This file is indexed.

/usr/share/doc/bind9-doc/arm/Bv9ARM.ch09.html is in bind9-doc 1:9.9.5.dfsg-3ubuntu0.19.

This file is owned by root:root, with mode 0o644.

The actual contents of the file can be viewed below.

   1
   2
   3
   4
   5
   6
   7
   8
   9
  10
  11
  12
  13
  14
  15
  16
  17
  18
  19
  20
  21
  22
  23
  24
  25
  26
  27
  28
  29
  30
  31
  32
  33
  34
  35
  36
  37
  38
  39
  40
  41
  42
  43
  44
  45
  46
  47
  48
  49
  50
  51
  52
  53
  54
  55
  56
  57
  58
  59
  60
  61
  62
  63
  64
  65
  66
  67
  68
  69
  70
  71
  72
  73
  74
  75
  76
  77
  78
  79
  80
  81
  82
  83
  84
  85
  86
  87
  88
  89
  90
  91
  92
  93
  94
  95
  96
  97
  98
  99
 100
 101
 102
 103
 104
 105
 106
 107
 108
 109
 110
 111
 112
 113
 114
 115
 116
 117
 118
 119
 120
 121
 122
 123
 124
 125
 126
 127
 128
 129
 130
 131
 132
 133
 134
 135
 136
 137
 138
 139
 140
 141
 142
 143
 144
 145
 146
 147
 148
 149
 150
 151
 152
 153
 154
 155
 156
 157
 158
 159
 160
 161
 162
 163
 164
 165
 166
 167
 168
 169
 170
 171
 172
 173
 174
 175
 176
 177
 178
 179
 180
 181
 182
 183
 184
 185
 186
 187
 188
 189
 190
 191
 192
 193
 194
 195
 196
 197
 198
 199
 200
 201
 202
 203
 204
 205
 206
 207
 208
 209
 210
 211
 212
 213
 214
 215
 216
 217
 218
 219
 220
 221
 222
 223
 224
 225
 226
 227
 228
 229
 230
 231
 232
 233
 234
 235
 236
 237
 238
 239
 240
 241
 242
 243
 244
 245
 246
 247
 248
 249
 250
 251
 252
 253
 254
 255
 256
 257
 258
 259
 260
 261
 262
 263
 264
 265
 266
 267
 268
 269
 270
 271
 272
 273
 274
 275
 276
 277
 278
 279
 280
 281
 282
 283
 284
 285
 286
 287
 288
 289
 290
 291
 292
 293
 294
 295
 296
 297
 298
 299
 300
 301
 302
 303
 304
 305
 306
 307
 308
 309
 310
 311
 312
 313
 314
 315
 316
 317
 318
 319
 320
 321
 322
 323
 324
 325
 326
 327
 328
 329
 330
 331
 332
 333
 334
 335
 336
 337
 338
 339
 340
 341
 342
 343
 344
 345
 346
 347
 348
 349
 350
 351
 352
 353
 354
 355
 356
 357
 358
 359
 360
 361
 362
 363
 364
 365
 366
 367
 368
 369
 370
 371
 372
 373
 374
 375
 376
 377
 378
 379
 380
 381
 382
 383
 384
 385
 386
 387
 388
 389
 390
 391
 392
 393
 394
 395
 396
 397
 398
 399
 400
 401
 402
 403
 404
 405
 406
 407
 408
 409
 410
 411
 412
 413
 414
 415
 416
 417
 418
 419
 420
 421
 422
 423
 424
 425
 426
 427
 428
 429
 430
 431
 432
 433
 434
 435
 436
 437
 438
 439
 440
 441
 442
 443
 444
 445
 446
 447
 448
 449
 450
 451
 452
 453
 454
 455
 456
 457
 458
 459
 460
 461
 462
 463
 464
 465
 466
 467
 468
 469
 470
 471
 472
 473
 474
 475
 476
 477
 478
 479
 480
 481
 482
 483
 484
 485
 486
 487
 488
 489
 490
 491
 492
 493
 494
 495
 496
 497
 498
 499
 500
 501
 502
 503
 504
 505
 506
 507
 508
 509
 510
 511
 512
 513
 514
 515
 516
 517
 518
 519
 520
 521
 522
 523
 524
 525
 526
 527
 528
 529
 530
 531
 532
 533
 534
 535
 536
 537
 538
 539
 540
 541
 542
 543
 544
 545
 546
 547
 548
 549
 550
 551
 552
 553
 554
 555
 556
 557
 558
 559
 560
 561
 562
 563
 564
 565
 566
 567
 568
 569
 570
 571
 572
 573
 574
 575
 576
 577
 578
 579
 580
 581
 582
 583
 584
 585
 586
 587
 588
 589
 590
 591
 592
 593
 594
 595
 596
 597
 598
 599
 600
 601
 602
 603
 604
 605
 606
 607
 608
 609
 610
 611
 612
 613
 614
 615
 616
 617
 618
 619
 620
 621
 622
 623
 624
 625
 626
 627
 628
 629
 630
 631
 632
 633
 634
 635
 636
 637
 638
 639
 640
 641
 642
 643
 644
 645
 646
 647
 648
 649
 650
 651
 652
 653
 654
 655
 656
 657
 658
 659
 660
 661
 662
 663
 664
 665
 666
 667
 668
 669
 670
 671
 672
 673
 674
 675
 676
 677
 678
 679
 680
 681
 682
 683
 684
 685
 686
 687
 688
 689
 690
 691
 692
 693
 694
 695
 696
 697
 698
 699
 700
 701
 702
 703
 704
 705
 706
 707
 708
 709
 710
 711
 712
 713
 714
 715
 716
 717
 718
 719
 720
 721
 722
 723
 724
 725
 726
 727
 728
 729
 730
 731
 732
 733
 734
 735
 736
 737
 738
 739
 740
 741
 742
 743
 744
 745
 746
 747
 748
 749
 750
 751
 752
 753
 754
 755
 756
 757
 758
 759
 760
 761
 762
 763
 764
 765
 766
 767
 768
 769
 770
 771
 772
 773
 774
 775
 776
 777
 778
 779
 780
 781
 782
 783
 784
 785
 786
 787
 788
 789
 790
 791
 792
 793
 794
 795
 796
 797
 798
 799
 800
 801
 802
 803
 804
 805
 806
 807
 808
 809
 810
 811
 812
 813
 814
 815
 816
 817
 818
 819
 820
 821
 822
 823
 824
 825
 826
 827
 828
 829
 830
 831
 832
 833
 834
 835
 836
 837
 838
 839
 840
 841
 842
 843
 844
 845
 846
 847
 848
 849
 850
 851
 852
 853
 854
 855
 856
 857
 858
 859
 860
 861
 862
 863
 864
 865
 866
 867
 868
 869
 870
 871
 872
 873
 874
 875
 876
 877
 878
 879
 880
 881
 882
 883
 884
 885
 886
 887
 888
 889
 890
 891
 892
 893
 894
 895
 896
 897
 898
 899
 900
 901
 902
 903
 904
 905
 906
 907
 908
 909
 910
 911
 912
 913
 914
 915
 916
 917
 918
 919
 920
 921
 922
 923
 924
 925
 926
 927
 928
 929
 930
 931
 932
 933
 934
 935
 936
 937
 938
 939
 940
 941
 942
 943
 944
 945
 946
 947
 948
 949
 950
 951
 952
 953
 954
 955
 956
 957
 958
 959
 960
 961
 962
 963
 964
 965
 966
 967
 968
 969
 970
 971
 972
 973
 974
 975
 976
 977
 978
 979
 980
 981
 982
 983
 984
 985
 986
 987
 988
 989
 990
 991
 992
 993
 994
 995
 996
 997
 998
 999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
<!--
 - Copyright (C) 2004-2013 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
 - Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.
 - 
 - Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
 - purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
 - copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
 - 
 - THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
 - REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
 - AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,
 - INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM
 - LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE
 - OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
 - PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
-->
<!-- $Id$ -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>Appendix A. Appendices</title>
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.71.1">
<link rel="start" href="Bv9ARM.html" title="BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual">
<link rel="up" href="Bv9ARM.html" title="BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual">
<link rel="prev" href="Bv9ARM.ch08.html" title="Chapter 8. Troubleshooting">
<link rel="next" href="Bv9ARM.ch10.html" title="Manual pages">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<div class="navheader">
<table width="100%" summary="Navigation header">
<tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Appendix A. Appendices</th></tr>
<tr>
<td width="20%" align="left">
<a accesskey="p" href="Bv9ARM.ch08.html">Prev</a> </td>
<th width="60%" align="center"> </th>
<td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="Bv9ARM.ch10.html">Next</a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="appendix" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="Bv9ARM.ch09"></a>Appendix A. Appendices</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch09.html#id2604932">Acknowledgments</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch09.html#historical_dns_information">A Brief History of the <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> and <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym></a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch09.html#id2605104">General <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> Reference Information</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch09.html#ipv6addresses">IPv6 addresses (AAAA)</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch09.html#bibliography">Bibliography (and Suggested Reading)</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch09.html#rfcs">Request for Comments (RFCs)</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch09.html#internet_drafts">Internet Drafts</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch09.html#id2608315">Other Documents About <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym></a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch09.html#bind9.library">BIND 9 DNS Library Support</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch09.html#id2609722">Prerequisite</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch09.html#id2609732">Compilation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch09.html#id2609756">Installation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch09.html#id2609787">Known Defects/Restrictions</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch09.html#id2609864">The dns.conf File</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch09.html#id2609891">Sample Applications</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch09.html#id2611000">Library References</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="id2604932"></a>Acknowledgments</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="historical_dns_information"></a>A Brief History of the <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> and <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
            Although the "official" beginning of the Domain Name
            System occurred in 1984 with the publication of RFC 920, the
            core of the new system was described in 1983 in RFCs 882 and
            883. From 1984 to 1987, the ARPAnet (the precursor to today's
            Internet) became a testbed of experimentation for developing the
            new naming/addressing scheme in a rapidly expanding,
            operational network environment.  New RFCs were written and
            published in 1987 that modified the original documents to
            incorporate improvements based on the working model. RFC 1034,
            "Domain Names-Concepts and Facilities", and RFC 1035, "Domain
            Names-Implementation and Specification" were published and
            became the standards upon which all <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> implementations are
            built.
          </p>
<p>
            The first working domain name server, called "Jeeves", was
            written in 1983-84 by Paul Mockapetris for operation on DEC
            Tops-20
            machines located at the University of Southern California's
            Information
            Sciences Institute (USC-ISI) and SRI International's Network
            Information
            Center (SRI-NIC). A <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> server for
            Unix machines, the Berkeley Internet
            Name Domain (<acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>) package, was
            written soon after by a group of
            graduate students at the University of California at Berkeley
            under
            a grant from the US Defense Advanced Research Projects
            Administration
            (DARPA).
          </p>
<p>
            Versions of <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> through
            4.8.3 were maintained by the Computer
            Systems Research Group (CSRG) at UC Berkeley. Douglas Terry, Mark
            Painter, David Riggle and Songnian Zhou made up the initial <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
            project team. After that, additional work on the software package
            was done by Ralph Campbell. Kevin Dunlap, a Digital Equipment
            Corporation
            employee on loan to the CSRG, worked on <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> for 2 years, from 1985
            to 1987. Many other people also contributed to <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> development
            during that time: Doug Kingston, Craig Partridge, Smoot
            Carl-Mitchell,
            Mike Muuss, Jim Bloom and Mike Schwartz. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> maintenance was subsequently
            handled by Mike Karels and Øivind Kure.
          </p>
<p>
            <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> versions 4.9 and 4.9.1 were
            released by Digital Equipment
            Corporation (now Compaq Computer Corporation). Paul Vixie, then
            a DEC employee, became <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>'s
            primary caretaker. He was assisted
            by Phil Almquist, Robert Elz, Alan Barrett, Paul Albitz, Bryan
            Beecher, Andrew
            Partan, Andy Cherenson, Tom Limoncelli, Berthold Paffrath, Fuat
            Baran, Anant Kumar, Art Harkin, Win Treese, Don Lewis, Christophe
            Wolfhugel, and others.
          </p>
<p>
            In 1994, <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> version 4.9.2 was sponsored by
            Vixie Enterprises. Paul
            Vixie became <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>'s principal
            architect/programmer.
          </p>
<p>
            <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> versions from 4.9.3 onward
            have been developed and maintained
            by the Internet Systems Consortium and its predecessor,
            the Internet Software Consortium,  with support being provided
            by ISC's sponsors.
          </p>
<p>
            As co-architects/programmers, Bob Halley and
            Paul Vixie released the first production-ready version of
            <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> version 8 in May 1997.
          </p>
<p>
            BIND version 9 was released in September 2000 and is a
            major rewrite of nearly all aspects of the underlying
            BIND architecture.
          </p>
<p>
            BIND versions 4 and 8 are officially deprecated.
            No additional development is done
            on BIND version 4 or BIND version 8.
          </p>
<p>
            <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> development work is made
            possible today by the sponsorship
            of several corporations, and by the tireless work efforts of
            numerous individuals.
          </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="id2605104"></a>General <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> Reference Information</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="ipv6addresses"></a>IPv6 addresses (AAAA)</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
            IPv6 addresses are 128-bit identifiers for interfaces and
            sets of interfaces which were introduced in the <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> to facilitate
            scalable Internet routing. There are three types of addresses: <span class="emphasis"><em>Unicast</em></span>,
            an identifier for a single interface;
            <span class="emphasis"><em>Anycast</em></span>,
            an identifier for a set of interfaces; and <span class="emphasis"><em>Multicast</em></span>,
            an identifier for a set of interfaces. Here we describe the global
            Unicast address scheme. For more information, see RFC 3587,
            "Global Unicast Address Format."
          </p>
<p>
            IPv6 unicast addresses consist of a
            <span class="emphasis"><em>global routing prefix</em></span>, a
            <span class="emphasis"><em>subnet identifier</em></span>, and an
            <span class="emphasis"><em>interface identifier</em></span>.
          </p>
<p>
            The global routing prefix is provided by the
            upstream provider or ISP, and (roughly) corresponds to the
            IPv4 <span class="emphasis"><em>network</em></span> section
            of the address range.

            The subnet identifier is for local subnetting, much the
            same as subnetting an
            IPv4 /16 network into /24 subnets.

            The interface identifier is the address of an individual
            interface on a given network; in IPv6, addresses belong to
            interfaces rather than to machines.
          </p>
<p>
            The subnetting capability of IPv6 is much more flexible than
            that of IPv4: subnetting can be carried out on bit boundaries,
            in much the same way as Classless InterDomain Routing
            (CIDR), and the DNS PTR representation ("nibble" format)
            makes setting up reverse zones easier.
          </p>
<p>
            The Interface Identifier must be unique on the local link,
            and is usually generated automatically by the IPv6
            implementation, although it is usually possible to
            override the default setting if necessary.  A typical IPv6
            address might look like:
            <span><strong class="command">2001:db8:201:9:a00:20ff:fe81:2b32</strong></span>
          </p>
<p>
            IPv6 address specifications often contain long strings
            of zeros, so the architects have included a shorthand for
            specifying
            them. The double colon (`::') indicates the longest possible
            string
            of zeros that can fit, and can be used only once in an address.
          </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="bibliography"></a>Bibliography (and Suggested Reading)</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="rfcs"></a>Request for Comments (RFCs)</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
            Specification documents for the Internet protocol suite, including
            the <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym>, are published as part of
            the Request for Comments (RFCs)
            series of technical notes. The standards themselves are defined
            by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet
            Engineering Steering Group (IESG). RFCs can be obtained online via FTP at:
          </p>
<p>
            <a href="ftp://www.isi.edu/in-notes/" target="_top">
              ftp://www.isi.edu/in-notes/RFC<em class="replaceable"><code>xxxx</code></em>.txt
            </a>
          </p>
<p>
            (where <em class="replaceable"><code>xxxx</code></em> is
            the number of the RFC). RFCs are also available via the Web at:
          </p>
<p>
            <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/" target="_top">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/</a>.
          </p>
<div class="bibliography">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="id2605291"></a>Bibliography</h4></div></div></div>
<div class="bibliodiv">
<h3 class="title">Standards</h3>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2605302"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC974</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">C.</span> <span class="surname">Partridge</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Mail Routing and the Domain System</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">January 1986. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2605325"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC1034</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">P.V.</span> <span class="surname">Mockapetris</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Domain Names &#8212; Concepts and Facilities</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">November 1987. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2605349"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC1035</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">P. V.</span> <span class="surname">Mockapetris</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Domain Names &#8212; Implementation and
                  Specification</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">November 1987. </span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliodiv">
<h3 class="title">
<a name="proposed_standards"></a>Proposed Standards</h3>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2605385"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2181</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">R., R. Bush</span> <span class="surname">Elz</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Clarifications to the <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym>
                  Specification</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">July 1997. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2605412"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2308</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">M.</span> <span class="surname">Andrews</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Negative Caching of <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym>
                  Queries</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">March 1998. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2605437"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC1995</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">M.</span> <span class="surname">Ohta</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Incremental Zone Transfer in <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym></i>. </span><span class="pubdate">August 1996. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2605462"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC1996</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">P.</span> <span class="surname">Vixie</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>A Mechanism for Prompt Notification of Zone Changes</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">August 1996. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2605485"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2136</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">P.</span> <span class="surname">Vixie</span>, <span class="firstname">S.</span> <span class="surname">Thomson</span>, <span class="firstname">Y.</span> <span class="surname">Rekhter</span>, and <span class="firstname">J.</span> <span class="surname">Bound</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">April 1997. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2605541"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2671</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">P.</span> <span class="surname">Vixie</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS0)</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">August 1997. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2605568"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2672</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">M.</span> <span class="surname">Crawford</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Non-Terminal DNS Name Redirection</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">August 1999. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2605594"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2845</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">P.</span> <span class="surname">Vixie</span>, <span class="firstname">O.</span> <span class="surname">Gudmundsson</span>, <span class="firstname">D.</span> <span class="surname">Eastlake</span>, <span class="lineage">3rd</span>, and <span class="firstname">B.</span> <span class="surname">Wellington</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Secret Key Transaction Authentication for <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> (TSIG)</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">May 2000. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2605656"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2930</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">D.</span> <span class="surname">Eastlake</span>, <span class="lineage">3rd</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Secret Key Establishment for DNS (TKEY RR)</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">September 2000. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2605686"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2931</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">D.</span> <span class="surname">Eastlake</span>, <span class="lineage">3rd</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>DNS Request and Transaction Signatures (SIG(0)s)</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">September 2000. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2605716"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3007</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">B.</span> <span class="surname">Wellington</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Dynamic Update</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">November 2000. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2605742"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3645</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">S.</span> <span class="surname">Kwan</span>, <span class="firstname">P.</span> <span class="surname">Garg</span>, <span class="firstname">J.</span> <span class="surname">Gilroy</span>, <span class="firstname">L.</span> <span class="surname">Esibov</span>, <span class="firstname">J.</span> <span class="surname">Westhead</span>, and <span class="firstname">R.</span> <span class="surname">Hall</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Generic Security Service Algorithm for Secret
                       Key Transaction Authentication for DNS
                       (GSS-TSIG)</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">October 2003. </span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliodiv">
<h3 class="title">
<acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> Security Proposed Standards</h3>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2605825"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3225</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">D.</span> <span class="surname">Conrad</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Indicating Resolver Support of DNSSEC</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">December 2001. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2605851"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3833</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">D.</span> <span class="surname">Atkins</span> and <span class="firstname">R.</span> <span class="surname">Austein</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Threat Analysis of the Domain Name System (DNS)</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">August 2004. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2605888"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC4033</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">R.</span> <span class="surname">Arends</span>, <span class="firstname">R.</span> <span class="surname">Austein</span>, <span class="firstname">M.</span> <span class="surname">Larson</span>, <span class="firstname">D.</span> <span class="surname">Massey</span>, and <span class="firstname">S.</span> <span class="surname">Rose</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>DNS Security Introduction and Requirements</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">March 2005. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2605953"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC4034</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">R.</span> <span class="surname">Arends</span>, <span class="firstname">R.</span> <span class="surname">Austein</span>, <span class="firstname">M.</span> <span class="surname">Larson</span>, <span class="firstname">D.</span> <span class="surname">Massey</span>, and <span class="firstname">S.</span> <span class="surname">Rose</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">March 2005. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606018"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC4035</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">R.</span> <span class="surname">Arends</span>, <span class="firstname">R.</span> <span class="surname">Austein</span>, <span class="firstname">M.</span> <span class="surname">Larson</span>, <span class="firstname">D.</span> <span class="surname">Massey</span>, and <span class="firstname">S.</span> <span class="surname">Rose</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Protocol Modifications for the DNS
                       Security Extensions</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">March 2005. </span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliodiv">
<h3 class="title">Other Important RFCs About <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym>
                Implementation</h3>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606091"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC1535</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">E.</span> <span class="surname">Gavron</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>A Security Problem and Proposed Correction With Widely
                  Deployed <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> Software.</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">October 1993. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606117"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC1536</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">A.</span> <span class="surname">Kumar</span>, <span class="firstname">J.</span> <span class="surname">Postel</span>, <span class="firstname">C.</span> <span class="surname">Neuman</span>, <span class="firstname">P.</span> <span class="surname">Danzig</span>, and <span class="firstname">S.</span> <span class="surname">Miller</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Common <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> Implementation
                  Errors and Suggested Fixes</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">October 1993. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606253"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC1982</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">R.</span> <span class="surname">Elz</span> and <span class="firstname">R.</span> <span class="surname">Bush</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Serial Number Arithmetic</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">August 1996. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606289"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC4074</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">Y.</span> <span class="surname">Morishita</span> and <span class="firstname">T.</span> <span class="surname">Jinmei</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Common Misbehaviour Against <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym>
                Queries for IPv6 Addresses</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">May 2005. </span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliodiv">
<h3 class="title">Resource Record Types</h3>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606334"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC1183</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">C.F.</span> <span class="surname">Everhart</span>, <span class="firstname">L. A.</span> <span class="surname">Mamakos</span>, <span class="firstname">R.</span> <span class="surname">Ullmann</span>, and <span class="firstname">P.</span> <span class="surname">Mockapetris</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>New <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> RR Definitions</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">October 1990. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606392"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC1706</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">B.</span> <span class="surname">Manning</span> and <span class="firstname">R.</span> <span class="surname">Colella</span>. </span><span class="title"><i><acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> NSAP Resource Records</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">October 1994. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606429"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2168</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">R.</span> <span class="surname">Daniel</span> and <span class="firstname">M.</span> <span class="surname">Mealling</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Resolution of Uniform Resource Identifiers using
                  the Domain Name System</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">June 1997. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606465"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC1876</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">C.</span> <span class="surname">Davis</span>, <span class="firstname">P.</span> <span class="surname">Vixie</span>, <span class="firstname">T.</span>, and <span class="firstname">I.</span> <span class="surname">Dickinson</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>A Means for Expressing Location Information in the
                  Domain
                  Name System</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">January 1996. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606519"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2052</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">A.</span> <span class="surname">Gulbrandsen</span> and <span class="firstname">P.</span> <span class="surname">Vixie</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>A <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> RR for Specifying the
                  Location of
                  Services.</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">October 1996. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606557"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2163</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">A.</span> <span class="surname">Allocchio</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Using the Internet <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> to
                  Distribute MIXER
                  Conformant Global Address Mapping</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">January 1998. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606583"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2230</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">R.</span> <span class="surname">Atkinson</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Key Exchange Delegation Record for the <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym></i>. </span><span class="pubdate">October 1997. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606609"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2536</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">D.</span> <span class="surname">Eastlake</span>, <span class="lineage">3rd</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>DSA KEYs and SIGs in the Domain Name System (DNS)</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">March 1999. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606635"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2537</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">D.</span> <span class="surname">Eastlake</span>, <span class="lineage">3rd</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>RSA/MD5 KEYs and SIGs in the Domain Name System (DNS)</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">March 1999. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606662"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2538</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">D.</span> <span class="surname">Eastlake</span>, <span class="lineage">3rd</span> and <span class="firstname">O.</span> <span class="surname">Gudmundsson</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Storing Certificates in the Domain Name System (DNS)</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">March 1999. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606701"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2539</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">D.</span> <span class="surname">Eastlake</span>, <span class="lineage">3rd</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Storage of Diffie-Hellman Keys in the Domain Name System (DNS)</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">March 1999. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606731"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2540</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">D.</span> <span class="surname">Eastlake</span>, <span class="lineage">3rd</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Detached Domain Name System (DNS) Information</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">March 1999. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606761"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2782</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">A.</span> <span class="surname">Gulbrandsen</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">P.</span> <span class="surname">Vixie</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">L.</span> <span class="surname">Esibov</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>A DNS RR for specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">February 2000. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606804"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2915</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">M.</span> <span class="surname">Mealling</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">R.</span> <span class="surname">Daniel</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>The Naming Authority Pointer (NAPTR) DNS Resource Record</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">September 2000. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606837"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3110</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">D.</span> <span class="surname">Eastlake</span>, <span class="lineage">3rd</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>RSA/SHA-1 SIGs and RSA KEYs in the Domain Name System (DNS)</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">May 2001. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606864"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3123</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">P.</span> <span class="surname">Koch</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>A DNS RR Type for Lists of Address Prefixes (APL RR)</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">June 2001. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606887"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3596</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">S.</span> <span class="surname">Thomson</span>, <span class="firstname">C.</span> <span class="surname">Huitema</span>, <span class="firstname">V.</span> <span class="surname">Ksinant</span>, and <span class="firstname">M.</span> <span class="surname">Souissi</span>. </span><span class="title"><i><acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> Extensions to support IP
                  version 6</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">October 2003. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606945"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3597</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">A.</span> <span class="surname">Gustafsson</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Handling of Unknown DNS Resource Record (RR) Types</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">September 2003. </span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliodiv">
<h3 class="title">
<acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> and the Internet</h3>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2606977"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC1101</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">P. V.</span> <span class="surname">Mockapetris</span>. </span><span class="title"><i><acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> Encoding of Network Names
                  and Other Types</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">April 1989. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607002"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC1123</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="surname">Braden</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application and
                  Support</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">October 1989. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607025"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC1591</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">J.</span> <span class="surname">Postel</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Domain Name System Structure and Delegation</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">March 1994. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607048"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2317</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">H.</span> <span class="surname">Eidnes</span>, <span class="firstname">G.</span> <span class="surname">de Groot</span>, and <span class="firstname">P.</span> <span class="surname">Vixie</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Classless IN-ADDR.ARPA Delegation</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">March 1998. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607094"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2826</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="surname">Internet Architecture Board</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>IAB Technical Comment on the Unique DNS Root</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">May 2000. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607117"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2929</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">D.</span> <span class="surname">Eastlake</span>, <span class="lineage">3rd</span>, <span class="firstname">E.</span> <span class="surname">Brunner-Williams</span>, and <span class="firstname">B.</span> <span class="surname">Manning</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Domain Name System (DNS) IANA Considerations</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">September 2000. </span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliodiv">
<h3 class="title">
<acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> Operations</h3>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607175"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC1033</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">M.</span> <span class="surname">Lottor</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Domain administrators operations guide.</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">November 1987. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607198"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC1537</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">P.</span> <span class="surname">Beertema</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Common <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> Data File
                  Configuration Errors</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">October 1993. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607225"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC1912</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">D.</span> <span class="surname">Barr</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Common <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> Operational and
                  Configuration Errors</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">February 1996. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607252"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2010</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">B.</span> <span class="surname">Manning</span> and <span class="firstname">P.</span> <span class="surname">Vixie</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Operational Criteria for Root Name Servers.</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">October 1996. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607288"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2219</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">M.</span> <span class="surname">Hamilton</span> and <span class="firstname">R.</span> <span class="surname">Wright</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Use of <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> Aliases for
                  Network Services.</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">October 1997. </span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliodiv">
<h3 class="title">Internationalized Domain Names</h3>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607402"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2825</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="surname">IAB</span> and <span class="firstname">R.</span> <span class="surname">Daigle</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>A Tangled Web: Issues of I18N, Domain Names,
                       and the Other Internet protocols</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">May 2000. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607434"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3490</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">P.</span> <span class="surname">Faltstrom</span>, <span class="firstname">P.</span> <span class="surname">Hoffman</span>, and <span class="firstname">A.</span> <span class="surname">Costello</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">March 2003. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607480"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3491</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">P.</span> <span class="surname">Hoffman</span> and <span class="firstname">M.</span> <span class="surname">Blanchet</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Nameprep: A Stringprep Profile for Internationalized Domain Names</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">March 2003. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607515"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3492</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">A.</span> <span class="surname">Costello</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Punycode: A Bootstring encoding of Unicode
                       for Internationalized Domain Names in
                       Applications (IDNA)</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">March 2003. </span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliodiv">
<h3 class="title">Other <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym>-related RFCs</h3>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
                  Note: the following list of RFCs, although
                  <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym>-related, are not
                  concerned with implementing software.
                </p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607560"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC1464</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">R.</span> <span class="surname">Rosenbaum</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Using the Domain Name System To Store Arbitrary String
                  Attributes</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">May 1993. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607582"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC1713</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">A.</span> <span class="surname">Romao</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Tools for <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> Debugging</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">November 1994. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607608"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC1794</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">T.</span> <span class="surname">Brisco</span>. </span><span class="title"><i><acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> Support for Load
                  Balancing</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">April 1995. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607634"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2240</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">O.</span> <span class="surname">Vaughan</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>A Legal Basis for Domain Name Allocation</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">November 1997. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607657"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2345</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">J.</span> <span class="surname">Klensin</span>, <span class="firstname">T.</span> <span class="surname">Wolf</span>, and <span class="firstname">G.</span> <span class="surname">Oglesby</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Domain Names and Company Name Retrieval</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">May 1998. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607703"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2352</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">O.</span> <span class="surname">Vaughan</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>A Convention For Using Legal Names as Domain Names</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">May 1998. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607726"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3071</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">J.</span> <span class="surname">Klensin</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Reflections on the DNS, RFC 1591, and Categories of Domains</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">February 2001. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607753"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3258</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">T.</span> <span class="surname">Hardie</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Distributing Authoritative Name Servers via
                       Shared Unicast Addresses</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">April 2002. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607779"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3901</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">A.</span> <span class="surname">Durand</span> and <span class="firstname">J.</span> <span class="surname">Ihren</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>DNS IPv6 Transport Operational Guidelines</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">September 2004. </span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliodiv">
<h3 class="title">Obsolete and Unimplemented Experimental RFC</h3>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607822"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC1712</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">C.</span> <span class="surname">Farrell</span>, <span class="firstname">M.</span> <span class="surname">Schulze</span>, <span class="firstname">S.</span> <span class="surname">Pleitner</span>, and <span class="firstname">D.</span> <span class="surname">Baldoni</span>. </span><span class="title"><i><acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> Encoding of Geographical
                  Location</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">November 1994. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607880"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2673</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">M.</span> <span class="surname">Crawford</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Binary Labels in the Domain Name System</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">August 1999. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607907"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2874</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">M.</span> <span class="surname">Crawford</span> and <span class="firstname">C.</span> <span class="surname">Huitema</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>DNS Extensions to Support IPv6 Address Aggregation
                       and Renumbering</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">July 2000. </span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliodiv">
<h3 class="title">Obsoleted DNS Security RFCs</h3>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
                  Most of these have been consolidated into RFC4033,
                  RFC4034 and RFC4035 which collectively describe DNSSECbis.
                </p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607955"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2065</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">D.</span> <span class="surname">Eastlake</span>, <span class="lineage">3rd</span> and <span class="firstname">C.</span> <span class="surname">Kaufman</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Domain Name System Security Extensions</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">January 1997. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2607994"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2137</abbr>] <span class="author"><span class="firstname">D.</span> <span class="surname">Eastlake</span>, <span class="lineage">3rd</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Secure Domain Name System Dynamic Update</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">April 1997. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2608021"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC2535</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">D.</span> <span class="surname">Eastlake</span>, <span class="lineage">3rd</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Domain Name System Security Extensions</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">March 1999. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2608051"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3008</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">B.</span> <span class="surname">Wellington</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Domain Name System Security (DNSSEC)
                       Signing Authority</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">November 2000. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2608076"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3090</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">E.</span> <span class="surname">Lewis</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>DNS Security Extension Clarification on Zone Status</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">March 2001. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2608103"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3445</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">D.</span> <span class="surname">Massey</span> and <span class="firstname">S.</span> <span class="surname">Rose</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Limiting the Scope of the KEY Resource Record (RR)</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">December 2002. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2608139"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3655</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">B.</span> <span class="surname">Wellington</span> and <span class="firstname">O.</span> <span class="surname">Gudmundsson</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Redefinition of DNS Authenticated Data (AD) bit</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">November 2003. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2608176"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3658</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">O.</span> <span class="surname">Gudmundsson</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Delegation Signer (DS) Resource Record (RR)</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">December 2003. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2608202"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3755</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">S.</span> <span class="surname">Weiler</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Legacy Resolver Compatibility for Delegation Signer (DS)</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">May 2004. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2608229"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3757</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">O.</span> <span class="surname">Kolkman</span>, <span class="firstname">J.</span> <span class="surname">Schlyter</span>, and <span class="firstname">E.</span> <span class="surname">Lewis</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>Domain Name System KEY (DNSKEY) Resource Record
                      (RR) Secure Entry Point (SEP) Flag</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">April 2004. </span></p>
</div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2608274"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">RFC3845</abbr>] <span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">J.</span> <span class="surname">Schlyter</span>. </span><span class="title"><i>DNS Security (DNSSEC) NextSECure (NSEC) RDATA Format</i>. </span><span class="pubdate">August 2004. </span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="internet_drafts"></a>Internet Drafts</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
            Internet Drafts (IDs) are rough-draft working documents of
            the Internet Engineering Task Force. They are, in essence, RFCs
            in the preliminary stages of development. Implementors are
            cautioned not
            to regard IDs as archival, and they should not be quoted or cited
            in any formal documents unless accompanied by the disclaimer that
            they are "works in progress." IDs have a lifespan of six months
            after which they are deleted unless updated by their authors.
          </p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="id2608315"></a>Other Documents About <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p></p>
<div class="bibliography">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="id2608325"></a>Bibliography</h4></div></div></div>
<div class="biblioentry">
<a name="id2608327"></a><p><span class="authorgroup"><span class="firstname">Paul</span> <span class="surname">Albitz</span> and <span class="firstname">Cricket</span> <span class="surname">Liu</span>. </span><span class="title"><i><acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> and <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym></i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly and Associates. </span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="bind9.library"></a>BIND 9 DNS Library Support</h2></div></div></div>
<p>This version of BIND 9 "exports" its internal libraries so
  that they can be used by third-party applications more easily (we
  call them "export" libraries in this document). In addition to
  all major DNS-related APIs BIND 9 is currently using, the export
  libraries provide the following features:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li><p>The newly created "DNS client" module. This is a higher
      level API that provides an interface to name resolution,
      single DNS transaction with a particular server, and dynamic
      update. Regarding name resolution, it supports advanced
      features such as DNSSEC validation and caching. This module
      supports both synchronous and asynchronous mode.</p></li>
<li><p>The new "IRS" (Information Retrieval System) library.
      It provides an interface to parse the traditional resolv.conf
      file and more advanced, DNS-specific configuration file for
      the rest of this package (see the description for the
      dns.conf file below).</p></li>
<li><p>As part of the IRS library, newly implemented standard
      address-name mapping functions, getaddrinfo() and
      getnameinfo(), are provided. They use the DNSSEC-aware
      validating resolver backend, and could use other advanced
      features of the BIND 9 libraries such as caching. The
      getaddrinfo() function resolves both A and AAAA RRs
      concurrently (when the address family is unspecified).</p></li>
<li><p>An experimental framework to support other event
      libraries than BIND 9's internal event task system.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="id2609722"></a>Prerequisite</h3></div></div></div>
<p>GNU make is required to build the export libraries (other
  part of BIND 9 can still be built with other types of make). In
  the reminder of this document, "make" means GNU make. Note that
  in some platforms you may need to invoke a different command name
  than "make" (e.g. "gmake") to indicate it's GNU make.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="id2609732"></a>Compilation</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="screen">
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>./configure --enable-exportlib <em class="replaceable"><code>[other flags]</code></em></code></strong>
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>make</code></strong>
</pre>
<p>
  This will create (in addition to usual BIND 9 programs) and a
  separate set of libraries under the lib/export directory. For
  example, <code class="filename">lib/export/dns/libdns.a</code> is the archive file of the
  export version of the BIND 9 DNS library. Sample application
  programs using the libraries will also be built under the
  lib/export/samples directory (see below).</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="id2609756"></a>Installation</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="screen">
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>cd lib/export</code></strong>
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>make install</code></strong>
</pre>
<p>
  This will install library object files under the directory
  specified by the --with-export-libdir configure option (default:
  EPREFIX/lib/bind9), and header files under the directory
  specified by the --with-export-includedir configure option
  (default: PREFIX/include/bind9).
  Root privilege is normally required.
  "<span><strong class="command">make install</strong></span>" at the top directory will do the
  same.
  </p>
<p>
  To see how to build your own
  application after the installation, see
  <code class="filename">lib/export/samples/Makefile-postinstall.in</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="id2609787"></a>Known Defects/Restrictions</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li><p>Currently, win32 is not supported for the export
      library. (Normal BIND 9 application can be built as
      before).</p></li>
<li>
<p>The "fixed" RRset order is not (currently) supported in
      the export library. If you want to use "fixed" RRset order
      for, e.g. <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> while still building the
      export library even without the fixed order support, build
      them separately:
      </p>
<pre class="screen">
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>./configure --enable-fixed-rrset <em class="replaceable"><code>[other flags, but not --enable-exportlib]</code></em></code></strong>
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>make</code></strong>
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>./configure --enable-exportlib <em class="replaceable"><code>[other flags, but not --enable-fixed-rrset]</code></em></code></strong>
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>cd lib/export</code></strong>
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>make</code></strong>
</pre>
<p>
    </p>
</li>
<li><p>The client module and the IRS library currently do not
      support DNSSEC validation using DLV (the underlying modules
      can handle it, but there is no tunable interface to enable
      the feature).</p></li>
<li><p>RFC 5011 is not supported in the validating stub
      resolver of the export library. In fact, it is not clear
      whether it should: trust anchors would be a system-wide
      configuration which would be managed by an administrator,
      while the stub resolver will be used by ordinary applications
      run by a normal user.</p></li>
<li><p>Not all common <code class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>
      options are supported
      in the IRS library. The only available options in this
      version are "debug" and "ndots".</p></li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="id2609864"></a>The dns.conf File</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The IRS library supports an "advanced" configuration file
  related to the DNS library for configuration parameters that
  would be beyond the capability of the
  <code class="filename">resolv.conf</code> file.
  Specifically, it is intended to provide DNSSEC related
  configuration parameters. By default the path to this
  configuration file is <code class="filename">/etc/dns.conf</code>.
  This module is very
  experimental and the configuration syntax or library interfaces
  may change in future versions. Currently, only the
  <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span>
  statement is supported, whose syntax is the same as the same name
  of statement for <code class="filename">named.conf</code>. (See
  <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#trusted-keys" title="trusted-keys Statement Grammar">the section called &#8220;<span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> Statement Grammar&#8221;</a> for details.)</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="id2609891"></a>Sample Applications</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Some sample application programs using this API are
  provided for reference. The following is a brief description of
  these applications.
  </p>
<div class="sect3" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="id2609899"></a>sample: a simple stub resolver utility</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
  It sends a query of a given name (of a given optional RR type) to a
  specified recursive server, and prints the result as a list of
  RRs. It can also act as a validating stub resolver if a trust
  anchor is given via a set of command line options.</p>
<p>
  Usage: sample [options] server_address hostname
  </p>
<p>
  Options and Arguments:
  </p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term">
  -t RRtype
  </span></dt>
<dd><p>
        specify the RR type of the query.  The default is the A RR.
  </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">
  [-a algorithm] [-e] -k keyname -K keystring
  </span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
        specify a command-line DNS key to validate the answer.  For
        example, to specify the following DNSKEY of example.com:
</p>
<div class="literallayout"><p><br>
                example.com. 3600 IN DNSKEY 257 3 5 xxx<br>
</p></div>
<p>
        specify the options as follows:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<strong class="userinput"><code>
          -e -k example.com -K "xxx"
</code></strong>
</pre>
<p>
        -e means that this key is a zone's "key signing key" (as known
        as "secure Entry point").
        When -a is omitted rsasha1 will be used by default.
  </p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">
  -s domain:alt_server_address
  </span></dt>
<dd><p>
         specify a separate recursive server address for the specific
        "domain".  Example: -s example.com:2001:db8::1234
  </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">server_address</span></dt>
<dd><p>
        an IP(v4/v6) address of the recursive server to which queries
        are sent.
  </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">hostname</span></dt>
<dd><p>
        the domain name for the query
  </p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="id2609990"></a>sample-async: a simple stub resolver, working asynchronously</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
  Similar to "sample", but accepts a list
  of (query) domain names as a separate file and resolves the names
  asynchronously.</p>
<p>
    Usage: sample-async [-s server_address] [-t RR_type] input_file</p>
<p>
 Options and Arguments:
  </p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term">
   -s server_address
   </span></dt>
<dd>
   an IPv4 address of the recursive server to which queries are sent.
  (IPv6 addresses are not supported in this implementation)
  </dd>
<dt><span class="term">
   -t RR_type
  </span></dt>
<dd>
  specify the RR type of the queries. The default is the A
  RR.
  </dd>
<dt><span class="term">
   input_file
  </span></dt>
<dd>
   a list of domain names to be resolved. each line
  consists of a single domain name. Example:
  <div class="literallayout"><p><br>
  www.example.com<br>
  mx.examle.net<br>
  ns.xxx.example<br>
</p></div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="id2610316"></a>sample-request: a simple DNS transaction client</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
  It sends a query to a specified server, and
  prints the response with minimal processing. It doesn't act as a
  "stub resolver": it stops the processing once it gets any
  response from the server, whether it's a referral or an alias
  (CNAME or DNAME) that would require further queries to get the
  ultimate answer. In other words, this utility acts as a very
  simplified <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span>.
  </p>
<p>
  Usage: sample-request [-t RRtype] server_address hostname
  </p>
<p>
    Options and Arguments:
  </p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term">
   -t RRtype
  </span></dt>
<dd><p>
  specify the RR type of
  the queries. The default is the A RR.
  </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">
  server_address
  </span></dt>
<dd><p>
   an IP(v4/v6)
  address of the recursive server to which the query is sent.
  </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">
  hostname
  </span></dt>
<dd><p>
  the domain name for the query
  </p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="id2610380"></a>sample-gai: getaddrinfo() and getnameinfo() test code</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
  This is a test program
  to check getaddrinfo() and getnameinfo() behavior. It takes a
  host name as an argument, calls getaddrinfo() with the given host
  name, and calls getnameinfo() with the resulting IP addresses
  returned by getaddrinfo(). If the dns.conf file exists and
  defines a trust anchor, the underlying resolver will act as a
  validating resolver, and getaddrinfo()/getnameinfo() will fail
  with an EAI_INSECUREDATA error when DNSSEC validation fails.
  </p>
<p>
  Usage: sample-gai hostname
  </p>
</div>
<div class="sect3" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="id2610395"></a>sample-update: a simple dynamic update client program</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
  It accepts a single update command as a
  command-line argument, sends an update request message to the
  authoritative server, and shows the response from the server. In
  other words, this is a simplified <span><strong class="command">nsupdate</strong></span>.
  </p>
<p>
   Usage: sample-update [options] (add|delete) "update data"
  </p>
<p>
  Options and Arguments:
  </p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term">
  -a auth_server
   </span></dt>
<dd><p>
        An IP address of the authoritative server that has authority
        for the zone containing the update name.  This should normally
        be the primary authoritative server that accepts dynamic
        updates.  It can also be a secondary server that is configured
        to forward update requests to the primary server.
   </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">
  -k keyfile
   </span></dt>
<dd><p>
        A TSIG key file to secure the update transaction.  The keyfile
        format is the same as that for the nsupdate utility.
   </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">
  -p prerequisite
   </span></dt>
<dd><p>
        A prerequisite for the update (only one prerequisite can be
        specified).  The prerequisite format is the same as that is
        accepted by the nsupdate utility.
   </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">
  -r recursive_server
   </span></dt>
<dd><p>
        An IP address of a recursive server that this utility will
        use.  A recursive server may be necessary to identify the
        authoritative server address to which the update request is
        sent.
   </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">
  -z zonename
   </span></dt>
<dd><p>
        The domain name of the zone that contains
   </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">
  (add|delete)
   </span></dt>
<dd><p>
        Specify the type of update operation.  Either "add" or "delete"
        must be specified.
   </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">
  "update data"
   </span></dt>
<dd><p>
        Specify the data to be updated.  A typical example of the data
        would look like "name TTL RRtype RDATA".
  </p></dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>In practice, either -a or -r must be specified.  Others can
   be optional; the underlying library routine tries to identify the
   appropriate server and the zone name for the update.</div>
<p>
   Examples: assuming the primary authoritative server of the
   dynamic.example.com zone has an IPv6 address 2001:db8::1234,
   </p>
<pre class="screen">
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>sample-update -a sample-update -k Kxxx.+nnn+mmmm.key add "foo.dynamic.example.com 30 IN A 192.168.2.1"</code></strong></pre>
<p>
     adds an A RR for foo.dynamic.example.com using the given key.
   </p>
<pre class="screen">
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>sample-update -a sample-update -k Kxxx.+nnn+mmmm.key delete "foo.dynamic.example.com 30 IN A"</code></strong></pre>
<p>
     removes all A RRs for foo.dynamic.example.com using the given key.
   </p>
<pre class="screen">   
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>sample-update -a sample-update -k Kxxx.+nnn+mmmm.key delete "foo.dynamic.example.com"</code></strong></pre>
<p>
     removes all RRs for foo.dynamic.example.com using the given key.
   </p>
</div>
<div class="sect3" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="id2610936"></a>nsprobe: domain/name server checker in terms of RFC 4074</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
  It checks a set
  of domains to see the name servers of the domains behave
  correctly in terms of RFC 4074. This is included in the set of
  sample programs to show how the export library can be used in a
  DNS-related application.
  </p>
<p>
 Usage: nsprobe [-d] [-v [-v...]] [-c cache_address] [input_file]
  </p>
<p>
   Options
  </p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term">
  -d
  </span></dt>
<dd><p>
        run in the "debug" mode.  with this option nsprobe will dump
        every RRs it receives.
  </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">
  -v
  </span></dt>
<dd><p>
        increase verbosity of other normal log messages.  This can be
        specified multiple times
  </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">
  -c cache_address
  </span></dt>
<dd><p>
        specify an IP address of a recursive (caching) name server.
        nsprobe uses this server to get the NS RRset of each domain and
        the A and/or AAAA RRsets for the name servers.  The default
        value is 127.0.0.1.
  </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">
  input_file
  </span></dt>
<dd><p>
        a file name containing a list of domain (zone) names to be
        probed.  when omitted the standard input will be used.  Each
        line of the input file specifies a single domain name such as
        "example.com".  In general this domain name must be the apex
        name of some DNS zone (unlike normal "host names" such as
        "www.example.com").  nsprobe first identifies the NS RRsets for
        the given domain name, and sends A and AAAA queries to these
        servers for some "widely used" names under the zone;
        specifically, adding "www" and "ftp" to the zone name.
  </p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="id2611000"></a>Library References</h3></div></div></div>
<p>As of this writing, there is no formal "manual" of the
  libraries, except this document, header files (some of them
  provide pretty detailed explanations), and sample application
  programs.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="navfooter">
<hr>
<table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer">
<tr>
<td width="40%" align="left">
<a accesskey="p" href="Bv9ARM.ch08.html">Prev</a> </td>
<td width="20%" align="center"> </td>
<td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="Bv9ARM.ch10.html">Next</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 8. Troubleshooting </td>
<td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="Bv9ARM.html">Home</a></td>
<td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Manual pages</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>