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<h3 class="section">3.5 Defining Language Semantics</h3>
<p><a name="index-defining-language-semantics-129"></a><a name="index-language-semantics_002c-defining-130"></a>
The grammar rules for a language determine only the syntax. The semantics
are determined by the semantic values associated with various tokens and
groupings, and by the actions taken when various groupings are recognized.
<p>For example, the calculator calculates properly because the value
associated with each expression is the proper number; it adds properly
because the action for the grouping ‘<samp><var>x</var><span class="samp"> + </span><var>y</var></samp>’<!-- /@w --> is to add
the numbers associated with <var>x</var> and <var>y</var>.
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<li><a accesskey="1" href="Value-Type.html#Value-Type">Value Type</a>: Specifying one data type for all semantic values.
<li><a accesskey="2" href="Multiple-Types.html#Multiple-Types">Multiple Types</a>: Specifying several alternative data types.
<li><a accesskey="3" href="Actions.html#Actions">Actions</a>: An action is the semantic definition of a grammar rule.
<li><a accesskey="4" href="Action-Types.html#Action-Types">Action Types</a>: Specifying data types for actions to operate on.
<li><a accesskey="5" href="Mid_002dRule-Actions.html#Mid_002dRule-Actions">Mid-Rule Actions</a>: Most actions go at the end of a rule.
This says when, why and how to use the exceptional
action in the middle of a rule.
<li><a accesskey="6" href="Named-References.html#Named-References">Named References</a>: Using named references in actions.
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