/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/include/d/core/bitop.d is in libphobos-5-dev 5.5.0-12ubuntu1.
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* This module contains a collection of bit-level operations.
*
* Copyright: Copyright Don Clugston 2005 - 2013.
* License: $(LINK2 http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt, Boost License 1.0)
* Authors: Don Clugston, Sean Kelly, Walter Bright, Alex Rønne Petersen
* Source: $(DRUNTIMESRC core/_bitop.d)
*/
module core.bitop;
nothrow:
@safe:
@nogc:
version( D_InlineAsm_X86_64 )
version = AsmX86;
else version( D_InlineAsm_X86 )
version = AsmX86;
version (X86_64)
version = AnyX86;
else version (X86)
version = AnyX86;
/**
* Scans the bits in v starting with bit 0, looking
* for the first set bit.
* Returns:
* The bit number of the first bit set.
* The return value is undefined if v is zero.
*/
int bsf(size_t v) pure;
///
unittest
{
assert(bsf(0x21) == 0);
}
/**
* Scans the bits in v from the most significant bit
* to the least significant bit, looking
* for the first set bit.
* Returns:
* The bit number of the first bit set.
* The return value is undefined if v is zero.
*/
int bsr(size_t v) pure;
///
unittest
{
assert(bsr(0x21) == 5);
}
/**
* Tests the bit.
* (No longer an intrisic - the compiler recognizes the patterns
* in the body.)
*/
int bt(in size_t* p, size_t bitnum) pure @system
{
static if (size_t.sizeof == 8)
return ((p[bitnum >> 6] & (1L << (bitnum & 63)))) != 0;
else static if (size_t.sizeof == 4)
return ((p[bitnum >> 5] & (1 << (bitnum & 31)))) != 0;
else
static assert(0);
}
///
@system pure unittest
{
size_t[2] array;
array[0] = 2;
array[1] = 0x100;
assert(bt(array.ptr, 1));
assert(array[0] == 2);
assert(array[1] == 0x100);
}
/**
* Tests and complements the bit.
*/
int btc(size_t* p, size_t bitnum) pure @system;
/**
* Tests and resets (sets to 0) the bit.
*/
int btr(size_t* p, size_t bitnum) pure @system;
/**
* Tests and sets the bit.
* Params:
* p = a non-NULL pointer to an array of size_ts.
* bitnum = a bit number, starting with bit 0 of p[0],
* and progressing. It addresses bits like the expression:
---
p[index / (size_t.sizeof*8)] & (1 << (index & ((size_t.sizeof*8) - 1)))
---
* Returns:
* A non-zero value if the bit was set, and a zero
* if it was clear.
*/
int bts(size_t* p, size_t bitnum) pure @system;
///
@system pure unittest
{
size_t[2] array;
array[0] = 2;
array[1] = 0x100;
assert(btc(array.ptr, 35) == 0);
if (size_t.sizeof == 8)
{
assert(array[0] == 0x8_0000_0002);
assert(array[1] == 0x100);
}
else
{
assert(array[0] == 2);
assert(array[1] == 0x108);
}
assert(btc(array.ptr, 35));
assert(array[0] == 2);
assert(array[1] == 0x100);
assert(bts(array.ptr, 35) == 0);
if (size_t.sizeof == 8)
{
assert(array[0] == 0x8_0000_0002);
assert(array[1] == 0x100);
}
else
{
assert(array[0] == 2);
assert(array[1] == 0x108);
}
assert(btr(array.ptr, 35));
assert(array[0] == 2);
assert(array[1] == 0x100);
}
/**
* Swaps bytes in a 4 byte uint end-to-end, i.e. byte 0 becomes
* byte 3, byte 1 becomes byte 2, byte 2 becomes byte 1, byte 3
* becomes byte 0.
*/
uint bswap(uint v) pure;
version (DigitalMars) version (AnyX86) @system // not pure
{
/**
* Reads I/O port at port_address.
*/
ubyte inp(uint port_address);
/**
* ditto
*/
ushort inpw(uint port_address);
/**
* ditto
*/
uint inpl(uint port_address);
/**
* Writes and returns value to I/O port at port_address.
*/
ubyte outp(uint port_address, ubyte value);
/**
* ditto
*/
ushort outpw(uint port_address, ushort value);
/**
* ditto
*/
uint outpl(uint port_address, uint value);
}
version (DigitalMars) version (AnyX86)
{
/**
* Calculates the number of set bits in a 32-bit integer
* using the X86 SSE4 POPCNT instruction.
* POPCNT is not available on all X86 CPUs.
*/
ushort _popcnt( ushort x ) pure;
/// ditto
int _popcnt( uint x ) pure;
version (X86_64)
{
/// ditto
int _popcnt( ulong x ) pure;
}
unittest
{
// Not everyone has SSE4 instructions
import core.cpuid;
if (!hasPopcnt)
return;
static int popcnt_x(ulong u) nothrow @nogc
{
int c;
while (u)
{
c += u & 1;
u >>= 1;
}
return c;
}
for (uint u = 0; u < 0x1_0000; ++u)
{
//writefln("%x %x %x", u, _popcnt(cast(ushort)u), popcnt_x(cast(ushort)u));
assert(_popcnt(cast(ushort)u) == popcnt_x(cast(ushort)u));
assert(_popcnt(cast(uint)u) == popcnt_x(cast(uint)u));
uint ui = u * 0x3_0001;
assert(_popcnt(ui) == popcnt_x(ui));
version (X86_64)
{
assert(_popcnt(cast(ulong)u) == popcnt_x(cast(ulong)u));
ulong ul = u * 0x3_0003_0001;
assert(_popcnt(ul) == popcnt_x(ul));
}
}
}
}
/*************************************
* Read/write value from/to the memory location indicated by ptr.
*
* These functions are recognized by the compiler, and calls to them are guaranteed
* to not be removed (as dead assignment elimination or presumed to have no effect)
* or reordered in the same thread.
*
* These reordering guarantees are only made with regards to other
* operations done through these functions; the compiler is free to reorder regular
* loads/stores with regards to loads/stores done through these functions.
*
* This is useful when dealing with memory-mapped I/O (MMIO) where a store can
* have an effect other than just writing a value, or where sequential loads
* with no intervening stores can retrieve
* different values from the same location due to external stores to the location.
*
* These functions will, when possible, do the load/store as a single operation. In
* general, this is possible when the size of the operation is less than or equal to
* $(D (void*).sizeof), although some targets may support larger operations. If the
* load/store cannot be done as a single operation, multiple smaller operations will be used.
*
* These are not to be conflated with atomic operations. They do not guarantee any
* atomicity. This may be provided by coincidence as a result of the instructions
* used on the target, but this should not be relied on for portable programs.
* Further, no memory fences are implied by these functions.
* They should not be used for communication between threads.
* They may be used to guarantee a write or read cycle occurs at a specified address.
*/
ubyte volatileLoad(ubyte * ptr);
ushort volatileLoad(ushort* ptr); /// ditto
uint volatileLoad(uint * ptr); /// ditto
ulong volatileLoad(ulong * ptr); /// ditto
void volatileStore(ubyte * ptr, ubyte value); /// ditto
void volatileStore(ushort* ptr, ushort value); /// ditto
void volatileStore(uint * ptr, uint value); /// ditto
void volatileStore(ulong * ptr, ulong value); /// ditto
@system unittest
{
alias TT(T...) = T;
foreach (T; TT!(ubyte, ushort, uint, ulong))
{
T u;
T* p = &u;
volatileStore(p, 1);
T r = volatileLoad(p);
assert(r == u);
}
}
/**
* Calculates the number of set bits in a 32-bit integer.
*/
int popcnt( uint x ) pure
{
// Avoid branches, and the potential for cache misses which
// could be incurred with a table lookup.
// We need to mask alternate bits to prevent the
// sum from overflowing.
// add neighbouring bits. Each bit is 0 or 1.
x = x - ((x>>1) & 0x5555_5555);
// now each two bits of x is a number 00,01 or 10.
// now add neighbouring pairs
x = ((x&0xCCCC_CCCC)>>2) + (x&0x3333_3333);
// now each nibble holds 0000-0100. Adding them won't
// overflow any more, so we don't need to mask any more
// Now add the nibbles, then the bytes, then the words
// We still need to mask to prevent double-counting.
// Note that if we used a rotate instead of a shift, we
// wouldn't need the masks, and could just divide the sum
// by 8 to account for the double-counting.
// On some CPUs, it may be faster to perform a multiply.
x += (x>>4);
x &= 0x0F0F_0F0F;
x += (x>>8);
x &= 0x00FF_00FF;
x += (x>>16);
x &= 0xFFFF;
return x;
}
unittest
{
assert( popcnt( 0 ) == 0 );
assert( popcnt( 7 ) == 3 );
assert( popcnt( 0xAA )== 4 );
assert( popcnt( 0x8421_1248 ) == 8 );
assert( popcnt( 0xFFFF_FFFF ) == 32 );
assert( popcnt( 0xCCCC_CCCC ) == 16 );
assert( popcnt( 0x7777_7777 ) == 24 );
}
/**
* Reverses the order of bits in a 32-bit integer.
*/
@trusted uint bitswap( uint x ) pure
{
version (AsmX86)
{
asm pure nothrow @nogc { naked; }
version (D_InlineAsm_X86_64)
{
version (Win64)
asm pure nothrow @nogc { mov EAX, ECX; }
else
asm pure nothrow @nogc { mov EAX, EDI; }
}
asm pure nothrow @nogc
{
// Author: Tiago Gasiba.
mov EDX, EAX;
shr EAX, 1;
and EDX, 0x5555_5555;
and EAX, 0x5555_5555;
shl EDX, 1;
or EAX, EDX;
mov EDX, EAX;
shr EAX, 2;
and EDX, 0x3333_3333;
and EAX, 0x3333_3333;
shl EDX, 2;
or EAX, EDX;
mov EDX, EAX;
shr EAX, 4;
and EDX, 0x0f0f_0f0f;
and EAX, 0x0f0f_0f0f;
shl EDX, 4;
or EAX, EDX;
bswap EAX;
ret;
}
}
else
{
// swap odd and even bits
x = ((x >> 1) & 0x5555_5555) | ((x & 0x5555_5555) << 1);
// swap consecutive pairs
x = ((x >> 2) & 0x3333_3333) | ((x & 0x3333_3333) << 2);
// swap nibbles
x = ((x >> 4) & 0x0F0F_0F0F) | ((x & 0x0F0F_0F0F) << 4);
// swap bytes
x = ((x >> 8) & 0x00FF_00FF) | ((x & 0x00FF_00FF) << 8);
// swap 2-byte long pairs
x = ( x >> 16 ) | ( x << 16);
return x;
}
}
unittest
{
assert( bitswap( 0x8000_0100 ) == 0x0080_0001 );
foreach(i; 0 .. 32)
assert(bitswap(1 << i) == 1 << 32 - i - 1);
}
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