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/usr/share/postgresql-common/supported-versions is in postgresql-client-common 154ubuntu1.1.

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The actual contents of the file can be viewed below.

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#!/bin/sh

# print a list of PostgreSQL versions that are supported for the platform this
# script runs on.
# Note: Newer installed versions than the highest one listed here are always
# considered supported, so that backports will not cause an "obsolete" warning.
#
# /usr/share/postgresql-common/supported-versions decides which PostgreSQL
# server versions are supported. This information is used
# 1) for notifying users of obsolete versions, suggesting to upgrade
# 2) by postgresql-common itself (in debian/rules) to determine the
#    dependencies of the postgresql meta packages (default version), and to
#    generate the list of postgresql-server-dev-* packages
#    postgresql-server-dev-all depends on
# 3) by the pg_buildext tool to decide which server versions to build extension
#    modules for
#
# The *last* version returned here will be considered the default version, the
# remaining lines list other supported versions in an undefined order.
#
# The environment variable PG_SUPPORTED_VERSIONS, and the files
# ~/.pg_supported_versions and /etc/postgresql-common/supported_versions (in
# that order) can be used to override the defaults. (Tokens separated by
# newlines.)
#
# Recognized tokens:
# default: use the appropiate defaults for the current distribution and release
#          (as determined by os-release or lsb_release)
# debian [release]: use Debian defaults
# debian-backports [release]: use Debian Backports defaults
# ubuntu [release]: use Ubuntu defaults
# pgdg [release]: use defaults for apt.postgresql.org
# installed: consider all installed versions supported (determined by
#            postgresql-server-dev-X.Y packages)
# X.Y: consider this version supported
#
# (C) 2005-2013 Martin Pitt <mpitt@debian.org>
# (C) 2012-2013 Christoph Berg <myon@debian.org>

set -eu

DEFAULT="9.3"

# functions

get_release() {
    # If we have /etc/os-release, use it
    if [ -r /etc/os-release ]; then
        . /etc/os-release
        DISTRO="${ID:-unknown}" # "unknown" will throw an error in default()
        RELEASE="${VERSION_ID:-unstable}" # this field is not necessarily always there, assume testing/unstable
    # fall back to lsb_release
    elif type lsb_release >/dev/null 2>/dev/null; then
        DISTRO="`lsb_release -is`"
        RELEASE="`lsb_release -rs`"
    else
        echo "supported_versions: WARNING: /etc/os-release and lsb_release not present, unknown distribution" >&2
        /bin/echo -e "$DEFAULT"
    fi
}

default() {
    case "$DISTRO" in
        [uU]buntu)
            ubuntu "$RELEASE"
            ;;
        [dD]ebian)
            debian "$RELEASE"
            ;;
        *)
            echo "supported_versions: WARNING! Unknown distribution: $DISTRO" >&2
            echo "Please submit this as a bug report to your distribution." >&2
            /bin/echo -e "$DEFAULT"
            ;;
    esac
}

ubuntu() {
    case "$1" in
        8.04 | 8.10 | 9.04)
            /bin/echo -e "8.3\n8.4"
            ;;
        9.10|10.04|10.10|11.04)
            /bin/echo -e "8.4"
            ;;
        11.10|12.04|12.10|13.04|13.10)
            /bin/echo -e "9.1"
            ;;
        14.04)
            /bin/echo -e "9.3"
            ;;
        *)
            echo "supported_versions: WARNING: Unknown Ubuntu release: $1" >&2
            /bin/echo -e "$DEFAULT"
            ;;
    esac
}

debian() {
    case "$1" in
        5.0*) # Lenny
            /bin/echo -e "8.3"
            ;;
        6.0*) # Squeeze
            /bin/echo -e "8.4"
            ;;
        7|7.*) # Wheezy
            /bin/echo -e "9.1"
            ;;
        8|8.*) # Jessie
            /bin/echo -e "9.3"
            ;;
        testing | unstable)
            /bin/echo -e "9.3"
            ;;
        *)
            echo "supported_versions: WARNING: Unknown Debian release: $1" >&2
            /bin/echo -e "$DEFAULT"
            ;;
    esac
}

debian_backports() {
    case "$1" in
        5.0*) # Lenny
            /bin/echo -e "8.3"
            ;;
        6.0*) # Squeeze
            /bin/echo -e "8.4\n9.1"
            ;;
        7|7.*) # Wheezy
            /bin/echo -e "9.1"
            ;;
        testing | unstable)
            /bin/echo -e "9.3"
            ;;
        *)
            echo "supported_versions: WARNING: Unknown Debian release: $1" >&2
            /bin/echo -e "$DEFAULT"
            ;;
    esac
}

pgdg() {
    case "$1" in
        testing | unstable)
            # including beta versions
            /bin/echo -e "8.4\n9.0\n9.1\n9.2\n9.3"
            ;;
        *)
            # usually no beta versions here
            /bin/echo -e "8.4\n9.0\n9.1\n9.2\n9.3"
            ;;
    esac
}

installed() {
    dpkg -l 'postgresql-server-dev-[1-9].*' | \
        sed -ne 's/^ii *postgresql-server-dev-\([^ ]*\).*/\1/p'
}

# main

if [ "${PG_SUPPORTED_VERSIONS:-}" ] ; then
    SUPPORTED_VERSIONS="$PG_SUPPORTED_VERSIONS"
elif [ -f ${HOME:-}/.pg_supported_versions ] ; then
    SUPPORTED_VERSIONS="$(cat ${HOME:-}/.pg_supported_versions)"
elif [ -f ${PGSYSCONFDIR:-/etc/postgresql-common}/supported_versions ] ; then
    SUPPORTED_VERSIONS="$(cat ${PGSYSCONFDIR:-/etc/postgresql-common}/supported_versions)"
else
    SUPPORTED_VERSIONS="default"
fi

echo "$SUPPORTED_VERSIONS" | while read version release; do
    COMMENT="#"
    case $version in
        "") ;;
        $COMMENT*) ;;
        default)
            get_release
            default
            ;;
        debian)
            get_release
            debian "${release:-$RELEASE}"
            ;;
        debian-backports)
            get_release
            debian_backports "${release:-$RELEASE}"
            ;;
        ubuntu)
            get_release
            ubuntu "${release:-$RELEASE}"
            ;;
        pgdg) # apt.postgresql.org
            get_release
            pgdg "${release:-$RELEASE}"
            ;;
        installed)
            installed
            ;;
        *)
            /bin/echo -e "$version"
            ;;
    esac
done

exit 0