yacas 1.3.1-1 / usr / share / yacas / examples / wordproblems.ys

/// Solve aritmetic problems written in (limited) English
///
/// Supported words:
/// a an the is are and person persons object objects many has had ate gave to some made
/// See coding.book section "Example: Using rules with special syntax operators creatively"


Prefix("a", 10);
Prefix("an", 10);
Infix("to", 15);
Prefix("the", 10);
Prefix("many", 35);	// many apples and pears
Infix("is", 20);
Infix("had", 20);
Infix("has", 20);
Infix("ate", 20);
Infix("gave", 20);
Infix("made", 20);
Prefix("some", 10);
Infix("and", 30);
Infix("are", 40);

/// object name in person's inventory is stored in plural unless it's uncountable
Knowledge := {
	{"objects", {} },
	{"countable objects", {} },
	{"persons", {} }
};

/// articles a, an are the same as quantifiers and can be used only with countable objects
10 # (an _x) _(Not IsList(x) And IsCountableObject(PluralFromSingular(x)))  <-- {PluralFromSingular(x), 1};
10 # (a _x) _(Not IsList(x) And IsCountableObject(PluralFromSingular(x)))  <-- {PluralFromSingular(x), 1};
// "the" with countable
10 # (the _x) _(Not IsList(x) And IsCountableObject(PluralFromSingular(x)))  <-- {PluralFromSingular(x), 1};
// "the" with uncountable
20 # (the _x) _(Not IsList(x) And IsSomeObject(x))  <-- {x, 1};

20 # _x is a person <-- DeclarePerson(x);
20 # _x is an object <-- DeclareObject(x);

/// multiple "and" clauses
10 # x_IsList and _y <-- Concat(x, {y});
15 # _x and _y <-- Concat({x}, {y});

/// "some"
some _obj <-- {obj, True};

/// declare many objects or many persons at once
20 # x_IsList are persons <-- MapSingle("DeclarePerson", x);
20 # x_IsList are objects <-- MapSingle("DeclareObject", x);

10 # there are many xs_IsList <-- MapSingle("DeclareCountable", xs);
20 # there are many _xs <-- DeclareCountable(xs);

/// aux function
DeclarePerson(x) :=
	// check that hasn't been already declared
	If (
		IsPerson(x),
		Echo({"Note: we already know that ", x, " is a person"}),
		[
			// store knowledge: person with empty inventory list
			Knowledge["persons"][String(x)] := {};
			Echo({"OK, ", x, "is a person."});
		]
);

/// predicates
IsPerson(x) := Contains(AssocIndices(Knowledge["persons"]), String(x));
/// countable objects are always in plural (IsCountableObject(apple) <-- False if "apples" is defined)
IsCountableObject(x) := Contains(Knowledge["countable objects"], String(x));
/// IsSomeObject(x) means that either x is uncountable, or the plural form of x is countable
IsSomeObject(x) := Contains(Knowledge["objects"], String(x));

/// AssumeIsPerson will always return True and will declare a person if needed
AssumeIsPerson(x) := If(IsPerson(x), True, DeclarePerson(x));

/// declare uncountable object
DeclareObject(x) :=
	// check that hasn't been already declared
	If (
		IsSomeObject(x) Or IsCountableObject(x),
		Echo({"Note: we already know that ", x, " is an object"}),
		[
			// store knowledge: object name
			Push(Knowledge["objects"], String(x));
			Echo({"OK, ", x, "is an object."});
		]
	);

DeclareCountable(x) := [
	Local(singular);
	singular := SingularFromPlural(x);
	DeclareObject(singular);
	// check that hasn't been already declared
	If(
		IsCountableObject(x),
		Echo({"Note: we already know that there are many ", x}),
		[
			// store knowledge: countable object
			Push(Knowledge["countable objects"], String(x));
			MacroRuleBase(String(x), {n});
			MacroRule(String(x), 1, 1, True) {x, n};
			// Postfix does not evaluate its argument, so need to jump through hoops
			Eval(UnList({Postfix, String(x)} ));
			Echo({"OK, we assume that the plural of \"", singular, "\" is \"", x, "\"."});
		]
	);		
];




/// get singular forms from plural, e.g. apples->apple
SingularFromPlural(x) := [
	Local(singular);
	singular := String(x);	// cut the ending "s"
	singular := StringMid'Get(1, Length(singular)-1, singular);
	Atom(singular);
];

/// get plural forms from singular, e.g. apple->apples
PluralFromSingular(x) := [
	Local(plural);
	plural := ConcatStrings(String(x), "s");	// add the ending "s"
	Atom(plural);
];

/// find out how much they have and print an atom as a result
/// note that "x has {list}" is a predicate defined below
/// print number for countable objects and "some" or "no" for uncountable
10 # (_x has _obj)_(Not IsList(obj)) <-- [
	Local(quantity);
	// defined "quantity" just to save typing
	quantity := Knowledge["persons"][String(x)][String(obj)];
	If(
		IsPerson(x),
		If(quantity=0 Or quantity=Empty, no, 
			If(IsSomeObject(obj), "some", quantity
			)
		)
		, False
	);
];

/// predicates to check who has what -- note difference from the above function
10 # _x has {_obj, True} <-- IsPerson(x) And Knowledge["persons"][String(x)][String(obj)] != Empty And Knowledge["persons"][String(x)][String(obj)] > 0;
20 # _x has {_obj, n_IsInteger} <-- IsPerson(x) And Knowledge["persons"][String(x)][String(obj)] = n;

/// limitation: cannot match abstract functions with special syntax, e.g. can't do this:
///10 # (x_IsPerson had _obj(n_IsInteger)) <-- ...;
/// when _obj is supposed to match *any* prefix operator.
/// therefore we shall transform object quantifiers first.

/// "x had N As" parsed into "Serge had {apples, 6}"
10 # (x_AssumeIsPerson had {_obj, n_IsInteger}) _ (IsCountableObject(obj) Or n = 1 And IsSomeObject(obj)) <-- [
	// check knowledge: did they have it before? if yes, print warning
	If(
		x has some obj,	// need to check if it is consistent
		If(
			x has {obj, n},
			Echo({"Note: we already know that ", x, " had ", n, " ", obj, " at that time."}),
			[
				Echo({"Error: we know that ", x," had ", x has obj, " ", obj, " at that time."});
				False;
			]
		),
		[
			// store knowledge: x now has n obj's
			Knowledge["persons"][String(x)][String(obj)] := n;
			Synopsis(x, obj);
		]
	);
];

/// "x ate N As" 
10 # (x_AssumeIsPerson ate {_obj, n_IsInteger}) _ (IsCountableObject(obj) Or n = 1 And IsSomeObject(obj)) <--
	// check knowledge: did they have it before? if yes, print warning
If(
	(x has some obj) And (IsCountableObject(obj) And (x has obj) >= n Or Not IsCountableObject(obj)),	// need to check if it is consistent
	[
		// store knowledge: x now has fewer obj's
		Knowledge["persons"][String(x)][String(obj)] := Knowledge["persons"][String(x)][String(obj)] - n;
		Synopsis(x, obj);
	],
	[
		Echo({"Error: ", x, " does not have enough ", obj, " at this time."});
		False;
	]
);

/// aux function to print diagnostic messages
Synopsis(x, obj) := Echo({"OK, ", x, " has ", x has obj, " ", obj, " now."});

/// X ate some A (uncountable only)
20 # (x_AssumeIsPerson ate {_obj, True}) _ (Not IsList(obj) And IsSomeObject(obj)) <--
	If(
		x has some obj,
		Echo({"OK, ", x, " still has some ", obj}),
		[
			Echo({"Error: ", x, " does not have any ", obj});
			False;
		]
	);
/// X ate A
30 # (x_AssumeIsPerson ate _obj)_ (Not IsList(obj) And IsSomeObject(obj)) <-- x ate {If(IsCountableObject(PluralFromSingular(obj)), PluralFromSingular(obj), obj), 1};

/// interface for "had" in case we are dealing with uncountable objects
/// {obj, True} is a result of "some obj"
20 # (x_AssumeIsPerson had {_obj, True}) _ (Not IsList(obj)) <-- x had {obj, 1};
/// just "obj" means "1 obj" or "1 objs" depending on whether "obj" is countable
30 # (x_AssumeIsPerson had _obj) _ (Not IsList(obj)) <-- x had {If(IsCountableObject(PluralFromSingular(obj)), PluralFromSingular(obj), obj), 1};

/// making new objects
10 # (x_AssumeIsPerson made {_obj, n_IsInteger}) _ (IsCountableObject(obj) Or n = 1 And IsSomeObject(obj)) <-- [
	Local(quantity);
	quantity := Knowledge["persons"][String(x)][String(obj)];
	If(IsNumber(quantity),
		quantity := quantity + n,
		quantity := n
	);
	Knowledge["persons"][String(x)][String(obj)] := quantity;
	Synopsis(x, obj);
];

/// interface for making "some" new object
20 # (x_AssumeIsPerson made {_obj, True}) _ (Not IsList(obj) And IsSomeObject(obj) And Not IsCountableObject(PluralFromSingular(obj))) <-- x made {obj, 1};
30 # (x_AssumeIsPerson made _obj) _ (Not IsList(obj)) <-- x made {If(IsCountableObject(PluralFromSingular(obj)), PluralFromSingular(obj), obj), 1};

/// giving objects to other people
10 # _x gave _obj to _y <-- [
	x ate obj;
	y made obj;
];

/// knowledgebase is stored in a global variable Knowledge
/// format: {{"persons", {{"name", {{"objname", quantity}, ...}}, ...} }, {"objects", {"name", ... } }, {"countable objects", {"name", ... } }  }

/// print all knowledge
Knowledge() := [
	Local(person, object);
	Echo("OK, this is what we know:");
	WriteString("Persons: ");
	WriteString(PrintList(AssocIndices(Knowledge["persons"])));
	NewLine();
	WriteString("Object names: ");
	WriteString(PrintList(Knowledge["objects"]));
	NewLine();
	WriteString("Countable objects: ");
	WriteString(PrintList(Knowledge["countable objects"]));
	NewLine();
	ForEach(person, AssocIndices(Knowledge["persons"]))
	[
		Echo({person, " has: "});
		ForEach(object, AssocIndices(Knowledge["persons"][person]))
			Echo({Atom(person) has Atom(object), Atom(object)});
		Echo("");
	];
];

/// testing
/*

Jitse and Ayal are persons;
apple is an object;
there are many apples and pears;
Serge had an apple;
Jitse had (10!) pears;
Ayal had (2+3) apples and Serge had 2 pears;
Serge ate the apple;
Ayal ate a pear;	// this should fail
Ayal gave an apple to Serge and Serge gave a pear to Ayal;
Ayal ate a pear;
soup is an object and Ayal had some soup;
Ayal gave soup to Serge and Serge ate the soup;
Serge has soup
Serge has apples
Ayal has apples
Serge has some soup
Serge has some apples
Ayal has some pears
Knowledge();
software is an object
Ayal made some software
Ayal gave some software to everyone
Knowledge();

//*/