yap 6.2.2-6build1 / usr / share / Yap / problog_learning.yap

%%% -*- Mode: Prolog; -*-

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
%  $Date: 2011-04-21 14:18:59 +0200 (Thu, 21 Apr 2011) $
%  $Revision: 6364 $
%
%  This file is part of ProbLog
%  http://dtai.cs.kuleuven.be/problog
%
%  ProbLog was developed at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
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%  Copyright 2008, 2009, 2010
%  Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
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%  Main authors of this file:
%  Bernd Gutmann
%
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:- module(learning,[do_learning/1,
	            do_learning/2,
		    reset_learning/0
		    ]).

% switch on all the checks to reduce bug searching time
:- style_check(all).
:- yap_flag(unknown,error).

% load modules from the YAP library
:- use_module(library(lists), [max_list/2, min_list/2, sum_list/2]).
:- use_module(library(system), [file_exists/1, shell/2]).

% load our own modules
:- use_module(problog).
:- use_module('problog/logger').
:- use_module('problog/flags').
:- use_module('problog/os').
:- use_module('problog/print_learning').
:- use_module('problog/utils_learning').
:- use_module('problog/utils').
:- use_module('problog/tabling').

% used to indicate the state of the system
:- dynamic(values_correct/0).
:- dynamic(learning_initialized/0).
:- dynamic(current_iteration/1).
:- dynamic(example_count/1).
:- dynamic(query_probability_intern/2).
:- dynamic(query_gradient_intern/4).
:- dynamic(last_mse/1).
:- dynamic(query_is_similar/2).
:- dynamic(query_md5/2).


% used to identify queries which have identical proofs
:- dynamic(query_is_similar/2).
:- dynamic(query_md5/3).

:- multifile(user:example/4).
user:example(A,B,C,=) :-
	current_predicate(user:example/3),
	user:example(A,B,C).

:- multifile(user:test_example/4).
user:test_example(A,B,C,=) :-
	current_predicate(user:test_example/3),
	user:test_example(A,B,C).


%========================================================================
%= store the facts with the learned probabilities to a file
%========================================================================

save_model:-
	current_iteration(Iteration),
	create_factprobs_file_name(Iteration,Filename),
	export_facts(Filename).




%========================================================================
%= find out whether some example IDs are used more than once
%= if so, complain and stop
%=
%========================================================================

check_examples :-
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	% Check example IDs
        %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	(
	 (user:example(ID,_,_,_), \+ atomic(ID))
	->
	 (
	  format(user_error,'The example id of training example ~q ',[ID]),
	  format(user_error,'is not atomic (e.g foo42, 23, bar, ...).~n',[]),
	  throw(error(examples))
	 ); true
	),

	(
	 (user:test_example(ID,_,_,_), \+ atomic(ID))
	->
	 (
	  format(user_error,'The example id of test example ~q ',[ID]),
	  format(user_error,'is not atomic (e.g foo42, 23, bar, ...).~n',[]),
	  throw(error(examples))
	 ); true
	),
	
        %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	% Check example probabilities
        %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	(
	 (user:example(ID,_,P,_), (\+ number(P); P>1 ; P<0))
	->
	 (
	  format(user_error,'The training example ~q does not have a valid probability value (~q).~n',[ID,P]),
	  throw(error(examples))
	 ); true
	),

	(
	 (user:test_example(ID,_,P,_), (\+ number(P); P>1 ; P<0))
	->
	 (
	  format(user_error,'The test example ~q does not have a valid probability value (~q).~n',[ID,P]),
	  throw(error(examples))
	 ); true
	),


	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	% Check that no example ID is repeated,
	% and if it is repeated make sure the query is the same
        %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	(
	 (
	  (
	   user:example(ID,QueryA,_,_),
	   user:example(ID,QueryB,_,_),
	   QueryA \= QueryB
	  ) ;
	  
	  (
	   user:test_example(ID,QueryA,_,_),
	   user:test_example(ID,QueryB,_,_),
	   QueryA \= QueryB
	  );

	  (
	   user:example(ID,QueryA,_,_),
	   user:test_example(ID,QueryB,_,_),
	   QueryA \= QueryB
	  )
	 )
	->
	 (
	  format(user_error,'The example id ~q is used several times.~n',[ID]),
	  throw(error(examples))
	 ); true
	).
%========================================================================
%= 
%========================================================================

reset_learning :-
	retractall(learning_initialized),
	retractall(values_correct),
	retractall(current_iteration(_)),
	retractall(example_count(_)),
	retractall(query_probability_intern(_,_)),
	retractall(query_gradient_intern(_,_,_)),
	retractall(last_mse(_)),
	retractall(query_is_similar(_,_)),
	retractall(query_md5(_,_,_)),

	set_problog_flag(alpha,auto),
	set_problog_flag(learning_rate,examples),
	logger_reset_all_variables.



%========================================================================
%= initialize everything and perform Iterations times gradient descent
%= can be called several times
%= if it is called with an epsilon parameter, it stops when the change
%= in the MSE is smaller than epsilon
%========================================================================

do_learning(Iterations) :-
	do_learning(Iterations,-1).

do_learning(Iterations,Epsilon) :-
	current_predicate(user:example/4),
	!,
	integer(Iterations),
	number(Epsilon),
	Iterations>0,
	do_learning_intern(Iterations,Epsilon).
do_learning(_,_) :-
	format(user_error,'~n~Error: No training examples specified.~n~n',[]).


do_learning_intern(0,_) :-
	!.
do_learning_intern(Iterations,Epsilon) :-
	Iterations>0,
	
	init_learning,
	current_iteration(CurrentIteration),
	retractall(current_iteration(_)),
	NextIteration is CurrentIteration+1,
	assertz(current_iteration(NextIteration)),
	EndIteration is CurrentIteration+Iterations-1,
	
	format_learning(1,'~nIteration ~d of ~d~n',[CurrentIteration,EndIteration]),
	logger_set_variable(iteration,CurrentIteration),

	logger_start_timer(duration),
	mse_testset,
	ground_truth_difference,  
	gradient_descent,

	problog_flag(log_frequency,Log_Frequency),
	
	(
	 ( Log_Frequency>0, 0 =:= CurrentIteration mod Log_Frequency)
	->
	 once(save_model);
	 true
	),

	update_values,
	
	(
	 last_mse(Last_MSE)
	->
	 (
	  retractall(last_mse(_)),
	  logger_get_variable(mse_trainingset,Current_MSE),
	  assertz(last_mse(Current_MSE)),
	  !,
	  MSE_Diff is abs(Last_MSE-Current_MSE)
	 );  (
	      logger_get_variable(mse_trainingset,Current_MSE),
	      assertz(last_mse(Current_MSE)), 
	      MSE_Diff is Epsilon+1
	     )
	),

	(
	 (problog_flag(rebuild_bdds,BDDFreq),BDDFreq>0,0 =:= CurrentIteration mod BDDFreq)
	->
	 (
	  retractall(values_correct),
	  retractall(query_is_similar(_,_)),
	  retractall(query_md5(_,_,_)),
	  empty_bdd_directory,
	  init_queries
	 ); true
	),


	!,
	logger_stop_timer(duration),
	

	logger_write_data,



	RemainingIterations is Iterations-1,

	(
	 MSE_Diff>Epsilon
	->
	 do_learning_intern(RemainingIterations,Epsilon);
	 true
	).


%========================================================================
%= find proofs and build bdds for all training and test examples
%=
%=
%========================================================================
init_learning :-
	learning_initialized,
	!.
init_learning :-
	check_examples,
	
	empty_output_directory,
	logger_write_header,

	format_learning(1,'Initializing everything~n',[]),


        %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	% Delete the BDDs from the previous run if they should
	% not be reused
        %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	(
	 (
	  problog_flag(reuse_initialized_bdds,true),
	  problog_flag(rebuild_bdds,0)
	 )
	->
	 true;
	 empty_bdd_directory
	),

        %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	% Check, if continuous facts are used.
	% if yes, switch to problog_exact 
        %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	problog_flag(init_method,(_,_,_,_,OldCall)),
	(
	 (
	  continuous_fact(_),
	  OldCall\=problog_exact_save(_,_,_,_,_)
	 )
	->
	 (
	  format_learning(2,'Theory uses continuous facts.~nWill use problog_exact/3 as initalization method.~2n',[]),
	  set_problog_flag(init_method,(Query,Probability,BDDFile,ProbFile,problog_exact_save(Query,Probability,_Status,BDDFile,ProbFile)))
	 );
	 true
	),

	(
	 problog_tabled(_)
	->
	 (
	  format_learning(2,'Theory uses tabling.~nWill use problog_exact/3 as initalization method.~2n',[]),
	  set_problog_flag(init_method,(Query,Probability,BDDFile,ProbFile,problog_exact_save(Query,Probability,_Status,BDDFile,ProbFile)))
	 );
	 true
	),
	

	succeeds_n_times(user:test_example(_,_,_,_),TestExampleCount),
	format_learning(3,'~q test examples~n',[TestExampleCount]),

	succeeds_n_times(user:example(_,_,_,_),TrainingExampleCount),
	assertz(example_count(TrainingExampleCount)),
	format_learning(3,'~q training examples~n',[TrainingExampleCount]),


        %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	% set learning rate and alpha
        %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	(
	 problog_flag(learning_rate,examples)
	->
	 set_problog_flag(learning_rate,TrainingExampleCount);
	 true
	),

	(
	 problog_flag(alpha,auto)
	->
	 (
	  (user:example(_,_,P,_),P<1,P>0)
	 ->
	  set_problog_flag(alpha,1.0);
	  (
	   succeeds_n_times((user:example(_,_,P,=),P=:=1.0),Pos_Count),
	   succeeds_n_times((user:example(_,_,P,=),P=:=0.0),Neg_Count),
	   Alpha is Pos_Count/Neg_Count,
	   set_problog_flag(alpha,Alpha)
	  )
	 )
	),

	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	% build BDD script for every example
        %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	once(init_queries),

	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	% done
        %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	assertz(current_iteration(0)),
	assertz(learning_initialized),

	format_learning(1,'~n',[]).



%========================================================================
%= This predicate goes over all training and test examples,
%= calls the inference method of ProbLog and stores the resulting
%= BDDs
%========================================================================


init_queries :-
	format_learning(2,'Build BDDs for examples~n',[]),
	forall(user:test_example(ID,Query,_Prob,_),init_one_query(ID,Query,test)),
	forall(user:example(ID,Query,_Prob,_),init_one_query(ID,Query,training)).

bdd_input_file(Filename) :-
	problog_flag(output_directory,Dir),
	concat_path_with_filename(Dir,'input.txt',Filename).

init_one_query(QueryID,Query,Type) :-
	format_learning(3,' ~q example ~q: ~q~n',[Type,QueryID,Query]),

	bdd_input_file(Probabilities_File),
	problog_flag(bdd_directory,Query_Directory),

	atomic_concat(['query_',QueryID],Filename1),
	concat_path_with_filename(Query_Directory,Filename1,Filename),

        %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	% if BDD file does not exist, call ProbLog
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	(
	 file_exists(Filename)
	->
	 format_learning(3,' Reuse existing BDD ~q~n~n',[Filename]);
	 (
	  problog_flag(init_method,(Query,_Prob,Filename,Probabilities_File,Call)),
	  once(Call),
	  delete_file_silently(Probabilities_File)
	 )
	),
    
        %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	% check wether this BDD is similar to another BDD
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	(
	 problog_flag(check_duplicate_bdds,true)
	->
	 (
	  calc_md5(Filename,Query_MD5),
	  ( 
	    query_md5(OtherQueryID,Query_MD5,Type)
	  ->
	    ( 
	      assertz(query_is_similar(QueryID,OtherQueryID)),
	      format_learning(3, '~q is similar to ~q~2n', [QueryID,OtherQueryID])
	    );
	    assertz(query_md5(QueryID,Query_MD5,Type))
	  )
	 );

	 true
	),!,
	garbage_collect.




%========================================================================
%= updates all values of query_probability/2 and query_gradient/4
%= should be called always before these predicates are accessed
%= if the old values are still valid, nothing happens
%========================================================================

update_values :-
	values_correct,
	!.
update_values :-
	\+ values_correct,

	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	% delete old values
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	retractall(query_probability_intern(_,_)),
	retractall(query_gradient_intern(_,_,_,_)),	

	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	% start write current probabilities to file
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	bdd_input_file(Probabilities_File),
	delete_file_silently(Probabilities_File),

	open(Probabilities_File,'write',Handle),

	forall(get_fact_probability(ID,Prob),
	       (
		(problog:dynamic_probability_fact(ID) ->
      get_fact(ID, Term),
      forall(grounding_is_known(Term, GID), (
        problog:dynamic_probability_fact_extract(Term, Prob2),
        inv_sigmoid(Prob2,Value),
        format(Handle, '@x~q_~q~n~10f~n', [ID,GID, Value])))
    ; non_ground_fact(ID) ->
      inv_sigmoid(Prob,Value),
		 format(Handle,'@x~q_*~n~10f~n',[ID,Value])
    ;
      inv_sigmoid(Prob,Value),
		 format(Handle,'@x~q~n~10f~n',[ID,Value])
		)
	       )),

	forall(get_continuous_fact_parameters(ID,gaussian(Mu,Sigma)),
	       format(Handle,'@x~q_*~n0~n0~n~10f;~10f~n',[ID,Mu,Sigma])),

	close(Handle),
	!,
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	% stop write current probabilities to file
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

	assertz(values_correct).



%========================================================================
%=
%=
%=
%========================================================================

update_query_cleanup(QueryID) :-
	(
	 (query_is_similar(QueryID,_) ; query_is_similar(_,QueryID))
	->
	    % either this query is similar to another or vice versa,
	    % therefore we don't delete anything
	 true;
	 retractall(query_gradient_intern(QueryID,_,_,_))
	).


update_query(QueryID,Symbol,What_To_Update) :-
	% fixme OS trouble
	problog_flag(output_directory,Output_Directory),
	problog_flag(bdd_directory,Query_Directory),
	bdd_input_file(Probabilities_File),
	(
	 query_is_similar(QueryID,_)
	->
				% we don't have to evaluate the BDD
	 format_learning(4,'#',[]);
	 (
	  problog_flag(sigmoid_slope,Slope),
	  problog_dir(PD),
	  ((What_To_Update=all;query_is_similar(_,QueryID)) -> Method='g' ; Method='l'),
	  atomic_concat([PD,
			 '/problogbdd',
			 ' -i "', Probabilities_File, '"',
			 ' -l "', Query_Directory,'/query_',QueryID, '"',
			 ' -m ', Method,
			 ' -id ', QueryID,
			 ' -sl ', Slope,
			 ' > "',
			 Output_Directory,
			 'values.pl"'],Command),
	  shell(Command,Error),
	 

	  (
	   Error = 2
	  ->
	   throw(error('SimpleCUDD has been interrupted.'));
	   true
	  ),
	  (
	   Error \= 0
	  ->
	   (
	   format(user_error,'SimpleCUDD stopped with error code ~q, command was ~q~n',[Error, shell(Command,Error)]),
	   throw(bdd_error(QueryID,Error)));
	   true
	  ),
	  atomic_concat([Output_Directory,'values.pl'],Values_Filename),
	  (
	   file_exists(Values_Filename)
	  ->
	   (
	    (
	     once(my_load(Values_Filename,QueryID))
	    ->
	     true;
	     (
	      format(user_error,'ERROR: Tried to read the file ~q but my_load/1 fails.~n~q.~2n',[Values_Filename,update_query(QueryID,Symbol,What_To_Update)]),
	      throw(error(my_load_fails))
	     )
	    );
	    (
	     format(user_error,'ERROR: Tried to read the file ~q but it does not exist.~n~q.~2n',[Values_Filename,update_query(QueryID,Symbol,What_To_Update)]),
	     throw(error(output_file_does_not_exist))
	    )
	   )
	  ),
	  
	  delete_file_silently(Values_Filename),
	  format_learning(4,'~w',[Symbol])
	 )
	).


%========================================================================
%= This predicate reads probability and gradient values from the file
%= the gradient ID is a mere check to uncover hidden bugs
%= +Filename +QueryID -QueryProbability
%========================================================================

my_load(File,QueryID) :-
	open(File,'read',Handle),
	read(Handle,Atom),
	once(my_load_intern(Atom,Handle,QueryID)),
	close(Handle).
my_load(File,QueryID) :-
	format(user_error,'Error at ~q.~2n',[my_load(File,QueryID)]),
	throw(error(my_load(File,QueryID))).

my_load_intern(end_of_file,_,_) :-
	!.
my_load_intern(query_probability(QueryID,Prob),Handle,QueryID) :-
	!,
	assertz(query_probability_intern(QueryID,Prob)),
	read(Handle,X),
	my_load_intern(X,Handle,QueryID).
my_load_intern(query_gradient(QueryID,XFactID,Type,Value),Handle,QueryID) :-
	!,
	atomic_concat(x,StringFactID,XFactID),
	atom_number(StringFactID,FactID),
	assertz(query_gradient_intern(QueryID,FactID,Type,Value)),
	read(Handle,X),
	my_load_intern(X,Handle,QueryID).
my_load_intern(X,Handle,QueryID) :-
	format(user_error,'Unknown atom ~q in results file.~n',[X]),
	read(Handle,X2),
	my_load_intern(X2,Handle,QueryID).




%========================================================================
%=
%=
%=
%========================================================================
query_probability(QueryID,Prob) :-
	(
	 query_probability_intern(QueryID,Prob)
	->
	 true;
	 (
	  query_is_similar(QueryID,OtherQueryID),
	  query_probability_intern(OtherQueryID,Prob)
	 )
	).
query_gradient(QueryID,Fact,Type,Value) :-
	(
	 query_gradient_intern(QueryID,Fact,Type,Value)
	->
	 true;
	 (
	  query_is_similar(QueryID,OtherQueryID),
	  query_gradient_intern(OtherQueryID,Fact,Type,Value)
	 )
	).

%========================================================================
%=
%=
%=
%========================================================================



% FIXME
ground_truth_difference :-
	findall(Diff,(tunable_fact(FactID,GroundTruth),
		      \+continuous_fact(FactID),
		      \+ var(GroundTruth),
		      get_fact_probability(FactID,Prob),
		      Diff is abs(GroundTruth-Prob)),AllDiffs),
	(
	 AllDiffs=[]
	->
	 (
	  MinDiff=0.0,
	  MaxDiff=0.0,
	  DiffMean=0.0
	 ) ;
	 (
	  length(AllDiffs,Len),
	  sum_list(AllDiffs,AllDiffsSum),
	  min_list(AllDiffs,MinDiff),
	  max_list(AllDiffs,MaxDiff),
	  DiffMean is AllDiffsSum/Len
	 )
	),

	logger_set_variable(ground_truth_diff,DiffMean),
	logger_set_variable(ground_truth_mindiff,MinDiff),
	logger_set_variable(ground_truth_maxdiff,MaxDiff).

%========================================================================
%= Calculates the mse of training and test data
%=
%= -Float
%========================================================================

mse_trainingset_only_for_linesearch(MSE) :-
	update_values,

	example_count(Example_Count),

	bb_put(error_train_line_search,0.0),
	forall(user:example(QueryID,_Query,QueryProb,Type),
	       (
		once(update_query(QueryID,'.',probability)),
		query_probability(QueryID,CurrentProb),
		once(update_query_cleanup(QueryID)),
		(
		 (Type == '='; (Type == '<', CurrentProb>QueryProb); (Type=='>',CurrentProb<QueryProb))
		->
		 (
		  bb_get(error_train_line_search,Old_Error),
		  New_Error is Old_Error + (CurrentProb-QueryProb)**2,
		  bb_put(error_train_line_search,New_Error)
		 );true
		)
	       )
	      ),
	bb_delete(error_train_line_search,Error),
	MSE is Error/Example_Count,
	format_learning(3,' (~8f)~n',[MSE]),
	retractall(values_correct).

mse_testset :-
	current_iteration(Iteration),
	create_test_predictions_file_name(Iteration,File_Name),
	open(File_Name,'write',Handle),
	format(Handle,"%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%~n",[]),
	format(Handle,"% Iteration, train/test, QueryID, Query, GroundTruth, Prediction %~n",[]),
	format(Handle,"%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%~n",[]),
	
	format_learning(2,'MSE_Test ',[]),
	update_values,
	bb_put(llh_test_queries,0.0),
	findall(SquaredError,
		(user:test_example(QueryID,Query,TrueQueryProb,Type),
		 once(update_query(QueryID,'+',probability)),
		 query_probability(QueryID,CurrentProb),
		 format(Handle,'ex(~q,test,~q,~q,~10f,~10f).~n',[Iteration,QueryID,Query,TrueQueryProb,CurrentProb]),
		 once(update_query_cleanup(QueryID)),
		 (
		  (Type == '='; (Type == '<', CurrentProb>QueryProb); (Type=='>',CurrentProb<QueryProb))
		 ->
		  SquaredError is (CurrentProb-TrueQueryProb)**2;
		  SquaredError = 0.0
		 ),
		 bb_get(llh_test_queries,Old_LLH_Test_Queries),
		 New_LLH_Test_Queries is Old_LLH_Test_Queries+log(CurrentProb),
		 bb_put(llh_test_queries,New_LLH_Test_Queries)
		),
		AllSquaredErrors),

        close(Handle),
	bb_delete(llh_test_queries,LLH_Test_Queries),

	length(AllSquaredErrors,Length),

	(
	 Length>0
	->
	 (
	  sum_list(AllSquaredErrors,SumAllSquaredErrors),
	  min_list(AllSquaredErrors,MinError),
	  max_list(AllSquaredErrors,MaxError),
	  MSE is SumAllSquaredErrors/Length
	 );(
	    MSE=0.0,
	    MinError=0.0,
	    MaxError=0.0
	   )
	),

	logger_set_variable(mse_testset,MSE),
	logger_set_variable(mse_min_testset,MinError),
	logger_set_variable(mse_max_testset,MaxError),
	logger_set_variable(llh_test_queries,LLH_Test_Queries),
	format_learning(2,' (~8f)~n',[MSE]).

%========================================================================
%= Calculates the sigmoid function respectivly the inverse of it
%= warning: applying inv_sigmoid to 0.0 or 1.0 will yield +/-inf
%=
%= +Float, -Float
%========================================================================

sigmoid(T,Sig) :-
	problog_flag(sigmoid_slope,Slope),
	Sig is 1/(1+exp(-T*Slope)).

inv_sigmoid(T,InvSig) :-
	problog_flag(sigmoid_slope,Slope),
	InvSig is -log(1/T-1)/Slope.






%========================================================================
%= Perform one iteration of gradient descent
%=
%= assumes that everything is initialized, if the current values
%= of query_probability/2 and query_gradient/4 are not up to date
%= they will be recalculated
%= finally, the values_correct/0 is retracted to signal that the
%= probabilities of the examples have to be recalculated
%========================================================================

save_old_probabilities :-
	forall(tunable_fact(FactID,_),
	       (
		continuous_fact(FactID)
	       ->
		(
		 get_continuous_fact_parameters(FactID,gaussian(OldMu,OldSigma)),
		 atomic_concat(['old_mu_',FactID],Key),
		 atomic_concat(['old_sigma_',FactID],Key2),
		 bb_put(Key,OldMu),
		 bb_put(Key2,OldSigma)
		);
		(
		 get_fact_probability(FactID,OldProbability),
		 atomic_concat(['old_prob_',FactID],Key),
		 bb_put(Key,OldProbability)
		)
	       )
	      ).



forget_old_probabilities :-
	forall(tunable_fact(FactID,_),
	       (
		continuous_fact(FactID)
	       ->
		(
		 atomic_concat(['old_mu_',FactID],Key),
		 atomic_concat(['old_sigma_',FactID],Key2),
		 atomic_concat(['grad_mu_',FactID],Key3),
		 atomic_concat(['grad_sigma_',FactID],Key4),
		 bb_delete(Key,_),
		 bb_delete(Key2,_),
		 bb_delete(Key3,_),
		 bb_delete(Key4,_)
		);
		(
		 atomic_concat(['old_prob_',FactID],Key),
		 atomic_concat(['grad_',FactID],Key2),
		 bb_delete(Key,_),
		 bb_delete(Key2,_)
		)
	       )
	      ).

add_gradient(Learning_Rate) :-
	forall(tunable_fact(FactID,_),
	       (
		continuous_fact(FactID)
	       ->
		(
		 atomic_concat(['old_mu_',FactID],Key),
		 atomic_concat(['old_sigma_',FactID],Key2),
		 atomic_concat(['grad_mu_',FactID],Key3),
		 atomic_concat(['grad_sigma_',FactID],Key4),
		 
		 bb_get(Key,Old_Mu),
		 bb_get(Key2,Old_Sigma),
		 bb_get(Key3,Grad_Mu),
		 bb_get(Key4,Grad_Sigma),

		 Mu is Old_Mu  -Learning_Rate* Grad_Mu,
		 Sigma is exp(log(Old_Sigma)  -Learning_Rate* Grad_Sigma),

		 set_continuous_fact_parameters(FactID,gaussian(Mu,Sigma))
		);
		(
		 atomic_concat(['old_prob_',FactID],Key),
		 atomic_concat(['grad_',FactID],Key2),
		 
		 bb_get(Key,OldProbability),
		 bb_get(Key2,GradValue),

		 inv_sigmoid(OldProbability,OldValue),
		 NewValue is OldValue -Learning_Rate*GradValue,
		 sigmoid(NewValue,NewProbability),

				% Prevent "inf" by using values too close to 1.0
		 Prob_Secure is min(0.999999999,max(0.000000001,NewProbability)),
		 set_fact_probability(FactID,Prob_Secure)
		)
	       )
	      ),
	retractall(values_correct).


gradient_descent :-
	current_iteration(Iteration),
	create_training_predictions_file_name(Iteration,File_Name),
	open(File_Name,'write',Handle),
	format(Handle,"%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%~n",[]),
	format(Handle,"% Iteration, train/test, QueryID, Query, GroundTruth, Prediction %~n",[]),
	format(Handle,"%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%~n",[]),
	
	format_learning(2,'Gradient ',[]),
	
	save_old_probabilities,
	update_values,

	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	% start set gradient to zero
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	forall(tunable_fact(FactID,_),
	       (
		continuous_fact(FactID)
	       ->

		(
		 atomic_concat(['grad_mu_',FactID],Key),
		 atomic_concat(['grad_sigma_',FactID],Key2),
		 bb_put(Key,0.0),
		 bb_put(Key2,0.0)
		);
		(
		 atomic_concat(['grad_',FactID],Key),
		 bb_put(Key,0.0)
		)
	       )
	      ),
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	% stop gradient to zero
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	% start calculate gradient
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	bb_put(mse_train_sum, 0.0),
	bb_put(mse_train_min, 0.0),
	bb_put(mse_train_max, 0.0),
	bb_put(llh_training_queries, 0.0),
	
	problog_flag(alpha,Alpha),
	logger_set_variable(alpha,Alpha),
	example_count(Example_Count),

	forall(user:example(QueryID,Query,QueryProb,Type),
	       (
		once(update_query(QueryID,'.',all)),
		query_probability(QueryID,BDDProb),
		format(Handle,'ex(~q,train,~q,~q,~10f,~10f).~n',[Iteration,QueryID,Query,QueryProb,BDDProb]),
		(
		 QueryProb=:=0.0
		->
		 Y2=Alpha;
		 Y2=1.0
		),
		(
		 (Type == '='; (Type == '<', BDDProb>QueryProb); (Type=='>',BDDProb<QueryProb))
		->
		 Y is Y2*2/Example_Count * (BDDProb-QueryProb);
		 Y=0.0
		),
	  
	  
				% first do the calculations for the MSE on training set
		(
		 (Type == '='; (Type == '<', BDDProb>QueryProb); (Type=='>',BDDProb<QueryProb))
		->
		 Squared_Error is (BDDProb-QueryProb)**2;
		 Squared_Error=0.0
		),
	 
		bb_get(mse_train_sum,Old_MSE_Train_Sum),
		bb_get(mse_train_min,Old_MSE_Train_Min),
		bb_get(mse_train_max,Old_MSE_Train_Max),
		bb_get(llh_training_queries,Old_LLH_Training_Queries),
		New_MSE_Train_Sum is Old_MSE_Train_Sum+Squared_Error,
		New_MSE_Train_Min is min(Old_MSE_Train_Min,Squared_Error),
		New_MSE_Train_Max is max(Old_MSE_Train_Max,Squared_Error),
		New_LLH_Training_Queries is Old_LLH_Training_Queries+log(BDDProb),
		bb_put(mse_train_sum,New_MSE_Train_Sum),
		bb_put(mse_train_min,New_MSE_Train_Min),
		bb_put(mse_train_max,New_MSE_Train_Max),
		bb_put(llh_training_queries,New_LLH_Training_Queries),
	  


		(		% go over all tunable facts
		  tunable_fact(FactID,_),
		  (
		   continuous_fact(FactID)
		  ->
		   (
		    atomic_concat(['grad_mu_',FactID],Key),
		    atomic_concat(['grad_sigma_',FactID],Key2),
	    
	      % if the following query fails,
	      % it means, the fact is not used in the proof
	      % of QueryID, and the gradient is 0.0 and will
	      % not contribute to NewValue either way
	      % DON'T FORGET THIS IF YOU CHANGE SOMETHING HERE!
		    query_gradient(QueryID,FactID,mu,GradValueMu),
		    query_gradient(QueryID,FactID,sigma,GradValueSigma),

		    bb_get(Key,OldValueMu),
		    bb_get(Key2,OldValueSigma),

		    NewValueMu is OldValueMu + Y*GradValueMu,
		    NewValueSigma is OldValueSigma + Y*GradValueSigma,

		    bb_put(Key,NewValueMu),
		    bb_put(Key2,NewValueSigma)
		   );
		   (
		    atomic_concat(['grad_',FactID],Key),
	    
	      % if the following query fails,
	      % it means, the fact is not used in the proof
	      % of QueryID, and the gradient is 0.0 and will
	      % not contribute to NewValue either way
	      % DON'T FORGET THIS IF YOU CHANGE SOMETHING HERE!
		    query_gradient(QueryID,FactID,p,GradValue),

		    bb_get(Key,OldValue),
		    NewValue is OldValue + Y*GradValue,
		    bb_put(Key,NewValue)
		   )
		  ),

				fail; % go to next fact
				true
		),
		
		once(update_query_cleanup(QueryID))
	       )),
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	% stop calculate gradient
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	!,

	close(Handle),
	
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	% start statistics on gradient
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	findall(V, (
		    tunable_fact(FactID,_),
		    atomic_concat(['grad_',FactID],Key),
		    bb_get(Key,V)
		   ),Gradient_Values),

	(
	 Gradient_Values==[]
	->
	 (
	  logger_set_variable(gradient_mean,0.0),
	  logger_set_variable(gradient_min,0.0),
	  logger_set_variable(gradient_max,0.0)
	 );
	 (
	  sum_list(Gradient_Values,GradSum),
	  max_list(Gradient_Values,GradMax),
	  min_list(Gradient_Values,GradMin),
	  length(Gradient_Values,GradLength),
	  GradMean is GradSum/GradLength,

	  logger_set_variable(gradient_mean,GradMean),
	  logger_set_variable(gradient_min,GradMin),
	  logger_set_variable(gradient_max,GradMax)
	 )
	),
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	% stop statistics on gradient
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

	bb_delete(mse_train_sum,MSE_Train_Sum),
	bb_delete(mse_train_min,MSE_Train_Min),
	bb_delete(mse_train_max,MSE_Train_Max),
	bb_delete(llh_training_queries,LLH_Training_Queries),
	MSE is MSE_Train_Sum/Example_Count,

	logger_set_variable(mse_trainingset,MSE),
	logger_set_variable(mse_min_trainingset,MSE_Train_Min),
	logger_set_variable(mse_max_trainingset,MSE_Train_Max),
	logger_set_variable(llh_training_queries,LLH_Training_Queries),

	format_learning(2,'~n',[]),

	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	% start add gradient to current probabilities
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	(
	    problog_flag(line_search,false)
	->
	    problog_flag(learning_rate,LearningRate);
	    lineSearch(LearningRate,_)
	),
	format_learning(3,'learning rate:~8f~n',[LearningRate]),
	add_gradient(LearningRate),
	logger_set_variable(learning_rate,LearningRate),
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	% stop add gradient to current probabilities
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	!,
	forget_old_probabilities.

%========================================================================
%=
%=
%========================================================================

line_search_evaluate_point(Learning_Rate,MSE) :-
	add_gradient(Learning_Rate),
	format_learning(2,'Line search (h=~8f) ',[Learning_Rate]),
	mse_trainingset_only_for_linesearch(MSE).


lineSearch(Final_X,Final_Value) :-

	% Get Parameters for line search
	problog_flag(line_search_tolerance,Tol),
	problog_flag(line_search_tau,Tau),
	problog_flag(line_search_interval,(A,B)),

	format_learning(3,'Line search in interval (~4f,~4f)~n',[A,B]),
	
	% init values
	Acc is Tol * (B-A),
	InitRight is A + Tau*(B-A),
	InitLeft is B - Tau*(B-A),

	line_search_evaluate_point(A,Value_A),
	line_search_evaluate_point(B,Value_B),
	line_search_evaluate_point(InitRight,Value_InitRight),
	line_search_evaluate_point(InitLeft,Value_InitLeft),


	Parameters=ls(A,B,InitLeft,InitRight,Value_A,Value_B,Value_InitLeft,Value_InitRight,1),

	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	%%%% BEGIN BACK TRACKING
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	(
	 repeat,

	 Parameters=ls(Ak,Bk,Left,Right,Fl,Fr,FLeft,FRight,Iteration),

	 (
		% check for infinity, if there is, go to the left
	  ( FLeft >= FRight, \+ FLeft = (+inf), \+ FRight = (+inf) ) 
	 ->
	  (
	   AkNew=Left,
	   FlNew=FLeft,
	   LeftNew=Right,
	   FLeftNew=FRight,
	   RightNew is Left + Bk - Right,
	   line_search_evaluate_point(RightNew,FRightNew),
	   BkNew=Bk,
	   FrNew=Fr,
	   Interval_Size is Bk-Left
	  );
	  (
	   BkNew=Right,
	   FrNew=FRight,
	   RightNew=Left,
	   FRightNew=FLeft,
	   LeftNew is Ak + Right - Left,

	   line_search_evaluate_point(LeftNew,FLeftNew),
	   AkNew=Ak,
	   FlNew=Fl,
	   Interval_Size is Right-Ak
	  )
	 ),

	 Next_Iteration is Iteration + 1,

	 nb_setarg(9,Parameters,Next_Iteration),
	 nb_setarg(1,Parameters,AkNew),
	 nb_setarg(2,Parameters,BkNew),
	 nb_setarg(3,Parameters,LeftNew),
	 nb_setarg(4,Parameters,RightNew),
	 nb_setarg(5,Parameters,FlNew),
	 nb_setarg(6,Parameters,FrNew),
	 nb_setarg(7,Parameters,FLeftNew),
	 nb_setarg(8,Parameters,FRightNew),

				% is the search interval smaller than the tolerance level?
	 Interval_Size<Acc,

	% apperantly it is, so get me out of here and
	% cut away the choice point from repeat
	 !  
	),
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	%%%% END BACK TRACKING
	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

    

	% it doesn't harm to check also the value in the middle
	% of the current search interval
	Middle is (AkNew + BkNew) / 2.0,
	line_search_evaluate_point(Middle,Value_Middle),	

	% return the optimal value
	my_5_min(Value_Middle,FlNew,FrNew,FLeftNew,FRightNew,
		 Middle,AkNew,BkNew,LeftNew,RightNew,
		 Optimal_Value,Optimal_X),

	line_search_postcheck(Optimal_Value,Optimal_X,Final_Value,Final_X).

line_search_postcheck(V,X,V,X) :-
	X>0,
	!.
line_search_postcheck(V,X,V,X) :-
	problog_flag(line_search_never_stop,false),
	!.
line_search_postcheck(_,_, LLH, FinalPosition) :-
	problog_flag(line_search_tolerance,Tolerance),
	problog_flag(line_search_interval,(Left,Right)),


	Offset is (Right - Left) * Tolerance,

	bb_put(line_search_offset,Offset),

	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	(

	 repeat,
	 
	 bb_get(line_search_offset,OldOffset),
	 NewOffset is OldOffset * Tolerance,
	 bb_put(line_search_offset,NewOffset),

	 Position is Left + NewOffset,
	 line_search_evaluate_point(Position,LLH),
	 bb_put(line_search_llh,LLH),

	 write(logAtom(lineSearchPostCheck(Position,LLH))),nl,


	 \+ LLH = (+inf),
	 !
	),  % cut away choice point from repeat
        %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

	bb_delete(line_search_llh,LLH),
	bb_delete(line_search_offset,FinalOffset),
	FinalPosition is Left + FinalOffset.



my_5_min(V1,V2,V3,V4,V5,F1,F2,F3,F4,F5,VMin,FMin) :-
	(
	    V1<V2
	->
	 (VTemp1=V1,FTemp1=F1);
	 (VTemp1=V2,FTemp1=F2)
	),
	(
	 V3<V4
	->
	 (VTemp2=V3,FTemp2=F3);
	 (VTemp2=V4,FTemp2=F4)
	),
	(
	 VTemp1<VTemp2
	->
	 (VTemp3=VTemp1,FTemp3=FTemp1);
	 (VTemp3=VTemp2,FTemp3=FTemp2)
	),
	(
	 VTemp3<V5
	->
	 (VMin=VTemp3,FMin=FTemp3);
	 (VMin=V5,FMin=F5)
	).



%========================================================================
%= initialize the logger module and set the flags for learning
%= don't change anything here! use set_problog_flag/2 instead
%========================================================================

init_flags :-
	prolog_file_name('queries',Queries_Folder), % get absolute file name for './queries'
	prolog_file_name('output',Output_Folder), % get absolute file name for './output'
	problog_define_flag(bdd_directory, problog_flag_validate_directory, 'directory for BDD scripts', Queries_Folder,learning_general),
	problog_define_flag(output_directory, problog_flag_validate_directory, 'directory for logfiles etc', Output_Folder,learning_general,flags:learning_output_dir_handler),
	problog_define_flag(log_frequency, problog_flag_validate_posint, 'log results every nth iteration', 1, learning_general),
	problog_define_flag(rebuild_bdds, problog_flag_validate_nonegint, 'rebuild BDDs every nth iteration', 0, learning_general),
	problog_define_flag(reuse_initialized_bdds,problog_flag_validate_boolean, 'Reuse BDDs from previous runs',false, learning_general),	
	problog_define_flag(check_duplicate_bdds,problog_flag_validate_boolean,'Store intermediate results in hash table',true,learning_general),
	problog_define_flag(init_method,problog_flag_validate_dummy,'ProbLog predicate to search proofs',(Query,Probability,BDDFile,ProbFile,problog_kbest_save(Query,100,Probability,_Status,BDDFile,ProbFile)),learning_general,flags:learning_init_handler),
	problog_define_flag(alpha,problog_flag_validate_number,'weight of negative examples (auto=n_p/n_n)',auto,learning_general,flags:auto_handler),
	problog_define_flag(sigmoid_slope,problog_flag_validate_posnumber,'slope of sigmoid function',1.0,learning_general),

	problog_define_flag(learning_rate,problog_flag_validate_posnumber,'Default learning rate (If line_search=false)',examples,learning_line_search,flags:examples_handler),
	problog_define_flag(line_search, problog_flag_validate_boolean,'estimate learning rate by line search',false,learning_line_search),
	problog_define_flag(line_search_never_stop, problog_flag_validate_boolean,'make tiny step if line search returns 0',true,learning_line_search),
	problog_define_flag(line_search_tau, problog_flag_validate_indomain_0_1_open,'tau value for line search',0.618033988749,learning_line_search),
	problog_define_flag(line_search_tolerance,problog_flag_validate_posnumber,'tolerance value for line search',0.05,learning_line_search),
	problog_define_flag(line_search_interval, problog_flag_validate_dummy,'interval for line search',(0,100),learning_line_search,flags:linesearch_interval_handler).
	

init_logger :-
	logger_define_variable(iteration, int),
	logger_define_variable(duration,time),
	logger_define_variable(mse_trainingset,float),
	logger_define_variable(mse_min_trainingset,float),
	logger_define_variable(mse_max_trainingset,float),
	logger_define_variable(mse_testset,float),
	logger_define_variable(mse_min_testset,float),
	logger_define_variable(mse_max_testset,float),
	logger_define_variable(gradient_mean,float),
	logger_define_variable(gradient_min,float),
	logger_define_variable(gradient_max,float),
	logger_define_variable(ground_truth_diff,float),
	logger_define_variable(ground_truth_mindiff,float),
	logger_define_variable(ground_truth_maxdiff,float),
	logger_define_variable(learning_rate,float),
	logger_define_variable(alpha,float),
	logger_define_variable(llh_training_queries,float),
	logger_define_variable(llh_test_queries,float).

:- initialization(init_flags).
:- initialization(init_logger).