openvswitch-datapath-dkms 1.4.0-1ubuntu1 / usr / src / openvswitch-1.4.0 / lib / ofp-util.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Nicira Networks.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at:
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include <config.h>
#include "ofp-print.h"
#include <errno.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netinet/icmp6.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "autopath.h"
#include "bundle.h"
#include "byte-order.h"
#include "classifier.h"
#include "dynamic-string.h"
#include "learn.h"
#include "multipath.h"
#include "nx-match.h"
#include "ofp-errors.h"
#include "ofp-util.h"
#include "ofpbuf.h"
#include "packets.h"
#include "random.h"
#include "unaligned.h"
#include "type-props.h"
#include "vlog.h"

VLOG_DEFINE_THIS_MODULE(ofp_util);

/* Rate limit for OpenFlow message parse errors.  These always indicate a bug
 * in the peer and so there's not much point in showing a lot of them. */
static struct vlog_rate_limit bad_ofmsg_rl = VLOG_RATE_LIMIT_INIT(1, 5);

/* Given the wildcard bit count in the least-significant 6 of 'wcbits', returns
 * an IP netmask with a 1 in each bit that must match and a 0 in each bit that
 * is wildcarded.
 *
 * The bits in 'wcbits' are in the format used in enum ofp_flow_wildcards: 0
 * is exact match, 1 ignores the LSB, 2 ignores the 2 least-significant bits,
 * ..., 32 and higher wildcard the entire field.  This is the *opposite* of the
 * usual convention where e.g. /24 indicates that 8 bits (not 24 bits) are
 * wildcarded. */
ovs_be32
ofputil_wcbits_to_netmask(int wcbits)
{
    wcbits &= 0x3f;
    return wcbits < 32 ? htonl(~((1u << wcbits) - 1)) : 0;
}

/* Given the IP netmask 'netmask', returns the number of bits of the IP address
 * that it wildcards, that is, the number of 0-bits in 'netmask'.  'netmask'
 * must be a CIDR netmask (see ip_is_cidr()). */
int
ofputil_netmask_to_wcbits(ovs_be32 netmask)
{
    return 32 - ip_count_cidr_bits(netmask);
}

/* A list of the FWW_* and OFPFW_ bits that have the same value, meaning, and
 * name. */
#define WC_INVARIANT_LIST \
    WC_INVARIANT_BIT(IN_PORT) \
    WC_INVARIANT_BIT(DL_SRC) \
    WC_INVARIANT_BIT(DL_DST) \
    WC_INVARIANT_BIT(DL_TYPE) \
    WC_INVARIANT_BIT(NW_PROTO) \
    WC_INVARIANT_BIT(TP_SRC) \
    WC_INVARIANT_BIT(TP_DST)

/* Verify that all of the invariant bits (as defined on WC_INVARIANT_LIST)
 * actually have the same names and values. */
#define WC_INVARIANT_BIT(NAME) BUILD_ASSERT_DECL(FWW_##NAME == OFPFW_##NAME);
    WC_INVARIANT_LIST
#undef WC_INVARIANT_BIT

/* WC_INVARIANTS is the invariant bits (as defined on WC_INVARIANT_LIST) all
 * OR'd together. */
static const flow_wildcards_t WC_INVARIANTS = 0
#define WC_INVARIANT_BIT(NAME) | FWW_##NAME
    WC_INVARIANT_LIST
#undef WC_INVARIANT_BIT
;

/* Converts the wildcard in 'ofpfw' into a flow_wildcards in 'wc' for use in
 * struct cls_rule.  It is the caller's responsibility to handle the special
 * case where the flow match's dl_vlan is set to OFP_VLAN_NONE. */
void
ofputil_wildcard_from_openflow(uint32_t ofpfw, struct flow_wildcards *wc)
{
    BUILD_ASSERT_DECL(FLOW_WC_SEQ == 7);

    /* Initialize most of rule->wc. */
    flow_wildcards_init_catchall(wc);
    wc->wildcards = (OVS_FORCE flow_wildcards_t) ofpfw & WC_INVARIANTS;

    /* Wildcard fields that aren't defined by ofp_match or tun_id. */
    wc->wildcards |= (FWW_ARP_SHA | FWW_ARP_THA | FWW_NW_ECN | FWW_NW_TTL
                      | FWW_ND_TARGET | FWW_IPV6_LABEL);

    if (ofpfw & OFPFW_NW_TOS) {
        /* OpenFlow 1.0 defines a TOS wildcard, but it's much later in
         * the enum than we can use. */
        wc->wildcards |= FWW_NW_DSCP;
    }

    wc->nw_src_mask = ofputil_wcbits_to_netmask(ofpfw >> OFPFW_NW_SRC_SHIFT);
    wc->nw_dst_mask = ofputil_wcbits_to_netmask(ofpfw >> OFPFW_NW_DST_SHIFT);

    if (ofpfw & OFPFW_DL_DST) {
        /* OpenFlow 1.0 OFPFW_DL_DST covers the whole Ethernet destination, but
         * Open vSwitch breaks the Ethernet destination into bits as FWW_DL_DST
         * and FWW_ETH_MCAST. */
        wc->wildcards |= FWW_ETH_MCAST;
    }

    /* VLAN TCI mask. */
    if (!(ofpfw & OFPFW_DL_VLAN_PCP)) {
        wc->vlan_tci_mask |= htons(VLAN_PCP_MASK | VLAN_CFI);
    }
    if (!(ofpfw & OFPFW_DL_VLAN)) {
        wc->vlan_tci_mask |= htons(VLAN_VID_MASK | VLAN_CFI);
    }
}

/* Converts the ofp_match in 'match' into a cls_rule in 'rule', with the given
 * 'priority'. */
void
ofputil_cls_rule_from_match(const struct ofp_match *match,
                            unsigned int priority, struct cls_rule *rule)
{
    uint32_t ofpfw = ntohl(match->wildcards) & OFPFW_ALL;

    /* Initialize rule->priority, rule->wc. */
    rule->priority = !ofpfw ? UINT16_MAX : priority;
    ofputil_wildcard_from_openflow(ofpfw, &rule->wc);

    /* Initialize most of rule->flow. */
    rule->flow.nw_src = match->nw_src;
    rule->flow.nw_dst = match->nw_dst;
    rule->flow.in_port = ntohs(match->in_port);
    rule->flow.dl_type = ofputil_dl_type_from_openflow(match->dl_type);
    rule->flow.tp_src = match->tp_src;
    rule->flow.tp_dst = match->tp_dst;
    memcpy(rule->flow.dl_src, match->dl_src, ETH_ADDR_LEN);
    memcpy(rule->flow.dl_dst, match->dl_dst, ETH_ADDR_LEN);
    rule->flow.nw_tos = match->nw_tos & IP_DSCP_MASK;
    rule->flow.nw_proto = match->nw_proto;

    /* Translate VLANs. */
    if (!(ofpfw & OFPFW_DL_VLAN) && match->dl_vlan == htons(OFP_VLAN_NONE)) {
        /* Match only packets without 802.1Q header.
         *
         * When OFPFW_DL_VLAN_PCP is wildcarded, this is obviously correct.
         *
         * If OFPFW_DL_VLAN_PCP is matched, the flow match is contradictory,
         * because we can't have a specific PCP without an 802.1Q header.
         * However, older versions of OVS treated this as matching packets
         * withut an 802.1Q header, so we do here too. */
        rule->flow.vlan_tci = htons(0);
        rule->wc.vlan_tci_mask = htons(0xffff);
    } else {
        ovs_be16 vid, pcp, tci;

        vid = match->dl_vlan & htons(VLAN_VID_MASK);
        pcp = htons((match->dl_vlan_pcp << VLAN_PCP_SHIFT) & VLAN_PCP_MASK);
        tci = vid | pcp | htons(VLAN_CFI);
        rule->flow.vlan_tci = tci & rule->wc.vlan_tci_mask;
    }

    /* Clean up. */
    cls_rule_zero_wildcarded_fields(rule);
}

/* Convert 'rule' into the OpenFlow match structure 'match'. */
void
ofputil_cls_rule_to_match(const struct cls_rule *rule, struct ofp_match *match)
{
    const struct flow_wildcards *wc = &rule->wc;
    uint32_t ofpfw;

    /* Figure out most OpenFlow wildcards. */
    ofpfw = (OVS_FORCE uint32_t) (wc->wildcards & WC_INVARIANTS);
    ofpfw |= ofputil_netmask_to_wcbits(wc->nw_src_mask) << OFPFW_NW_SRC_SHIFT;
    ofpfw |= ofputil_netmask_to_wcbits(wc->nw_dst_mask) << OFPFW_NW_DST_SHIFT;
    if (wc->wildcards & FWW_NW_DSCP) {
        ofpfw |= OFPFW_NW_TOS;
    }

    /* Translate VLANs. */
    match->dl_vlan = htons(0);
    match->dl_vlan_pcp = 0;
    if (rule->wc.vlan_tci_mask == htons(0)) {
        ofpfw |= OFPFW_DL_VLAN | OFPFW_DL_VLAN_PCP;
    } else if (rule->wc.vlan_tci_mask & htons(VLAN_CFI)
               && !(rule->flow.vlan_tci & htons(VLAN_CFI))) {
        match->dl_vlan = htons(OFP_VLAN_NONE);
    } else {
        if (!(rule->wc.vlan_tci_mask & htons(VLAN_VID_MASK))) {
            ofpfw |= OFPFW_DL_VLAN;
        } else {
            match->dl_vlan = htons(vlan_tci_to_vid(rule->flow.vlan_tci));
        }

        if (!(rule->wc.vlan_tci_mask & htons(VLAN_PCP_MASK))) {
            ofpfw |= OFPFW_DL_VLAN_PCP;
        } else {
            match->dl_vlan_pcp = vlan_tci_to_pcp(rule->flow.vlan_tci);
        }
    }

    /* Compose most of the match structure. */
    match->wildcards = htonl(ofpfw);
    match->in_port = htons(rule->flow.in_port);
    memcpy(match->dl_src, rule->flow.dl_src, ETH_ADDR_LEN);
    memcpy(match->dl_dst, rule->flow.dl_dst, ETH_ADDR_LEN);
    match->dl_type = ofputil_dl_type_to_openflow(rule->flow.dl_type);
    match->nw_src = rule->flow.nw_src;
    match->nw_dst = rule->flow.nw_dst;
    match->nw_tos = rule->flow.nw_tos & IP_DSCP_MASK;
    match->nw_proto = rule->flow.nw_proto;
    match->tp_src = rule->flow.tp_src;
    match->tp_dst = rule->flow.tp_dst;
    memset(match->pad1, '\0', sizeof match->pad1);
    memset(match->pad2, '\0', sizeof match->pad2);
}

/* Given a 'dl_type' value in the format used in struct flow, returns the
 * corresponding 'dl_type' value for use in an OpenFlow ofp_match structure. */
ovs_be16
ofputil_dl_type_to_openflow(ovs_be16 flow_dl_type)
{
    return (flow_dl_type == htons(FLOW_DL_TYPE_NONE)
            ? htons(OFP_DL_TYPE_NOT_ETH_TYPE)
            : flow_dl_type);
}

/* Given a 'dl_type' value in the format used in an OpenFlow ofp_match
 * structure, returns the corresponding 'dl_type' value for use in struct
 * flow. */
ovs_be16
ofputil_dl_type_from_openflow(ovs_be16 ofp_dl_type)
{
    return (ofp_dl_type == htons(OFP_DL_TYPE_NOT_ETH_TYPE)
            ? htons(FLOW_DL_TYPE_NONE)
            : ofp_dl_type);
}

/* Returns a transaction ID to use for an outgoing OpenFlow message. */
static ovs_be32
alloc_xid(void)
{
    static uint32_t next_xid = 1;
    return htonl(next_xid++);
}

/* Basic parsing of OpenFlow messages. */

struct ofputil_msg_type {
    enum ofputil_msg_code code; /* OFPUTIL_*. */
    uint32_t value;             /* OFPT_*, OFPST_*, NXT_*, or NXST_*. */
    const char *name;           /* e.g. "OFPT_FLOW_REMOVED". */
    unsigned int min_size;      /* Minimum total message size in bytes. */
    /* 0 if 'min_size' is the exact size that the message must be.  Otherwise,
     * the message may exceed 'min_size' by an even multiple of this value. */
    unsigned int extra_multiple;
};

/* Represents a malformed OpenFlow message. */
static const struct ofputil_msg_type ofputil_invalid_type = {
    OFPUTIL_MSG_INVALID, 0, "OFPUTIL_MSG_INVALID", 0, 0
};

struct ofputil_msg_category {
    const char *name;           /* e.g. "OpenFlow message" */
    const struct ofputil_msg_type *types;
    size_t n_types;
    int missing_error;          /* ofp_mkerr() value for missing type. */
};

static int
ofputil_check_length(const struct ofputil_msg_type *type, unsigned int size)
{
    switch (type->extra_multiple) {
    case 0:
        if (size != type->min_size) {
            VLOG_WARN_RL(&bad_ofmsg_rl, "received %s with incorrect "
                         "length %u (expected length %u)",
                         type->name, size, type->min_size);
            return ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_REQUEST, OFPBRC_BAD_LEN);
        }
        return 0;

    case 1:
        if (size < type->min_size) {
            VLOG_WARN_RL(&bad_ofmsg_rl, "received %s with incorrect "
                         "length %u (expected length at least %u bytes)",
                         type->name, size, type->min_size);
            return ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_REQUEST, OFPBRC_BAD_LEN);
        }
        return 0;

    default:
        if (size < type->min_size
            || (size - type->min_size) % type->extra_multiple) {
            VLOG_WARN_RL(&bad_ofmsg_rl, "received %s with incorrect "
                         "length %u (must be exactly %u bytes or longer "
                         "by an integer multiple of %u bytes)",
                         type->name, size,
                         type->min_size, type->extra_multiple);
            return ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_REQUEST, OFPBRC_BAD_LEN);
        }
        return 0;
    }
}

static int
ofputil_lookup_openflow_message(const struct ofputil_msg_category *cat,
                                uint32_t value,
                                const struct ofputil_msg_type **typep)
{
    const struct ofputil_msg_type *type;

    for (type = cat->types; type < &cat->types[cat->n_types]; type++) {
        if (type->value == value) {
            *typep = type;
            return 0;
        }
    }

    VLOG_WARN_RL(&bad_ofmsg_rl, "received %s of unknown type %"PRIu32,
                 cat->name, value);
    return cat->missing_error;
}

static int
ofputil_decode_vendor(const struct ofp_header *oh, size_t length,
                      const struct ofputil_msg_type **typep)
{
    static const struct ofputil_msg_type nxt_messages[] = {
        { OFPUTIL_NXT_ROLE_REQUEST,
          NXT_ROLE_REQUEST, "NXT_ROLE_REQUEST",
          sizeof(struct nx_role_request), 0 },

        { OFPUTIL_NXT_ROLE_REPLY,
          NXT_ROLE_REPLY, "NXT_ROLE_REPLY",
          sizeof(struct nx_role_request), 0 },

        { OFPUTIL_NXT_SET_FLOW_FORMAT,
          NXT_SET_FLOW_FORMAT, "NXT_SET_FLOW_FORMAT",
          sizeof(struct nxt_set_flow_format), 0 },

        { OFPUTIL_NXT_FLOW_MOD,
          NXT_FLOW_MOD, "NXT_FLOW_MOD",
          sizeof(struct nx_flow_mod), 8 },

        { OFPUTIL_NXT_FLOW_REMOVED,
          NXT_FLOW_REMOVED, "NXT_FLOW_REMOVED",
          sizeof(struct nx_flow_removed), 8 },

        { OFPUTIL_NXT_FLOW_MOD_TABLE_ID,
          NXT_FLOW_MOD_TABLE_ID, "NXT_FLOW_MOD_TABLE_ID",
          sizeof(struct nxt_flow_mod_table_id), 0 },
    };

    static const struct ofputil_msg_category nxt_category = {
        "Nicira extension message",
        nxt_messages, ARRAY_SIZE(nxt_messages),
        OFP_MKERR(OFPET_BAD_REQUEST, OFPBRC_BAD_SUBTYPE)
    };

    const struct ofp_vendor_header *ovh;
    const struct nicira_header *nh;

    if (length < sizeof(struct ofp_vendor_header)) {
        if (length == ntohs(oh->length)) {
            VLOG_WARN_RL(&bad_ofmsg_rl, "truncated vendor message");
        }
        return ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_REQUEST, OFPBRC_BAD_LEN);
    }

    ovh = (const struct ofp_vendor_header *) oh;
    if (ovh->vendor != htonl(NX_VENDOR_ID)) {
        VLOG_WARN_RL(&bad_ofmsg_rl, "received vendor message for unknown "
                     "vendor %"PRIx32, ntohl(ovh->vendor));
        return ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_REQUEST, OFPBRC_BAD_VENDOR);
    }

    if (length < sizeof(struct nicira_header)) {
        if (length == ntohs(oh->length)) {
            VLOG_WARN_RL(&bad_ofmsg_rl, "received Nicira vendor message of "
                         "length %u (expected at least %zu)",
                         ntohs(ovh->header.length),
                         sizeof(struct nicira_header));
        }
        return ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_REQUEST, OFPBRC_BAD_LEN);
    }

    nh = (const struct nicira_header *) oh;
    return ofputil_lookup_openflow_message(&nxt_category, ntohl(nh->subtype),
                                           typep);
}

static int
check_nxstats_msg(const struct ofp_header *oh, size_t length)
{
    const struct ofp_stats_msg *osm = (const struct ofp_stats_msg *) oh;
    ovs_be32 vendor;

    if (length < sizeof(struct ofp_vendor_stats_msg)) {
        if (length == ntohs(oh->length)) {
            VLOG_WARN_RL(&bad_ofmsg_rl, "truncated vendor stats message");
        }
        return ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_REQUEST, OFPBRC_BAD_LEN);
    }

    memcpy(&vendor, osm + 1, sizeof vendor);
    if (vendor != htonl(NX_VENDOR_ID)) {
        VLOG_WARN_RL(&bad_ofmsg_rl, "received vendor stats message for "
                     "unknown vendor %"PRIx32, ntohl(vendor));
        return ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_REQUEST, OFPBRC_BAD_VENDOR);
    }

    if (length < sizeof(struct nicira_stats_msg)) {
        if (length == ntohs(osm->header.length)) {
            VLOG_WARN_RL(&bad_ofmsg_rl, "truncated Nicira stats message");
        }
        return ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_REQUEST, OFPBRC_BAD_LEN);
    }

    return 0;
}

static int
ofputil_decode_nxst_request(const struct ofp_header *oh, size_t length,
                            const struct ofputil_msg_type **typep)
{
    static const struct ofputil_msg_type nxst_requests[] = {
        { OFPUTIL_NXST_FLOW_REQUEST,
          NXST_FLOW, "NXST_FLOW request",
          sizeof(struct nx_flow_stats_request), 8 },

        { OFPUTIL_NXST_AGGREGATE_REQUEST,
          NXST_AGGREGATE, "NXST_AGGREGATE request",
          sizeof(struct nx_aggregate_stats_request), 8 },
    };

    static const struct ofputil_msg_category nxst_request_category = {
        "Nicira extension statistics request",
        nxst_requests, ARRAY_SIZE(nxst_requests),
        OFP_MKERR(OFPET_BAD_REQUEST, OFPBRC_BAD_SUBTYPE)
    };

    const struct nicira_stats_msg *nsm;
    int error;

    error = check_nxstats_msg(oh, length);
    if (error) {
        return error;
    }

    nsm = (struct nicira_stats_msg *) oh;
    return ofputil_lookup_openflow_message(&nxst_request_category,
                                           ntohl(nsm->subtype), typep);
}

static int
ofputil_decode_nxst_reply(const struct ofp_header *oh, size_t length,
                          const struct ofputil_msg_type **typep)
{
    static const struct ofputil_msg_type nxst_replies[] = {
        { OFPUTIL_NXST_FLOW_REPLY,
          NXST_FLOW, "NXST_FLOW reply",
          sizeof(struct nicira_stats_msg), 8 },

        { OFPUTIL_NXST_AGGREGATE_REPLY,
          NXST_AGGREGATE, "NXST_AGGREGATE reply",
          sizeof(struct nx_aggregate_stats_reply), 0 },
    };

    static const struct ofputil_msg_category nxst_reply_category = {
        "Nicira extension statistics reply",
        nxst_replies, ARRAY_SIZE(nxst_replies),
        OFP_MKERR(OFPET_BAD_REQUEST, OFPBRC_BAD_SUBTYPE)
    };

    const struct nicira_stats_msg *nsm;
    int error;

    error = check_nxstats_msg(oh, length);
    if (error) {
        return error;
    }

    nsm = (struct nicira_stats_msg *) oh;
    return ofputil_lookup_openflow_message(&nxst_reply_category,
                                           ntohl(nsm->subtype), typep);
}

static int
check_stats_msg(const struct ofp_header *oh, size_t length)
{
    if (length < sizeof(struct ofp_stats_msg)) {
        if (length == ntohs(oh->length)) {
            VLOG_WARN_RL(&bad_ofmsg_rl, "truncated stats message");
        }
        return ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_REQUEST, OFPBRC_BAD_LEN);
    }

    return 0;
}

static int
ofputil_decode_ofpst_request(const struct ofp_header *oh, size_t length,
                             const struct ofputil_msg_type **typep)
{
    static const struct ofputil_msg_type ofpst_requests[] = {
        { OFPUTIL_OFPST_DESC_REQUEST,
          OFPST_DESC, "OFPST_DESC request",
          sizeof(struct ofp_stats_msg), 0 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPST_FLOW_REQUEST,
          OFPST_FLOW, "OFPST_FLOW request",
          sizeof(struct ofp_flow_stats_request), 0 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPST_AGGREGATE_REQUEST,
          OFPST_AGGREGATE, "OFPST_AGGREGATE request",
          sizeof(struct ofp_flow_stats_request), 0 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPST_TABLE_REQUEST,
          OFPST_TABLE, "OFPST_TABLE request",
          sizeof(struct ofp_stats_msg), 0 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPST_PORT_REQUEST,
          OFPST_PORT, "OFPST_PORT request",
          sizeof(struct ofp_port_stats_request), 0 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPST_QUEUE_REQUEST,
          OFPST_QUEUE, "OFPST_QUEUE request",
          sizeof(struct ofp_queue_stats_request), 0 },

        { 0,
          OFPST_VENDOR, "OFPST_VENDOR request",
          sizeof(struct ofp_vendor_stats_msg), 1 },
    };

    static const struct ofputil_msg_category ofpst_request_category = {
        "OpenFlow statistics",
        ofpst_requests, ARRAY_SIZE(ofpst_requests),
        OFP_MKERR(OFPET_BAD_REQUEST, OFPBRC_BAD_STAT)
    };

    const struct ofp_stats_msg *request = (const struct ofp_stats_msg *) oh;
    int error;

    error = check_stats_msg(oh, length);
    if (error) {
        return error;
    }

    error = ofputil_lookup_openflow_message(&ofpst_request_category,
                                            ntohs(request->type), typep);
    if (!error && request->type == htons(OFPST_VENDOR)) {
        error = ofputil_decode_nxst_request(oh, length, typep);
    }
    return error;
}

static int
ofputil_decode_ofpst_reply(const struct ofp_header *oh, size_t length,
                           const struct ofputil_msg_type **typep)
{
    static const struct ofputil_msg_type ofpst_replies[] = {
        { OFPUTIL_OFPST_DESC_REPLY,
          OFPST_DESC, "OFPST_DESC reply",
          sizeof(struct ofp_desc_stats), 0 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPST_FLOW_REPLY,
          OFPST_FLOW, "OFPST_FLOW reply",
          sizeof(struct ofp_stats_msg), 1 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPST_AGGREGATE_REPLY,
          OFPST_AGGREGATE, "OFPST_AGGREGATE reply",
          sizeof(struct ofp_aggregate_stats_reply), 0 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPST_TABLE_REPLY,
          OFPST_TABLE, "OFPST_TABLE reply",
          sizeof(struct ofp_stats_msg), sizeof(struct ofp_table_stats) },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPST_PORT_REPLY,
          OFPST_PORT, "OFPST_PORT reply",
          sizeof(struct ofp_stats_msg), sizeof(struct ofp_port_stats) },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPST_QUEUE_REPLY,
          OFPST_QUEUE, "OFPST_QUEUE reply",
          sizeof(struct ofp_stats_msg), sizeof(struct ofp_queue_stats) },

        { 0,
          OFPST_VENDOR, "OFPST_VENDOR reply",
          sizeof(struct ofp_vendor_stats_msg), 1 },
    };

    static const struct ofputil_msg_category ofpst_reply_category = {
        "OpenFlow statistics",
        ofpst_replies, ARRAY_SIZE(ofpst_replies),
        OFP_MKERR(OFPET_BAD_REQUEST, OFPBRC_BAD_STAT)
    };

    const struct ofp_stats_msg *reply = (const struct ofp_stats_msg *) oh;
    int error;

    error = check_stats_msg(oh, length);
    if (error) {
        return error;
    }

    error = ofputil_lookup_openflow_message(&ofpst_reply_category,
                                           ntohs(reply->type), typep);
    if (!error && reply->type == htons(OFPST_VENDOR)) {
        error = ofputil_decode_nxst_reply(oh, length, typep);
    }
    return error;
}

static int
ofputil_decode_msg_type__(const struct ofp_header *oh, size_t length,
                          const struct ofputil_msg_type **typep)
{
    static const struct ofputil_msg_type ofpt_messages[] = {
        { OFPUTIL_OFPT_HELLO,
          OFPT_HELLO, "OFPT_HELLO",
          sizeof(struct ofp_hello), 1 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPT_ERROR,
          OFPT_ERROR, "OFPT_ERROR",
          sizeof(struct ofp_error_msg), 1 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPT_ECHO_REQUEST,
          OFPT_ECHO_REQUEST, "OFPT_ECHO_REQUEST",
          sizeof(struct ofp_header), 1 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPT_ECHO_REPLY,
          OFPT_ECHO_REPLY, "OFPT_ECHO_REPLY",
          sizeof(struct ofp_header), 1 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPT_FEATURES_REQUEST,
          OFPT_FEATURES_REQUEST, "OFPT_FEATURES_REQUEST",
          sizeof(struct ofp_header), 0 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPT_FEATURES_REPLY,
          OFPT_FEATURES_REPLY, "OFPT_FEATURES_REPLY",
          sizeof(struct ofp_switch_features), sizeof(struct ofp_phy_port) },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPT_GET_CONFIG_REQUEST,
          OFPT_GET_CONFIG_REQUEST, "OFPT_GET_CONFIG_REQUEST",
          sizeof(struct ofp_header), 0 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPT_GET_CONFIG_REPLY,
          OFPT_GET_CONFIG_REPLY, "OFPT_GET_CONFIG_REPLY",
          sizeof(struct ofp_switch_config), 0 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPT_SET_CONFIG,
          OFPT_SET_CONFIG, "OFPT_SET_CONFIG",
          sizeof(struct ofp_switch_config), 0 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPT_PACKET_IN,
          OFPT_PACKET_IN, "OFPT_PACKET_IN",
          offsetof(struct ofp_packet_in, data), 1 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPT_FLOW_REMOVED,
          OFPT_FLOW_REMOVED, "OFPT_FLOW_REMOVED",
          sizeof(struct ofp_flow_removed), 0 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPT_PORT_STATUS,
          OFPT_PORT_STATUS, "OFPT_PORT_STATUS",
          sizeof(struct ofp_port_status), 0 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPT_PACKET_OUT,
          OFPT_PACKET_OUT, "OFPT_PACKET_OUT",
          sizeof(struct ofp_packet_out), 1 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPT_FLOW_MOD,
          OFPT_FLOW_MOD, "OFPT_FLOW_MOD",
          sizeof(struct ofp_flow_mod), 1 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPT_PORT_MOD,
          OFPT_PORT_MOD, "OFPT_PORT_MOD",
          sizeof(struct ofp_port_mod), 0 },

        { 0,
          OFPT_STATS_REQUEST, "OFPT_STATS_REQUEST",
          sizeof(struct ofp_stats_msg), 1 },

        { 0,
          OFPT_STATS_REPLY, "OFPT_STATS_REPLY",
          sizeof(struct ofp_stats_msg), 1 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPT_BARRIER_REQUEST,
          OFPT_BARRIER_REQUEST, "OFPT_BARRIER_REQUEST",
          sizeof(struct ofp_header), 0 },

        { OFPUTIL_OFPT_BARRIER_REPLY,
          OFPT_BARRIER_REPLY, "OFPT_BARRIER_REPLY",
          sizeof(struct ofp_header), 0 },

        { 0,
          OFPT_VENDOR, "OFPT_VENDOR",
          sizeof(struct ofp_vendor_header), 1 },
    };

    static const struct ofputil_msg_category ofpt_category = {
        "OpenFlow message",
        ofpt_messages, ARRAY_SIZE(ofpt_messages),
        OFP_MKERR(OFPET_BAD_REQUEST, OFPBRC_BAD_TYPE)
    };

    int error;

    error = ofputil_lookup_openflow_message(&ofpt_category, oh->type, typep);
    if (!error) {
        switch (oh->type) {
        case OFPT_VENDOR:
            error = ofputil_decode_vendor(oh, length, typep);
            break;

        case OFPT_STATS_REQUEST:
            error = ofputil_decode_ofpst_request(oh, length, typep);
            break;

        case OFPT_STATS_REPLY:
            error = ofputil_decode_ofpst_reply(oh, length, typep);

        default:
            break;
        }
    }
    return error;
}

/* Decodes the message type represented by 'oh'.  Returns 0 if successful or
 * an OpenFlow error code constructed with ofp_mkerr() on failure.  Either
 * way, stores in '*typep' a type structure that can be inspected with the
 * ofputil_msg_type_*() functions.
 *
 * oh->length must indicate the correct length of the message (and must be at
 * least sizeof(struct ofp_header)).
 *
 * Success indicates that 'oh' is at least as long as the minimum-length
 * message of its type. */
int
ofputil_decode_msg_type(const struct ofp_header *oh,
                        const struct ofputil_msg_type **typep)
{
    size_t length = ntohs(oh->length);
    int error;

    error = ofputil_decode_msg_type__(oh, length, typep);
    if (!error) {
        error = ofputil_check_length(*typep, length);
    }
    if (error) {
        *typep = &ofputil_invalid_type;
    }
    return error;
}

/* Decodes the message type represented by 'oh', of which only the first
 * 'length' bytes are available.  Returns 0 if successful or an OpenFlow error
 * code constructed with ofp_mkerr() on failure.  Either way, stores in
 * '*typep' a type structure that can be inspected with the
 * ofputil_msg_type_*() functions.  */
int
ofputil_decode_msg_type_partial(const struct ofp_header *oh, size_t length,
                                const struct ofputil_msg_type **typep)
{
    int error;

    error = (length >= sizeof *oh
             ? ofputil_decode_msg_type__(oh, length, typep)
             : ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_REQUEST, OFPBRC_BAD_LEN));
    if (error) {
        *typep = &ofputil_invalid_type;
    }
    return error;
}

/* Returns an OFPUTIL_* message type code for 'type'. */
enum ofputil_msg_code
ofputil_msg_type_code(const struct ofputil_msg_type *type)
{
    return type->code;
}

/* Flow formats. */

bool
ofputil_flow_format_is_valid(enum nx_flow_format flow_format)
{
    switch (flow_format) {
    case NXFF_OPENFLOW10:
    case NXFF_NXM:
        return true;
    }

    return false;
}

const char *
ofputil_flow_format_to_string(enum nx_flow_format flow_format)
{
    switch (flow_format) {
    case NXFF_OPENFLOW10:
        return "openflow10";
    case NXFF_NXM:
        return "nxm";
    default:
        NOT_REACHED();
    }
}

int
ofputil_flow_format_from_string(const char *s)
{
    return (!strcmp(s, "openflow10") ? NXFF_OPENFLOW10
            : !strcmp(s, "nxm") ? NXFF_NXM
            : -1);
}

static bool
regs_fully_wildcarded(const struct flow_wildcards *wc)
{
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < FLOW_N_REGS; i++) {
        if (wc->reg_masks[i] != 0) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

/* Returns the minimum nx_flow_format to use for sending 'rule' to a switch
 * (e.g. to add or remove a flow).  Only NXM can handle tunnel IDs, registers,
 * or fixing the Ethernet multicast bit.  Otherwise, it's better to use
 * NXFF_OPENFLOW10 for backward compatibility. */
enum nx_flow_format
ofputil_min_flow_format(const struct cls_rule *rule)
{
    const struct flow_wildcards *wc = &rule->wc;

    BUILD_ASSERT_DECL(FLOW_WC_SEQ == 7);

    /* Only NXM supports separately wildcards the Ethernet multicast bit. */
    if (!(wc->wildcards & FWW_DL_DST) != !(wc->wildcards & FWW_ETH_MCAST)) {
        return NXFF_NXM;
    }

    /* Only NXM supports matching ARP hardware addresses. */
    if (!(wc->wildcards & FWW_ARP_SHA) || !(wc->wildcards & FWW_ARP_THA)) {
        return NXFF_NXM;
    }

    /* Only NXM supports matching IPv6 traffic. */
    if (!(wc->wildcards & FWW_DL_TYPE)
            && (rule->flow.dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_IPV6))) {
        return NXFF_NXM;
    }

    /* Only NXM supports matching registers. */
    if (!regs_fully_wildcarded(wc)) {
        return NXFF_NXM;
    }

    /* Only NXM supports matching tun_id. */
    if (wc->tun_id_mask != htonll(0)) {
        return NXFF_NXM;
    }

    /* Only NXM supports matching fragments. */
    if (wc->nw_frag_mask) {
        return NXFF_NXM;
    }

    /* Only NXM supports matching IPv6 flow label. */
    if (!(wc->wildcards & FWW_IPV6_LABEL)) {
        return NXFF_NXM;
    }

    /* Only NXM supports matching IP ECN bits. */
    if (!(wc->wildcards & FWW_NW_ECN)) {
        return NXFF_NXM;
    }

    /* Only NXM supports matching IP TTL/hop limit. */
    if (!(wc->wildcards & FWW_NW_TTL)) {
        return NXFF_NXM;
    }

    /* Other formats can express this rule. */
    return NXFF_OPENFLOW10;
}

/* Returns an OpenFlow message that can be used to set the flow format to
 * 'flow_format'.  */
struct ofpbuf *
ofputil_make_set_flow_format(enum nx_flow_format flow_format)
{
    struct nxt_set_flow_format *sff;
    struct ofpbuf *msg;

    sff = make_nxmsg(sizeof *sff, NXT_SET_FLOW_FORMAT, &msg);
    sff->format = htonl(flow_format);

    return msg;
}

/* Returns an OpenFlow message that can be used to turn the flow_mod_table_id
 * extension on or off (according to 'flow_mod_table_id'). */
struct ofpbuf *
ofputil_make_flow_mod_table_id(bool flow_mod_table_id)
{
    struct nxt_flow_mod_table_id *nfmti;
    struct ofpbuf *msg;

    nfmti = make_nxmsg(sizeof *nfmti, NXT_FLOW_MOD_TABLE_ID, &msg);
    nfmti->set = flow_mod_table_id;
    return msg;
}

/* Converts an OFPT_FLOW_MOD or NXT_FLOW_MOD message 'oh' into an abstract
 * flow_mod in 'fm'.  Returns 0 if successful, otherwise an OpenFlow error
 * code.
 *
 * 'flow_mod_table_id' should be true if the NXT_FLOW_MOD_TABLE_ID extension is
 * enabled, false otherwise.
 *
 * Does not validate the flow_mod actions. */
int
ofputil_decode_flow_mod(struct ofputil_flow_mod *fm,
                        const struct ofp_header *oh, bool flow_mod_table_id)
{
    const struct ofputil_msg_type *type;
    uint16_t command;
    struct ofpbuf b;

    ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));

    ofputil_decode_msg_type(oh, &type);
    if (ofputil_msg_type_code(type) == OFPUTIL_OFPT_FLOW_MOD) {
        /* Standard OpenFlow flow_mod. */
        const struct ofp_flow_mod *ofm;
        uint16_t priority;
        int error;

        /* Dissect the message. */
        ofm = ofpbuf_pull(&b, sizeof *ofm);
        error = ofputil_pull_actions(&b, b.size, &fm->actions, &fm->n_actions);
        if (error) {
            return error;
        }

        /* Set priority based on original wildcards.  Normally we'd allow
         * ofputil_cls_rule_from_match() to do this for us, but
         * ofputil_normalize_rule() can put wildcards where the original flow
         * didn't have them. */
        priority = ntohs(ofm->priority);
        if (!(ofm->match.wildcards & htonl(OFPFW_ALL))) {
            priority = UINT16_MAX;
        }

        /* Translate the rule. */
        ofputil_cls_rule_from_match(&ofm->match, priority, &fm->cr);
        ofputil_normalize_rule(&fm->cr, NXFF_OPENFLOW10);

        /* Translate the message. */
        fm->cookie = ofm->cookie;
        command = ntohs(ofm->command);
        fm->idle_timeout = ntohs(ofm->idle_timeout);
        fm->hard_timeout = ntohs(ofm->hard_timeout);
        fm->buffer_id = ntohl(ofm->buffer_id);
        fm->out_port = ntohs(ofm->out_port);
        fm->flags = ntohs(ofm->flags);
    } else if (ofputil_msg_type_code(type) == OFPUTIL_NXT_FLOW_MOD) {
        /* Nicira extended flow_mod. */
        const struct nx_flow_mod *nfm;
        int error;

        /* Dissect the message. */
        nfm = ofpbuf_pull(&b, sizeof *nfm);
        error = nx_pull_match(&b, ntohs(nfm->match_len), ntohs(nfm->priority),
                              &fm->cr);
        if (error) {
            return error;
        }
        error = ofputil_pull_actions(&b, b.size, &fm->actions, &fm->n_actions);
        if (error) {
            return error;
        }

        /* Translate the message. */
        fm->cookie = nfm->cookie;
        command = ntohs(nfm->command);
        fm->idle_timeout = ntohs(nfm->idle_timeout);
        fm->hard_timeout = ntohs(nfm->hard_timeout);
        fm->buffer_id = ntohl(nfm->buffer_id);
        fm->out_port = ntohs(nfm->out_port);
        fm->flags = ntohs(nfm->flags);
    } else {
        NOT_REACHED();
    }

    if (flow_mod_table_id) {
        fm->command = command & 0xff;
        fm->table_id = command >> 8;
    } else {
        fm->command = command;
        fm->table_id = 0xff;
    }

    return 0;
}

/* Converts 'fm' into an OFPT_FLOW_MOD or NXT_FLOW_MOD message according to
 * 'flow_format' and returns the message.
 *
 * 'flow_mod_table_id' should be true if the NXT_FLOW_MOD_TABLE_ID extension is
 * enabled, false otherwise. */
struct ofpbuf *
ofputil_encode_flow_mod(const struct ofputil_flow_mod *fm,
                        enum nx_flow_format flow_format,
                        bool flow_mod_table_id)
{
    size_t actions_len = fm->n_actions * sizeof *fm->actions;
    struct ofpbuf *msg;
    uint16_t command;

    command = (flow_mod_table_id
               ? (fm->command & 0xff) | (fm->table_id << 8)
               : fm->command);

    if (flow_format == NXFF_OPENFLOW10) {
        struct ofp_flow_mod *ofm;

        msg = ofpbuf_new(sizeof *ofm + actions_len);
        ofm = put_openflow(sizeof *ofm, OFPT_FLOW_MOD, msg);
        ofputil_cls_rule_to_match(&fm->cr, &ofm->match);
        ofm->cookie = fm->cookie;
        ofm->command = htons(command);
        ofm->idle_timeout = htons(fm->idle_timeout);
        ofm->hard_timeout = htons(fm->hard_timeout);
        ofm->priority = htons(fm->cr.priority);
        ofm->buffer_id = htonl(fm->buffer_id);
        ofm->out_port = htons(fm->out_port);
        ofm->flags = htons(fm->flags);
    } else if (flow_format == NXFF_NXM) {
        struct nx_flow_mod *nfm;
        int match_len;

        msg = ofpbuf_new(sizeof *nfm + NXM_TYPICAL_LEN + actions_len);
        put_nxmsg(sizeof *nfm, NXT_FLOW_MOD, msg);
        match_len = nx_put_match(msg, &fm->cr);

        nfm = msg->data;
        nfm->cookie = fm->cookie;
        nfm->command = htons(command);
        nfm->idle_timeout = htons(fm->idle_timeout);
        nfm->hard_timeout = htons(fm->hard_timeout);
        nfm->priority = htons(fm->cr.priority);
        nfm->buffer_id = htonl(fm->buffer_id);
        nfm->out_port = htons(fm->out_port);
        nfm->flags = htons(fm->flags);
        nfm->match_len = htons(match_len);
    } else {
        NOT_REACHED();
    }

    ofpbuf_put(msg, fm->actions, actions_len);
    update_openflow_length(msg);
    return msg;
}

static int
ofputil_decode_ofpst_flow_request(struct ofputil_flow_stats_request *fsr,
                                  const struct ofp_header *oh,
                                  bool aggregate)
{
    const struct ofp_flow_stats_request *ofsr =
        (const struct ofp_flow_stats_request *) oh;

    fsr->aggregate = aggregate;
    ofputil_cls_rule_from_match(&ofsr->match, 0, &fsr->match);
    fsr->out_port = ntohs(ofsr->out_port);
    fsr->table_id = ofsr->table_id;

    return 0;
}

static int
ofputil_decode_nxst_flow_request(struct ofputil_flow_stats_request *fsr,
                                 const struct ofp_header *oh,
                                 bool aggregate)
{
    const struct nx_flow_stats_request *nfsr;
    struct ofpbuf b;
    int error;

    ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));

    nfsr = ofpbuf_pull(&b, sizeof *nfsr);
    error = nx_pull_match(&b, ntohs(nfsr->match_len), 0, &fsr->match);
    if (error) {
        return error;
    }
    if (b.size) {
        return ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_REQUEST, OFPBRC_BAD_LEN);
    }

    fsr->aggregate = aggregate;
    fsr->out_port = ntohs(nfsr->out_port);
    fsr->table_id = nfsr->table_id;

    return 0;
}

/* Converts an OFPST_FLOW, OFPST_AGGREGATE, NXST_FLOW, or NXST_AGGREGATE
 * request 'oh', into an abstract flow_stats_request in 'fsr'.  Returns 0 if
 * successful, otherwise an OpenFlow error code. */
int
ofputil_decode_flow_stats_request(struct ofputil_flow_stats_request *fsr,
                                  const struct ofp_header *oh)
{
    const struct ofputil_msg_type *type;
    struct ofpbuf b;
    int code;

    ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));

    ofputil_decode_msg_type(oh, &type);
    code = ofputil_msg_type_code(type);
    switch (code) {
    case OFPUTIL_OFPST_FLOW_REQUEST:
        return ofputil_decode_ofpst_flow_request(fsr, oh, false);

    case OFPUTIL_OFPST_AGGREGATE_REQUEST:
        return ofputil_decode_ofpst_flow_request(fsr, oh, true);

    case OFPUTIL_NXST_FLOW_REQUEST:
        return ofputil_decode_nxst_flow_request(fsr, oh, false);

    case OFPUTIL_NXST_AGGREGATE_REQUEST:
        return ofputil_decode_nxst_flow_request(fsr, oh, true);

    default:
        /* Hey, the caller lied. */
        NOT_REACHED();
    }
}

/* Converts abstract flow_stats_request 'fsr' into an OFPST_FLOW,
 * OFPST_AGGREGATE, NXST_FLOW, or NXST_AGGREGATE request 'oh' according to
 * 'flow_format', and returns the message. */
struct ofpbuf *
ofputil_encode_flow_stats_request(const struct ofputil_flow_stats_request *fsr,
                                  enum nx_flow_format flow_format)
{
    struct ofpbuf *msg;

    if (flow_format == NXFF_OPENFLOW10) {
        struct ofp_flow_stats_request *ofsr;
        int type;

        type = fsr->aggregate ? OFPST_AGGREGATE : OFPST_FLOW;
        ofsr = ofputil_make_stats_request(sizeof *ofsr, type, 0, &msg);
        ofputil_cls_rule_to_match(&fsr->match, &ofsr->match);
        ofsr->table_id = fsr->table_id;
        ofsr->out_port = htons(fsr->out_port);
    } else if (flow_format == NXFF_NXM) {
        struct nx_flow_stats_request *nfsr;
        int match_len;
        int subtype;

        subtype = fsr->aggregate ? NXST_AGGREGATE : NXST_FLOW;
        ofputil_make_stats_request(sizeof *nfsr, OFPST_VENDOR, subtype, &msg);
        match_len = nx_put_match(msg, &fsr->match);

        nfsr = msg->data;
        nfsr->out_port = htons(fsr->out_port);
        nfsr->match_len = htons(match_len);
        nfsr->table_id = fsr->table_id;
    } else {
        NOT_REACHED();
    }

    return msg;
}

/* Converts an OFPST_FLOW or NXST_FLOW reply in 'msg' into an abstract
 * ofputil_flow_stats in 'fs'.
 *
 * Multiple OFPST_FLOW or NXST_FLOW replies can be packed into a single
 * OpenFlow message.  Calling this function multiple times for a single 'msg'
 * iterates through the replies.  The caller must initially leave 'msg''s layer
 * pointers null and not modify them between calls.
 *
 * Returns 0 if successful, EOF if no replies were left in this 'msg',
 * otherwise a positive errno value. */
int
ofputil_decode_flow_stats_reply(struct ofputil_flow_stats *fs,
                                struct ofpbuf *msg)
{
    const struct ofputil_msg_type *type;
    int code;

    ofputil_decode_msg_type(msg->l2 ? msg->l2 : msg->data, &type);
    code = ofputil_msg_type_code(type);
    if (!msg->l2) {
        msg->l2 = msg->data;
        if (code == OFPUTIL_OFPST_FLOW_REPLY) {
            ofpbuf_pull(msg, sizeof(struct ofp_stats_msg));
        } else if (code == OFPUTIL_NXST_FLOW_REPLY) {
            ofpbuf_pull(msg, sizeof(struct nicira_stats_msg));
        } else {
            NOT_REACHED();
        }
    }

    if (!msg->size) {
        return EOF;
    } else if (code == OFPUTIL_OFPST_FLOW_REPLY) {
        const struct ofp_flow_stats *ofs;
        size_t length;

        ofs = ofpbuf_try_pull(msg, sizeof *ofs);
        if (!ofs) {
            VLOG_WARN_RL(&bad_ofmsg_rl, "OFPST_FLOW reply has %zu leftover "
                         "bytes at end", msg->size);
            return EINVAL;
        }

        length = ntohs(ofs->length);
        if (length < sizeof *ofs) {
            VLOG_WARN_RL(&bad_ofmsg_rl, "OFPST_FLOW reply claims invalid "
                         "length %zu", length);
            return EINVAL;
        }

        if (ofputil_pull_actions(msg, length - sizeof *ofs,
                                 &fs->actions, &fs->n_actions)) {
            return EINVAL;
        }

        fs->cookie = get_32aligned_be64(&ofs->cookie);
        ofputil_cls_rule_from_match(&ofs->match, ntohs(ofs->priority),
                                    &fs->rule);
        fs->table_id = ofs->table_id;
        fs->duration_sec = ntohl(ofs->duration_sec);
        fs->duration_nsec = ntohl(ofs->duration_nsec);
        fs->idle_timeout = ntohs(ofs->idle_timeout);
        fs->hard_timeout = ntohs(ofs->hard_timeout);
        fs->packet_count = ntohll(get_32aligned_be64(&ofs->packet_count));
        fs->byte_count = ntohll(get_32aligned_be64(&ofs->byte_count));
    } else if (code == OFPUTIL_NXST_FLOW_REPLY) {
        const struct nx_flow_stats *nfs;
        size_t match_len, length;

        nfs = ofpbuf_try_pull(msg, sizeof *nfs);
        if (!nfs) {
            VLOG_WARN_RL(&bad_ofmsg_rl, "NXST_FLOW reply has %zu leftover "
                         "bytes at end", msg->size);
            return EINVAL;
        }

        length = ntohs(nfs->length);
        match_len = ntohs(nfs->match_len);
        if (length < sizeof *nfs + ROUND_UP(match_len, 8)) {
            VLOG_WARN_RL(&bad_ofmsg_rl, "NXST_FLOW reply with match_len=%zu "
                         "claims invalid length %zu", match_len, length);
            return EINVAL;
        }
        if (nx_pull_match(msg, match_len, ntohs(nfs->priority), &fs->rule)) {
            return EINVAL;
        }

        if (ofputil_pull_actions(msg,
                                 length - sizeof *nfs - ROUND_UP(match_len, 8),
                                 &fs->actions, &fs->n_actions)) {
            return EINVAL;
        }

        fs->cookie = nfs->cookie;
        fs->table_id = nfs->table_id;
        fs->duration_sec = ntohl(nfs->duration_sec);
        fs->duration_nsec = ntohl(nfs->duration_nsec);
        fs->idle_timeout = ntohs(nfs->idle_timeout);
        fs->hard_timeout = ntohs(nfs->hard_timeout);
        fs->packet_count = ntohll(nfs->packet_count);
        fs->byte_count = ntohll(nfs->byte_count);
    } else {
        NOT_REACHED();
    }

    return 0;
}

/* Returns 'count' unchanged except that UINT64_MAX becomes 0.
 *
 * We use this in situations where OVS internally uses UINT64_MAX to mean
 * "value unknown" but OpenFlow 1.0 does not define any unknown value. */
static uint64_t
unknown_to_zero(uint64_t count)
{
    return count != UINT64_MAX ? count : 0;
}

/* Appends an OFPST_FLOW or NXST_FLOW reply that contains the data in 'fs' to
 * those already present in the list of ofpbufs in 'replies'.  'replies' should
 * have been initialized with ofputil_start_stats_reply(). */
void
ofputil_append_flow_stats_reply(const struct ofputil_flow_stats *fs,
                                struct list *replies)
{
    size_t act_len = fs->n_actions * sizeof *fs->actions;
    const struct ofp_stats_msg *osm;

    osm = ofpbuf_from_list(list_back(replies))->data;
    if (osm->type == htons(OFPST_FLOW)) {
        size_t len = offsetof(struct ofp_flow_stats, actions) + act_len;
        struct ofp_flow_stats *ofs;

        ofs = ofputil_append_stats_reply(len, replies);
        ofs->length = htons(len);
        ofs->table_id = fs->table_id;
        ofs->pad = 0;
        ofputil_cls_rule_to_match(&fs->rule, &ofs->match);
        ofs->duration_sec = htonl(fs->duration_sec);
        ofs->duration_nsec = htonl(fs->duration_nsec);
        ofs->priority = htons(fs->rule.priority);
        ofs->idle_timeout = htons(fs->idle_timeout);
        ofs->hard_timeout = htons(fs->hard_timeout);
        memset(ofs->pad2, 0, sizeof ofs->pad2);
        put_32aligned_be64(&ofs->cookie, fs->cookie);
        put_32aligned_be64(&ofs->packet_count,
                           htonll(unknown_to_zero(fs->packet_count)));
        put_32aligned_be64(&ofs->byte_count,
                           htonll(unknown_to_zero(fs->byte_count)));
        memcpy(ofs->actions, fs->actions, act_len);
    } else if (osm->type == htons(OFPST_VENDOR)) {
        struct nx_flow_stats *nfs;
        struct ofpbuf *msg;
        size_t start_len;

        msg = ofputil_reserve_stats_reply(
            sizeof *nfs + NXM_MAX_LEN + act_len, replies);
        start_len = msg->size;

        nfs = ofpbuf_put_uninit(msg, sizeof *nfs);
        nfs->table_id = fs->table_id;
        nfs->pad = 0;
        nfs->duration_sec = htonl(fs->duration_sec);
        nfs->duration_nsec = htonl(fs->duration_nsec);
        nfs->priority = htons(fs->rule.priority);
        nfs->idle_timeout = htons(fs->idle_timeout);
        nfs->hard_timeout = htons(fs->hard_timeout);
        nfs->match_len = htons(nx_put_match(msg, &fs->rule));
        memset(nfs->pad2, 0, sizeof nfs->pad2);
        nfs->cookie = fs->cookie;
        nfs->packet_count = htonll(fs->packet_count);
        nfs->byte_count = htonll(fs->byte_count);
        ofpbuf_put(msg, fs->actions, act_len);
        nfs->length = htons(msg->size - start_len);
    } else {
        NOT_REACHED();
    }
}

/* Converts abstract ofputil_aggregate_stats 'stats' into an OFPST_AGGREGATE or
 * NXST_AGGREGATE reply according to 'flow_format', and returns the message. */
struct ofpbuf *
ofputil_encode_aggregate_stats_reply(
    const struct ofputil_aggregate_stats *stats,
    const struct ofp_stats_msg *request)
{
    struct ofpbuf *msg;

    if (request->type == htons(OFPST_AGGREGATE)) {
        struct ofp_aggregate_stats_reply *asr;

        asr = ofputil_make_stats_reply(sizeof *asr, request, &msg);
        put_32aligned_be64(&asr->packet_count,
                           htonll(unknown_to_zero(stats->packet_count)));
        put_32aligned_be64(&asr->byte_count,
                           htonll(unknown_to_zero(stats->byte_count)));
        asr->flow_count = htonl(stats->flow_count);
    } else if (request->type == htons(OFPST_VENDOR)) {
        struct nx_aggregate_stats_reply *nasr;

        nasr = ofputil_make_stats_reply(sizeof *nasr, request, &msg);
        assert(nasr->nsm.subtype == htonl(NXST_AGGREGATE));
        nasr->packet_count = htonll(stats->packet_count);
        nasr->byte_count = htonll(stats->byte_count);
        nasr->flow_count = htonl(stats->flow_count);
    } else {
        NOT_REACHED();
    }

    return msg;
}

/* Converts an OFPT_FLOW_REMOVED or NXT_FLOW_REMOVED message 'oh' into an
 * abstract ofputil_flow_removed in 'fr'.  Returns 0 if successful, otherwise
 * an OpenFlow error code. */
int
ofputil_decode_flow_removed(struct ofputil_flow_removed *fr,
                            const struct ofp_header *oh)
{
    const struct ofputil_msg_type *type;
    enum ofputil_msg_code code;

    ofputil_decode_msg_type(oh, &type);
    code = ofputil_msg_type_code(type);
    if (code == OFPUTIL_OFPT_FLOW_REMOVED) {
        const struct ofp_flow_removed *ofr;

        ofr = (const struct ofp_flow_removed *) oh;
        ofputil_cls_rule_from_match(&ofr->match, ntohs(ofr->priority),
                                    &fr->rule);
        fr->cookie = ofr->cookie;
        fr->reason = ofr->reason;
        fr->duration_sec = ntohl(ofr->duration_sec);
        fr->duration_nsec = ntohl(ofr->duration_nsec);
        fr->idle_timeout = ntohs(ofr->idle_timeout);
        fr->packet_count = ntohll(ofr->packet_count);
        fr->byte_count = ntohll(ofr->byte_count);
    } else if (code == OFPUTIL_NXT_FLOW_REMOVED) {
        struct nx_flow_removed *nfr;
        struct ofpbuf b;
        int error;

        ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));

        nfr = ofpbuf_pull(&b, sizeof *nfr);
        error = nx_pull_match(&b, ntohs(nfr->match_len), ntohs(nfr->priority),
                              &fr->rule);
        if (error) {
            return error;
        }
        if (b.size) {
            return ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_REQUEST, OFPBRC_BAD_LEN);
        }

        fr->cookie = nfr->cookie;
        fr->reason = nfr->reason;
        fr->duration_sec = ntohl(nfr->duration_sec);
        fr->duration_nsec = ntohl(nfr->duration_nsec);
        fr->idle_timeout = ntohs(nfr->idle_timeout);
        fr->packet_count = ntohll(nfr->packet_count);
        fr->byte_count = ntohll(nfr->byte_count);
    } else {
        NOT_REACHED();
    }

    return 0;
}

/* Converts abstract ofputil_flow_removed 'fr' into an OFPT_FLOW_REMOVED or
 * NXT_FLOW_REMOVED message 'oh' according to 'flow_format', and returns the
 * message. */
struct ofpbuf *
ofputil_encode_flow_removed(const struct ofputil_flow_removed *fr,
                            enum nx_flow_format flow_format)
{
    struct ofpbuf *msg;

    if (flow_format == NXFF_OPENFLOW10) {
        struct ofp_flow_removed *ofr;

        ofr = make_openflow_xid(sizeof *ofr, OFPT_FLOW_REMOVED, htonl(0),
                                &msg);
        ofputil_cls_rule_to_match(&fr->rule, &ofr->match);
        ofr->cookie = fr->cookie;
        ofr->priority = htons(fr->rule.priority);
        ofr->reason = fr->reason;
        ofr->duration_sec = htonl(fr->duration_sec);
        ofr->duration_nsec = htonl(fr->duration_nsec);
        ofr->idle_timeout = htons(fr->idle_timeout);
        ofr->packet_count = htonll(unknown_to_zero(fr->packet_count));
        ofr->byte_count = htonll(unknown_to_zero(fr->byte_count));
    } else if (flow_format == NXFF_NXM) {
        struct nx_flow_removed *nfr;
        int match_len;

        make_nxmsg_xid(sizeof *nfr, NXT_FLOW_REMOVED, htonl(0), &msg);
        match_len = nx_put_match(msg, &fr->rule);

        nfr = msg->data;
        nfr->cookie = fr->cookie;
        nfr->priority = htons(fr->rule.priority);
        nfr->reason = fr->reason;
        nfr->duration_sec = htonl(fr->duration_sec);
        nfr->duration_nsec = htonl(fr->duration_nsec);
        nfr->idle_timeout = htons(fr->idle_timeout);
        nfr->match_len = htons(match_len);
        nfr->packet_count = htonll(fr->packet_count);
        nfr->byte_count = htonll(fr->byte_count);
    } else {
        NOT_REACHED();
    }

    return msg;
}

/* Converts abstract ofputil_packet_in 'pin' into an OFPT_PACKET_IN message
 * and returns the message.
 *
 * If 'rw_packet' is NULL, the caller takes ownership of the newly allocated
 * returned ofpbuf.
 *
 * If 'rw_packet' is nonnull, then it must contain the same data as
 * pin->packet.  'rw_packet' is allowed to be the same ofpbuf as pin->packet.
 * It is modified in-place into an OFPT_PACKET_IN message according to 'pin',
 * and then ofputil_encode_packet_in() returns 'rw_packet'.  If 'rw_packet' has
 * enough headroom to insert a "struct ofp_packet_in", this is more efficient
 * than ofputil_encode_packet_in() because it does not copy the packet
 * payload. */
struct ofpbuf *
ofputil_encode_packet_in(const struct ofputil_packet_in *pin,
                        struct ofpbuf *rw_packet)
{
    int total_len = pin->packet->size;
    struct ofp_packet_in opi;

    if (rw_packet) {
        if (pin->send_len < rw_packet->size) {
            rw_packet->size = pin->send_len;
        }
    } else {
        rw_packet = ofpbuf_clone_data_with_headroom(
            pin->packet->data, MIN(pin->send_len, pin->packet->size),
            offsetof(struct ofp_packet_in, data));
    }

    /* Add OFPT_PACKET_IN. */
    memset(&opi, 0, sizeof opi);
    opi.header.version = OFP_VERSION;
    opi.header.type = OFPT_PACKET_IN;
    opi.total_len = htons(total_len);
    opi.in_port = htons(pin->in_port);
    opi.reason = pin->reason;
    opi.buffer_id = htonl(pin->buffer_id);
    ofpbuf_push(rw_packet, &opi, offsetof(struct ofp_packet_in, data));
    update_openflow_length(rw_packet);

    return rw_packet;
}

/* Returns a string representing the message type of 'type'.  The string is the
 * enumeration constant for the type, e.g. "OFPT_HELLO".  For statistics
 * messages, the constant is followed by "request" or "reply",
 * e.g. "OFPST_AGGREGATE reply". */
const char *
ofputil_msg_type_name(const struct ofputil_msg_type *type)
{
    return type->name;
}

/* Allocates and stores in '*bufferp' a new ofpbuf with a size of
 * 'openflow_len', starting with an OpenFlow header with the given 'type' and
 * an arbitrary transaction id.  Allocated bytes beyond the header, if any, are
 * zeroed.
 *
 * The caller is responsible for freeing '*bufferp' when it is no longer
 * needed.
 *
 * The OpenFlow header length is initially set to 'openflow_len'; if the
 * message is later extended, the length should be updated with
 * update_openflow_length() before sending.
 *
 * Returns the header. */
void *
make_openflow(size_t openflow_len, uint8_t type, struct ofpbuf **bufferp)
{
    *bufferp = ofpbuf_new(openflow_len);
    return put_openflow_xid(openflow_len, type, alloc_xid(), *bufferp);
}

/* Similar to make_openflow() but creates a Nicira vendor extension message
 * with the specific 'subtype'.  'subtype' should be in host byte order. */
void *
make_nxmsg(size_t openflow_len, uint32_t subtype, struct ofpbuf **bufferp)
{
    return make_nxmsg_xid(openflow_len, subtype, alloc_xid(), bufferp);
}

/* Allocates and stores in '*bufferp' a new ofpbuf with a size of
 * 'openflow_len', starting with an OpenFlow header with the given 'type' and
 * transaction id 'xid'.  Allocated bytes beyond the header, if any, are
 * zeroed.
 *
 * The caller is responsible for freeing '*bufferp' when it is no longer
 * needed.
 *
 * The OpenFlow header length is initially set to 'openflow_len'; if the
 * message is later extended, the length should be updated with
 * update_openflow_length() before sending.
 *
 * Returns the header. */
void *
make_openflow_xid(size_t openflow_len, uint8_t type, ovs_be32 xid,
                  struct ofpbuf **bufferp)
{
    *bufferp = ofpbuf_new(openflow_len);
    return put_openflow_xid(openflow_len, type, xid, *bufferp);
}

/* Similar to make_openflow_xid() but creates a Nicira vendor extension message
 * with the specific 'subtype'.  'subtype' should be in host byte order. */
void *
make_nxmsg_xid(size_t openflow_len, uint32_t subtype, ovs_be32 xid,
               struct ofpbuf **bufferp)
{
    *bufferp = ofpbuf_new(openflow_len);
    return put_nxmsg_xid(openflow_len, subtype, xid, *bufferp);
}

/* Appends 'openflow_len' bytes to 'buffer', starting with an OpenFlow header
 * with the given 'type' and an arbitrary transaction id.  Allocated bytes
 * beyond the header, if any, are zeroed.
 *
 * The OpenFlow header length is initially set to 'openflow_len'; if the
 * message is later extended, the length should be updated with
 * update_openflow_length() before sending.
 *
 * Returns the header. */
void *
put_openflow(size_t openflow_len, uint8_t type, struct ofpbuf *buffer)
{
    return put_openflow_xid(openflow_len, type, alloc_xid(), buffer);
}

/* Appends 'openflow_len' bytes to 'buffer', starting with an OpenFlow header
 * with the given 'type' and an transaction id 'xid'.  Allocated bytes beyond
 * the header, if any, are zeroed.
 *
 * The OpenFlow header length is initially set to 'openflow_len'; if the
 * message is later extended, the length should be updated with
 * update_openflow_length() before sending.
 *
 * Returns the header. */
void *
put_openflow_xid(size_t openflow_len, uint8_t type, ovs_be32 xid,
                 struct ofpbuf *buffer)
{
    struct ofp_header *oh;

    assert(openflow_len >= sizeof *oh);
    assert(openflow_len <= UINT16_MAX);

    oh = ofpbuf_put_uninit(buffer, openflow_len);
    oh->version = OFP_VERSION;
    oh->type = type;
    oh->length = htons(openflow_len);
    oh->xid = xid;
    memset(oh + 1, 0, openflow_len - sizeof *oh);
    return oh;
}

/* Similar to put_openflow() but append a Nicira vendor extension message with
 * the specific 'subtype'.  'subtype' should be in host byte order. */
void *
put_nxmsg(size_t openflow_len, uint32_t subtype, struct ofpbuf *buffer)
{
    return put_nxmsg_xid(openflow_len, subtype, alloc_xid(), buffer);
}

/* Similar to put_openflow_xid() but append a Nicira vendor extension message
 * with the specific 'subtype'.  'subtype' should be in host byte order. */
void *
put_nxmsg_xid(size_t openflow_len, uint32_t subtype, ovs_be32 xid,
              struct ofpbuf *buffer)
{
    struct nicira_header *nxh;

    nxh = put_openflow_xid(openflow_len, OFPT_VENDOR, xid, buffer);
    nxh->vendor = htonl(NX_VENDOR_ID);
    nxh->subtype = htonl(subtype);
    return nxh;
}

/* Updates the 'length' field of the OpenFlow message in 'buffer' to
 * 'buffer->size'. */
void
update_openflow_length(struct ofpbuf *buffer)
{
    struct ofp_header *oh = ofpbuf_at_assert(buffer, 0, sizeof *oh);
    oh->length = htons(buffer->size);
}

static void
put_stats__(ovs_be32 xid, uint8_t ofp_type,
            ovs_be16 ofpst_type, ovs_be32 nxst_subtype,
            struct ofpbuf *msg)
{
    if (ofpst_type == htons(OFPST_VENDOR)) {
        struct nicira_stats_msg *nsm;

        nsm = put_openflow_xid(sizeof *nsm, ofp_type, xid, msg);
        nsm->vsm.osm.type = ofpst_type;
        nsm->vsm.vendor = htonl(NX_VENDOR_ID);
        nsm->subtype = nxst_subtype;
    } else {
        struct ofp_stats_msg *osm;

        osm = put_openflow_xid(sizeof *osm, ofp_type, xid, msg);
        osm->type = ofpst_type;
    }
}

/* Creates a statistics request message with total length 'openflow_len'
 * (including all headers) and the given 'ofpst_type', and stores the buffer
 * containing the new message in '*bufferp'.  If 'ofpst_type' is OFPST_VENDOR
 * then 'nxst_subtype' is used as the Nicira vendor extension statistics
 * subtype (otherwise 'nxst_subtype' is ignored).
 *
 * Initializes bytes following the headers to all-bits-zero.
 *
 * Returns the first byte of the new message. */
void *
ofputil_make_stats_request(size_t openflow_len, uint16_t ofpst_type,
                           uint32_t nxst_subtype, struct ofpbuf **bufferp)
{
    struct ofpbuf *msg;

    msg = *bufferp = ofpbuf_new(openflow_len);
    put_stats__(alloc_xid(), OFPT_STATS_REQUEST,
                htons(ofpst_type), htonl(nxst_subtype), msg);
    ofpbuf_padto(msg, openflow_len);

    return msg->data;
}

static void
put_stats_reply__(const struct ofp_stats_msg *request, struct ofpbuf *msg)
{
    assert(request->header.type == OFPT_STATS_REQUEST ||
           request->header.type == OFPT_STATS_REPLY);
    put_stats__(request->header.xid, OFPT_STATS_REPLY, request->type,
                (request->type != htons(OFPST_VENDOR)
                 ? htonl(0)
                 : ((const struct nicira_stats_msg *) request)->subtype),
                msg);
}

/* Creates a statistics reply message with total length 'openflow_len'
 * (including all headers) and the same type (either a standard OpenFlow
 * statistics type or a Nicira extension type and subtype) as 'request', and
 * stores the buffer containing the new message in '*bufferp'.
 *
 * Initializes bytes following the headers to all-bits-zero.
 *
 * Returns the first byte of the new message. */
void *
ofputil_make_stats_reply(size_t openflow_len,
                         const struct ofp_stats_msg *request,
                         struct ofpbuf **bufferp)
{
    struct ofpbuf *msg;

    msg = *bufferp = ofpbuf_new(openflow_len);
    put_stats_reply__(request, msg);
    ofpbuf_padto(msg, openflow_len);

    return msg->data;
}

/* Initializes 'replies' as a list of ofpbufs that will contain a series of
 * replies to 'request', which should be an OpenFlow or Nicira extension
 * statistics request.  Initially 'replies' will have a single reply message
 * that has only a header.  The functions ofputil_reserve_stats_reply() and
 * ofputil_append_stats_reply() may be used to add to the reply. */
void
ofputil_start_stats_reply(const struct ofp_stats_msg *request,
                          struct list *replies)
{
    struct ofpbuf *msg;

    msg = ofpbuf_new(1024);
    put_stats_reply__(request, msg);

    list_init(replies);
    list_push_back(replies, &msg->list_node);
}

/* Prepares to append up to 'len' bytes to the series of statistics replies in
 * 'replies', which should have been initialized with
 * ofputil_start_stats_reply().  Returns an ofpbuf with at least 'len' bytes of
 * tailroom.  (The 'len' bytes have not actually be allocated; the caller must
 * do so with e.g. ofpbuf_put_uninit().) */
struct ofpbuf *
ofputil_reserve_stats_reply(size_t len, struct list *replies)
{
    struct ofpbuf *msg = ofpbuf_from_list(list_back(replies));
    struct ofp_stats_msg *osm = msg->data;

    if (msg->size + len <= UINT16_MAX) {
        ofpbuf_prealloc_tailroom(msg, len);
    } else {
        osm->flags |= htons(OFPSF_REPLY_MORE);

        msg = ofpbuf_new(MAX(1024, sizeof(struct nicira_stats_msg) + len));
        put_stats_reply__(osm, msg);
        list_push_back(replies, &msg->list_node);
    }
    return msg;
}

/* Appends 'len' bytes to the series of statistics replies in 'replies', and
 * returns the first byte. */
void *
ofputil_append_stats_reply(size_t len, struct list *replies)
{
    return ofpbuf_put_uninit(ofputil_reserve_stats_reply(len, replies), len);
}

/* Returns the first byte past the ofp_stats_msg header in 'oh'. */
const void *
ofputil_stats_body(const struct ofp_header *oh)
{
    assert(oh->type == OFPT_STATS_REQUEST || oh->type == OFPT_STATS_REPLY);
    return (const struct ofp_stats_msg *) oh + 1;
}

/* Returns the number of bytes past the ofp_stats_msg header in 'oh'. */
size_t
ofputil_stats_body_len(const struct ofp_header *oh)
{
    assert(oh->type == OFPT_STATS_REQUEST || oh->type == OFPT_STATS_REPLY);
    return ntohs(oh->length) - sizeof(struct ofp_stats_msg);
}

/* Returns the first byte past the nicira_stats_msg header in 'oh'. */
const void *
ofputil_nxstats_body(const struct ofp_header *oh)
{
    assert(oh->type == OFPT_STATS_REQUEST || oh->type == OFPT_STATS_REPLY);
    return ((const struct nicira_stats_msg *) oh) + 1;
}

/* Returns the number of bytes past the nicira_stats_msg header in 'oh'. */
size_t
ofputil_nxstats_body_len(const struct ofp_header *oh)
{
    assert(oh->type == OFPT_STATS_REQUEST || oh->type == OFPT_STATS_REPLY);
    return ntohs(oh->length) - sizeof(struct nicira_stats_msg);
}

struct ofpbuf *
make_flow_mod(uint16_t command, const struct cls_rule *rule,
              size_t actions_len)
{
    struct ofp_flow_mod *ofm;
    size_t size = sizeof *ofm + actions_len;
    struct ofpbuf *out = ofpbuf_new(size);
    ofm = ofpbuf_put_zeros(out, sizeof *ofm);
    ofm->header.version = OFP_VERSION;
    ofm->header.type = OFPT_FLOW_MOD;
    ofm->header.length = htons(size);
    ofm->cookie = 0;
    ofm->priority = htons(MIN(rule->priority, UINT16_MAX));
    ofputil_cls_rule_to_match(rule, &ofm->match);
    ofm->command = htons(command);
    return out;
}

struct ofpbuf *
make_add_flow(const struct cls_rule *rule, uint32_t buffer_id,
              uint16_t idle_timeout, size_t actions_len)
{
    struct ofpbuf *out = make_flow_mod(OFPFC_ADD, rule, actions_len);
    struct ofp_flow_mod *ofm = out->data;
    ofm->idle_timeout = htons(idle_timeout);
    ofm->hard_timeout = htons(OFP_FLOW_PERMANENT);
    ofm->buffer_id = htonl(buffer_id);
    return out;
}

struct ofpbuf *
make_del_flow(const struct cls_rule *rule)
{
    struct ofpbuf *out = make_flow_mod(OFPFC_DELETE_STRICT, rule, 0);
    struct ofp_flow_mod *ofm = out->data;
    ofm->out_port = htons(OFPP_NONE);
    return out;
}

struct ofpbuf *
make_add_simple_flow(const struct cls_rule *rule,
                     uint32_t buffer_id, uint16_t out_port,
                     uint16_t idle_timeout)
{
    if (out_port != OFPP_NONE) {
        struct ofp_action_output *oao;
        struct ofpbuf *buffer;

        buffer = make_add_flow(rule, buffer_id, idle_timeout, sizeof *oao);
        ofputil_put_OFPAT_OUTPUT(buffer)->port = htons(out_port);
        return buffer;
    } else {
        return make_add_flow(rule, buffer_id, idle_timeout, 0);
    }
}

struct ofpbuf *
make_packet_in(uint32_t buffer_id, uint16_t in_port, uint8_t reason,
               const struct ofpbuf *payload, int max_send_len)
{
    struct ofp_packet_in *opi;
    struct ofpbuf *buf;
    int send_len;

    send_len = MIN(max_send_len, payload->size);
    buf = ofpbuf_new(sizeof *opi + send_len);
    opi = put_openflow_xid(offsetof(struct ofp_packet_in, data),
                           OFPT_PACKET_IN, 0, buf);
    opi->buffer_id = htonl(buffer_id);
    opi->total_len = htons(payload->size);
    opi->in_port = htons(in_port);
    opi->reason = reason;
    ofpbuf_put(buf, payload->data, send_len);
    update_openflow_length(buf);

    return buf;
}

struct ofpbuf *
make_packet_out(const struct ofpbuf *packet, uint32_t buffer_id,
                uint16_t in_port,
                const struct ofp_action_header *actions, size_t n_actions)
{
    size_t actions_len = n_actions * sizeof *actions;
    struct ofp_packet_out *opo;
    size_t size = sizeof *opo + actions_len + (packet ? packet->size : 0);
    struct ofpbuf *out = ofpbuf_new(size);

    opo = ofpbuf_put_uninit(out, sizeof *opo);
    opo->header.version = OFP_VERSION;
    opo->header.type = OFPT_PACKET_OUT;
    opo->header.length = htons(size);
    opo->header.xid = htonl(0);
    opo->buffer_id = htonl(buffer_id);
    opo->in_port = htons(in_port);
    opo->actions_len = htons(actions_len);
    ofpbuf_put(out, actions, actions_len);
    if (packet) {
        ofpbuf_put(out, packet->data, packet->size);
    }
    return out;
}

struct ofpbuf *
make_unbuffered_packet_out(const struct ofpbuf *packet,
                           uint16_t in_port, uint16_t out_port)
{
    struct ofp_action_output action;
    action.type = htons(OFPAT_OUTPUT);
    action.len = htons(sizeof action);
    action.port = htons(out_port);
    return make_packet_out(packet, UINT32_MAX, in_port,
                           (struct ofp_action_header *) &action, 1);
}

struct ofpbuf *
make_buffered_packet_out(uint32_t buffer_id,
                         uint16_t in_port, uint16_t out_port)
{
    if (out_port != OFPP_NONE) {
        struct ofp_action_output action;
        action.type = htons(OFPAT_OUTPUT);
        action.len = htons(sizeof action);
        action.port = htons(out_port);
        return make_packet_out(NULL, buffer_id, in_port,
                               (struct ofp_action_header *) &action, 1);
    } else {
        return make_packet_out(NULL, buffer_id, in_port, NULL, 0);
    }
}

/* Creates and returns an OFPT_ECHO_REQUEST message with an empty payload. */
struct ofpbuf *
make_echo_request(void)
{
    struct ofp_header *rq;
    struct ofpbuf *out = ofpbuf_new(sizeof *rq);
    rq = ofpbuf_put_uninit(out, sizeof *rq);
    rq->version = OFP_VERSION;
    rq->type = OFPT_ECHO_REQUEST;
    rq->length = htons(sizeof *rq);
    rq->xid = htonl(0);
    return out;
}

/* Creates and returns an OFPT_ECHO_REPLY message matching the
 * OFPT_ECHO_REQUEST message in 'rq'. */
struct ofpbuf *
make_echo_reply(const struct ofp_header *rq)
{
    size_t size = ntohs(rq->length);
    struct ofpbuf *out = ofpbuf_new(size);
    struct ofp_header *reply = ofpbuf_put(out, rq, size);
    reply->type = OFPT_ECHO_REPLY;
    return out;
}

const char *
ofputil_frag_handling_to_string(enum ofp_config_flags flags)
{
    switch (flags & OFPC_FRAG_MASK) {
    case OFPC_FRAG_NORMAL:   return "normal";
    case OFPC_FRAG_DROP:     return "drop";
    case OFPC_FRAG_REASM:    return "reassemble";
    case OFPC_FRAG_NX_MATCH: return "nx-match";
    }

    NOT_REACHED();
}

bool
ofputil_frag_handling_from_string(const char *s, enum ofp_config_flags *flags)
{
    if (!strcasecmp(s, "normal")) {
        *flags = OFPC_FRAG_NORMAL;
    } else if (!strcasecmp(s, "drop")) {
        *flags = OFPC_FRAG_DROP;
    } else if (!strcasecmp(s, "reassemble")) {
        *flags = OFPC_FRAG_REASM;
    } else if (!strcasecmp(s, "nx-match")) {
        *flags = OFPC_FRAG_NX_MATCH;
    } else {
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}

/* Checks that 'port' is a valid output port for the OFPAT_OUTPUT action, given
 * that the switch will never have more than 'max_ports' ports.  Returns 0 if
 * 'port' is valid, otherwise an ofp_mkerr() return code. */
int
ofputil_check_output_port(uint16_t port, int max_ports)
{
    switch (port) {
    case OFPP_IN_PORT:
    case OFPP_TABLE:
    case OFPP_NORMAL:
    case OFPP_FLOOD:
    case OFPP_ALL:
    case OFPP_CONTROLLER:
    case OFPP_LOCAL:
        return 0;

    default:
        if (port < max_ports) {
            return 0;
        }
        return ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_ACTION, OFPBAC_BAD_OUT_PORT);
    }
}

#define OFPUTIL_NAMED_PORTS                     \
        OFPUTIL_NAMED_PORT(IN_PORT)             \
        OFPUTIL_NAMED_PORT(TABLE)               \
        OFPUTIL_NAMED_PORT(NORMAL)              \
        OFPUTIL_NAMED_PORT(FLOOD)               \
        OFPUTIL_NAMED_PORT(ALL)                 \
        OFPUTIL_NAMED_PORT(CONTROLLER)          \
        OFPUTIL_NAMED_PORT(LOCAL)               \
        OFPUTIL_NAMED_PORT(NONE)

/* Checks whether 's' is the string representation of an OpenFlow port number,
 * either as an integer or a string name (e.g. "LOCAL").  If it is, stores the
 * number in '*port' and returns true.  Otherwise, returns false. */
bool
ofputil_port_from_string(const char *name, uint16_t *port)
{
    struct pair {
        const char *name;
        uint16_t value;
    };
    static const struct pair pairs[] = {
#define OFPUTIL_NAMED_PORT(NAME) {#NAME, OFPP_##NAME},
        OFPUTIL_NAMED_PORTS
#undef OFPUTIL_NAMED_PORT
    };
    static const int n_pairs = ARRAY_SIZE(pairs);
    int i;

    if (str_to_int(name, 0, &i) && i >= 0 && i < UINT16_MAX) {
        *port = i;
        return true;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < n_pairs; i++) {
        if (!strcasecmp(name, pairs[i].name)) {
            *port = pairs[i].value;
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}

/* Appends to 's' a string representation of the OpenFlow port number 'port'.
 * Most ports' string representation is just the port number, but for special
 * ports, e.g. OFPP_LOCAL, it is the name, e.g. "LOCAL". */
void
ofputil_format_port(uint16_t port, struct ds *s)
{
    const char *name;

    switch (port) {
#define OFPUTIL_NAMED_PORT(NAME) case OFPP_##NAME: name = #NAME; break;
        OFPUTIL_NAMED_PORTS
#undef OFPUTIL_NAMED_PORT

    default:
        ds_put_format(s, "%"PRIu16, port);
        return;
    }
    ds_put_cstr(s, name);
}

static int
check_resubmit_table(const struct nx_action_resubmit *nar)
{
    if (nar->pad[0] || nar->pad[1] || nar->pad[2]) {
        return ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_ACTION, OFPBAC_BAD_ARGUMENT);
    }
    return 0;
}

static int
check_output_reg(const struct nx_action_output_reg *naor,
                 const struct flow *flow)
{
    size_t i;

    for (i = 0; i < sizeof naor->zero; i++) {
        if (naor->zero[i]) {
            return ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_ACTION, OFPBAC_BAD_ARGUMENT);
        }
    }

    return nxm_src_check(naor->src, nxm_decode_ofs(naor->ofs_nbits),
                         nxm_decode_n_bits(naor->ofs_nbits), flow);
}

int
validate_actions(const union ofp_action *actions, size_t n_actions,
                 const struct flow *flow, int max_ports)
{
    const union ofp_action *a;
    size_t left;

    OFPUTIL_ACTION_FOR_EACH (a, left, actions, n_actions) {
        uint16_t port;
        int error;
        int code;

        code = ofputil_decode_action(a);
        if (code < 0) {
            char *msg;

            error = -code;
            msg = ofputil_error_to_string(error);
            VLOG_WARN_RL(&bad_ofmsg_rl,
                         "action decoding error at offset %td (%s)",
                         (a - actions) * sizeof *a, msg);
            free(msg);

            return error;
        }

        error = 0;
        switch ((enum ofputil_action_code) code) {
        case OFPUTIL_OFPAT_OUTPUT:
            error = ofputil_check_output_port(ntohs(a->output.port),
                                              max_ports);
            break;

        case OFPUTIL_OFPAT_SET_VLAN_VID:
            if (a->vlan_vid.vlan_vid & ~htons(0xfff)) {
                error = ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_ACTION, OFPBAC_BAD_ARGUMENT);
            }
            break;

        case OFPUTIL_OFPAT_SET_VLAN_PCP:
            if (a->vlan_pcp.vlan_pcp & ~7) {
                error = ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_ACTION, OFPBAC_BAD_ARGUMENT);
            }
            break;

        case OFPUTIL_OFPAT_ENQUEUE:
            port = ntohs(((const struct ofp_action_enqueue *) a)->port);
            if (port >= max_ports && port != OFPP_IN_PORT
                && port != OFPP_LOCAL) {
                error = ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_ACTION, OFPBAC_BAD_OUT_PORT);
            }
            break;

        case OFPUTIL_NXAST_REG_MOVE:
            error = nxm_check_reg_move((const struct nx_action_reg_move *) a,
                                       flow);
            break;

        case OFPUTIL_NXAST_REG_LOAD:
            error = nxm_check_reg_load((const struct nx_action_reg_load *) a,
                                       flow);
            break;

        case OFPUTIL_NXAST_MULTIPATH:
            error = multipath_check((const struct nx_action_multipath *) a,
                                    flow);
            break;

        case OFPUTIL_NXAST_AUTOPATH:
            error = autopath_check((const struct nx_action_autopath *) a,
                                   flow);
            break;

        case OFPUTIL_NXAST_BUNDLE:
        case OFPUTIL_NXAST_BUNDLE_LOAD:
            error = bundle_check((const struct nx_action_bundle *) a,
                                 max_ports, flow);
            break;

        case OFPUTIL_NXAST_OUTPUT_REG:
            error = check_output_reg((const struct nx_action_output_reg *) a,
                                     flow);
            break;

        case OFPUTIL_NXAST_RESUBMIT_TABLE:
            error = check_resubmit_table(
                (const struct nx_action_resubmit *) a);
            break;

        case OFPUTIL_NXAST_LEARN:
            error = learn_check((const struct nx_action_learn *) a, flow);
            break;

        case OFPUTIL_OFPAT_STRIP_VLAN:
        case OFPUTIL_OFPAT_SET_NW_SRC:
        case OFPUTIL_OFPAT_SET_NW_DST:
        case OFPUTIL_OFPAT_SET_NW_TOS:
        case OFPUTIL_OFPAT_SET_TP_SRC:
        case OFPUTIL_OFPAT_SET_TP_DST:
        case OFPUTIL_OFPAT_SET_DL_SRC:
        case OFPUTIL_OFPAT_SET_DL_DST:
        case OFPUTIL_NXAST_RESUBMIT:
        case OFPUTIL_NXAST_SET_TUNNEL:
        case OFPUTIL_NXAST_SET_QUEUE:
        case OFPUTIL_NXAST_POP_QUEUE:
        case OFPUTIL_NXAST_NOTE:
        case OFPUTIL_NXAST_SET_TUNNEL64:
        case OFPUTIL_NXAST_EXIT:
            break;
        }

        if (error) {
            char *msg = ofputil_error_to_string(error);
            VLOG_WARN_RL(&bad_ofmsg_rl, "bad action at offset %td (%s)",
                         (a - actions) * sizeof *a, msg);
            free(msg);
            return error;
        }
    }
    if (left) {
        VLOG_WARN_RL(&bad_ofmsg_rl, "bad action format at offset %zu",
                     (n_actions - left) * sizeof *a);
        return ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_ACTION, OFPBAC_BAD_LEN);
    }
    return 0;
}

struct ofputil_action {
    int code;
    unsigned int min_len;
    unsigned int max_len;
};

static const struct ofputil_action action_bad_type
    = { -OFP_MKERR(OFPET_BAD_ACTION, OFPBAC_BAD_TYPE),   0, UINT_MAX };
static const struct ofputil_action action_bad_len
    = { -OFP_MKERR(OFPET_BAD_ACTION, OFPBAC_BAD_LEN),    0, UINT_MAX };
static const struct ofputil_action action_bad_vendor
    = { -OFP_MKERR(OFPET_BAD_ACTION, OFPBAC_BAD_VENDOR), 0, UINT_MAX };

static const struct ofputil_action *
ofputil_decode_ofpat_action(const union ofp_action *a)
{
    enum ofp_action_type type = ntohs(a->type);

    switch (type) {
#define OFPAT_ACTION(ENUM, STRUCT, NAME)                    \
        case ENUM: {                                        \
            static const struct ofputil_action action = {   \
                OFPUTIL_##ENUM,                             \
                sizeof(struct STRUCT),                      \
                sizeof(struct STRUCT)                       \
            };                                              \
            return &action;                                 \
        }
#include "ofp-util.def"

    case OFPAT_VENDOR:
    default:
        return &action_bad_type;
    }
}

static const struct ofputil_action *
ofputil_decode_nxast_action(const union ofp_action *a)
{
    const struct nx_action_header *nah = (const struct nx_action_header *) a;
    enum nx_action_subtype subtype = ntohs(nah->subtype);

    switch (subtype) {
#define NXAST_ACTION(ENUM, STRUCT, EXTENSIBLE, NAME)            \
        case ENUM: {                                            \
            static const struct ofputil_action action = {       \
                OFPUTIL_##ENUM,                                 \
                sizeof(struct STRUCT),                          \
                EXTENSIBLE ? UINT_MAX : sizeof(struct STRUCT)   \
            };                                                  \
            return &action;                                     \
        }
#include "ofp-util.def"

    case NXAST_SNAT__OBSOLETE:
    case NXAST_DROP_SPOOFED_ARP__OBSOLETE:
    default:
        return &action_bad_type;
    }
}

/* Parses 'a' to determine its type.  Returns a nonnegative OFPUTIL_OFPAT_* or
 * OFPUTIL_NXAST_* constant if successful, otherwise a negative OpenFlow error
 * code (as returned by ofp_mkerr()).
 *
 * The caller must have already verified that 'a''s length is correct (that is,
 * a->header.len is nonzero and a multiple of sizeof(union ofp_action) and no
 * longer than the amount of space allocated to 'a').
 *
 * This function verifies that 'a''s length is correct for the type of action
 * that it represents. */
int
ofputil_decode_action(const union ofp_action *a)
{
    const struct ofputil_action *action;
    uint16_t len = ntohs(a->header.len);

    if (a->type != htons(OFPAT_VENDOR)) {
        action = ofputil_decode_ofpat_action(a);
    } else {
        switch (ntohl(a->vendor.vendor)) {
        case NX_VENDOR_ID:
            if (len < sizeof(struct nx_action_header)) {
                return -ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_ACTION, OFPBAC_BAD_LEN);
            }
            action = ofputil_decode_nxast_action(a);
            break;
        default:
            action = &action_bad_vendor;
            break;
        }
    }

    return (len >= action->min_len && len <= action->max_len
            ? action->code
            : -ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_ACTION, OFPBAC_BAD_LEN));
}

/* Parses 'a' and returns its type as an OFPUTIL_OFPAT_* or OFPUTIL_NXAST_*
 * constant.  The caller must have already validated that 'a' is a valid action
 * understood by Open vSwitch (e.g. by a previous successful call to
 * ofputil_decode_action()). */
enum ofputil_action_code
ofputil_decode_action_unsafe(const union ofp_action *a)
{
    const struct ofputil_action *action;

    if (a->type != htons(OFPAT_VENDOR)) {
        action = ofputil_decode_ofpat_action(a);
    } else {
        action = ofputil_decode_nxast_action(a);
    }

    return action->code;
}

/* Returns the 'enum ofputil_action_code' corresponding to 'name' (e.g. if
 * 'name' is "output" then the return value is OFPUTIL_OFPAT_OUTPUT), or -1 if
 * 'name' is not the name of any action.
 *
 * ofp-util.def lists the mapping from names to action. */
int
ofputil_action_code_from_name(const char *name)
{
    static const char *names[OFPUTIL_N_ACTIONS] = {
#define OFPAT_ACTION(ENUM, STRUCT, NAME)             NAME,
#define NXAST_ACTION(ENUM, STRUCT, EXTENSIBLE, NAME) NAME,
#include "ofp-util.def"
    };

    const char **p;

    for (p = names; p < &names[ARRAY_SIZE(names)]; p++) {
        if (*p && !strcasecmp(name, *p)) {
            return p - names;
        }
    }
    return -1;
}

/* Appends an action of the type specified by 'code' to 'buf' and returns the
 * action.  Initializes the parts of 'action' that identify it as having type
 * <ENUM> and length 'sizeof *action' and zeros the rest.  For actions that
 * have variable length, the length used and cleared is that of struct
 * <STRUCT>.  */
void *
ofputil_put_action(enum ofputil_action_code code, struct ofpbuf *buf)
{
    switch (code) {
#define OFPAT_ACTION(ENUM, STRUCT, NAME)                    \
    case OFPUTIL_##ENUM: return ofputil_put_##ENUM(buf);
#define NXAST_ACTION(ENUM, STRUCT, EXTENSIBLE, NAME)        \
    case OFPUTIL_##ENUM: return ofputil_put_##ENUM(buf);
#include "ofp-util.def"
    }
    NOT_REACHED();
}

#define OFPAT_ACTION(ENUM, STRUCT, NAME)                        \
    void                                                        \
    ofputil_init_##ENUM(struct STRUCT *s)                       \
    {                                                           \
        memset(s, 0, sizeof *s);                                \
        s->type = htons(ENUM);                                  \
        s->len = htons(sizeof *s);                              \
    }                                                           \
                                                                \
    struct STRUCT *                                             \
    ofputil_put_##ENUM(struct ofpbuf *buf)                      \
    {                                                           \
        struct STRUCT *s = ofpbuf_put_uninit(buf, sizeof *s);   \
        ofputil_init_##ENUM(s);                                 \
        return s;                                               \
    }
#define NXAST_ACTION(ENUM, STRUCT, EXTENSIBLE, NAME)            \
    void                                                        \
    ofputil_init_##ENUM(struct STRUCT *s)                       \
    {                                                           \
        memset(s, 0, sizeof *s);                                \
        s->type = htons(OFPAT_VENDOR);                          \
        s->len = htons(sizeof *s);                              \
        s->vendor = htonl(NX_VENDOR_ID);                        \
        s->subtype = htons(ENUM);                               \
    }                                                           \
                                                                \
    struct STRUCT *                                             \
    ofputil_put_##ENUM(struct ofpbuf *buf)                      \
    {                                                           \
        struct STRUCT *s = ofpbuf_put_uninit(buf, sizeof *s);   \
        ofputil_init_##ENUM(s);                                 \
        return s;                                               \
    }
#include "ofp-util.def"

/* Returns true if 'action' outputs to 'port', false otherwise. */
bool
action_outputs_to_port(const union ofp_action *action, ovs_be16 port)
{
    switch (ntohs(action->type)) {
    case OFPAT_OUTPUT:
        return action->output.port == port;
    case OFPAT_ENQUEUE:
        return ((const struct ofp_action_enqueue *) action)->port == port;
    default:
        return false;
    }
}

/* "Normalizes" the wildcards in 'rule'.  That means:
 *
 *    1. If the type of level N is known, then only the valid fields for that
 *       level may be specified.  For example, ARP does not have a TOS field,
 *       so nw_tos must be wildcarded if 'rule' specifies an ARP flow.
 *       Similarly, IPv4 does not have any IPv6 addresses, so ipv6_src and
 *       ipv6_dst (and other fields) must be wildcarded if 'rule' specifies an
 *       IPv4 flow.
 *
 *    2. If the type of level N is not known (or not understood by Open
 *       vSwitch), then no fields at all for that level may be specified.  For
 *       example, Open vSwitch does not understand SCTP, an L4 protocol, so the
 *       L4 fields tp_src and tp_dst must be wildcarded if 'rule' specifies an
 *       SCTP flow.
 *
 * 'flow_format' specifies the format of the flow as received or as intended to
 * be sent.  This is important for IPv6 and ARP, for which NXM supports more
 * detailed matching. */
void
ofputil_normalize_rule(struct cls_rule *rule, enum nx_flow_format flow_format)
{
    enum {
        MAY_NW_ADDR     = 1 << 0, /* nw_src, nw_dst */
        MAY_TP_ADDR     = 1 << 1, /* tp_src, tp_dst */
        MAY_NW_PROTO    = 1 << 2, /* nw_proto */
        MAY_IPVx        = 1 << 3, /* tos, frag, ttl */
        MAY_ARP_SHA     = 1 << 4, /* arp_sha */
        MAY_ARP_THA     = 1 << 5, /* arp_tha */
        MAY_IPV6        = 1 << 6, /* ipv6_src, ipv6_dst, ipv6_label */
        MAY_ND_TARGET   = 1 << 7  /* nd_target */
    } may_match;

    struct flow_wildcards wc;

    /* Figure out what fields may be matched. */
    if (rule->flow.dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_IP)) {
        may_match = MAY_NW_PROTO | MAY_IPVx | MAY_NW_ADDR;
        if (rule->flow.nw_proto == IPPROTO_TCP ||
            rule->flow.nw_proto == IPPROTO_UDP ||
            rule->flow.nw_proto == IPPROTO_ICMP) {
            may_match |= MAY_TP_ADDR;
        }
    } else if (rule->flow.dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_IPV6)
               && flow_format == NXFF_NXM) {
        may_match = MAY_NW_PROTO | MAY_IPVx | MAY_IPV6;
        if (rule->flow.nw_proto == IPPROTO_TCP ||
            rule->flow.nw_proto == IPPROTO_UDP) {
            may_match |= MAY_TP_ADDR;
        } else if (rule->flow.nw_proto == IPPROTO_ICMPV6) {
            may_match |= MAY_TP_ADDR;
            if (rule->flow.tp_src == htons(ND_NEIGHBOR_SOLICIT)) {
                may_match |= MAY_ND_TARGET | MAY_ARP_SHA;
            } else if (rule->flow.tp_src == htons(ND_NEIGHBOR_ADVERT)) {
                may_match |= MAY_ND_TARGET | MAY_ARP_THA;
            }
        }
    } else if (rule->flow.dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_ARP)) {
        may_match = MAY_NW_PROTO | MAY_NW_ADDR;
        if (flow_format == NXFF_NXM) {
            may_match |= MAY_ARP_SHA | MAY_ARP_THA;
        }
    } else {
        may_match = 0;
    }

    /* Clear the fields that may not be matched. */
    wc = rule->wc;
    if (!(may_match & MAY_NW_ADDR)) {
        wc.nw_src_mask = wc.nw_dst_mask = htonl(0);
    }
    if (!(may_match & MAY_TP_ADDR)) {
        wc.wildcards |= FWW_TP_SRC | FWW_TP_DST;
    }
    if (!(may_match & MAY_NW_PROTO)) {
        wc.wildcards |= FWW_NW_PROTO;
    }
    if (!(may_match & MAY_IPVx)) {
        wc.wildcards |= FWW_NW_DSCP;
        wc.wildcards |= FWW_NW_ECN;
        wc.wildcards |= FWW_NW_TTL;
    }
    if (!(may_match & MAY_ARP_SHA)) {
        wc.wildcards |= FWW_ARP_SHA;
    }
    if (!(may_match & MAY_ARP_THA)) {
        wc.wildcards |= FWW_ARP_THA;
    }
    if (!(may_match & MAY_IPV6)) {
        wc.ipv6_src_mask = wc.ipv6_dst_mask = in6addr_any;
        wc.wildcards |= FWW_IPV6_LABEL;
    }
    if (!(may_match & MAY_ND_TARGET)) {
        wc.wildcards |= FWW_ND_TARGET;
    }

    /* Log any changes. */
    if (!flow_wildcards_equal(&wc, &rule->wc)) {
        bool log = !VLOG_DROP_INFO(&bad_ofmsg_rl);
        char *pre = log ? cls_rule_to_string(rule) : NULL;

        rule->wc = wc;
        cls_rule_zero_wildcarded_fields(rule);

        if (log) {
            char *post = cls_rule_to_string(rule);
            VLOG_INFO("normalization changed ofp_match, details:");
            VLOG_INFO(" pre: %s", pre);
            VLOG_INFO("post: %s", post);
            free(pre);
            free(post);
        }
    }
}

static uint32_t
vendor_code_to_id(uint8_t code)
{
    switch (code) {
#define OFPUTIL_VENDOR(NAME, VENDOR_ID) case NAME: return VENDOR_ID;
        OFPUTIL_VENDORS
#undef OFPUTIL_VENDOR
    default:
        return UINT32_MAX;
    }
}

static int
vendor_id_to_code(uint32_t id)
{
    switch (id) {
#define OFPUTIL_VENDOR(NAME, VENDOR_ID) case VENDOR_ID: return NAME;
        OFPUTIL_VENDORS
#undef OFPUTIL_VENDOR
    default:
        return -1;
    }
}

/* Creates and returns an OpenFlow message of type OFPT_ERROR with the error
 * information taken from 'error', whose encoding must be as described in the
 * large comment in ofp-util.h.  If 'oh' is nonnull, then the error will use
 * oh->xid as its transaction ID, and it will include up to the first 64 bytes
 * of 'oh'.
 *
 * Returns NULL if 'error' is not an OpenFlow error code. */
struct ofpbuf *
ofputil_encode_error_msg(int error, const struct ofp_header *oh)
{
    static struct vlog_rate_limit rl = VLOG_RATE_LIMIT_INIT(1, 5);

    struct ofpbuf *buf;
    const void *data;
    size_t len;
    uint8_t vendor;
    uint16_t type;
    uint16_t code;
    ovs_be32 xid;

    if (!is_ofp_error(error)) {
        /* We format 'error' with strerror() here since it seems likely to be
         * a system errno value. */
        VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "invalid OpenFlow error code %d (%s)",
                     error, strerror(error));
        return NULL;
    }

    if (oh) {
        xid = oh->xid;
        data = oh;
        len = ntohs(oh->length);
        if (len > 64) {
            len = 64;
        }
    } else {
        xid = 0;
        data = NULL;
        len = 0;
    }

    vendor = get_ofp_err_vendor(error);
    type = get_ofp_err_type(error);
    code = get_ofp_err_code(error);
    if (vendor == OFPUTIL_VENDOR_OPENFLOW) {
        struct ofp_error_msg *oem;

        oem = make_openflow_xid(len + sizeof *oem, OFPT_ERROR, xid, &buf);
        oem->type = htons(type);
        oem->code = htons(code);
    } else {
        struct ofp_error_msg *oem;
        struct nx_vendor_error *nve;
        uint32_t vendor_id;

        vendor_id = vendor_code_to_id(vendor);
        if (vendor_id == UINT32_MAX) {
            VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "error %x contains invalid vendor code %d",
                         error, vendor);
            return NULL;
        }

        oem = make_openflow_xid(len + sizeof *oem + sizeof *nve,
                                OFPT_ERROR, xid, &buf);
        oem->type = htons(NXET_VENDOR);
        oem->code = htons(NXVC_VENDOR_ERROR);

        nve = (struct nx_vendor_error *)oem->data;
        nve->vendor = htonl(vendor_id);
        nve->type = htons(type);
        nve->code = htons(code);
    }

    if (len) {
        buf->size -= len;
        ofpbuf_put(buf, data, len);
    }

    return buf;
}

/* Decodes 'oh', which should be an OpenFlow OFPT_ERROR message, and returns an
 * Open vSwitch internal error code in the format described in the large
 * comment in ofp-util.h.
 *
 * If 'payload_ofs' is nonnull, on success '*payload_ofs' is set to the offset
 * to the payload starting from 'oh' and on failure it is set to 0. */
int
ofputil_decode_error_msg(const struct ofp_header *oh, size_t *payload_ofs)
{
    static struct vlog_rate_limit rl = VLOG_RATE_LIMIT_INIT(1, 5);

    const struct ofp_error_msg *oem;
    uint16_t type, code;
    struct ofpbuf b;
    int vendor;

    if (payload_ofs) {
        *payload_ofs = 0;
    }
    if (oh->type != OFPT_ERROR) {
        return EPROTO;
    }

    ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));
    oem = ofpbuf_try_pull(&b, sizeof *oem);
    if (!oem) {
        return EPROTO;
    }

    type = ntohs(oem->type);
    code = ntohs(oem->code);
    if (type == NXET_VENDOR && code == NXVC_VENDOR_ERROR) {
        const struct nx_vendor_error *nve = ofpbuf_try_pull(&b, sizeof *nve);
        if (!nve) {
            return EPROTO;
        }

        vendor = vendor_id_to_code(ntohl(nve->vendor));
        if (vendor < 0) {
            VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "error contains unknown vendor ID %#"PRIx32,
                         ntohl(nve->vendor));
            return EPROTO;
        }
        type = ntohs(nve->type);
        code = ntohs(nve->code);
    } else {
        vendor = OFPUTIL_VENDOR_OPENFLOW;
    }

    if (type >= 1024) {
        VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "error contains type %"PRIu16" greater than "
                     "supported maximum value 1023", type);
        return EPROTO;
    }

    if (payload_ofs) {
        *payload_ofs = (uint8_t *) b.data - (uint8_t *) oh;
    }
    return ofp_mkerr_vendor(vendor, type, code);
}

void
ofputil_format_error(struct ds *s, int error)
{
    if (is_errno(error)) {
        ds_put_cstr(s, strerror(error));
    } else {
        uint16_t type = get_ofp_err_type(error);
        uint16_t code = get_ofp_err_code(error);
        const char *type_s = ofp_error_type_to_string(type);
        const char *code_s = ofp_error_code_to_string(type, code);

        ds_put_format(s, "type ");
        if (type_s) {
            ds_put_cstr(s, type_s);
        } else {
            ds_put_format(s, "%"PRIu16, type);
        }

        ds_put_cstr(s, ", code ");
        if (code_s) {
            ds_put_cstr(s, code_s);
        } else {
            ds_put_format(s, "%"PRIu16, code);
        }
    }
}

char *
ofputil_error_to_string(int error)
{
    struct ds s = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
    ofputil_format_error(&s, error);
    return ds_steal_cstr(&s);
}

/* Attempts to pull 'actions_len' bytes from the front of 'b'.  Returns 0 if
 * successful, otherwise an OpenFlow error.
 *
 * If successful, the first action is stored in '*actionsp' and the number of
 * "union ofp_action" size elements into '*n_actionsp'.  Otherwise NULL and 0
 * are stored, respectively.
 *
 * This function does not check that the actions are valid (the caller should
 * do so, with validate_actions()).  The caller is also responsible for making
 * sure that 'b->data' is initially aligned appropriately for "union
 * ofp_action". */
int
ofputil_pull_actions(struct ofpbuf *b, unsigned int actions_len,
                     union ofp_action **actionsp, size_t *n_actionsp)
{
    if (actions_len % OFP_ACTION_ALIGN != 0) {
        VLOG_WARN_RL(&bad_ofmsg_rl, "OpenFlow message actions length %u "
                     "is not a multiple of %d", actions_len, OFP_ACTION_ALIGN);
        goto error;
    }

    *actionsp = ofpbuf_try_pull(b, actions_len);
    if (*actionsp == NULL) {
        VLOG_WARN_RL(&bad_ofmsg_rl, "OpenFlow message actions length %u "
                     "exceeds remaining message length (%zu)",
                     actions_len, b->size);
        goto error;
    }

    *n_actionsp = actions_len / OFP_ACTION_ALIGN;
    return 0;

error:
    *actionsp = NULL;
    *n_actionsp = 0;
    return ofp_mkerr(OFPET_BAD_REQUEST, OFPBRC_BAD_LEN);
}

bool
ofputil_actions_equal(const union ofp_action *a, size_t n_a,
                      const union ofp_action *b, size_t n_b)
{
    return n_a == n_b && (!n_a || !memcmp(a, b, n_a * sizeof *a));
}

union ofp_action *
ofputil_actions_clone(const union ofp_action *actions, size_t n)
{
    return n ? xmemdup(actions, n * sizeof *actions) : NULL;
}

/* Parses a key or a key-value pair from '*stringp'.
 *
 * On success: Stores the key into '*keyp'.  Stores the value, if present, into
 * '*valuep', otherwise an empty string.  Advances '*stringp' past the end of
 * the key-value pair, preparing it for another call.  '*keyp' and '*valuep'
 * are substrings of '*stringp' created by replacing some of its bytes by null
 * terminators.  Returns true.
 *
 * If '*stringp' is just white space or commas, sets '*keyp' and '*valuep' to
 * NULL and returns false. */
bool
ofputil_parse_key_value(char **stringp, char **keyp, char **valuep)
{
    char *pos, *key, *value;
    size_t key_len;

    pos = *stringp;
    pos += strspn(pos, ", \t\r\n");
    if (*pos == '\0') {
        *keyp = *valuep = NULL;
        return false;
    }

    key = pos;
    key_len = strcspn(pos, ":=(, \t\r\n");
    if (key[key_len] == ':' || key[key_len] == '=') {
        /* The value can be separated by a colon. */
        size_t value_len;

        value = key + key_len + 1;
        value_len = strcspn(value, ", \t\r\n");
        pos = value + value_len + (value[value_len] != '\0');
        value[value_len] = '\0';
    } else if (key[key_len] == '(') {
        /* The value can be surrounded by balanced parentheses.  The outermost
         * set of parentheses is removed. */
        int level = 1;
        size_t value_len;

        value = key + key_len + 1;
        for (value_len = 0; level > 0; value_len++) {
            switch (value[value_len]) {
            case '\0':
                ovs_fatal(0, "unbalanced parentheses in argument to %s", key);

            case '(':
                level++;
                break;

            case ')':
                level--;
                break;
            }
        }
        value[value_len - 1] = '\0';
        pos = value + value_len;
    } else {
        /* There might be no value at all. */
        value = key + key_len;  /* Will become the empty string below. */
        pos = key + key_len + (key[key_len] != '\0');
    }
    key[key_len] = '\0';

    *stringp = pos;
    *keyp = key;
    *valuep = value;
    return true;
}