g" /etc/audisp/plugins.d/syslog.conf
if ! [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo "active = yes" &gt;&gt; /etc/audisp/plugins.d/syslog.conf
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditd_configure_rules" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditd_configure_rules" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditing"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditd_configure_rules">Configure auditd Rules for Comprehensive Auditing
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditd_configure_rules">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The <code>auditd</code> program can perform comprehensive
monitoring of system activity. This section describes recommended
configuration settings for comprehensive auditing, but a full
description of the auditing system's capabilities is beyond the
scope of this guide. The mailing list <i>linux-audit@redhat.com</i> exists
to facilitate community discussion of the auditing system.
<br><br>
The audit subsystem supports extensive collection of events, including:
<br>
<ul><li>Tracing of arbitrary system calls (identified by name or number)
on entry or exit.</li><li>Filtering by PID, UID, call success, system call argument (with
some limitations), etc.</li><li>Monitoring of specific files for modifications to the file's
contents or metadata.</li></ul>
<br>
Auditing rules at startup are controlled by the file <code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>.
Add rules to it to meet the auditing requirements for your organization.
Each line in <code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code> represents a series of arguments
that can be passed to <code>auditctl</code> and can be individually tested
during runtime. See documentation in <code>/usr/share/doc/audit-<i>VERSION</i></code> and
in the related man pages for more details.
<br><br>
If copying any example audit rulesets from <code>/usr/share/doc/audit-VERSION</code>,
be sure to comment out the
lines containing <code>arch=</code> which are not appropriate for your system's
architecture. Then review and understand the following rules,
ensuring rules are activated as needed for the appropriate
architecture.
<br><br>
After reviewing all the rules, reading the following sections, and
editing as needed, the new rules can be activated as follows:
<pre>$ sudo service auditd restart</pre>
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditd_configure_rules" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditing"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 29 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_time_rules" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_time_rules" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditd_configure_rules"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_time_rules">Records Events that Modify Date and Time Information
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_time_rules">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>Arbitrary changes to the system time can be used to obfuscate 
nefarious activities in log files, as well as to confuse network services that 
are highly dependent upon an accurate system time. All changes to the system 
time should be audited.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_time_rules" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditd_configure_rules"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 5 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_time_adjtimex" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_time_adjtimex" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27162" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_time_rules"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_time_adjtimex">Record attempts to alter time through adjtimex
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_time_adjtimex">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>On a 32-bit system, add the following to <code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre># audit_time_rules
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S adjtimex -k audit_time_rules</pre>
On a 64-bit system, add the following to <code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre># audit_time_rules
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S adjtimex -k audit_time_rules</pre>
The -k option allows for the specification of a key in string form that can 
be used for better reporting capability through ausearch and aureport.
Multiple system calls can be defined on the same line to save space if 
desired, but is not required. See an example of multiple combined syscalls:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S adjtimex -S settimeofday -k audit_time_rules</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Arbitrary changes to the system time can be used to obfuscate 
nefarious activities in log files, as well as to confuse network services that 
are highly dependent upon an accurate system time (such as sshd). All changes 
to the system time should be audited.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1487</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">169</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27181">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27181"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
        key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
        # Check if particular audit rule is already defined
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(sed -s -n -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "${match}")
        done
        # Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
        # * follow the rule pattern, and
        # * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
        # * are current syscall group specific
        IFS=$'\n' existing_rules=($(sed -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file"))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS

        # Process rules found case-by-case
        for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
        do
                # Found rule is for same arch &amp; key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
                if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
                then
                        # If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
                        rule_syscalls=$(echo $rule | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
                        # Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
                        # of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
                        if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$full_rule"
                        then
                                # Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
                                # subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule =&gt; existing rule can be deleted
                                # Thus delete the rule from audit.rules &amp; our array
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
                        else
                                # Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
                                # for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
                                # group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' =&gt; group='chown'
                                # since 'lchown' &amp; 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
                                # Therefore:
                                # * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
                                # * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
                                # keep those not belonging to this syscall group
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
                                # * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
                                # if the same rule not already present
                                #
                                # 1) Delete the original rule
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                # 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
                                # Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
                                IFS=$'-S' read -a rule_syscalls_as_array &lt;&lt;&lt; "$rule_syscalls"
                                # Reset IFS back to default
                                unset $IFS
                                # Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
                                new_syscalls_for_rule=''
                                # Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
                                for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
                                do
                                        # Skip empty $syscall_arg values
                                        if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
                                        then
                                                continue
                                        fi
                                        # If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
                                        # (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
                                        if grep -q -v -- "$group" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$syscall_arg"
                                        then
                                                new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
                                        fi
                                done
                                # Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
                                updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
                                # Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
                                updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
                                # 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
                                #    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
                                if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
                                then
                                        echo "$updated_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
                                fi
                        fi
                else
                        # $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
                        # architecture &amp; key =&gt; don't insert it second time
                        append_expected_rule=1
                fi
        done

        # We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch &amp; key.
        # Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
        # Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
        if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
        then
                echo "$full_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
        fi
done

}

function rhel6_perform_audit_adjtimex_settimeofday_stime_remediation {

# Perform the remediation for the 'adjtimex', 'settimeofday', and 'stime' audit
# system calls on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 OS
#
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ $(getconf LONG_BIT) = "32" ] &amp;&amp; RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
        PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S .* -k *"
        # Create expected audit group and audit rule form for particular system call &amp; architecture
        if [ ${ARCH} = "b32" ]
        then
                # stime system call is known at 32-bit arch (see e.g "$ ausyscall i386 stime" 's output)
                # so append it to the list of time group system calls to be audited
                GROUP="\(adjtimex\|settimeofday\|stime\)"
                FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S adjtimex -S settimeofday -S stime -k audit_time_rules"
        elif [ ${ARCH} = "b64" ]
        then
                # stime system call isn't known at 64-bit arch (see "$ ausyscall x86_64 stime" 's output)
                # therefore don't add it to the list of time group system calls to be audited
                GROUP="\(adjtimex\|settimeofday\)"
                FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S adjtimex -S settimeofday -k audit_time_rules"
        fi
        # Perform the remediation itself
        fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

}

rhel6_perform_audit_adjtimex_settimeofday_stime_remediation
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_time_settimeofday" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_time_settimeofday" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27187" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_time_rules"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_time_settimeofday">Record attempts to alter time through settimeofday
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_time_settimeofday">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>On a 32-bit system, add the following to <code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre># audit_time_rules
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S settimeofday -k audit_time_rules</pre>
On a 64-bit system, add the following to <code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre># audit_time_rules
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S settimeofday -k audit_time_rules</pre>
The -k option allows for the specification of a key in string form that can 
be used for better reporting capability through ausearch and aureport.
Multiple system calls can be defined on the same line to save space if 
desired, but is not required. See an example of multiple combined syscalls:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S adjtimex -S settimeofday -k audit_time_rules</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Arbitrary changes to the system time can be used to obfuscate 
nefarious activities in log files, as well as to confuse network services that 
are highly dependent upon an accurate system time (such as sshd). All changes 
to the system time should be audited.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1487</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">169</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27206">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27206"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
        key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
        # Check if particular audit rule is already defined
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(sed -s -n -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "${match}")
        done
        # Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
        # * follow the rule pattern, and
        # * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
        # * are current syscall group specific
        IFS=$'\n' existing_rules=($(sed -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file"))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS

        # Process rules found case-by-case
        for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
        do
                # Found rule is for same arch &amp; key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
                if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
                then
                        # If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
                        rule_syscalls=$(echo $rule | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
                        # Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
                        # of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
                        if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$full_rule"
                        then
                                # Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
                                # subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule =&gt; existing rule can be deleted
                                # Thus delete the rule from audit.rules &amp; our array
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
                        else
                                # Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
                                # for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
                                # group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' =&gt; group='chown'
                                # since 'lchown' &amp; 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
                                # Therefore:
                                # * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
                                # * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
                                # keep those not belonging to this syscall group
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
                                # * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
                                # if the same rule not already present
                                #
                                # 1) Delete the original rule
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                # 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
                                # Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
                                IFS=$'-S' read -a rule_syscalls_as_array &lt;&lt;&lt; "$rule_syscalls"
                                # Reset IFS back to default
                                unset $IFS
                                # Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
                                new_syscalls_for_rule=''
                                # Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
                                for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
                                do
                                        # Skip empty $syscall_arg values
                                        if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
                                        then
                                                continue
                                        fi
                                        # If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
                                        # (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
                                        if grep -q -v -- "$group" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$syscall_arg"
                                        then
                                                new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
                                        fi
                                done
                                # Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
                                updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
                                # Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
                                updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
                                # 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
                                #    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
                                if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
                                then
                                        echo "$updated_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
                                fi
                        fi
                else
                        # $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
                        # architecture &amp; key =&gt; don't insert it second time
                        append_expected_rule=1
                fi
        done

        # We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch &amp; key.
        # Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
        # Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
        if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
        then
                echo "$full_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
        fi
done

}

function rhel6_perform_audit_adjtimex_settimeofday_stime_remediation {

# Perform the remediation for the 'adjtimex', 'settimeofday', and 'stime' audit
# system calls on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 OS
#
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ $(getconf LONG_BIT) = "32" ] &amp;&amp; RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
        PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S .* -k *"
        # Create expected audit group and audit rule form for particular system call &amp; architecture
        if [ ${ARCH} = "b32" ]
        then
                # stime system call is known at 32-bit arch (see e.g "$ ausyscall i386 stime" 's output)
                # so append it to the list of time group system calls to be audited
                GROUP="\(adjtimex\|settimeofday\|stime\)"
                FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S adjtimex -S settimeofday -S stime -k audit_time_rules"
        elif [ ${ARCH} = "b64" ]
        then
                # stime system call isn't known at 64-bit arch (see "$ ausyscall x86_64 stime" 's output)
                # therefore don't add it to the list of time group system calls to be audited
                GROUP="\(adjtimex\|settimeofday\)"
                FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S adjtimex -S settimeofday -k audit_time_rules"
        fi
        # Perform the remediation itself
        fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

}

rhel6_perform_audit_adjtimex_settimeofday_stime_remediation
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_time_stime" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_time_stime" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27212" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_time_rules"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_time_stime">Record Attempts to Alter Time Through stime
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_time_stime">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Add the following line to <code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code> for both
32-bit and 64-bit systems:
<pre># audit_time_rules
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S stime -k audit_time_rules</pre>
Since the 64-bit version of the "stime" system call is not defined in the audit
lookup table, the corresponding "-F arch=b64" form of this rule is not expected
to be defined on 64-bit systems (the aforementioned "-F arch=b32" stime rule
form itself is sufficient for both 32-bit and 64-bit systems). The -k option
allows for the specification of a key in string form that can be used for
better reporting capability through ausearch and aureport. Multiple system
calls can be defined on the same line to save space if desired, but is not
required. See an example of multiple combined syscalls:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S adjtimex -S settimeofday -k audit_time_rules</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Arbitrary changes to the system time can be used to obfuscate
nefarious activities in log files, as well as to confuse network services that
are highly dependent upon an accurate system time (such as sshd). All changes
to the system time should be audited.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1487</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">169</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27229">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27229"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
        key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
        # Check if particular audit rule is already defined
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(sed -s -n -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "${match}")
        done
        # Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
        # * follow the rule pattern, and
        # * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
        # * are current syscall group specific
        IFS=$'\n' existing_rules=($(sed -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file"))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS

        # Process rules found case-by-case
        for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
        do
                # Found rule is for same arch &amp; key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
                if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
                then
                        # If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
                        rule_syscalls=$(echo $rule | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
                        # Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
                        # of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
                        if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$full_rule"
                        then
                                # Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
                                # subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule =&gt; existing rule can be deleted
                                # Thus delete the rule from audit.rules &amp; our array
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
                        else
                                # Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
                                # for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
                                # group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' =&gt; group='chown'
                                # since 'lchown' &amp; 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
                                # Therefore:
                                # * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
                                # * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
                                # keep those not belonging to this syscall group
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
                                # * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
                                # if the same rule not already present
                                #
                                # 1) Delete the original rule
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                # 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
                                # Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
                                IFS=$'-S' read -a rule_syscalls_as_array &lt;&lt;&lt; "$rule_syscalls"
                                # Reset IFS back to default
                                unset $IFS
                                # Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
                                new_syscalls_for_rule=''
                                # Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
                                for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
                                do
                                        # Skip empty $syscall_arg values
                                        if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
                                        then
                                                continue
                                        fi
                                        # If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
                                        # (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
                                        if grep -q -v -- "$group" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$syscall_arg"
                                        then
                                                new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
                                        fi
                                done
                                # Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
                                updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
                                # Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
                                updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
                                # 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
                                #    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
                                if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
                                then
                                        echo "$updated_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
                                fi
                        fi
                else
                        # $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
                        # architecture &amp; key =&gt; don't insert it second time
                        append_expected_rule=1
                fi
        done

        # We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch &amp; key.
        # Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
        # Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
        if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
        then
                echo "$full_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
        fi
done

}

function rhel6_perform_audit_adjtimex_settimeofday_stime_remediation {

# Perform the remediation for the 'adjtimex', 'settimeofday', and 'stime' audit
# system calls on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 OS
#
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ $(getconf LONG_BIT) = "32" ] &amp;&amp; RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
        PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S .* -k *"
        # Create expected audit group and audit rule form for particular system call &amp; architecture
        if [ ${ARCH} = "b32" ]
        then
                # stime system call is known at 32-bit arch (see e.g "$ ausyscall i386 stime" 's output)
                # so append it to the list of time group system calls to be audited
                GROUP="\(adjtimex\|settimeofday\|stime\)"
                FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S adjtimex -S settimeofday -S stime -k audit_time_rules"
        elif [ ${ARCH} = "b64" ]
        then
                # stime system call isn't known at 64-bit arch (see "$ ausyscall x86_64 stime" 's output)
                # therefore don't add it to the list of time group system calls to be audited
                GROUP="\(adjtimex\|settimeofday\)"
                FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S adjtimex -S settimeofday -k audit_time_rules"
        fi
        # Perform the remediation itself
        fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

}

rhel6_perform_audit_adjtimex_settimeofday_stime_remediation
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_time_clock_settime" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_time_clock_settime" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27235" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_time_rules"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_time_clock_settime">Record Attempts to Alter Time Through clock_settime
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_time_clock_settime">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>On a 32-bit system, add the following to <code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre># time-change
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S clock_settime -F a0=0x0 -F key=time-change</pre>
On a 64-bit system, add the following to <code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre># time-change
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S clock_settime -F a0=0x0 -F key=time-change</pre>
The -k option allows for the specification of a key in string form that can 
be used for better reporting capability through ausearch and aureport.
Multiple system calls can be defined on the same line to save space if 
desired, but is not required. See an example of multiple combined syscalls:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S adjtimex -S settimeofday -k audit_time_rules</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Arbitrary changes to the system time can be used to obfuscate 
nefarious activities in log files, as well as to confuse network services that 
are highly dependent upon an accurate system time (such as sshd). All changes 
to the system time should be audited.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1487</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">169</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27254">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27254"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# First perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] &amp;&amp; RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S clock_settime -F a0=.* \(-F key=\|-k \).*"
	GROUP="clock_settime"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S clock_settime -F a0=0x0 -k time-change"

function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
        key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
        # Check if particular audit rule is already defined
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(sed -s -n -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "${match}")
        done
        # Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
        # * follow the rule pattern, and
        # * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
        # * are current syscall group specific
        IFS=$'\n' existing_rules=($(sed -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file"))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS

        # Process rules found case-by-case
        for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
        do
                # Found rule is for same arch &amp; key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
                if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
                then
                        # If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
                        rule_syscalls=$(echo $rule | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
                        # Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
                        # of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
                        if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$full_rule"
                        then
                                # Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
                                # subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule =&gt; existing rule can be deleted
                                # Thus delete the rule from audit.rules &amp; our array
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
                        else
                                # Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
                                # for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
                                # group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' =&gt; group='chown'
                                # since 'lchown' &amp; 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
                                # Therefore:
                                # * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
                                # * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
                                # keep those not belonging to this syscall group
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
                                # * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
                                # if the same rule not already present
                                #
                                # 1) Delete the original rule
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                # 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
                                # Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
                                IFS=$'-S' read -a rule_syscalls_as_array &lt;&lt;&lt; "$rule_syscalls"
                                # Reset IFS back to default
                                unset $IFS
                                # Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
                                new_syscalls_for_rule=''
                                # Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
                                for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
                                do
                                        # Skip empty $syscall_arg values
                                        if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
                                        then
                                                continue
                                        fi
                                        # If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
                                        # (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
                                        if grep -q -v -- "$group" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$syscall_arg"
                                        then
                                                new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
                                        fi
                                done
                                # Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
                                updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
                                # Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
                                updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
                                # 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
                                #    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
                                if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
                                then
                                        echo "$updated_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
                                fi
                        fi
                else
                        # $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
                        # architecture &amp; key =&gt; don't insert it second time
                        append_expected_rule=1
                fi
        done

        # We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch &amp; key.
        # Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
        # Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
        if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
        then
                echo "$full_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
        fi
done

}

	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_time_watch_localtime" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_time_watch_localtime" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27260" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_time_rules"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_time_watch_localtime">Record Attempts to Alter the localtime File
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_time_watch_localtime">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Add the following to <code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre>-w /etc/localtime -p wa -k audit_time_rules</pre>
The -k option allows for the specification of a key in string form that can 
be used for better reporting capability through ausearch and aureport and
should always be used.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Arbitrary changes to the system time can be used to obfuscate 
nefarious activities in log files, as well as to confuse network services that 
are highly dependent upon an accurate system time (such as sshd). All changes 
to the system time should be audited.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1487</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">169</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27276">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27276"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# Perform the remediation

function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#       augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Case when particular audit rule is already defined in some of /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules file
        # Get pair -- filepath : matching_row into @matches array
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        # For each of the matched entries
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                # Extract filepath from the match
                rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
                # Append that path into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "$rulesd_audit_file")
        done
        # Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                # Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                # If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
        if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
        then
                # Rule is found =&gt; verify yet if existing rule definition contains
                # all of the required access type bits

                # Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
                local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
                # Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
                local sp="[[:space:]]"
                # Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
                current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
                # Split required access bits string into characters array
                # (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
                for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
                do
                        # For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
                        # if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
                        # If not, append that bit at the end
                        if ! grep -q "$access_bit" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$current_access_bits"
                        then
                                # Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
                                current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
                        fi
                done
                # Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
                # ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
                sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
        else
                # Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
                # with proper key

                echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" &gt;&gt; "$audit_rules_file"
        fi
done
}

fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/localtime" "wa" "audit_time_rules"
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_dac_actions" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_dac_actions" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditd_configure_rules"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_dac_actions">Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_dac_actions">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>At a minimum, the audit system should collect file permission 
changes for all users and root.  Note that the "-F arch=b32" lines should be 
present even on a 64 bit system.  These commands identify system calls for 
auditing.  Even if the system is 64 bit it can still execute 32 bit system 
calls.  Additionally, these rules can be configured in a number of ways while 
still achieving the desired effect.  An example of this is that the "-S" calls 
could be split up and placed on separate lines, however, this is less efficient.
Add the following to <code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chmod -S fchmod -S fchmodat -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod
    -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chown -S fchown -S fchownat -S lchown -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod
    -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S setxattr -S lsetxattr -S fsetxattr -S removexattr -S lremovexattr -S fremovexattr -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
If your system is 64 bit then these lines should be duplicated and the 
arch=b32 replaced with arch=b64 as follows:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chmod -S fchmod -S fchmodat -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod
    -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chown -S fchown -S fchownat -S lchown -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod
    -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S setxattr -S lsetxattr -S fsetxattr -S removexattr -S lremovexattr -S fremovexattr -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_dac_actions" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditd_configure_rules"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 13 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_chmod" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_chmod" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27400" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_dac_actions"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_chmod">Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - chmod
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_chmod">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>At a minimum the audit system should collect file
permission changes for all users and root. Add the following to
<code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chmod -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chmod  -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
</p><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                            Note that these rules can be configured in a 
number of ways while still achieving the desired effect.  Here the system calls 
have been placed independent of other system calls.  Grouping these system
calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
</div></div><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to
gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications
can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and
unauthorized users.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">126</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27417">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27417"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# Perform the remediation for the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ $(getconf LONG_BIT) = "32" ] &amp;&amp; RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S .* -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k *"
	GROUP="chmod"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S chmod -S fchmod -S fchmodat -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod"

function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
        key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
        # Check if particular audit rule is already defined
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(sed -s -n -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "${match}")
        done
        # Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
        # * follow the rule pattern, and
        # * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
        # * are current syscall group specific
        IFS=$'\n' existing_rules=($(sed -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file"))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS

        # Process rules found case-by-case
        for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
        do
                # Found rule is for same arch &amp; key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
                if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
                then
                        # If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
                        rule_syscalls=$(echo $rule | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
                        # Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
                        # of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
                        if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$full_rule"
                        then
                                # Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
                                # subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule =&gt; existing rule can be deleted
                                # Thus delete the rule from audit.rules &amp; our array
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
                        else
                                # Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
                                # for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
                                # group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' =&gt; group='chown'
                                # since 'lchown' &amp; 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
                                # Therefore:
                                # * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
                                # * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
                                # keep those not belonging to this syscall group
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
                                # * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
                                # if the same rule not already present
                                #
                                # 1) Delete the original rule
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                # 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
                                # Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
                                IFS=$'-S' read -a rule_syscalls_as_array &lt;&lt;&lt; "$rule_syscalls"
                                # Reset IFS back to default
                                unset $IFS
                                # Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
                                new_syscalls_for_rule=''
                                # Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
                                for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
                                do
                                        # Skip empty $syscall_arg values
                                        if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
                                        then
                                                continue
                                        fi
                                        # If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
                                        # (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
                                        if grep -q -v -- "$group" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$syscall_arg"
                                        then
                                                new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
                                        fi
                                done
                                # Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
                                updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
                                # Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
                                updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
                                # 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
                                #    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
                                if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
                                then
                                        echo "$updated_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
                                fi
                        fi
                else
                        # $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
                        # architecture &amp; key =&gt; don't insert it second time
                        append_expected_rule=1
                fi
        done

        # We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch &amp; key.
        # Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
        # Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
        if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
        then
                echo "$full_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
        fi
done

}

	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_chown" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_chown" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27423" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_dac_actions"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_chown">Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - chown
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_chown">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>At a minimum the audit system should collect file
permission changes for all users and root. Add the following to
<code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chown -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chown -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
</p><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                            Note that these rules can be configured in a 
number of ways while still achieving the desired effect.  Here the system calls 
have been placed independent of other system calls.  Grouping these system 
calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
</div></div><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to
gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications
can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and
unauthorized users.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">126</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27440">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27440"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# Perform the remediation for the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ $(getconf LONG_BIT) = "32" ] &amp;&amp; RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in ${RULE_ARCHS[@]}
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S .* -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k *"
	GROUP="chown"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S chown -S fchown -S fchownat -S lchown -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod"

function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
        key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
        # Check if particular audit rule is already defined
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(sed -s -n -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "${match}")
        done
        # Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
        # * follow the rule pattern, and
        # * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
        # * are current syscall group specific
        IFS=$'\n' existing_rules=($(sed -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file"))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS

        # Process rules found case-by-case
        for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
        do
                # Found rule is for same arch &amp; key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
                if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
                then
                        # If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
                        rule_syscalls=$(echo $rule | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
                        # Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
                        # of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
                        if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$full_rule"
                        then
                                # Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
                                # subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule =&gt; existing rule can be deleted
                                # Thus delete the rule from audit.rules &amp; our array
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
                        else
                                # Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
                                # for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
                                # group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' =&gt; group='chown'
                                # since 'lchown' &amp; 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
                                # Therefore:
                                # * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
                                # * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
                                # keep those not belonging to this syscall group
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
                                # * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
                                # if the same rule not already present
                                #
                                # 1) Delete the original rule
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                # 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
                                # Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
                                IFS=$'-S' read -a rule_syscalls_as_array &lt;&lt;&lt; "$rule_syscalls"
                                # Reset IFS back to default
                                unset $IFS
                                # Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
                                new_syscalls_for_rule=''
                                # Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
                                for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
                                do
                                        # Skip empty $syscall_arg values
                                        if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
                                        then
                                                continue
                                        fi
                                        # If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
                                        # (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
                                        if grep -q -v -- "$group" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$syscall_arg"
                                        then
                                                new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
                                        fi
                                done
                                # Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
                                updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
                                # Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
                                updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
                                # 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
                                #    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
                                if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
                                then
                                        echo "$updated_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
                                fi
                        fi
                else
                        # $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
                        # architecture &amp; key =&gt; don't insert it second time
                        append_expected_rule=1
                fi
        done

        # We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch &amp; key.
        # Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
        # Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
        if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
        then
                echo "$full_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
        fi
done

}

	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmod" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmod" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27446" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_dac_actions"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmod">Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - fchmod
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmod">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>At a minimum the audit system should collect file
permission changes for all users and root. Add the following to
<code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fchmod -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fchmod -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
</p><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                            Note that these rules can be configured in a
number of ways while still achieving the desired effect.  Here the system calls
have been placed independent of other system calls.  Grouping these system
calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
</div></div><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to
gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications
can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and
unauthorized users.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">126</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27463">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27463"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# Perform the remediation for the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ $(getconf LONG_BIT) = "32" ] &amp;&amp; RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S .* -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k *"
	GROUP="chmod"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S chmod -S fchmod -S fchmodat -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod"

function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
        key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
        # Check if particular audit rule is already defined
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(sed -s -n -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "${match}")
        done
        # Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
        # * follow the rule pattern, and
        # * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
        # * are current syscall group specific
        IFS=$'\n' existing_rules=($(sed -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file"))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS

        # Process rules found case-by-case
        for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
        do
                # Found rule is for same arch &amp; key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
                if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
                then
                        # If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
                        rule_syscalls=$(echo $rule | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
                        # Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
                        # of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
                        if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$full_rule"
                        then
                                # Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
                                # subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule =&gt; existing rule can be deleted
                                # Thus delete the rule from audit.rules &amp; our array
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
                        else
                                # Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
                                # for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
                                # group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' =&gt; group='chown'
                                # since 'lchown' &amp; 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
                                # Therefore:
                                # * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
                                # * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
                                # keep those not belonging to this syscall group
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
                                # * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
                                # if the same rule not already present
                                #
                                # 1) Delete the original rule
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                # 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
                                # Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
                                IFS=$'-S' read -a rule_syscalls_as_array &lt;&lt;&lt; "$rule_syscalls"
                                # Reset IFS back to default
                                unset $IFS
                                # Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
                                new_syscalls_for_rule=''
                                # Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
                                for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
                                do
                                        # Skip empty $syscall_arg values
                                        if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
                                        then
                                                continue
                                        fi
                                        # If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
                                        # (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
                                        if grep -q -v -- "$group" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$syscall_arg"
                                        then
                                                new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
                                        fi
                                done
                                # Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
                                updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
                                # Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
                                updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
                                # 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
                                #    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
                                if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
                                then
                                        echo "$updated_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
                                fi
                        fi
                else
                        # $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
                        # architecture &amp; key =&gt; don't insert it second time
                        append_expected_rule=1
                fi
        done

        # We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch &amp; key.
        # Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
        # Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
        if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
        then
                echo "$full_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
        fi
done

}

	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmodat" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmodat" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27469" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_dac_actions"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmodat">Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - fchmodat
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmodat">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>At a minimum the audit system should collect file
permission changes for all users and root. Add the following to
<code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fchmodat -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fchmodat -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
</p><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                            Note that these rules can be configured in a
number of ways while still achieving the desired effect.  Here the system calls
have been placed independent of other system calls.  Grouping these system
calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
</div></div><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to
gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications
can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and
unauthorized users.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">126</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27486">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27486"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# Perform the remediation for the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ $(getconf LONG_BIT) = "32" ] &amp;&amp; RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S .* -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k *"
	GROUP="chmod"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S chmod -S fchmod -S fchmodat -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod"

function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
        key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
        # Check if particular audit rule is already defined
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(sed -s -n -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "${match}")
        done
        # Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
        # * follow the rule pattern, and
        # * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
        # * are current syscall group specific
        IFS=$'\n' existing_rules=($(sed -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file"))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS

        # Process rules found case-by-case
        for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
        do
                # Found rule is for same arch &amp; key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
                if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
                then
                        # If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
                        rule_syscalls=$(echo $rule | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
                        # Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
                        # of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
                        if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$full_rule"
                        then
                                # Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
                                # subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule =&gt; existing rule can be deleted
                                # Thus delete the rule from audit.rules &amp; our array
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
                        else
                                # Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
                                # for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
                                # group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' =&gt; group='chown'
                                # since 'lchown' &amp; 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
                                # Therefore:
                                # * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
                                # * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
                                # keep those not belonging to this syscall group
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
                                # * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
                                # if the same rule not already present
                                #
                                # 1) Delete the original rule
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                # 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
                                # Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
                                IFS=$'-S' read -a rule_syscalls_as_array &lt;&lt;&lt; "$rule_syscalls"
                                # Reset IFS back to default
                                unset $IFS
                                # Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
                                new_syscalls_for_rule=''
                                # Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
                                for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
                                do
                                        # Skip empty $syscall_arg values
                                        if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
                                        then
                                                continue
                                        fi
                                        # If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
                                        # (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
                                        if grep -q -v -- "$group" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$syscall_arg"
                                        then
                                                new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
                                        fi
                                done
                                # Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
                                updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
                                # Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
                                updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
                                # 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
                                #    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
                                if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
                                then
                                        echo "$updated_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
                                fi
                        fi
                else
                        # $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
                        # architecture &amp; key =&gt; don't insert it second time
                        append_expected_rule=1
                fi
        done

        # We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch &amp; key.
        # Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
        # Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
        if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
        then
                echo "$full_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
        fi
done

}

	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fchown" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fchown" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27492" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_dac_actions"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fchown">Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - fchown
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fchown">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>At a minimum the audit system should collect file
permission changes for all users and root. Add the following to
<code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fchown -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fchown -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
</p><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                            Note that these rules can be configured in a
number of ways while still achieving the desired effect.  Here the system calls
have been placed independent of other system calls.  Grouping these system
calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
</div></div><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to
gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications
can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and
unauthorized users.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">126</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27509">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27509"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# Perform the remediation for the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ $(getconf LONG_BIT) = "32" ] &amp;&amp; RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in ${RULE_ARCHS[@]}
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S .* -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k *"
	GROUP="chown"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S chown -S fchown -S fchownat -S lchown -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod"

function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
        key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
        # Check if particular audit rule is already defined
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(sed -s -n -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "${match}")
        done
        # Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
        # * follow the rule pattern, and
        # * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
        # * are current syscall group specific
        IFS=$'\n' existing_rules=($(sed -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file"))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS

        # Process rules found case-by-case
        for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
        do
                # Found rule is for same arch &amp; key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
                if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
                then
                        # If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
                        rule_syscalls=$(echo $rule | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
                        # Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
                        # of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
                        if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$full_rule"
                        then
                                # Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
                                # subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule =&gt; existing rule can be deleted
                                # Thus delete the rule from audit.rules &amp; our array
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
                        else
                                # Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
                                # for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
                                # group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' =&gt; group='chown'
                                # since 'lchown' &amp; 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
                                # Therefore:
                                # * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
                                # * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
                                # keep those not belonging to this syscall group
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
                                # * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
                                # if the same rule not already present
                                #
                                # 1) Delete the original rule
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                # 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
                                # Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
                                IFS=$'-S' read -a rule_syscalls_as_array &lt;&lt;&lt; "$rule_syscalls"
                                # Reset IFS back to default
                                unset $IFS
                                # Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
                                new_syscalls_for_rule=''
                                # Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
                                for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
                                do
                                        # Skip empty $syscall_arg values
                                        if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
                                        then
                                                continue
                                        fi
                                        # If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
                                        # (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
                                        if grep -q -v -- "$group" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$syscall_arg"
                                        then
                                                new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
                                        fi
                                done
                                # Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
                                updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
                                # Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
                                updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
                                # 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
                                #    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
                                if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
                                then
                                        echo "$updated_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
                                fi
                        fi
                else
                        # $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
                        # architecture &amp; key =&gt; don't insert it second time
                        append_expected_rule=1
                fi
        done

        # We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch &amp; key.
        # Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
        # Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
        if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
        then
                echo "$full_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
        fi
done

}

	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fchownat" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fchownat" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27515" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_dac_actions"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fchownat">Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - fchownat
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fchownat">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>At a minimum the audit system should collect file
permission changes for all users and root. Add the following to
<code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fchownat -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fchownat -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
</p><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                            Note that these rules can be configured in a
number of ways while still achieving the desired effect.  Here the system calls
have been placed independent of other system calls.  Grouping these system
calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
</div></div><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to
gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications
can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and
unauthorized users.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">126</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27532">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27532"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# Perform the remediation for the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ $(getconf LONG_BIT) = "32" ] &amp;&amp; RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in ${RULE_ARCHS[@]}
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S .* -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k *"
	GROUP="chown"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S chown -S fchown -S fchownat -S lchown -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod"

function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
        key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
        # Check if particular audit rule is already defined
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(sed -s -n -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "${match}")
        done
        # Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
        # * follow the rule pattern, and
        # * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
        # * are current syscall group specific
        IFS=$'\n' existing_rules=($(sed -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file"))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS

        # Process rules found case-by-case
        for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
        do
                # Found rule is for same arch &amp; key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
                if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
                then
                        # If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
                        rule_syscalls=$(echo $rule | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
                        # Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
                        # of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
                        if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$full_rule"
                        then
                                # Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
                                # subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule =&gt; existing rule can be deleted
                                # Thus delete the rule from audit.rules &amp; our array
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
                        else
                                # Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
                                # for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
                                # group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' =&gt; group='chown'
                                # since 'lchown' &amp; 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
                                # Therefore:
                                # * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
                                # * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
                                # keep those not belonging to this syscall group
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
                                # * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
                                # if the same rule not already present
                                #
                                # 1) Delete the original rule
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                # 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
                                # Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
                                IFS=$'-S' read -a rule_syscalls_as_array &lt;&lt;&lt; "$rule_syscalls"
                                # Reset IFS back to default
                                unset $IFS
                                # Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
                                new_syscalls_for_rule=''
                                # Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
                                for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
                                do
                                        # Skip empty $syscall_arg values
                                        if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
                                        then
                                                continue
                                        fi
                                        # If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
                                        # (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
                                        if grep -q -v -- "$group" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$syscall_arg"
                                        then
                                                new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
                                        fi
                                done
                                # Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
                                updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
                                # Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
                                updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
                                # 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
                                #    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
                                if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
                                then
                                        echo "$updated_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
                                fi
                        fi
                else
                        # $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
                        # architecture &amp; key =&gt; don't insert it second time
                        append_expected_rule=1
                fi
        done

        # We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch &amp; key.
        # Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
        # Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
        if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
        then
                echo "$full_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
        fi
done

}

	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fremovexattr" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fremovexattr" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27538" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_dac_actions"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fremovexattr">Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - fremovexattr
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fremovexattr">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>At a minimum the audit system should collect file
permission changes for all users and root. Add the following to
<code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fremovexattr -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fremovexattr -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
</p><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                            Note that these rules can be configured in a
number of ways while still achieving the desired effect.  Here the system calls
have been placed independent of other system calls.  Grouping these system
calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
</div></div><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to
gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications
can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and
unauthorized users.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">126</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27555">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27555"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# Perform the remediation for the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ $(getconf LONG_BIT) = "32" ] &amp;&amp; RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit .* -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k *"
	GROUP="xattr"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S setxattr -S lsetxattr -S fsetxattr -S removexattr -S lremovexattr -S fremovexattr -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod"

function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
        key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
        # Check if particular audit rule is already defined
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(sed -s -n -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "${match}")
        done
        # Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
        # * follow the rule pattern, and
        # * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
        # * are current syscall group specific
        IFS=$'\n' existing_rules=($(sed -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file"))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS

        # Process rules found case-by-case
        for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
        do
                # Found rule is for same arch &amp; key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
                if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
                then
                        # If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
                        rule_syscalls=$(echo $rule | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
                        # Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
                        # of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
                        if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$full_rule"
                        then
                                # Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
                                # subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule =&gt; existing rule can be deleted
                                # Thus delete the rule from audit.rules &amp; our array
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
                        else
                                # Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
                                # for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
                                # group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' =&gt; group='chown'
                                # since 'lchown' &amp; 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
                                # Therefore:
                                # * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
                                # * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
                                # keep those not belonging to this syscall group
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
                                # * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
                                # if the same rule not already present
                                #
                                # 1) Delete the original rule
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                # 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
                                # Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
                                IFS=$'-S' read -a rule_syscalls_as_array &lt;&lt;&lt; "$rule_syscalls"
                                # Reset IFS back to default
                                unset $IFS
                                # Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
                                new_syscalls_for_rule=''
                                # Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
                                for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
                                do
                                        # Skip empty $syscall_arg values
                                        if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
                                        then
                                                continue
                                        fi
                                        # If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
                                        # (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
                                        if grep -q -v -- "$group" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$syscall_arg"
                                        then
                                                new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
                                        fi
                                done
                                # Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
                                updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
                                # Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
                                updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
                                # 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
                                #    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
                                if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
                                then
                                        echo "$updated_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
                                fi
                        fi
                else
                        # $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
                        # architecture &amp; key =&gt; don't insert it second time
                        append_expected_rule=1
                fi
        done

        # We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch &amp; key.
        # Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
        # Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
        if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
        then
                echo "$full_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
        fi
done

}

	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fsetxattr" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fsetxattr" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27561" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_dac_actions"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fsetxattr">Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - fsetxattr
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_fsetxattr">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>At a minimum the audit system should collect file
permission changes for all users and root. Add the following to
<code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fsetxattr -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fsetxattr -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
</p><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                            Note that these rules can be configured in a
number of ways while still achieving the desired effect.  Here the system calls
have been placed independent of other system calls.  Grouping these system
calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
</div></div><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to
gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications
can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and
unauthorized users.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">126</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27578">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27578"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# Perform the remediation for the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ $(getconf LONG_BIT) = "32" ] &amp;&amp; RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit .* -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k *"
	GROUP="xattr"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S setxattr -S lsetxattr -S fsetxattr -S removexattr -S lremovexattr -S fremovexattr -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod"

function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
        key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
        # Check if particular audit rule is already defined
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(sed -s -n -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "${match}")
        done
        # Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
        # * follow the rule pattern, and
        # * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
        # * are current syscall group specific
        IFS=$'\n' existing_rules=($(sed -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file"))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS

        # Process rules found case-by-case
        for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
        do
                # Found rule is for same arch &amp; key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
                if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
                then
                        # If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
                        rule_syscalls=$(echo $rule | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
                        # Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
                        # of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
                        if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$full_rule"
                        then
                                # Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
                                # subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule =&gt; existing rule can be deleted
                                # Thus delete the rule from audit.rules &amp; our array
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
                        else
                                # Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
                                # for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
                                # group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' =&gt; group='chown'
                                # since 'lchown' &amp; 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
                                # Therefore:
                                # * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
                                # * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
                                # keep those not belonging to this syscall group
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
                                # * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
                                # if the same rule not already present
                                #
                                # 1) Delete the original rule
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                # 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
                                # Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
                                IFS=$'-S' read -a rule_syscalls_as_array &lt;&lt;&lt; "$rule_syscalls"
                                # Reset IFS back to default
                                unset $IFS
                                # Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
                                new_syscalls_for_rule=''
                                # Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
                                for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
                                do
                                        # Skip empty $syscall_arg values
                                        if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
                                        then
                                                continue
                                        fi
                                        # If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
                                        # (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
                                        if grep -q -v -- "$group" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$syscall_arg"
                                        then
                                                new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
                                        fi
                                done
                                # Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
                                updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
                                # Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
                                updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
                                # 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
                                #    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
                                if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
                                then
                                        echo "$updated_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
                                fi
                        fi
                else
                        # $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
                        # architecture &amp; key =&gt; don't insert it second time
                        append_expected_rule=1
                fi
        done

        # We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch &amp; key.
        # Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
        # Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
        if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
        then
                echo "$full_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
        fi
done

}

	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_lchown" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_lchown" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27584" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_dac_actions"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_lchown">Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - lchown
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_lchown">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>At a minimum the audit system should collect file 
permission changes for all users and root. Add the following to
<code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lchown -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S lchown -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
</p><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                            Note that these rules can be configured in a
number of ways while still achieving the desired effect.  Here the system calls
have been placed independent of other system calls.  Grouping these system
calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
</div></div><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to
gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications
can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and
unauthorized users.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">126</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27601">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27601"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# Perform the remediation for the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ $(getconf LONG_BIT) = "32" ] &amp;&amp; RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in ${RULE_ARCHS[@]}
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S .* -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k *"
	GROUP="chown"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S chown -S fchown -S fchownat -S lchown -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod"

function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
        key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
        # Check if particular audit rule is already defined
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(sed -s -n -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "${match}")
        done
        # Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
        # * follow the rule pattern, and
        # * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
        # * are current syscall group specific
        IFS=$'\n' existing_rules=($(sed -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file"))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS

        # Process rules found case-by-case
        for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
        do
                # Found rule is for same arch &amp; key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
                if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
                then
                        # If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
                        rule_syscalls=$(echo $rule | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
                        # Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
                        # of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
                        if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$full_rule"
                        then
                                # Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
                                # subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule =&gt; existing rule can be deleted
                                # Thus delete the rule from audit.rules &amp; our array
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
                        else
                                # Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
                                # for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
                                # group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' =&gt; group='chown'
                                # since 'lchown' &amp; 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
                                # Therefore:
                                # * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
                                # * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
                                # keep those not belonging to this syscall group
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
                                # * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
                                # if the same rule not already present
                                #
                                # 1) Delete the original rule
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                # 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
                                # Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
                                IFS=$'-S' read -a rule_syscalls_as_array &lt;&lt;&lt; "$rule_syscalls"
                                # Reset IFS back to default
                                unset $IFS
                                # Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
                                new_syscalls_for_rule=''
                                # Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
                                for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
                                do
                                        # Skip empty $syscall_arg values
                                        if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
                                        then
                                                continue
                                        fi
                                        # If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
                                        # (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
                                        if grep -q -v -- "$group" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$syscall_arg"
                                        then
                                                new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
                                        fi
                                done
                                # Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
                                updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
                                # Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
                                updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
                                # 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
                                #    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
                                if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
                                then
                                        echo "$updated_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
                                fi
                        fi
                else
                        # $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
                        # architecture &amp; key =&gt; don't insert it second time
                        append_expected_rule=1
                fi
        done

        # We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch &amp; key.
        # Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
        # Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
        if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
        then
                echo "$full_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
        fi
done

}

	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_lremovexattr" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_lremovexattr" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27607" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_dac_actions"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_lremovexattr">Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - lremovexattr
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_lremovexattr">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>At a minimum the audit system should collect file
permission changes for all users and root. Add the following to
<code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lremovexattr -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S lremovexattr -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
</p><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                            Note that these rules can be configured in a
number of ways while still achieving the desired effect.  Here the system calls
have been placed independent of other system calls.  Grouping these system
calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
</div></div><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to
gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications
can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and
unauthorized users.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">126</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27624">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27624"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# Perform the remediation for the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ $(getconf LONG_BIT) = "32" ] &amp;&amp; RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit .* -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k *"
	GROUP="xattr"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S setxattr -S lsetxattr -S fsetxattr -S removexattr -S lremovexattr -S fremovexattr -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod"

function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
        key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
        # Check if particular audit rule is already defined
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(sed -s -n -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "${match}")
        done
        # Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
        # * follow the rule pattern, and
        # * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
        # * are current syscall group specific
        IFS=$'\n' existing_rules=($(sed -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file"))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS

        # Process rules found case-by-case
        for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
        do
                # Found rule is for same arch &amp; key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
                if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
                then
                        # If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
                        rule_syscalls=$(echo $rule | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
                        # Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
                        # of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
                        if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$full_rule"
                        then
                                # Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
                                # subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule =&gt; existing rule can be deleted
                                # Thus delete the rule from audit.rules &amp; our array
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
                        else
                                # Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
                                # for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
                                # group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' =&gt; group='chown'
                                # since 'lchown' &amp; 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
                                # Therefore:
                                # * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
                                # * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
                                # keep those not belonging to this syscall group
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
                                # * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
                                # if the same rule not already present
                                #
                                # 1) Delete the original rule
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                # 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
                                # Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
                                IFS=$'-S' read -a rule_syscalls_as_array &lt;&lt;&lt; "$rule_syscalls"
                                # Reset IFS back to default
                                unset $IFS
                                # Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
                                new_syscalls_for_rule=''
                                # Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
                                for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
                                do
                                        # Skip empty $syscall_arg values
                                        if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
                                        then
                                                continue
                                        fi
                                        # If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
                                        # (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
                                        if grep -q -v -- "$group" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$syscall_arg"
                                        then
                                                new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
                                        fi
                                done
                                # Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
                                updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
                                # Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
                                updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
                                # 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
                                #    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
                                if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
                                then
                                        echo "$updated_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
                                fi
                        fi
                else
                        # $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
                        # architecture &amp; key =&gt; don't insert it second time
                        append_expected_rule=1
                fi
        done

        # We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch &amp; key.
        # Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
        # Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
        if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
        then
                echo "$full_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
        fi
done

}

	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_lsetxattr" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_lsetxattr" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27630" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_dac_actions"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_lsetxattr">Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - lsetxattr
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_lsetxattr">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>At a minimum the audit system should collect file
permission changes for all users and root. Add the following to
<code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lsetxattr -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S lsetxattr -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
</p><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                            Note that these rules can be configured in a
number of ways while still achieving the desired effect.  Here the system calls
have been placed independent of other system calls.  Grouping these system
calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
</div></div><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to
gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications
can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and
unauthorized users.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">126</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27647">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27647"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# Perform the remediation for the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ $(getconf LONG_BIT) = "32" ] &amp;&amp; RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit .* -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k *"
	GROUP="xattr"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S setxattr -S lsetxattr -S fsetxattr -S removexattr -S lremovexattr -S fremovexattr -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod"

function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
        key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
        # Check if particular audit rule is already defined
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(sed -s -n -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "${match}")
        done
        # Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
        # * follow the rule pattern, and
        # * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
        # * are current syscall group specific
        IFS=$'\n' existing_rules=($(sed -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file"))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS

        # Process rules found case-by-case
        for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
        do
                # Found rule is for same arch &amp; key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
                if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
                then
                        # If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
                        rule_syscalls=$(echo $rule | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
                        # Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
                        # of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
                        if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$full_rule"
                        then
                                # Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
                                # subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule =&gt; existing rule can be deleted
                                # Thus delete the rule from audit.rules &amp; our array
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
                        else
                                # Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
                                # for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
                                # group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' =&gt; group='chown'
                                # since 'lchown' &amp; 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
                                # Therefore:
                                # * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
                                # * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
                                # keep those not belonging to this syscall group
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
                                # * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
                                # if the same rule not already present
                                #
                                # 1) Delete the original rule
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                # 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
                                # Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
                                IFS=$'-S' read -a rule_syscalls_as_array &lt;&lt;&lt; "$rule_syscalls"
                                # Reset IFS back to default
                                unset $IFS
                                # Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
                                new_syscalls_for_rule=''
                                # Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
                                for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
                                do
                                        # Skip empty $syscall_arg values
                                        if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
                                        then
                                                continue
                                        fi
                                        # If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
                                        # (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
                                        if grep -q -v -- "$group" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$syscall_arg"
                                        then
                                                new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
                                        fi
                                done
                                # Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
                                updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
                                # Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
                                updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
                                # 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
                                #    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
                                if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
                                then
                                        echo "$updated_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
                                fi
                        fi
                else
                        # $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
                        # architecture &amp; key =&gt; don't insert it second time
                        append_expected_rule=1
                fi
        done

        # We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch &amp; key.
        # Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
        # Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
        if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
        then
                echo "$full_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
        fi
done

}

	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_removexattr" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_removexattr" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27653" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_dac_actions"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_removexattr">Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - removexattr
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_removexattr">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>At a minimum the audit system should collect file
permission changes for all users and root. Add the following to
<code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S removexattr -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S removexattr -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
</p><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                            Note that these rules can be configured in a
number of ways while still achieving the desired effect.  Here the system calls
have been placed independent of other system calls.  Grouping these system
calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
</div></div><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to
gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications
can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and
unauthorized users.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">126</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27670">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27670"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# Perform the remediation for the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ $(getconf LONG_BIT) = "32" ] &amp;&amp; RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit .* -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k *"
	GROUP="xattr"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S setxattr -S lsetxattr -S fsetxattr -S removexattr -S lremovexattr -S fremovexattr -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod"

function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
        key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
        # Check if particular audit rule is already defined
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(sed -s -n -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "${match}")
        done
        # Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
        # * follow the rule pattern, and
        # * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
        # * are current syscall group specific
        IFS=$'\n' existing_rules=($(sed -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file"))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS

        # Process rules found case-by-case
        for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
        do
                # Found rule is for same arch &amp; key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
                if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
                then
                        # If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
                        rule_syscalls=$(echo $rule | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
                        # Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
                        # of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
                        if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$full_rule"
                        then
                                # Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
                                # subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule =&gt; existing rule can be deleted
                                # Thus delete the rule from audit.rules &amp; our array
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
                        else
                                # Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
                                # for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
                                # group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' =&gt; group='chown'
                                # since 'lchown' &amp; 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
                                # Therefore:
                                # * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
                                # * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
                                # keep those not belonging to this syscall group
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
                                # * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
                                # if the same rule not already present
                                #
                                # 1) Delete the original rule
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                # 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
                                # Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
                                IFS=$'-S' read -a rule_syscalls_as_array &lt;&lt;&lt; "$rule_syscalls"
                                # Reset IFS back to default
                                unset $IFS
                                # Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
                                new_syscalls_for_rule=''
                                # Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
                                for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
                                do
                                        # Skip empty $syscall_arg values
                                        if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
                                        then
                                                continue
                                        fi
                                        # If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
                                        # (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
                                        if grep -q -v -- "$group" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$syscall_arg"
                                        then
                                                new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
                                        fi
                                done
                                # Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
                                updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
                                # Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
                                updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
                                # 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
                                #    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
                                if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
                                then
                                        echo "$updated_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
                                fi
                        fi
                else
                        # $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
                        # architecture &amp; key =&gt; don't insert it second time
                        append_expected_rule=1
                fi
        done

        # We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch &amp; key.
        # Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
        # Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
        if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
        then
                echo "$full_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
        fi
done

}

	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_setxattr" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_setxattr" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27676" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_audit_dac_actions"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_setxattr">Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - setxattr
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_dac_modification_setxattr">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>At a minimum the audit system should collect file
permission changes for all users and root. Add the following to
<code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S setxattr -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S setxattr -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod</pre>
</p><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                            Note that these rules can be configured in a
number of ways while still achieving the desired effect.  Here the system calls
have been placed independent of other system calls.  Grouping these system
calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
</div></div><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to
gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications
can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and
unauthorized users.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">126</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27693">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27693"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# Perform the remediation for the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ $(getconf LONG_BIT) = "32" ] &amp;&amp; RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit .* -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k *"
	GROUP="xattr"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S setxattr -S lsetxattr -S fsetxattr -S removexattr -S lremovexattr -S fremovexattr -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k perm_mod"

function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
        key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
        # Check if particular audit rule is already defined
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(sed -s -n -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "${match}")
        done
        # Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
        # * follow the rule pattern, and
        # * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
        # * are current syscall group specific
        IFS=$'\n' existing_rules=($(sed -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file"))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS

        # Process rules found case-by-case
        for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
        do
                # Found rule is for same arch &amp; key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
                if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
                then
                        # If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
                        rule_syscalls=$(echo $rule | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
                        # Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
                        # of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
                        if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$full_rule"
                        then
                                # Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
                                # subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule =&gt; existing rule can be deleted
                                # Thus delete the rule from audit.rules &amp; our array
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
                        else
                                # Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
                                # for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
                                # group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' =&gt; group='chown'
                                # since 'lchown' &amp; 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
                                # Therefore:
                                # * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
                                # * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
                                # keep those not belonging to this syscall group
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
                                # * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
                                # if the same rule not already present
                                #
                                # 1) Delete the original rule
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                # 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
                                # Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
                                IFS=$'-S' read -a rule_syscalls_as_array &lt;&lt;&lt; "$rule_syscalls"
                                # Reset IFS back to default
                                unset $IFS
                                # Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
                                new_syscalls_for_rule=''
                                # Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
                                for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
                                do
                                        # Skip empty $syscall_arg values
                                        if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
                                        then
                                                continue
                                        fi
                                        # If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
                                        # (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
                                        if grep -q -v -- "$group" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$syscall_arg"
                                        then
                                                new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
                                        fi
                                done
                                # Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
                                updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
                                # Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
                                updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
                                # 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
                                #    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
                                if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
                                then
                                        echo "$updated_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
                                fi
                        fi
                else
                        # $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
                        # architecture &amp; key =&gt; don't insert it second time
                        append_expected_rule=1
                fi
        done

        # We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch &amp; key.
        # Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
        # Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
        if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
        then
                echo "$full_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
        fi
done

}

	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_usergroup_modification" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_usergroup_modification" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27282" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditd_configure_rules"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_usergroup_modification">Record Events that Modify User/Group Information
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_usergroup_modification">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Add the following to <code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>, in order
to capture events that modify account changes:
<pre># audit_rules_usergroup_modification
-w /etc/group -p wa -k audit_rules_usergroup_modification
-w /etc/passwd -p wa -k audit_rules_usergroup_modification
-w /etc/gshadow -p wa -k audit_rules_usergroup_modification
-w /etc/shadow -p wa -k audit_rules_usergroup_modification
-w /etc/security/opasswd -p wa -k audit_rules_usergroup_modification</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>In addition to auditing new user and group accounts, these watches
will alert the system administrator(s) to any modifications. Any
unexpected users, groups, or modifications should be investigated for
legitimacy.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-2(4)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">18</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1403</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1404</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1405</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1684</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1683</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1685</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1686</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27305">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27305"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# Perform the remediation

function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#       augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Case when particular audit rule is already defined in some of /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules file
        # Get pair -- filepath : matching_row into @matches array
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        # For each of the matched entries
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                # Extract filepath from the match
                rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
                # Append that path into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "$rulesd_audit_file")
        done
        # Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                # Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                # If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
        if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
        then
                # Rule is found =&gt; verify yet if existing rule definition contains
                # all of the required access type bits

                # Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
                local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
                # Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
                local sp="[[:space:]]"
                # Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
                current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
                # Split required access bits string into characters array
                # (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
                for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
                do
                        # For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
                        # if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
                        # If not, append that bit at the end
                        if ! grep -q "$access_bit" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$current_access_bits"
                        then
                                # Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
                                current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
                        fi
                done
                # Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
                # ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
                sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
        else
                # Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
                # with proper key

                echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" &gt;&gt; "$audit_rules_file"
        fi
done
}

fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/group" "wa" "audit_rules_usergroup_modification"
fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/passwd" "wa" "audit_rules_usergroup_modification"

function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#       augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Case when particular audit rule is already defined in some of /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules file
        # Get pair -- filepath : matching_row into @matches array
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        # For each of the matched entries
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                # Extract filepath from the match
                rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
                # Append that path into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "$rulesd_audit_file")
        done
        # Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                # Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                # If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
        if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
        then
                # Rule is found =&gt; verify yet if existing rule definition contains
                # all of the required access type bits

                # Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
                local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
                # Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
                local sp="[[:space:]]"
                # Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
                current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
                # Split required access bits string into characters array
                # (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
                for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
                do
                        # For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
                        # if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
                        # If not, append that bit at the end
                        if ! grep -q "$access_bit" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$current_access_bits"
                        then
                                # Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
                                current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
                        fi
                done
                # Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
                # ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
                sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
        else
                # Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
                # with proper key

                echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" &gt;&gt; "$audit_rules_file"
        fi
done
}

fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/gshadow" "wa" "audit_rules_usergroup_modification"
fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/shadow" "wa" "audit_rules_usergroup_modification"

function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#       augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Case when particular audit rule is already defined in some of /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules file
        # Get pair -- filepath : matching_row into @matches array
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        # For each of the matched entries
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                # Extract filepath from the match
                rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
                # Append that path into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "$rulesd_audit_file")
        done
        # Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                # Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                # If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
        if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
        then
                # Rule is found =&gt; verify yet if existing rule definition contains
                # all of the required access type bits

                # Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
                local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
                # Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
                local sp="[[:space:]]"
                # Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
                current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
                # Split required access bits string into characters array
                # (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
                for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
                do
                        # For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
                        # if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
                        # If not, append that bit at the end
                        if ! grep -q "$access_bit" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$current_access_bits"
                        then
                                # Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
                                current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
                        fi
                done
                # Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
                # ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
                sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
        else
                # Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
                # with proper key

                echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" &gt;&gt; "$audit_rules_file"
        fi
done
}

fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/security/opasswd" "wa" "audit_rules_usergroup_modification"
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_networkconfig_modification" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_networkconfig_modification" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27313" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditd_configure_rules"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_networkconfig_modification">Record Events that Modify the System's Network Environment
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_networkconfig_modification">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Add the following to <code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>, setting
ARCH to either b32 or b64 as appropriate for your system:
<pre># audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
-a always,exit -F arch=ARCH -S sethostname -S setdomainname -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
-w /etc/issue -p wa -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
-w /etc/issue.net -p wa -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
-w /etc/hosts -p wa -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
-w /etc/sysconfig/network -p wa -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The network environment should not be modified by anything other
than administrator action. Any change to network parameters should be
audited.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27327">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27327"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# First perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ $(getconf LONG_BIT) = "32" ] &amp;&amp; RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S .* -k *"
	# Use escaped BRE regex to specify rule group
	GROUP="set\(host\|domain\)name"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S sethostname -S setdomainname -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification"

function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
        key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
        # Check if particular audit rule is already defined
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(sed -s -n -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "${match}")
        done
        # Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
        # * follow the rule pattern, and
        # * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
        # * are current syscall group specific
        IFS=$'\n' existing_rules=($(sed -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file"))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS

        # Process rules found case-by-case
        for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
        do
                # Found rule is for same arch &amp; key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
                if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
                then
                        # If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
                        rule_syscalls=$(echo $rule | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
                        # Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
                        # of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
                        if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$full_rule"
                        then
                                # Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
                                # subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule =&gt; existing rule can be deleted
                                # Thus delete the rule from audit.rules &amp; our array
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
                        else
                                # Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
                                # for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
                                # group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' =&gt; group='chown'
                                # since 'lchown' &amp; 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
                                # Therefore:
                                # * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
                                # * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
                                # keep those not belonging to this syscall group
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
                                # * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
                                # if the same rule not already present
                                #
                                # 1) Delete the original rule
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                # 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
                                # Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
                                IFS=$'-S' read -a rule_syscalls_as_array &lt;&lt;&lt; "$rule_syscalls"
                                # Reset IFS back to default
                                unset $IFS
                                # Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
                                new_syscalls_for_rule=''
                                # Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
                                for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
                                do
                                        # Skip empty $syscall_arg values
                                        if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
                                        then
                                                continue
                                        fi
                                        # If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
                                        # (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
                                        if grep -q -v -- "$group" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$syscall_arg"
                                        then
                                                new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
                                        fi
                                done
                                # Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
                                updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
                                # Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
                                updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
                                # 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
                                #    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
                                if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
                                then
                                        echo "$updated_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
                                fi
                        fi
                else
                        # $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
                        # architecture &amp; key =&gt; don't insert it second time
                        append_expected_rule=1
                fi
        done

        # We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch &amp; key.
        # Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
        # Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
        if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
        then
                echo "$full_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
        fi
done

}

	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

# Then perform the remediations for the watch rules

function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#       augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Case when particular audit rule is already defined in some of /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules file
        # Get pair -- filepath : matching_row into @matches array
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        # For each of the matched entries
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                # Extract filepath from the match
                rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
                # Append that path into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "$rulesd_audit_file")
        done
        # Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                # Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                # If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
        if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
        then
                # Rule is found =&gt; verify yet if existing rule definition contains
                # all of the required access type bits

                # Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
                local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
                # Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
                local sp="[[:space:]]"
                # Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
                current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
                # Split required access bits string into characters array
                # (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
                for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
                do
                        # For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
                        # if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
                        # If not, append that bit at the end
                        if ! grep -q "$access_bit" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$current_access_bits"
                        then
                                # Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
                                current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
                        fi
                done
                # Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
                # ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
                sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
        else
                # Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
                # with proper key

                echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" &gt;&gt; "$audit_rules_file"
        fi
done
}

fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/issue" "wa" "audit_rules_networkconfig_modification"
fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/issue.net" "wa" "audit_rules_networkconfig_modification"

function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#       augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Case when particular audit rule is already defined in some of /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules file
        # Get pair -- filepath : matching_row into @matches array
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        # For each of the matched entries
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                # Extract filepath from the match
                rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
                # Append that path into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "$rulesd_audit_file")
        done
        # Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                # Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                # If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
        if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
        then
                # Rule is found =&gt; verify yet if existing rule definition contains
                # all of the required access type bits

                # Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
                local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
                # Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
                local sp="[[:space:]]"
                # Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
                current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
                # Split required access bits string into characters array
                # (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
                for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
                do
                        # For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
                        # if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
                        # If not, append that bit at the end
                        if ! grep -q "$access_bit" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$current_access_bits"
                        then
                                # Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
                                current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
                        fi
                done
                # Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
                # ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
                sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
        else
                # Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
                # with proper key

                echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" &gt;&gt; "$audit_rules_file"
        fi
done
}

fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/hosts" "wa" "audit_rules_networkconfig_modification"
fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/sysconfig/network" "wa" "audit_rules_networkconfig_modification"
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_var_log_audit" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_var_log_audit" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27335" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditd_configure_rules"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_var_log_audit">System Audit Logs Must Have Mode 0640 or Less Permissive
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_var_log_audit">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
If <code>log_group</code> in <code>/etc/audit/auditd.conf</code> is set to a group other than the <code>root</code>
group account, change the mode of the audit log files with the following command:
<pre>$ sudo chmod 0640 <i>audit_file</i></pre>
<br>
Otherwise, change the mode of the audit log files with the following command:
<pre>$ sudo chmod 0600 <i>audit_file</i></pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
If users can write to audit logs, audit trails can be modified or destroyed.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-9</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">166</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27352">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27352"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
if `grep -q ^log_group /etc/audit/auditd.conf` ; then
  GROUP=$(awk -F "=" '/log_group/ {print $2}' /etc/audit/auditd.conf | tr -d ' ')
  if ! [ "${GROUP}" == 'root' ] ; then
    chmod 0640 /var/log/audit/audit.log
    chmod 0440 /var/log/audit/audit.log.*
  else
    chmod 0600 /var/log/audit/audit.log
    chmod 0400 /var/log/audit/audit.log.*
  fi

  chmod 0640 /etc/audit/audit*
  chmod 0640 /etc/audit/rules.d/*
else
  chmod 0600 /var/log/audit/audit.log
  chmod 0400 /var/log/audit/audit.log.*
  chmod 0640 /etc/audit/audit*
  chmod 0640 /etc/audit/rules.d/*
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_ownership_var_log_audit" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_ownership_var_log_audit" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27357" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditd_configure_rules"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_ownership_var_log_audit">System Audit Logs Must Be Owned By Root
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_ownership_var_log_audit">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
            
    To properly set the owner of <code>/var/log</code>, run the command:
    <pre xml:space="preserve">$ sudo chown root /var/log </pre>
          </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Failure to give ownership of the audit log files to root allows the designated 
owner, and unauthorized users, potential access to sensitive information.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-9</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">166</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27368">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27368"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
if `grep -q ^log_group /etc/audit/auditd.conf` ; then
  GROUP=$(awk -F "=" '/log_group/ {print $2}' /etc/audit/auditd.conf | tr -d ' ')
  if ! [ "${GROUP}" == 'root' ] ; then
    chown root.${GROUP} /var/log/audit
    chown root.${GROUP} /var/log/audit/audit.log*
  else
    chown root.root /var/log/audit
    chown root.root /var/log/audit/audit.log*
  fi
else
  chown root.root /var/log/audit
  chown root.root /var/log/audit/audit.log*
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_mac_modification" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_mac_modification" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27373" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditd_configure_rules"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_mac_modification">Record Events that Modify the System's Mandatory Access Controls
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_mac_modification">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Add the following to <code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre>-w /etc/selinux/ -p wa -k MAC-policy</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The system's mandatory access policy (SELinux) should not be
arbitrarily changed by anything other than administrator action. All changes to
MAC policy should be audited.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27387">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27387"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# Perform the remediation

function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#       augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Case when particular audit rule is already defined in some of /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules file
        # Get pair -- filepath : matching_row into @matches array
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        # For each of the matched entries
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                # Extract filepath from the match
                rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
                # Append that path into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "$rulesd_audit_file")
        done
        # Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                # Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                # If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
        if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
        then
                # Rule is found =&gt; verify yet if existing rule definition contains
                # all of the required access type bits

                # Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
                local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
                # Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
                local sp="[[:space:]]"
                # Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
                current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
                # Split required access bits string into characters array
                # (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
                for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
                do
                        # For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
                        # if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
                        # If not, append that bit at the end
                        if ! grep -q "$access_bit" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$current_access_bits"
                        then
                                # Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
                                current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
                        fi
                done
                # Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
                # ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
                sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
        else
                # Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
                # with proper key

                echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" &gt;&gt; "$audit_rules_file"
        fi
done
}

fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/selinux/" "wa" "MAC-policy"
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_login_events" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_login_events" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27699" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditd_configure_rules"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_login_events">Record Attempts to Alter Login and Logout Events
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_login_events">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
The audit system already collects login info for all users and root. To watch for attempted manual edits of
files involved in storing login events, add the following to <code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre>-w /var/log/tallylog -p wa -k logins
-w /var/run/faillock/ -p wa -k logins
-w /var/log/lastlog -p wa -k logins</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Manual editing of these files may indicate nefarious activity, such
as an attacker attempting to remove evidence of an intrusion.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27710">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27710"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# Perform the remediation

function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#       augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Case when particular audit rule is already defined in some of /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules file
        # Get pair -- filepath : matching_row into @matches array
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        # For each of the matched entries
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                # Extract filepath from the match
                rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
                # Append that path into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "$rulesd_audit_file")
        done
        # Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                # Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                # If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
        if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
        then
                # Rule is found =&gt; verify yet if existing rule definition contains
                # all of the required access type bits

                # Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
                local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
                # Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
                local sp="[[:space:]]"
                # Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
                current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
                # Split required access bits string into characters array
                # (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
                for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
                do
                        # For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
                        # if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
                        # If not, append that bit at the end
                        if ! grep -q "$access_bit" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$current_access_bits"
                        then
                                # Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
                                current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
                        fi
                done
                # Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
                # ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
                sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
        else
                # Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
                # with proper key

                echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" &gt;&gt; "$audit_rules_file"
        fi
done
}

fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/var/log/tallylog" "wa" "logins"
fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/var/run/faillock/" "wa" "logins"

function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#       augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Case when particular audit rule is already defined in some of /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules file
        # Get pair -- filepath : matching_row into @matches array
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        # For each of the matched entries
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                # Extract filepath from the match
                rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
                # Append that path into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "$rulesd_audit_file")
        done
        # Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                # Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                # If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
        if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
        then
                # Rule is found =&gt; verify yet if existing rule definition contains
                # all of the required access type bits

                # Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
                local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
                # Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
                local sp="[[:space:]]"
                # Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
                current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
                # Split required access bits string into characters array
                # (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
                for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
                do
                        # For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
                        # if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
                        # If not, append that bit at the end
                        if ! grep -q "$access_bit" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$current_access_bits"
                        then
                                # Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
                                current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
                        fi
                done
                # Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
                # ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
                sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
        else
                # Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
                # with proper key

                echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" &gt;&gt; "$audit_rules_file"
        fi
done
}

fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/var/log/lastlog" "wa" "logins"
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_session_events" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_session_events" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27715" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditd_configure_rules"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_session_events">Record Attempts to Alter Process and Session Initiation Information
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_session_events">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p> The audit system already collects process information for all
users and root. To watch for attempted manual edits of files involved in
storing such process information, add the following to
<code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre>-w /var/run/utmp -p wa -k session
-w /var/log/btmp -p wa -k session
-w /var/log/wtmp -p wa -k session</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Manual editing of these files may indicate nefarious activity, such
as an attacker attempting to remove evidence of an intrusion.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27729">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27729"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# Perform the remediation

function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#       augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Case when particular audit rule is already defined in some of /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules file
        # Get pair -- filepath : matching_row into @matches array
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        # For each of the matched entries
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                # Extract filepath from the match
                rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
                # Append that path into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "$rulesd_audit_file")
        done
        # Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                # Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                # If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
        if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
        then
                # Rule is found =&gt; verify yet if existing rule definition contains
                # all of the required access type bits

                # Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
                local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
                # Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
                local sp="[[:space:]]"
                # Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
                current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
                # Split required access bits string into characters array
                # (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
                for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
                do
                        # For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
                        # if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
                        # If not, append that bit at the end
                        if ! grep -q "$access_bit" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$current_access_bits"
                        then
                                # Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
                                current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
                        fi
                done
                # Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
                # ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
                sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
        else
                # Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
                # with proper key

                echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" &gt;&gt; "$audit_rules_file"
        fi
done
}

fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/var/run/utmp" "wa" "session"
fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/var/log/btmp" "wa" "session"

function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#       augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Case when particular audit rule is already defined in some of /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules file
        # Get pair -- filepath : matching_row into @matches array
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        # For each of the matched entries
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                # Extract filepath from the match
                rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
                # Append that path into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "$rulesd_audit_file")
        done
        # Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                # Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                # If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
        if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
        then
                # Rule is found =&gt; verify yet if existing rule definition contains
                # all of the required access type bits

                # Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
                local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
                # Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
                local sp="[[:space:]]"
                # Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
                current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
                # Split required access bits string into characters array
                # (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
                for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
                do
                        # For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
                        # if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
                        # If not, append that bit at the end
                        if ! grep -q "$access_bit" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$current_access_bits"
                        then
                                # Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
                                current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
                        fi
                done
                # Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
                # ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
                sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
        else
                # Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
                # with proper key

                echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" &gt;&gt; "$audit_rules_file"
        fi
done
}

fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/var/log/wtmp" "wa" "session"
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_media_export" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_media_export" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27784" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditd_configure_rules"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_media_export">Ensure auditd Collects Information on Exporting to Media (successful)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_media_export">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>At a minimum the audit system should collect media
exportation events for all users and root. Add the following to
<code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>, setting ARCH to either b32 or b64 as
appropriate for your system:
<pre>-a always,exit -F arch=ARCH -S mount -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k export</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The unauthorized exportation of data to external media could result in an information leak
where classified information, Privacy Act information, and intellectual property could be lost. An audit
trail should be created each time a filesystem is mounted to help identify and guard against information
loss.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">126</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27799">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27799"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# Perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ $(getconf LONG_BIT) = "32" ] &amp;&amp; RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S .* -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k *"
	GROUP="mount"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S mount -F auid&gt;=500 -F auid!=4294967295 -k export"

function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
        key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
        # Check if particular audit rule is already defined
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(sed -s -n -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "${match}")
        done
        # Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
        # * follow the rule pattern, and
        # * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
        # * are current syscall group specific
        IFS=$'\n' existing_rules=($(sed -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file"))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS

        # Process rules found case-by-case
        for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
        do
                # Found rule is for same arch &amp; key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
                if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
                then
                        # If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
                        rule_syscalls=$(echo $rule | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
                        # Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
                        # of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
                        if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$full_rule"
                        then
                                # Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
                                # subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule =&gt; existing rule can be deleted
                                # Thus delete the rule from audit.rules &amp; our array
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
                        else
                                # Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
                                # for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
                                # group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' =&gt; group='chown'
                                # since 'lchown' &amp; 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
                                # Therefore:
                                # * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
                                # * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
                                # keep those not belonging to this syscall group
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
                                # * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
                                # if the same rule not already present
                                #
                                # 1) Delete the original rule
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                # 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
                                # Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
                                IFS=$'-S' read -a rule_syscalls_as_array &lt;&lt;&lt; "$rule_syscalls"
                                # Reset IFS back to default
                                unset $IFS
                                # Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
                                new_syscalls_for_rule=''
                                # Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
                                for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
                                do
                                        # Skip empty $syscall_arg values
                                        if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
                                        then
                                                continue
                                        fi
                                        # If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
                                        # (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
                                        if grep -q -v -- "$group" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$syscall_arg"
                                        then
                                                new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
                                        fi
                                done
                                # Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
                                updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
                                # Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
                                updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
                                # 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
                                #    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
                                if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
                                then
                                        echo "$updated_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
                                fi
                        fi
                else
                        # $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
                        # architecture &amp; key =&gt; don't insert it second time
                        append_expected_rule=1
                fi
        done

        # We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch &amp; key.
        # Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
        # Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
        if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
        then
                echo "$full_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
        fi
done

}

	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_sysadmin_actions" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_sysadmin_actions" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27826" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditd_configure_rules"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_sysadmin_actions">Ensure auditd Collects System Administrator Actions
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_sysadmin_actions">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>At a minimum the audit system should collect
administrator actions for all users and root. Add the following to
<code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code>:
<pre>-w /etc/sudoers -p wa -k actions</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The actions taken by system administrators should be audited to keep a record
of what was executed on the system, as well as, for accountability purposes.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-2(7)(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">126</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27842">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27842"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# Perform the remediation

function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#       augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Case when particular audit rule is already defined in some of /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules file
        # Get pair -- filepath : matching_row into @matches array
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        # For each of the matched entries
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                # Extract filepath from the match
                rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
                # Append that path into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "$rulesd_audit_file")
        done
        # Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                # Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                # If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
        if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
        then
                # Rule is found =&gt; verify yet if existing rule definition contains
                # all of the required access type bits

                # Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
                local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
                # Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
                local sp="[[:space:]]"
                # Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
                current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
                # Split required access bits string into characters array
                # (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
                for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
                do
                        # For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
                        # if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
                        # If not, append that bit at the end
                        if ! grep -q "$access_bit" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$current_access_bits"
                        then
                                # Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
                                current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
                        fi
                done
                # Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
                # ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
                sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
        else
                # Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
                # with proper key

                echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" &gt;&gt; "$audit_rules_file"
        fi
done
}

fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/sudoers" "wa" "actions"
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_kernel_module_loading" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_kernel_module_loading" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27848" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditd_configure_rules"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_kernel_module_loading">Ensure auditd Collects Information on Kernel Module Loading and Unloading
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_kernel_module_loading">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Add the following to <code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code> in order
to capture kernel module loading and unloading events, setting ARCH to either b32 or b64 as appropriate for your system:
<pre>-w /sbin/insmod -p x -k modules
-w /sbin/rmmod -p x -k modules
-w /sbin/modprobe -p x -k modules
-a always,exit -F arch=<i>ARCH</i> -S init_module -S delete_module -k modules</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The addition/removal of kernel modules can be used to alter the behavior of
the kernel and potentially introduce malicious code into kernel space. It is important
to have an audit trail of modules that have been introduced into the kernel.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">126</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27864">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27864"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>

# First perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
# Note: 32-bit kernel modules can't be loaded / unloaded on 64-bit kernel =&gt;
#       it's not required on a 64-bit system to check also for the presence
#       of 32-bit's equivalent of the corresponding rule. Therefore for
#       each system it's enought to check presence of system's native rule form.
[ $(getconf LONG_BIT) = "32" ] &amp;&amp; RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S .* -k *"
	# Use escaped BRE regex to specify rule group
	GROUP="\(init\|delete\)_module"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S init_module -S delete_module -k modules"

function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
        key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
        # Check if particular audit rule is already defined
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(sed -s -n -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "${match}")
        done
        # Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
        # * follow the rule pattern, and
        # * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
        # * are current syscall group specific
        IFS=$'\n' existing_rules=($(sed -e "/${pattern}/!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file"))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS

        # Process rules found case-by-case
        for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
        do
                # Found rule is for same arch &amp; key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
                if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
                then
                        # If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
                        rule_syscalls=$(echo $rule | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
                        # Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
                        # of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
                        if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$full_rule"
                        then
                                # Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
                                # subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule =&gt; existing rule can be deleted
                                # Thus delete the rule from audit.rules &amp; our array
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
                        else
                                # Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
                                # for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
                                # group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' =&gt; group='chown'
                                # since 'lchown' &amp; 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
                                # Therefore:
                                # * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
                                # * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
                                # keep those not belonging to this syscall group
                                # (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
                                # * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
                                # if the same rule not already present
                                #
                                # 1) Delete the original rule
                                sed -i -e "/$rule/d" "$audit_file"
                                # 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
                                # Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
                                IFS=$'-S' read -a rule_syscalls_as_array &lt;&lt;&lt; "$rule_syscalls"
                                # Reset IFS back to default
                                unset $IFS
                                # Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
                                new_syscalls_for_rule=''
                                # Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
                                for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
                                do
                                        # Skip empty $syscall_arg values
                                        if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
                                        then
                                                continue
                                        fi
                                        # If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
                                        # (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
                                        if grep -q -v -- "$group" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$syscall_arg"
                                        then
                                                new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
                                        fi
                                done
                                # Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
                                updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
                                # Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
                                updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
                                # 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
                                #    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
                                if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
                                then
                                        echo "$updated_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
                                fi
                        fi
                else
                        # $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
                        # architecture &amp; key =&gt; don't insert it second time
                        append_expected_rule=1
                fi
        done

        # We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch &amp; key.
        # Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
        # Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
        if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
        then
                echo "$full_rule" &gt;&gt; "$audit_file"
        fi
done

}

	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

# Then perform the remediations for the watch rules

function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#       augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Case when particular audit rule is already defined in some of /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules file
        # Get pair -- filepath : matching_row into @matches array
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        # For each of the matched entries
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                # Extract filepath from the match
                rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
                # Append that path into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "$rulesd_audit_file")
        done
        # Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                # Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                # If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
        if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
        then
                # Rule is found =&gt; verify yet if existing rule definition contains
                # all of the required access type bits

                # Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
                local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
                # Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
                local sp="[[:space:]]"
                # Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
                current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
                # Split required access bits string into characters array
                # (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
                for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
                do
                        # For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
                        # if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
                        # If not, append that bit at the end
                        if ! grep -q "$access_bit" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$current_access_bits"
                        then
                                # Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
                                current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
                        fi
                done
                # Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
                # ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
                sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
        else
                # Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
                # with proper key

                echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" &gt;&gt; "$audit_rules_file"
        fi
done
}

fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/sbin/insmod" "x" "modules"
fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/sbin/rmmod" "x" "modules"

function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
        echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#       augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#       augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] &amp;&amp; [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
        echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
        echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
        exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
        files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" '/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
        # Case when particular audit rule is already defined in some of /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules file
        # Get pair -- filepath : matching_row into @matches array
        IFS=$'\n' matches=($(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules))
        # Reset IFS back to default
        unset $IFS
        # For each of the matched entries
        for match in "${matches[@]}"
        do
                # Extract filepath from the match
                rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
                # Append that path into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect=("${files_to_inspect[@]}" "$rulesd_audit_file")
        done
        # Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
        if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
        then
                # Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
                files_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
                # If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
                if [ ! -e "$files_to_inspect" ]
                then
                        touch "$files_to_inspect"
                        chmod 0640 "$files_to_inspect"
                fi
        fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

        # Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
        if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
        then
                # Rule is found =&gt; verify yet if existing rule definition contains
                # all of the required access type bits

                # Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
                local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
                # Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
                local sp="[[:space:]]"
                # Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
                current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
                # Split required access bits string into characters array
                # (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
                for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
                do
                        # For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
                        # if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
                        # If not, append that bit at the end
                        if ! grep -q "$access_bit" &lt;&lt;&lt; "$current_access_bits"
                        then
                                # Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
                                current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
                        fi
                done
                # Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
                # ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
                sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
        else
                # Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
                # with proper key

                echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" &gt;&gt; "$audit_rules_file"
        fi
done
}

fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/sbin/modprobe" "x" "modules"
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_immutable" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_immutable" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27872" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditd_configure_rules"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_immutable">Make the auditd Configuration Immutable
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_audit_rules_immutable">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Add the following to <code>/etc/audit/audit.rules</code> in order
to make the configuration immutable:
<pre>-e 2</pre>
With this setting, a reboot will be required to change any
audit rules.</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Making the audit configuration immutable prevents accidental as
well as malicious modification of the audit rules, although it may be
problematic if legitimate changes are needed during system
operation</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm27884">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm27884"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
readonly AUDIT_RULES='/etc/audit/audit.rules'

# If '-e .*' setting present in audit.rules already, delete it since the
# auditctl(8) manual page instructs it should be the last rule in configuration
sed -i '/-e[[:space:]]\+.*/d' $AUDIT_RULES

# Append '-e 2' requirement at the end of audit.rules
echo '' &gt;&gt; $AUDIT_RULES
echo '# Set the audit.rules configuration immutable per security requirements' &gt;&gt; $AUDIT_RULES
echo '# Reboot is required to change audit rules once this setting is applied' &gt;&gt; $AUDIT_RULES
echo '-e 2' &gt;&gt; $AUDIT_RULES
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_auditd_enabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_auditd_enabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm26782" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditing"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_auditd_enabled">Enable auditd Service
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_auditd_enabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>auditd</code> service is an essential userspace component of
the Linux Auditing System, as it is responsible for writing audit records to
disk.

        The <code>auditd</code> service can be enabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig --level 2345 auditd on</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Ensuring the <code>auditd</code> service is active ensures 
audit records generated by the kernel can be written to disk, or that appropriate
actions will be taken if other obstacles exist.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-17(1)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-10</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">347</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">157</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">172</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">880</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1353</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1462</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1487</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1115</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1454</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">067</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">158</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">831</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1190</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1312</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1263</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">130</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">120</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1589</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26814">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26814"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>enable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command enable auditd
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26816">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26816"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>enable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Enable service auditd
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="yes"
    state="started"
  with_items:
    - auditd

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_bootloader_audit_argument" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_bootloader_audit_argument" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm26821" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_auditing"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_bootloader_audit_argument">Enable Auditing for Processes Which Start Prior to the Audit Daemon
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_bootloader_audit_argument">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>To ensure all processes can be audited, even
those which start prior to the audit daemon, add the argument
<code>audit=1</code> to the kernel line in <code>/etc/grub.conf</code>, in the manner below:
<pre>kernel /vmlinuz-version ro vga=ext root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 rhgb quiet audit=1</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Each process on the system carries an "auditable" flag which
indicates whether its activities can be audited. Although <code>auditd</code>
takes care of enabling this for all processes which launch after it
does, adding the kernel argument ensures it is set for every
process during boot.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-17(1)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-14(1)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-1(b)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(a)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-2(d)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-10</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IR-5</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">169</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm26838">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm26838"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>/sbin/grubby --update-kernel=ALL --args="audit=1"
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_benchmark_RHEL-6"><td style="padding-left: 19px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services">Services
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>
The best protection against vulnerable software is running less software. This section describes how to review
the software which Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 installs on a system and disable software which is not needed. It
then enumerates the software packages installed on a default Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 system and provides guidance about which
ones can be safely disabled.
<br><br>
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 provides a convenient minimal install option that essentially installs the bare necessities for a functional
system. When building Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 systems, it is highly recommended to select the minimal packages and then build up
the system from there.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_benchmark_RHEL-6"><td style="padding-left: 19px"><small>contains 62 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_obsolete" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_obsolete" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_obsolete">Obsolete Services
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_obsolete">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>This section discusses a number of network-visible
services which have historically caused problems for system
security, and for which disabling or severely limiting the service
has been the best available guidance for some time. As a result of
this, many of these services are not installed as part of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
by default.
<br><br>
Organizations which are running these services should
switch to more secure equivalents as soon as possible.
If it remains absolutely necessary to run one of
these services for legacy reasons, care should be taken to restrict
the service as much as possible, for instance by configuring host
firewall software such as <code>iptables</code> to restrict access to the
vulnerable service to only those remote hosts which have a known
need to use it.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_obsolete" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><small>contains 9 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_r_services" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_r_services" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_obsolete"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_r_services">Rlogin, Rsh, and Rexec
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_r_services">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The Berkeley r-commands are legacy services which
allow cleartext remote access and have an insecure trust
model.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_r_services" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_obsolete"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 4 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_rsh-server_removed" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_rsh-server_removed" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm27992" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_r_services"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_rsh-server_removed">Uninstall rsh-server Package
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_rsh-server_removed">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>rsh-server</code> package can be uninstalled with
the following command:
<pre>$ sudo yum erase rsh-server</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>rsh-server</code> package provides several obsolete and insecure
network services. Removing it
decreases the risk of those services' accidental (or intentional)
activation.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        high</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">305</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">381</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28002">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28002"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function package_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local package_operation=$1
local package=$2

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: package_command 'install/uninstall' 'rpm_package_name"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If dnf is installed, use dnf; otherwise, use yum
if [ -f "/usr/bin/dnf" ] ; then
  install_util="/usr/bin/dnf"
else
  install_util="/usr/bin/yum"
fi

if [ "$package_operation" != 'remove' ] ; then
  # If the rpm is not installed, install the rpm
  if ! /bin/rpm -q --quiet $package; then
    $install_util -y $package_operation $package
  fi
else
  # If the rpm is installed, uninstall the rpm
  if /bin/rpm -q --quiet $package; then
    $install_util -y $package_operation $package
  fi
fi

}

package_command remove rsh-server
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28004">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28004"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Ensure rsh-server is removed
  package:
    name="{{item}}"
    state=absent
  with_items:
    - rsh-server
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Puppet snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28005">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28005"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>include remove_rsh-server

class remove_rsh-server {
  package { 'rsh-server':
    ensure =&gt; 'purged',
  }
}
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Anaconda snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28006">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28006"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
package -remove=rsh-server
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rexec_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rexec_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28011" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_r_services"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rexec_disabled">Disable rexec Service
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rexec_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>rexec</code> service, which is available with
the <code>rsh-server</code> package and runs as a service through xinetd,
should be disabled.

        The <code>rexec</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig rexec off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The rexec service uses unencrypted network communications, which
means that data from the login session, including passwords and
all other information transmitted during the session, can be
stolen by eavesdroppers on the network.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        high</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">68</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1436</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rsh_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rsh_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28026" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_r_services"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rsh_disabled">Disable rsh Service
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rsh_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>rsh</code> service, which is available with
the <code>rsh-server</code> package and runs as a service through xinetd,
should be disabled.

        The <code>rsh</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig rsh off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The rsh service uses unencrypted network communications, which
means that data from the login session, including passwords and
all other information transmitted during the session, can be
stolen by eavesdroppers on the network.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        high</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(1)(c)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">68</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1436</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rlogin_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rlogin_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28060" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_r_services"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rlogin_disabled">Disable rlogin Service
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rlogin_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>rlogin</code> service, which is available with
the <code>rsh-server</code> package and runs as a service through xinetd,
should be disabled.

        The <code>rlogin</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig rlogin off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The rlogin service uses unencrypted network communications, which
means that data from the login session, including passwords and
all other information transmitted during the session, can be
stolen by eavesdroppers on the network.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        high</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(1)(c)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1436</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_nis" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_nis" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_obsolete"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_nis">NIS
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_nis">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The Network Information Service (NIS), also known as 'Yellow
Pages' (YP), and its successor NIS+ have been made obsolete by
Kerberos, LDAP, and other modern centralized authentication
services. NIS should not be used because it suffers from security
problems inherent in its design, such as inadequate protection of
important authentication information.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_nis" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_obsolete"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 2 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_ypserv_removed" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_ypserv_removed" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28093" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_nis"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_ypserv_removed">Uninstall ypserv Package
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_ypserv_removed">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>ypserv</code> package can be uninstalled with
the following command:
<pre>$ sudo yum erase ypserv</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Removing the <code>ypserv</code> package decreases the risk of the
accidental (or intentional) activation of NIS or NIS+ services.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">305</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">381</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28103">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28103"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function package_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local package_operation=$1
local package=$2

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: package_command 'install/uninstall' 'rpm_package_name"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If dnf is installed, use dnf; otherwise, use yum
if [ -f "/usr/bin/dnf" ] ; then
  install_util="/usr/bin/dnf"
else
  install_util="/usr/bin/yum"
fi

if [ "$package_operation" != 'remove' ] ; then
  # If the rpm is not installed, install the rpm
  if ! /bin/rpm -q --quiet $package; then
    $install_util -y $package_operation $package
  fi
else
  # If the rpm is installed, uninstall the rpm
  if /bin/rpm -q --quiet $package; then
    $install_util -y $package_operation $package
  fi
fi

}

package_command remove ypserv
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28105">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28105"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Ensure ypserv is removed
  package:
    name="{{item}}"
    state=absent
  with_items:
    - ypserv
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Puppet snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28106">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28106"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>include remove_ypserv

class remove_ypserv {
  package { 'ypserv':
    ensure =&gt; 'purged',
  }
}
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Anaconda snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28107">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28107"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
package -remove=ypserv
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_ypbind_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_ypbind_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28112" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_nis"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_ypbind_disabled">Disable ypbind Service
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_ypbind_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>ypbind</code> service, which allows the system to act as a client in
a NIS or NIS+ domain, should be disabled.

        The <code>ypbind</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig ypbind off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Disabling the <code>ypbind</code> service ensures the system is not acting
as a client in a NIS or NIS+ domain.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">305</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28122">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28122"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable ypbind
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28124">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28124"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service ypbind
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - ypbind

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_tftp" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_tftp" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_obsolete"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_tftp">TFTP Server
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_tftp">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>
TFTP is a lightweight version of the FTP protocol which has
traditionally been used to configure networking equipment. However,
TFTP provides little security, and modern versions of networking
operating systems frequently support configuration via SSH or other
more secure protocols. A TFTP server should be run only if no more
secure method of supporting existing equipment can be
found.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_tftp" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_obsolete"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 3 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_tftp_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_tftp_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28146" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_tftp"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_tftp_disabled">Disable tftp Service
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_tftp_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>tftp</code> service should be disabled.

        The <code>tftp</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig tftp off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Disabling the <code>tftp</code> service ensures the system is not acting
as a TFTP server, which does not provide encryption or authentication.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1436</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28156">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28156"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable tftp
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28158">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28158"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service tftp
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - tftp

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_tftp-server_removed" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_tftp-server_removed" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28163" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_tftp"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_tftp-server_removed">Uninstall tftp-server Package
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_tftp-server_removed">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
            
        The <code>tftp-server</code> package can be removed with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo yum erase tftp-server</pre>
          </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Removing the <code>tftp-server</code> package decreases the risk of the
accidental (or intentional) activation of tftp services.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">305</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_tftpd_uses_secure_mode" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_tftpd_uses_secure_mode" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28186" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_tftp"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_tftpd_uses_secure_mode">Ensure tftp Daemon Uses Secure Mode
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_tftpd_uses_secure_mode">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>If running the <code>tftp</code> service is necessary, it should be configured
to change its root directory at startup. To do so, ensure
<code>/etc/xinetd.d/tftp</code> includes <code>-s</code> as a command line argument, as shown in
the following example (which is also the default):
<pre>server_args = -s /var/lib/tftpboot</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Using the <code>-s</code> option causes the TFTP service to only serve files from the
given directory. Serving files from an intentionally-specified directory
reduces the risk of sharing files which should remain private.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        high</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">366</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base">Base Services
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>This section addresses the base services that are installed on a
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 default installation which are not covered in other
sections. Some of these services listen on the network and
should be treated with particular discretion. Other services are local
system utilities that may or may not be extraneous. In general, system services
should be disabled if not required.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><small>contains 21 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_abrtd_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_abrtd_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28238" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_abrtd_disabled">Disable Automatic Bug Reporting Tool (abrtd)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_abrtd_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The Automatic Bug Reporting Tool (<code>abrtd</code>) daemon collects
and reports crash data when an application crash is detected. Using a variety
of plugins, abrtd can email crash reports to system administrators, log crash
reports to files, or forward crash reports to a centralized issue tracking
system such as RHTSupport.

        The <code>abrtd</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig abrtd off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p> Mishandling crash data could expose sensitive information about
vulnerabilities in software executing on the local machine, as well as sensitive
information from within a process's address space or registers.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">381</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28247">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28247"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable abrtd
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28249">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28249"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service abrtd
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - abrtd

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_acpid_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_acpid_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28254" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_acpid_disabled">Disable Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (acpid)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_acpid_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface Daemon (<code>acpid</code>)
dispatches ACPI events (such as power/reset button depressed) to userspace
programs.

        The <code>acpid</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig acpid off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>ACPI support is highly desirable for systems in some network roles,
such as laptops or desktops. For other systems, such as servers, it may permit
accidental or trivially achievable denial of service situations and disabling
it is appropriate.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28262">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28262"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable acpid
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28264">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28264"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service acpid
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - acpid

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_certmonger_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_certmonger_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28269" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_certmonger_disabled">Disable Certmonger Service (certmonger)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_certmonger_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Certmonger is a D-Bus based service that attempts to simplify interaction
with certifying authorities on networks which use public-key infrastructure. It is often
combined with Red Hat's IPA (Identity Policy Audit) security information management
solution to aid in the management of certificates.

        The <code>certmonger</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig certmonger off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The services provided by certmonger may be essential for systems
fulfilling some roles a PKI infrastructure, but its functionality is not necessary
for many other use cases.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28276">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28276"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable certmonger
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28278">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28278"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service certmonger
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - certmonger

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_cgconfig_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_cgconfig_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28283" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_cgconfig_disabled">Disable Control Group Config (cgconfig)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_cgconfig_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Control groups allow an administrator to allocate system resources (such as CPU,
memory, network bandwidth, etc) among a defined group (or groups) of processes executing on
a system. The <code>cgconfig</code> daemon starts at boot and establishes the predefined control groups.

        The <code>cgconfig</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig cgconfig off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Unless control groups are used to manage system resources, running the cgconfig
service is not necessary.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28291">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28291"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable cgconfig
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28293">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28293"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service cgconfig
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - cgconfig

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_cpuspeed_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_cpuspeed_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28314" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_cpuspeed_disabled">Disable CPU Speed (cpuspeed)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_cpuspeed_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>cpuspeed</code> service can adjust the clock speed of supported CPUs based upon
the current processing load thereby conserving power and reducing heat.

        The <code>cpuspeed</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig cpuspeed off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>cpuspeed</code> service is only necessary if adjusting the CPU clock speed
provides benefit. Traditionally this has included laptops (to enhance battery life),
but may also apply to server or desktop environments where conserving power is
highly desirable or necessary.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28323">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28323"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable cpuspeed
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28325">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28325"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service cpuspeed
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - cpuspeed

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_haldaemon_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_haldaemon_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28330" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_haldaemon_disabled">Disable Hardware Abstraction Layer Service (haldaemon)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_haldaemon_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The Hardware Abstraction Layer Daemon (<code>haldaemon</code>) collects
and maintains information about the system's hardware configuration. 
This service is required on a workstation
running a desktop environment, and may be necessary on any system which
deals with removable media or devices.

        The <code>haldaemon</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig haldaemon off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The haldaemon provides essential functionality on systems
that use removable media or devices, but can be disabled for systems
that do not require these.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28338">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28338"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable haldaemon
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28340">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28340"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service haldaemon
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - haldaemon

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_mdmonitor_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_mdmonitor_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28376" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_mdmonitor_disabled">Disable Software RAID Monitor (mdmonitor)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_mdmonitor_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>mdmonitor</code> service is used for monitoring a software RAID array; hardware
RAID setups do not use this service.

        The <code>mdmonitor</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig mdmonitor off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>If software RAID monitoring is not required,
there is no need to run this service.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28384">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28384"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable mdmonitor
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28386">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28386"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service mdmonitor
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - mdmonitor

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_messagebus_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_messagebus_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28391" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_messagebus_disabled">Disable D-Bus IPC Service (messagebus)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_messagebus_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>D-Bus provides an IPC mechanism used by 
a growing list of programs, such as those used for Gnome, Bluetooth, and Avahi.
Due to these dependencies, disabling D-Bus may not be practical for
many systems.

        The <code>messagebus</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig messagebus off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>If no services which require D-Bus are needed, then it
can be disabled. As a broker for IPC between processes of different privilege levels,
it could be a target for attack. However, disabling D-Bus is likely to be
impractical for any system which needs to provide
a graphical login session.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28398">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28398"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable messagebus
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28400">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28400"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service messagebus
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - messagebus

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_netconsole_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_netconsole_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28405" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_netconsole_disabled">Disable Network Console (netconsole)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_netconsole_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>netconsole</code> service is responsible for loading the
netconsole kernel module, which logs kernel printk messages over UDP to a
syslog server. This allows debugging of problems where disk logging fails and
serial consoles are impractical.

        The <code>netconsole</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig netconsole off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>netconsole</code> service is not necessary unless there is a need to debug
kernel panics, which is not common.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">381</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28415">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28415"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable netconsole
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28417">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28417"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service netconsole
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - netconsole

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_ntpdate_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_ntpdate_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28422" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_ntpdate_disabled">Disable ntpdate Service (ntpdate)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_ntpdate_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>ntpdate</code> service sets the local hardware clock by polling NTP servers
when the system boots. It synchronizes to the NTP servers listed in
<code>/etc/ntp/step-tickers</code> or <code>/etc/ntp.conf</code>
and then sets the local hardware clock to the newly synchronized
system time.

        The <code>ntpdate</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig ntpdate off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>ntpdate</code> service may only be suitable for systems which
are rebooted frequently enough that clock drift does not cause problems between
reboots. In any event, the functionality of the ntpdate service is now
available in the ntpd program and should be considered deprecated.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">382</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_oddjobd_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_oddjobd_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28438" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_oddjobd_disabled">Disable Odd Job Daemon (oddjobd)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_oddjobd_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>oddjobd</code> service exists to provide an interface and
access control mechanism through which
specified privileged tasks can run tasks for unprivileged client
applications. Communication with <code>oddjobd</code> through the system message bus.

        The <code>oddjobd</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig oddjobd off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>oddjobd</code> service may provide necessary functionality in
some environments, and can be disabled if it is not needed. Execution of
tasks by privileged programs, on behalf of unprivileged ones, has traditionally
been a source of privilege escalation security issues.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">381</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28449">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28449"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable oddjobd
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28451">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28451"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service oddjobd
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - oddjobd

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_portreserve_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_portreserve_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28456" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_portreserve_disabled">Disable Portreserve (portreserve)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_portreserve_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>portreserve</code> service is a TCP port reservation utility that can
be used to prevent portmap from binding to well known TCP ports that are
required for other services.

        The <code>portreserve</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig portreserve off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>portreserve</code> service provides helpful functionality by
preventing conflicting usage of ports in the reserved port range, but it can be
disabled if not needed.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28465">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28465"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable portreserve
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28467">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28467"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service portreserve
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - portreserve

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_psacct_enabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_psacct_enabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28472" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_psacct_enabled">Enable Process Accounting (psacct)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_psacct_enabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The process accounting service, <code>psacct</code>, works with programs
including <code>acct</code> and <code>ac</code> to allow system administrators to view
user activity, such as commands issued by users of the system.

        The <code>psacct</code> service can be enabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig --level 2345 psacct on</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>psacct</code> service can provide administrators a convenient
view into some user activities. However, it should be noted that the auditing
system and its audit records provide more authoritative and comprehensive
records.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-12</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28484">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28484"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>enable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command enable psacct
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28486">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28486"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>enable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Enable service psacct
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="yes"
    state="started"
  with_items:
    - psacct

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_qpidd_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_qpidd_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28491" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_qpidd_disabled">Disable Apache Qpid (qpidd)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_qpidd_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>qpidd</code> service provides high speed, secure,
guaranteed delivery services.  It is an implementation of the Advanced Message
Queuing Protocol.  By default the qpidd service will bind to port 5672 and
listen for connection attempts.

        The <code>qpidd</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig qpidd off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The qpidd service is automatically installed when the "base" 
package selection is selected during installation.  The qpidd service listens 
for network connections, which increases the attack surface of the system.  If 
the system is not intended to receive AMQP traffic, then the <code>qpidd</code> 
service is not needed and should be disabled or removed.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">382</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28501">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28501"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable qpidd
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28503">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28503"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service qpidd
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - qpidd

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_quota_nld_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_quota_nld_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28508" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_quota_nld_disabled">Disable Quota Netlink (quota_nld)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_quota_nld_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>quota_nld</code> service provides notifications to
users of disk space quota violations. It listens to the kernel via a netlink
socket for disk quota violations and notifies the appropriate user of the
violation using D-Bus or by sending a message to the terminal that the user has
last accessed.

        The <code>quota_nld</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig quota_nld off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>If disk quotas are enforced on the local system, then the
<code>quota_nld</code> service likely provides useful functionality and should
remain enabled. However, if disk quotas are not used or user notification of
disk quota violation is not desired then there is no need to run this
service.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28517">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28517"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable quota_nld
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28519">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28519"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service quota_nld
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - quota_nld

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rdisc_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rdisc_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28524" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rdisc_disabled">Disable Network Router Discovery Daemon (rdisc)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rdisc_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>rdisc</code> service implements the client side of the ICMP
Internet Router Discovery Protocol (IRDP), which allows discovery of routers on
the local subnet. If a router is discovered then the local routing table is
updated with a corresponding default route. By default this daemon is disabled.

        The <code>rdisc</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig rdisc off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>General-purpose systems typically have their network and routing
information configured statically by a system administrator. Workstations or
some special-purpose systems often use DHCP (instead of IRDP) to retrieve
dynamic network configuration information.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-4</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">382</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28534">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28534"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable rdisc
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28536">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28536"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service rdisc
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - rdisc

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rhnsd_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rhnsd_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28541" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rhnsd_disabled">Disable Red Hat Network Service (rhnsd)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rhnsd_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The Red Hat Network service automatically queries Red Hat Network
servers to determine whether there are any actions that should be executed,
such as package updates. This only occurs if the system was registered to an
RHN server or satellite and managed as such.

        The <code>rhnsd</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig rhnsd off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Although systems management and patching is extremely important to
system security, management by a system outside the enterprise enclave is not
desirable for some environments.  However, if the system is being managed by RHN or
 RHN Satellite Server the <code>rhnsd</code> daemon can remain on. </p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">382</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28550">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28550"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable rhnsd
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28552">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28552"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service rhnsd
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - rhnsd

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rhsmcertd_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rhsmcertd_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28557" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rhsmcertd_disabled">Disable Red Hat Subscription Manager Daemon (rhsmcertd)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_rhsmcertd_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The Red Hat Subscription Manager (rhsmcertd) periodically checks for
changes in the entitlement certificates for a registered system and updates it
accordingly.

        The <code>rhsmcertd</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig rhsmcertd off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>rhsmcertd</code> service can provide administrators with some
additional control over which of their systems are entitled to particular
subscriptions. However, for systems that are managed locally or which are not
expected to require remote changes to their subscription status, it is
unnecessary and can be disabled.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28565">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28565"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable rhsmcertd
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28567">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28567"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service rhsmcertd
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - rhsmcertd

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_saslauthd_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_saslauthd_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28572" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_saslauthd_disabled">Disable Cyrus SASL Authentication Daemon (saslauthd)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_saslauthd_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>saslauthd</code> service handles plaintext authentication requests on
behalf of the SASL library. The service isolates all code requiring superuser
privileges for SASL authentication into a single process, and can also be used
to provide proxy authentication services to clients that do not understand SASL
based authentication.

        The <code>saslauthd</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig saslauthd off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>saslauthd</code> service provides essential functionality for
performing authentication in some directory environments, such as those which
use Kerberos and LDAP. For others, however, in which only local files may be
consulted, it is not necessary and should be disabled.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28581">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28581"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable saslauthd
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28583">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28583"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service saslauthd
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - saslauthd

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_smartd_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_smartd_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28588" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_smartd_disabled">Disable SMART Disk Monitoring Service (smartd)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_smartd_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>SMART (Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology) is a
feature of hard drives that allows them to detect symptoms of disk failure and
relay an appropriate warning.

        The <code>smartd</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig smartd off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>SMART can help protect against denial of
service due to failing hardware. Nevertheless, if it is not needed or the
system's drives are not SMART-capable (such as solid state drives), it can be
disabled.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28595">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28595"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable smartd
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28597">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28597"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service smartd
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - smartd

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_sysstat_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_sysstat_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28602" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_base"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_sysstat_disabled">Disable System Statistics Reset Service (sysstat)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_sysstat_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>sysstat</code> service resets various I/O and CPU
performance statistics to zero in order to begin counting from a fresh state
at boot time.

        The <code>sysstat</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig sysstat off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>By default the <code>sysstat</code> service merely runs a program at
boot to reset the statistics, which can be retrieved using programs such as
<code>sar</code> and <code>sadc</code>. These may provide useful insight into system
operation, but unless used this service can be disabled.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28613">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28613"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable sysstat
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28615">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28615"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service sysstat
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - sysstat

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_cron_and_at" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_cron_and_at" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_cron_and_at">Cron and At Daemons
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_cron_and_at">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The cron and at services are used to allow commands to
be executed at a later time. The cron service is required by almost
all systems to perform necessary maintenance tasks, while at may or
may not be required on a given system. Both daemons should be
configured defensively.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_cron_and_at" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><small>contains 3 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_crond_enabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_crond_enabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28623" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_cron_and_at"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_crond_enabled">Enable cron Service
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_crond_enabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>crond</code> service is used to execute commands at
preconfigured times. It is required by almost all systems to perform necessary
maintenance tasks, such as notifying root of system activity.

        The <code>crond</code> service can be enabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig --level 2345 crond on</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Due to its usage for maintenance and security-supporting tasks,
enabling the cron daemon is essential.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28631">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28631"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>enable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command enable crond
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28633">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28633"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>enable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Enable service crond
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="yes"
    state="started"
  with_items:
    - crond

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_disable_anacron" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_disable_anacron" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28638" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_cron_and_at"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_disable_anacron">Disable anacron Service
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_disable_anacron">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>cronie-anacron</code> package, which provides <code>anacron</code>
functionality, is installed by default. 

        The <code>cronie-anacron</code> package can be removed with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo yum erase cronie-anacron</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
The <code>anacron</code> service provides <code>cron</code> functionality for systems
such as laptops and workstations that may be shut down during the normal times
that <code>cron</code> jobs are scheduled to run. On systems which do not require this
additional functionality, <code>anacron</code> could needlessly increase the possible
attack surface for an intruder.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_atd_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_atd_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28653" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_cron_and_at"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_atd_disabled">Disable At Service (atd)
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_atd_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>at</code> and <code>batch</code> commands can be used to
schedule tasks that are meant to be executed only once. This allows delayed
execution in a manner similar to cron, except that it is not
recurring. The daemon <code>atd</code> keeps track of tasks scheduled via
<code>at</code> and <code>batch</code>, and executes them at the specified time.

        The <code>atd</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig atd off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
The <code>atd</code> service could be used by an unsophisticated insider to carry
out activities outside of a normal login session, which could complicate
accountability. Furthermore, the need to schedule tasks with <code>at</code> or
<code>batch</code> is not common.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">381</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28669">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28669"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable atd
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28671">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28671"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service atd
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - atd

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ssh" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ssh" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ssh">SSH Server
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ssh">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The SSH protocol is recommended for remote login and
remote file transfer. SSH provides confidentiality and integrity
for data exchanged between two systems, as well as server
authentication, through the use of public key cryptography. The
implementation included with the system is called OpenSSH, and more
detailed documentation is available from its website,
<a href="http://www.openssh.org">http://www.openssh.org</a>. Its server program is called <code>sshd</code> and
provided by the RPM package <code>openssh-server</code>.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ssh" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><small>contains 3 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ssh_server" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ssh_server" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ssh"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ssh_server">Configure OpenSSH Server if Necessary
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ssh_server">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>If the system needs to act as an SSH server, then
certain changes should be made to the OpenSSH daemon configuration
file <code>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</code>. The following recommendations can be
applied to this file. See the <code>sshd_config(5)</code> man page for more
detailed information.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ssh_server" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ssh"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 3 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sshd_allow_only_protocol2" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sshd_allow_only_protocol2" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28738" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ssh_server"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sshd_allow_only_protocol2">Allow Only SSH Protocol 2
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sshd_allow_only_protocol2">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Only SSH protocol version 2 connections should be
permitted. The default setting in
<code>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</code> is correct, and can be
verified by ensuring that the following
line appears:
<pre>Protocol 2</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
SSH protocol version 1 suffers from design flaws that
result in security vulnerabilities and
should not be used.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        high</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3(10)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(1)(c)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">776</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">774</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1436</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28749">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28749"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function replace_or_append {
  local config_file=$1
  local key=$2
  local value=$3
  local cce=$4
  local format=$5

  # Check sanity of the input
  if [ $# -lt "3" ]
  then
        echo "Usage: replace_or_append 'config_file_location' 'key_to_search' 'new_value'"
        echo
        echo "If symlinks need to be taken into account, add yes/no to the last argument"
        echo "to allow to 'follow_symlinks'."
        echo "Aborting."
        exit 1
  fi

  # Test if the config_file is a symbolic link. If so, use --follow-symlinks with sed.
  # Otherwise, regular sed command will do.
  if test -L $config_file; then
    sed_command="sed -i --follow-symlinks"
  else
    sed_command="sed -i"
  fi

  # Test that the cce arg is not empty or does not equal $CCENUM.
  # If $CCENUM exists, it means that there is no CCE assigned.
  if ! [ "x$cce" = x ] &amp;&amp; [ "$cce" != '$CCENUM' ]; then
    cce="CCE-${cce}"
  else
    cce="CCE"
  fi

  # Strip any search characters in the key arg so that the key can be replaced without
  # adding any search characters to the config file.
  stripped_key=$(sed "s/[\^=\$,;+]*//g" &lt;&lt;&lt; $key)

  # If there is no print format specified in the last arg, use the default format.
  if ! [ "x$format" = x ] ; then
    printf -v formatted_output "$format" $stripped_key $value
  else
    formatted_output="$stripped_key = $value"
  fi

  # If the key exists, change it. Otherwise, add it to the config_file.
  if `grep -qi $key $config_file` ; then
    $sed_command "s/$key.*/$formatted_output/g" $config_file
  else
    echo -ne "\n# Per $cce: Set $formatted_output in $config_file" &gt;&gt; $config_file
    echo -ne "\n$formatted_output" &gt;&gt; $config_file
  fi

}

replace_or_append '/etc/ssh/sshd_config' '^Protocol' '2' 'CCE-27072-8' '%s %s'
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sshd_disable_root_login" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sshd_disable_root_login" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28842" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ssh_server"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sshd_disable_root_login">Disable SSH Root Login
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sshd_disable_root_login">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The root user should never be allowed to login to a
system directly over a network.
To disable root login via SSH, add or correct the following line
in <code>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</code>:
<pre>PermitRootLogin no</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Permitting direct root login reduces auditable information about who ran
privileged commands on the system
and also allows direct attack attempts on root's password.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-6(2)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-2(1)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">770</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28852">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28852"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
SSHD_CONFIG='/etc/ssh/sshd_config'

# Obtain line number of first uncommented case-insensitive occurrence of Match
# block directive (possibly prefixed with whitespace) present in $SSHD_CONFIG
FIRST_MATCH_BLOCK=$(sed -n '/^[[:space:]]*Match[^\n]*/I{=;q}' $SSHD_CONFIG)

# Obtain line number of first uncommented case-insensitive occurence of
# PermitRootLogin directive (possibly prefixed with whitespace) present in
# $SSHD_CONFIG
FIRST_PERMIT_ROOT_LOGIN=$(sed -n '/^[[:space:]]*PermitRootLogin[^\n]*/I{=;q}' $SSHD_CONFIG)

# Case: Match block directive not present in $SSHD_CONFIG
if [ -z "$FIRST_MATCH_BLOCK" ]
then

    # Case: PermitRootLogin directive not present in $SSHD_CONFIG yet
    if [ -z "$FIRST_PERMIT_ROOT_LOGIN" ]
    then
        # Append 'PermitRootLogin no' at the end of $SSHD_CONFIG
        echo -e "\nPermitRootLogin no" &gt;&gt; $SSHD_CONFIG

    # Case: PermitRootLogin directive present in $SSHD_CONFIG already
    else
        # Replace first uncommented case-insensitive occurrence
        # of PermitRootLogin directive
        sed -i "$FIRST_PERMIT_ROOT_LOGIN s/^[[:space:]]*PermitRootLogin.*$/PermitRootLogin no/I" $SSHD_CONFIG
    fi

# Case: Match block directive present in $SSHD_CONFIG
else

    # Case: PermitRootLogin directive not present in $SSHD_CONFIG yet
    if [ -z "$FIRST_PERMIT_ROOT_LOGIN" ]
    then
        # Prepend 'PermitRootLogin no' before first uncommented
        # case-insensitive occurrence of Match block directive
        sed -i "$FIRST_MATCH_BLOCK s/^\([[:space:]]*Match[^\n]*\)/PermitRootLogin no\n\1/I" $SSHD_CONFIG

    # Case: PermitRootLogin directive present in $SSHD_CONFIG and placed
    #       before first Match block directive
    elif [ "$FIRST_PERMIT_ROOT_LOGIN" -lt "$FIRST_MATCH_BLOCK" ]
    then
        # Replace first uncommented case-insensitive occurrence
        # of PermitRootLogin directive
        sed -i "$FIRST_PERMIT_ROOT_LOGIN s/^[[:space:]]*PermitRootLogin.*$/PermitRootLogin no/I" $SSHD_CONFIG

    # Case: PermitRootLogin directive present in $SSHD_CONFIG and placed
    # after first Match block directive
    else
         # Prepend 'PermitRootLogin no' before first uncommented
         # case-insensitive occurrence of Match block directive
         sed -i "$FIRST_MATCH_BLOCK s/^\([[:space:]]*Match[^\n]*\)/PermitRootLogin no\n\1/I" $SSHD_CONFIG
    fi
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sshd_use_approved_ciphers" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sshd_use_approved_ciphers" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm28896" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ssh_server"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sshd_use_approved_ciphers">Use Only Approved Ciphers
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sshd_use_approved_ciphers">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Limit the ciphers to those algorithms which are FIPS-approved.
Counter (CTR) mode is also preferred over cipher-block chaining (CBC) mode.
The following line in <code>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</code>
demonstrates use of FIPS-approved ciphers:
<pre>Ciphers aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc</pre>
The man page <code>sshd_config(5)</code> contains a list of supported ciphers.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Approved algorithms should impart some level of confidence in their
implementation. These are also required for compliance.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-17(2)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">SI-7</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-5(1)(c)</a>, <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">IA-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">803</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1144</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1145</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1146</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm28912">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm28912"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>grep -q ^Ciphers /etc/ssh/sshd_config &amp;&amp; \
  sed -i "s/Ciphers.*/Ciphers aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc/g" /etc/ssh/sshd_config
if ! [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo "Ciphers aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc" &gt;&gt; /etc/ssh/sshd_config
fi
</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_xwindows" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_xwindows" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_xwindows">X Window System
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_xwindows">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The X Window System implementation included with the
system is called X.org.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_xwindows" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><small>contains 1 rule</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_xwindows" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_xwindows" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_xwindows"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_xwindows">Disable X Windows
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_xwindows">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>Unless there is a mission-critical reason for the
system to run a graphical user interface, ensure X is not set to start
automatically at boot and remove the X Windows software packages.
There is usually no reason to run X Windows
on a dedicated server machine, as it increases the system's attack surface and consumes
system resources. Administrators of server systems should instead login via
SSH or on the text console.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_xwindows" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_xwindows"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 1 rule</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_xwindows_runlevel_setting" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_xwindows_runlevel_setting" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29015" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_xwindows"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_xwindows_runlevel_setting">Disable X Windows Startup By Setting Runlevel
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_xwindows_runlevel_setting">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Setting the system's runlevel to 3 will prevent automatic startup
of the X server. To do so, ensure the following line in <code>/etc/inittab</code>
features a <code>3</code> as shown:
<pre>id:3:initdefault:</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Unnecessary services should be disabled to decrease the attack surface of the system.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AC-3</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">366</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_avahi" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_avahi" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_avahi">Avahi Server
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_avahi">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The Avahi daemon implements the DNS Service Discovery
and Multicast DNS protocols, which provide service and host
discovery on a network. It allows a system to automatically
identify resources on the network, such as printers or web servers.
This capability is also known as mDNSresponder and is a major part
of Zeroconf networking. </p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_avahi" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><small>contains 1 rule</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_service_avahi-daemon_disabled_group" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_service_avahi-daemon_disabled_group" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_avahi"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_service_avahi-daemon_disabled_group">Disable Avahi Server if Possible
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_service_avahi-daemon_disabled_group">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>Because the Avahi daemon service keeps an open network
port, it is subject to network attacks.
Disabling it can reduce the system's vulnerability to such attacks.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_service_avahi-daemon_disabled_group" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_avahi"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 1 rule</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_avahi-daemon_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_avahi-daemon_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29044" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_service_avahi-daemon_disabled_group"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_avahi-daemon_disabled">Disable Avahi Server Software
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_avahi-daemon_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
            
        The <code>avahi-daemon</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig avahi-daemon off</pre>
          </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Because the Avahi daemon service keeps an open network
port, it is subject to network attacks. Its functionality
is convenient but is only appropriate if the local network
can be trusted.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">366</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm29052">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm29052"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable avahi-daemon
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm29054">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm29054"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service avahi-daemon
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - avahi-daemon

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_printing" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_printing" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_printing">Print Support
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_printing">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The Common Unix Printing System (CUPS) service provides both local
and network printing support. A system running the CUPS service can accept
print jobs from other systems, process them, and send them to the appropriate
printer. It also provides an interface for remote administration through a web
browser. The CUPS service is installed and activated by default. The project
homepage and more detailed documentation are available at <a href="http://www.cups.org">http://www.cups.org</a>.
<br><br> </p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_printing" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><small>contains 2 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_configure_printing" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_configure_printing" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_printing"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_configure_printing">Configure the CUPS Service if Necessary
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_configure_printing">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>CUPS provides the ability to easily share local printers with
other machines over the network. It does this by allowing machines to share
lists of available printers. Additionally, each machine that runs the CUPS
service can potentially act as a print server. Whenever possible, the printer
sharing and print server capabilities of CUPS should be limited or disabled.
The following recommendations should demonstrate how to do just that.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_configure_printing" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_printing"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 1 rule</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_cups_disable_printserver" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_cups_disable_printserver" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29148" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_configure_printing"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_cups_disable_printserver">Disable Print Server Capabilities
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_cups_disable_printserver">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>To prevent remote users from potentially connecting to and using
locally configured printers, disable the CUPS print server sharing
capabilities. To do so, limit how the server will listen for print jobs by
removing the more generic port directive from /etc/cups/cupsd.conf:
<pre>Port 631</pre>
and replacing it with the <code>Listen</code> directive:
<pre>Listen localhost:631</pre>
This will prevent remote users from printing to locally configured printers
while still allowing local users on the machine to print normally.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>By default, locally configured printers will not be shared over the
network, but if this functionality has somehow been enabled, these
recommendations will disable it again. Be sure to disable outgoing printer list
broadcasts, or remote users will still be able to see the locally configured
printers, even if they cannot actually print to them. To limit print serving to
a particular set of users, use the Policy directive.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_cups_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_cups_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29122" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_printing"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_cups_disabled">Disable the CUPS Service
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_cups_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
          
        The <code>cups</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig cups off</pre>
        </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Turn off unneeded services to reduce attack surface.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm29129">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm29129"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable cups
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm29131">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm29131"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service cups
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - cups

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dhcp" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dhcp" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dhcp">DHCP
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dhcp">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) allows
systems to request and obtain an IP address and other configuration
parameters from a server.
<br><br>
This guide recommends configuring networking on clients by manually editing
the appropriate files under <code>/etc/sysconfig</code>.  Use of DHCP can make client 
systems vulnerable to compromise by rogue DHCP servers, and should be avoided 
unless necessary.  If using DHCP is necessary, however, there are best practices 
that should be followed to minimize security risk.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dhcp" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><small>contains 6 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_dhcp_server" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_dhcp_server" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dhcp"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_dhcp_server">Disable DHCP Server
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_dhcp_server">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>
The DHCP server <code>dhcpd</code> is not installed or activated by
default. If the software was installed and activated, but the
system does not need to act as a DHCP server, it should be disabled
and removed.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_dhcp_server" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dhcp"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 2 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_dhcpd_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_dhcpd_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29168" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_dhcp_server"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_dhcpd_disabled">Disable DHCP Service
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_dhcpd_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>dhcpd</code> service should be disabled on
any system that does not need to act as a DHCP server.

        The <code>dhcpd</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig dhcpd off</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Unmanaged or unintentionally activated DHCP servers may provide faulty information
to clients, interfering with the operation of a legitimate site
DHCP server if there is one.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">366</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm29177">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm29177"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable dhcpd
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm29179">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm29179"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service dhcpd
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - dhcpd

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_dhcp_removed" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_dhcp_removed" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29184" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_dhcp_server"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_dhcp_removed">Uninstall DHCP Server Package
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_dhcp_removed">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>If the system does not need to act as a DHCP server,
the dhcp package can be uninstalled.

        The <code>dhcp</code> package can be removed with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo yum erase dhcp</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Removing the DHCP server ensures that it cannot be easily or
accidentally reactivated and disrupt network operation.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">366</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dhcp_server_configuration" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dhcp_server_configuration" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dhcp"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dhcp_server_configuration">Disable DHCP Server
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dhcp_server_configuration">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>If the system must act as a DHCP server, the configuration
information it serves should be minimized. Also, support for other protocols
and DNS-updating schemes should be explicitly disabled unless needed. The
configuration file for dhcpd is called <code>/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf</code>. The file
begins with a number of global configuration options. The remainder of the file
is divided into sections, one for each block of addresses offered by dhcpd,
each of which contains configuration options specific to that address
block.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dhcp_server_configuration" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dhcp"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 3 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_dhcp_server_disable_ddns" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_dhcp_server_disable_ddns" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29200" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dhcp_server_configuration"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_dhcp_server_disable_ddns">Do Not Use Dynamic DNS
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_dhcp_server_disable_ddns">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>To prevent the DHCP server from receiving DNS information from
clients, edit <code>/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf</code>, and add or correct the following global
option: <pre>ddns-update-style none;</pre>
</p><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                            The ddns-update-style option controls only whether
the DHCP server will attempt to act as a Dynamic DNS client. As long as the DNS
server itself is correctly configured to reject DDNS attempts, an incorrect
ddns-update-style setting on the client is harmless (but should be fixed as a
best practice).</div></div><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The Dynamic DNS protocol is used to remotely update the data served
by a DNS server. DHCP servers can use Dynamic DNS to publish information about
their clients. This setup carries security risks, and its use is not
recommended.  If Dynamic DNS must be used despite the risks it poses, it is
critical that Dynamic DNS transactions be protected using TSIG or some other
cryptographic authentication mechanism. See dhcpd.conf(5) for more information
about protecting the DHCP server from passing along malicious DNS data from its
clients.  </p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_dhcp_server_deny_decline" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_dhcp_server_deny_decline" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29210" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dhcp_server_configuration"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_dhcp_server_deny_decline">Deny Decline Messages
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_dhcp_server_deny_decline">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Edit <code>/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf</code> and add or correct the following
global option to prevent the DHCP server from responding the DHCPDECLINE
messages, if possible: <pre>deny declines;</pre> </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The DHCPDECLINE message can be sent by a DHCP client to indicate
that it does not consider the lease offered by the server to be valid. By
issuing many DHCPDECLINE messages, a malicious client can exhaust the DHCP
server's pool of IP addresses, causing the DHCP server to forget old address
allocations.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_dhcp_server_deny_bootp" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_dhcp_server_deny_bootp" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29219" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dhcp_server_configuration"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_dhcp_server_deny_bootp">Deny BOOTP Queries
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_dhcp_server_deny_bootp">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Unless your network needs to support older BOOTP clients, disable
support for the bootp protocol by adding or correcting the global option:
<pre>deny bootp;</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The bootp option tells dhcpd to respond to BOOTP queries. If support
for this simpler protocol is not needed, it should be disabled to remove attack
vectors against the DHCP server.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_dhcp_client" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_dhcp_client" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dhcp"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_dhcp_client">Disable DHCP Client
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_dhcp_client">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>
DHCP is the default network configuration method provided by the system
installer, and common on many networks. Nevertheless, manual management
of IP addresses for systems implies a greater degree of management and
accountability for network activity.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_dhcp_client" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dhcp"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 1 rule</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysconfig_networking_bootproto_ifcfg" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysconfig_networking_bootproto_ifcfg" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29248" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_dhcp_client"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysconfig_networking_bootproto_ifcfg">Disable DHCP Client
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_sysconfig_networking_bootproto_ifcfg">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
For each interface on the system (e.g. eth0), edit
<code>/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-<i>interface</i></code> and make the
following changes:
<ul><li> Correct the BOOTPROTO line to read:
<pre>BOOTPROTO=none</pre>
</li><li> Add or correct the following lines, substituting the appropriate
values based on your site's addressing scheme:
<pre>NETMASK=255.255.255.0
IPADDR=192.168.1.2
GATEWAY=192.168.1.1</pre>
</li></ul>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
DHCP relies on trusting the local network. If the local network is not trusted,
then it should not be used.  However, the automatic configuration provided by
DHCP is commonly used and the alternative, manual configuration, presents an
unacceptable burden in many circumstances.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">366</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ntp" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ntp" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ntp">Network Time Protocol
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ntp">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The Network Time Protocol is used to manage the system
clock over a network. Computer clocks are not very accurate, so
time will drift unpredictably on unmanaged systems. Central time
protocols can be used both to ensure that time is consistent among
a network of machines, and that their time is consistent with the
outside world.
<br><br>
If every system on a network reliably reports the same time, then it is much
easier to correlate log messages in case of an attack. In addition, a number of
cryptographic protocols (such as Kerberos) use timestamps to prevent certain
types of attacks. If your network does not have synchronized time, these
protocols may be unreliable or even unusable.
<br><br>
Depending on the specifics of the network, global time accuracy may be just as
important as local synchronization, or not very important at all. If your
network is connected to the Internet, using a
public timeserver (or one provided by your enterprise) provides globally
accurate timestamps which may be essential in investigating or responding to
an attack which originated outside of your network.
<br><br>
A typical network setup involves a small number of internal systems operating as NTP
servers, and the remainder obtaining time information from those
internal servers.
<br><br>
More information on how to configure the NTP server software,
including configuration of cryptographic authentication for
time data, is available at <a href="http://www.ntp.org">http://www.ntp.org</a>.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ntp" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><small>contains 3 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_ntpd_enabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_ntpd_enabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29299" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ntp"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_ntpd_enabled">Enable the NTP Daemon
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_ntpd_enabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
          
        The <code>ntpd</code> service can be enabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig --level 2345 ntpd on</pre>
        </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Enabling the <code>ntpd</code> service ensures that the <code>ntpd</code>
service will be running and that the system will synchronize its time to
any servers specified. This is important whether the system is configured to be
a client (and synchronize only its own clock) or it is also acting as an NTP
server to other systems.  Synchronizing time is essential for authentication
services such as Kerberos, but it is also important for maintaining accurate
logs and auditing possible security breaches.  
<br><br>
The NTP daemon offers all of the functionality of <code>ntpdate</code>, which is now 
deprecated.  Additional information on this is available at 
<a href="http://support.ntp.org/bin/view/Dev/DeprecatingNtpdate">http://support.ntp.org/bin/view/Dev/DeprecatingNtpdate</a></p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-8(1)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">160</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm29313">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm29313"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>enable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command enable ntpd
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm29315">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm29315"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>enable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Enable service ntpd
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="yes"
    state="started"
  with_items:
    - ntpd

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_ntpd_specify_remote_server" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_ntpd_specify_remote_server" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29320" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ntp"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_ntpd_specify_remote_server">Specify a Remote NTP Server
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_ntpd_specify_remote_server">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>To specify a remote NTP server for time synchronization, edit
the file <code>/etc/ntp.conf</code>. Add or correct the following lines,
substituting the IP or hostname of a remote NTP server for <em>ntpserver</em>:
<pre>server <i>ntpserver</i></pre>
This instructs the NTP software to contact that remote server to obtain time
data.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Synchronizing with an NTP server makes it possible
to collate system logs from multiple sources or correlate computer events with
real time events.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-8(1)</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">160</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_ntpd_specify_multiple_servers" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_ntpd_specify_multiple_servers" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29334" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ntp"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_ntpd_specify_multiple_servers">Specify Additional Remote NTP Servers
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_ntpd_specify_multiple_servers">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Additional NTP servers can be specified for time synchronization
in the file <code>/etc/ntp.conf</code>.  To do so, add additional lines of the
following form, substituting the IP address or hostname of a remote NTP server for
<em>ntpserver</em>:
<pre>server <i>ntpserver</i></pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>Specifying additional NTP servers increases the availability of
accurate time data, in the event that one of the specified servers becomes
unavailable. This is typical for a system acting as an NTP server for
other systems.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">AU-8(1)</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mail" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mail" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mail">Mail Server Software
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mail">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>
Mail servers are used to send and receive email over the network.
Mail is a very common service, and Mail Transfer Agents (MTAs) are obvious
targets of network attack.
Ensure that machines are not running MTAs unnecessarily,
and configure needed MTAs as defensively as possible.
<br><br>
Very few systems at any site should be configured to directly receive email over the
network. Users should instead use mail client programs to retrieve email
from a central server that supports protocols such as IMAP or POP3.
However, it is normal for most systems to be independently capable of sending email,
for instance so that cron jobs can report output to an administrator.
Most MTAs, including Postfix, support a submission-only mode in which mail can be sent from
the local system to a central site MTA (or directly delivered to a local account),
but the system still cannot receive mail directly over a network.
<br><br>
The <code>alternatives</code> program in Red Hat Enterprise Linux permits selection of other mail server software
(such as Sendmail), but Postfix is the default and is preferred.
Postfix was coded with security in mind and can also be more effectively contained by
SELinux as its modular design has resulted in separate processes performing specific actions.
More information is available on its website, <a href="http://www.postfix.org">http://www.postfix.org</a>.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mail" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><small>contains 2 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_postfix_client" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_postfix_client" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mail"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_postfix_client">Configure SMTP For Mail Clients
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_postfix_client">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>This section discusses settings for Postfix in a submission-only
e-mail configuration.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_postfix_client" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mail"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 1 rule</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_postfix_network_listening_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_postfix_network_listening_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29381" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_postfix_client"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_postfix_network_listening_disabled">Disable Postfix Network Listening
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_postfix_network_listening_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
Edit the file <code>/etc/postfix/main.cf</code> to ensure that only the following
<code>inet_interfaces</code> line appears:
<pre>inet_interfaces = localhost</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
This ensures <code>postfix</code> accepts mail messages
(such as cron job reports) from the local system only,
and not from the network, which protects it from network attack.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">382</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_sendmail_removed" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_sendmail_removed" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29367" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_mail"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_sendmail_removed">Uninstall Sendmail Package
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_sendmail_removed">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Sendmail is not the default mail transfer agent and is
not installed by default.

        The <code>sendmail</code> package can be removed with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo yum erase sendmail</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The sendmail software was not developed with security in mind and
its design prevents it from being effectively contained by SELinux.  Postfix
should be used instead.  
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ldap" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ldap" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ldap">LDAP
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ldap">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>LDAP is a popular directory service, that is, a
standardized way of looking up information from a central database.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 includes software that enables a system to act as both
an LDAP client and server.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ldap" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><small>contains 3 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_openldap_client" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_openldap_client" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ldap"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_openldap_client">Configure OpenLDAP Clients
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_openldap_client">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>This section provides information on which security settings are
important to configure in OpenLDAP clients by manually editing the appropriate
configuration files.  Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 provides an automated configuration tool called
authconfig and a graphical wrapper for authconfig called
<code>system-config-authentication</code>. However, these tools do not provide as
much control over configuration as manual editing of configuration files. The
authconfig tools do not allow you to specify locations of SSL certificate
files, which is useful when trying to use SSL cleanly across several protocols.
Installation and configuration of OpenLDAP on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 is available at
<a href="https://access.redhat.com/site/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Deployment_Guide/ch-Directory_Servers.html">https://access.redhat.com/site/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Deployment_Guide/ch-Directory_Servers.html</a>.
</p><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                                Before configuring any system to be an
LDAP client, ensure that a working LDAP server is present on the
network.</div></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_openldap_client" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ldap"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 2 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_ldap_client_start_tls" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_ldap_client_start_tls" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29494" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_openldap_client"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_ldap_client_start_tls">Configure LDAP Client to Use TLS For All Transactions
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_ldap_client_start_tls">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Configure LDAP to enforce TLS use. First, edit the file 
<code>/etc/pam_ldap.conf</code>, and add or correct the following lines:
<pre>ssl start_tls</pre>
Then review the LDAP server and ensure TLS has been configured.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The ssl directive specifies whether to use ssl or not. If
not specified it will default to no. It should be set to start_tls rather
than doing LDAP over SSL.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">776</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">778</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1453</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_ldap_client_tls_cacertpath" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_ldap_client_tls_cacertpath" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29508" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_openldap_client"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_ldap_client_tls_cacertpath">Configure Certificate Directives for LDAP Use of TLS
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_ldap_client_tls_cacertpath">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>Ensure a copy of a trusted CA certificate has been placed in
the file <code>/etc/pki/tls/CA/cacert.pem</code>. Configure LDAP to enforce TLS 
use and to trust certificates signed by that CA. First, edit the file 
<code>/etc/pam_ldap.conf</code>, and add or correct either of the following lines:
<pre>tls_cacertdir /etc/pki/tls/CA</pre>
or
<pre>tls_cacertfile /etc/pki/tls/CA/cacert.pem</pre>
Then review the LDAP server and ensure TLS has been configured.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The tls_cacertdir or tls_cacertfile directives are required when
tls_checkpeer is configured (which is the default for openldap versions 2.1 and
up). These directives define the path to the trust certificates signed by the
site CA.</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        medium</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">776</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">778</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1453</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_openldap_server" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_openldap_server" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ldap"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_openldap_server">Configure OpenLDAP Server
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_openldap_server">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>This section details some security-relevant settings
for an OpenLDAP server.  Installation and configuration of OpenLDAP on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 is available at:
<a href="https://access.redhat.com/site/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Deployment_Guide/ch-Directory_Servers.html">https://access.redhat.com/site/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Deployment_Guide/ch-Directory_Servers.html</a>.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_openldap_server" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ldap"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 1 rule</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_openldap-servers_removed" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_openldap-servers_removed" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29528" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_openldap_server"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_openldap-servers_removed">Uninstall openldap-servers Package
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_openldap-servers_removed">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>The <code>openldap-servers</code> package should be removed if not in use.
Is this machine the OpenLDAP server? If not, remove the package.
<pre>$ sudo yum erase openldap-servers</pre>
The openldap-servers RPM is not installed by default on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
machines. It is needed only by the OpenLDAP server, not by the
clients which use LDAP for authentication. If the system is not
intended for use as an LDAP Server it should be removed.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The <code>openldap-servers</code> package is not installed by default on RHEL6 machines.
It is needed only by the OpenLDAP server system, not clients which use LDAP for authentication. If
the system is not intended for use as an LDAP server, <code>openldap-servers</code> should be removed.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">366</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dns" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dns" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dns">DNS Server
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dns">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>Most organizations have an operational need to run at
least one nameserver. However, there are many common attacks
involving DNS server software, and this server software should
be disabled on any system
on which it is not needed.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dns" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><small>contains 3 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_dns_server" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_dns_server" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dns"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_dns_server">Disable DNS Server
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_dns_server">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>
DNS software should be disabled on any machine which does not
need to be a nameserver. Note that the BIND DNS server software is
not installed on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 by default. The remainder of this section
discusses secure configuration of machines which must be
nameservers.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_dns_server" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dns"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 2 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_named_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_named_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29819" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_dns_server"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_named_disabled">Disable DNS Server
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_named_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
            
        The <code>named</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig named off</pre>
          </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
All network services involve some risk of compromise due to
implementation flaws and should be disabled if possible.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">366</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm29827">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm29827"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable named
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm29829">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm29829"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service named
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - named

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_bind_removed" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_bind_removed" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29834" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_dns_server"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_bind_removed">Uninstall bind Package
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_bind_removed">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>To remove the <code>bind</code> package, which contains the
<code>named</code> service, run the following command:
<pre>$ sudo yum erase bind</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
If there is no need to make DNS server software available,
removing it provides a safeguard against its activation.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">366</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dns_server_protection" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dns_server_protection" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dns"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dns_server_protection">Protect DNS Data from Tampering or Attack
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dns_server_protection">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>This section discusses DNS configuration options which make it
more difficult for attackers to gain access to private DNS data or to modify
DNS data.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dns_server_protection" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dns"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 1 rule</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_dns_server_authenticate_zone_transfers" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_dns_server_authenticate_zone_transfers" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29895" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_dns_server_protection"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_dns_server_authenticate_zone_transfers">Authenticate Zone Transfers
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_dns_server_authenticate_zone_transfers">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>If it is necessary for a secondary nameserver to receive zone data
via zone transfer from the primary server, follow the instructions here.  Use
dnssec-keygen to create a symmetric key file in the current directory:
<pre>$ cd /tmp
$ sudo dnssec-keygen -a HMAC-MD5 -b 128 -n HOST dns.example.com
Kdns.example.com .+aaa +iiiii</pre>
This output is the name of a file containing the new key. Read the file to find
the base64-encoded key string:
<pre>$ sudo cat Kdns.example.com .+NNN +MMMMM .key
dns.example.com IN KEY 512 3 157 base64-key-string</pre>
Add the directives to <code>/etc/named.conf</code> on the primary server:
<pre>key zone-transfer-key {
  algorithm hmac-md5;
  secret "base64-key-string ";
};
zone "example.com " IN {
  type master;
  allow-transfer { key zone-transfer-key; };
  ...
};</pre>
Add the directives below to <code>/etc/named.conf</code> on the secondary nameserver:
<pre>key zone-transfer-key {
  algorithm hmac-md5;
  secret "base64-key-string ";
};

server IP-OF-MASTER {
  keys { zone-transfer-key; };
};

zone "example.com " IN {
  type slave;
  masters { IP-OF-MASTER ; };
  ...
};</pre>
</p><div class="panel panel-warning"><div class="panel-heading"><span class="label label-warning">Warning:</span> 
                            The purpose of the dnssec-keygen command is to
create the shared secret string base64-key-string. Once this secret has been
obtained and inserted into named.conf on the primary and secondary servers, the
key files Kdns.example.com .+NNN +MMMMM .key and Kdns.example.com .+NNN +MMMMM
.private are no longer needed, and may safely be deleted.</div></div><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>The BIND transaction signature (TSIG) functionality allows primary
and secondary nameservers to use a shared secret to verify authorization to
perform zone transfers. This method is more secure than using IP-based limiting
to restrict nameserver access, since IP addresses can be easily spoofed.
However, if you cannot configure TSIG between your servers because, for
instance, the secondary nameserver is not under your control and its
administrators are unwilling to configure TSIG, you can configure an
allow-transfer directive with numerical IP addresses or ACLs as a last resort.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ftp" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ftp" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ftp">FTP Server
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ftp">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>FTP is a common method for allowing remote access to
files. Like telnet, the FTP protocol is unencrypted, which means
that passwords and other data transmitted during the session can be
captured and that the session is vulnerable to hijacking.
Therefore, running the FTP server software is not recommended.
<br><br>
However, there are some FTP server configurations which may
be appropriate for some environments, particularly those which
allow only read-only anonymous access as a means of downloading
data available to the public.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ftp" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><small>contains 2 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_vsftpd" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_vsftpd" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ftp"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_vsftpd">Disable vsftpd if Possible
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_vsftpd">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>To minimize attack surface, disable vsftpd if at all
possible.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_vsftpd" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_ftp"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 2 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_vsftpd_disabled" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_vsftpd_disabled" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29921" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_vsftpd"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_vsftpd_disabled">Disable vsftpd Service
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_service_vsftpd_disabled">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
            
        The <code>vsftpd</code> service can be disabled with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo chkconfig vsftpd off</pre>
          </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Running FTP server software provides a network-based avenue
of attack, and should be disabled if not needed.
Furthermore, the FTP protocol is unencrypted and creates
a risk of compromising sensitive information.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1436</a></p></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Shell script:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm29929">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm29929"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>
function service_command {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local service_state=$1
local service=$2
local xinetd=$(echo $3 | cut -d'=' -f2)

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -lt "2" ]
then
  echo "Usage: service_command 'enable/disable' 'service_name.service'"
  echo
  echo "To enable or disable xinetd services add \'xinetd=service_name\'"
  echo "as the last argument"
  echo "Aborting."
  exit 1
fi

# If systemctl is installed, use systemctl command; otherwise, use the service/chkconfig commands
if [ -f "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] ; then
  service_util="/usr/bin/systemctl"
else
  service_util="/sbin/service"
  chkconfig_util="/sbin/chkconfig"
fi

# If disable is not specified in arg1, set variables to enable services.
# Otherwise, variables are to be set to disable services.
if [ "$service_state" != 'disable' ] ; then
  service_state="enable"
  service_operation="start"
  chkconfig_state="on"
else
  service_state="disable"
  service_operation="stop"
  chkconfig_state="off"
fi

# If chkconfig_util is not empty, use chkconfig/service commands.
if ! [ "x$chkconfig_util" = x ] ; then
  $service_util $service $service_operation
  $chkconfig_util --level 0123456 $service $chkconfig_state
else
  $service_util $service_operation $service
  $service_util $service_state $service
fi

# Test if local variable xinetd is empty using non-bashism.
# If empty, then xinetd is not being used.
if ! [ "x$xinetd" = x ] ; then
  grep -qi disable /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd &amp;&amp; \

  if ! [ "$service_operation" != 'disable' ] ; then
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = no/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  else
    sed -i "s/disable.*/disable         = yes/gI" /etc/xinetd.d/$xinetd
  fi
fi

}

service_command disable vsftpd
</code></pre></div><span class="label label-success">Remediation Ansible snippet:</span>   <a data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#idm29931">(show)</a><br></br><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="idm29931"><table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed"><tr><th>Complexity:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Disruption:</th><td>low</td></tr><tr><th>Reboot:</th><td>false</td></tr><tr><th>Strategy:</th><td>disable</td></tr></table><pre><code>- name: Disable service vsftpd
  service:
    name="{{item}}"
    enabled="no"
    state="stopped"
  with_items:
    - vsftpd

</code></pre></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_vsftpd_removed" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_vsftpd_removed" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm29936" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_disabling_vsftpd"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_vsftpd_removed">Uninstall vsftpd Package
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_package_vsftpd_removed">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
            
        The <code>vsftpd</code> package can be removed with the following command:
        <pre>$ sudo yum erase vsftpd</pre>
          </p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Removing the vsftpd package decreases the risk of its
accidental activation.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a>, <a href="http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/cci/Pages/index.aspx">1436</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_http" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_http" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_http">Web Server
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_http">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The web server is responsible for providing access to
content via the HTTP protocol. Web servers represent a significant
security risk because:
<br><br>
<ul><li>The HTTP port is commonly probed by malicious sources</li><li>Web server software is very complex, and includes a long
history of vulnerabilities</li><li>The HTTP protocol is unencrypted and vulnerable to passive
monitoring</li></ul>
<br><br>
The system's default web server software is Apache 2 and is
provided in the RPM package <code>httpd</code>.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_http" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_services"><td style="padding-left: 38px"><small>contains 3 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_securing_httpd" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_securing_httpd" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_http"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_securing_httpd">Secure Apache Configuration
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_securing_httpd">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>The <code>httpd</code> configuration file is
<code>/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf</code>. Apply the recommendations in the remainder
of this section to this file.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_securing_httpd" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_http"><td style="padding-left: 57px"><small>contains 3 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_httpd_restrict_info_leakage" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_httpd_restrict_info_leakage" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_securing_httpd"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_httpd_restrict_info_leakage">Restrict Web Server Information Leakage
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_httpd_restrict_info_leakage">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>
The <code>ServerTokens</code> and <code>ServerSignature</code> directives determine how
much information the web server discloses about the configuration of the
system.</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_httpd_restrict_info_leakage" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_securing_httpd"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 1 rule</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_httpd_servertokens_prod" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_httpd_servertokens_prod" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm30117" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_httpd_restrict_info_leakage"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_httpd_servertokens_prod">Set httpd ServerTokens Directive to Prod
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_httpd_servertokens_prod">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p><code>ServerTokens Prod</code> restricts information in page headers, returning only the word "Apache."
<br><br>
Add or correct the following directive in <code>/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf</code>:
<pre>ServerTokens Prod</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Information disclosed to clients about the configuration of the web server and system could be used
to plan an attack on the given system. This information disclosure should be restricted to a minimum.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_httpd_configure_os_protect_web_server" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_httpd_configure_os_protect_web_server" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_securing_httpd"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_httpd_configure_os_protect_web_server">Configure Operating System to Protect Web Server
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_httpd_configure_os_protect_web_server">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>
The following configuration steps should be taken on the machine which hosts the
web server, in order to provide as safe an environment as possible for the web server.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_httpd_configure_os_protect_web_server" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_securing_httpd"><td style="padding-left: 76px"><small>contains 2 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_httpd_restrict_file_dir_access" class="guide-tree-inner-node guide-tree-inner-node-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_httpd_restrict_file_dir_access" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_httpd_configure_os_protect_web_server"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><h3 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_httpd_restrict_file_dir_access">Restrict File and Directory Access
                          <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_httpd_restrict_file_dir_access">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">group</span></h3><p>
Minimize access to critical <code>httpd</code> files and directories.
</p></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_httpd_restrict_file_dir_access" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_httpd_configure_os_protect_web_server"><td style="padding-left: 95px"><small>contains 2 rules</small></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_dir_perms_var_log_httpd" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_dir_perms_var_log_httpd" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm30382" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_httpd_restrict_file_dir_access"><td style="padding-left: 114px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_dir_perms_var_log_httpd">Set Permissions on the /var/log/httpd/ Directory
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_dir_perms_var_log_httpd">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
Ensure that the permissions on the web server log directory is set to 700:
<pre>$ sudo chmod 700 /var/log/httpd/</pre>
This is its default setting.
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Access to the web server's log files may allow an unauthorized user or attacker
to access information about the web server or alter the server's log files.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div></td></tr><tr data-tt-id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_httpd_server_conf_files" class="guide-tree-leaf guide-tree-leaf-id-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_httpd_server_conf_files" id="guide-tree-leaf-idm30397" data-tt-parent-id="children-xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_group_httpd_restrict_file_dir_access"><td style="padding-left: 114px"><h4 id="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_httpd_server_conf_files">Set Permissions on All Configuration Files Inside /etc/httpd/conf/
                      <a class="small" href="#xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_rule_file_permissions_httpd_server_conf_files">[ref]</a><span class="label label-default pull-right">rule</span></h4><p>
Set permissions on the web server configuration files to 640:
<pre>$ sudo chmod 640 /etc/httpd/conf/*</pre>
</p><span class="label label-primary">Rationale:</span><p>
Access to the web server's configuration files may allow an unauthorized user or attacker
to access information about the web server or to alter the server's configuration files.
</p><div class="severity"><p><span class="label label-warning">Severity:</span> 
                        low</p></div><div class="identifiers"><p><span class="label label-default" title="Provide a reference to a document or resource where the user can learn more about the subject of the Rule or Group.">References:</span> 
            <a href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-53r4.pdf">CM-7</a></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div id="rear-matter"><div class="row top-spacer-10"><div class="col-md-12 well well-lg"><div class="rear-matter">Red Hat and Red Hat Enterprise Linux are either registered
trademarks or trademarks of Red Hat, Inc. in the United States and other
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ssg-nondebian 0.1.31-5 / usr / share / doc / ssg-nondebian / ssg-sl6-guide-CSCF-RHEL6-MLS.html
