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<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="backend-spawn"></a>Spawned Backends</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="backend-spawn.html#backends-spawn-intro">Introduction</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="backends-spawn-methods.html">Methods</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="backends-spawn-common.html">Common function outputs</a></span></dt>
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<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="backends-spawn-intro"></a>Introduction</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
If you do not have a C or C++ language binding, PackageKit executes
helper scripts written in pretty much any language.
It then watches the standard out and standard error and parses the
output into compiled backend commands.
This means a python library can be interfaced easily with a C backend.
</p>
<p>
Even when using helpers, a compiled backend stub is still used for
two reasons:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>
It is still needed for the dlopen internally in PackageKit.
</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>
You can add cleverness in the C backend that you might not want to
do in the scripted backend, for example using a hash table in C
rather than checking all the names in awk.
</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Backends are typically open-programmable, which means we can define a
standard for what goes on stdin and stdout to try and maximise
the common code between the backends.
The following section will explain the convention used on
<code class="literal">backends/conary</code> and <code class="literal">backends/yum</code>.
</p>
<p>
If you are unable to write scripts that conform to these specifications
then just launch a PkSpawn object in the compiled helper with stdout
callbacks and then try to do screenscraping in the backend.
This screen-scraping is least popular for obvious reasons.
</p>
<p>
Backends scripts are run with arguments and data is sent to standard out
and standard error asynchronously so that PackageKit can proxy this to DBUS.
A method has command line arguments separated with tabs, and data is also
separated with tabs.
</p>
<p>
It is important to flush the standard output after each output, else
Linux will helpfully buffer the output into more efficient size chunks.
If you do not flush, then there will be a long IPC delay.
Flushing can be achieved in C using <code class="literal">fflush</code> or in python
using <code class="literal">sys.stdout.flush()</code>.
</p>
<p>
There are two modes of operation for a spawned backend, a one shot mode and
a dispatcher mode.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The "one-shot" mode is where commands are executed
(e.g. <code class="literal">search-name.py none power</code>), which then
initialises the package backend, returns results and then exits.
This is obviously not ideal, as some backends like smart can take
several hundred ms to initialise, and this leads to a "laggy"
GUI applications.
</p>
<p>
This however is the easiest mode to implement, and the original one
supported by all versions of PackageKit.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The "dispatcher" mode is where a command is used to startup the
backend, for instance <code class="literal">yumBackend.py search-name none power</code>
and then the backend then sits and waits for more standard input.
Further operations can be done on the loaded backend sending commands
to stdin, e.g. <code class="literal">search-name none power</code>.
If there are no more operations after a preset time (default 5 seconds)
then the backend is sent <code class="literal">exit</code> over stdin, and the
backend terminates.
The daemon will ensure the operations are serialised, and that backends
not sending <code class="literal">finished</code> are cleaned up properly.
</p>
<p>
This is quite easy to implement (see the end of yumBackend.py), and
is supported from PackageKit version 0.3.2.
The dispatcher mode does not have to implemented in python; any
language that can read from stdin can block and be used in this way.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
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