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<div class="section" id="psycopg-postgresql-database-adapter-for-python">
<h1>Psycopg – PostgreSQL database adapter for Python<a class="headerlink" href="#psycopg-postgresql-database-adapter-for-python" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://initd.org/psycopg/">Psycopg</a> is a <a class="reference external" href="http://www.postgresql.org/">PostgreSQL</a> database adapter for the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> programming
language. Its main features are that it supports the full Python <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/">DB API 2.0</a>
and it is thread safe (threads can share the connections). It was designed for
heavily multi-threaded applications that create and destroy lots of cursors and
make a large number of concurrent <tt class="sql docutils literal"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></tt>s or <tt class="sql docutils literal"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></tt>s.
The Psycopg distribution includes ZPsycopgDA, a <a class="reference external" href="http://www.zope.org/">Zope</a> Database Adapter.</p>
<p>Psycopg 2 is mostly implemented in C as a <a class="reference external" href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/libpq.html">libpq</a> wrapper, resulting in being
both efficient and secure. It features client-side and <a class="reference internal" href="usage.html#server-side-cursors"><em>server-side</em></a> cursors, <a class="reference internal" href="advanced.html#async-support"><em>asynchronous communication</em></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="advanced.html#async-notify"><em>notifications</em></a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-copy.html"><tt class="sql docutils literal"><span class="pre">COPY</span> <span class="pre">TO/COPY</span> <span class="pre">FROM</span></tt></a>
support, and a flexible <a class="reference internal" href="usage.html#python-types-adaptation"><em>objects adaptation system</em></a>. Many basic Python types are supported
out-of-the-box and mapped to matching PostgreSQL data types, such as strings
(both bytes and Unicode), numbers (ints, longs, floats, decimals), booleans and
datetime objects (both built-in and <a class="reference external" href="http://www.egenix.com/products/python/mxBase/mxDateTime/">mx.DateTime</a>), several types of
<a class="reference internal" href="usage.html#adapt-binary"><em>binary objects</em></a>. Also available are mappings between lists
and PostgreSQL arrays of any supported type, between <a class="reference internal" href="extras.html#adapt-hstore"><em>dictionaries and
PostgreSQL hstores</em></a>, and between <a class="reference internal" href="extras.html#adapt-composite"><em>tuples/namedtuples and
PostgreSQL composite types</em></a>.</p>
<p>Psycopg 2 is both Unicode and Python 3 friendly.</p>
<p class="rubric">Contents</p>
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<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="usage.html">Basic module usage</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="usage.html#passing-parameters-to-sql-queries">Passing parameters to SQL queries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="usage.html#adaptation-of-python-values-to-sql-types">Adaptation of Python values to SQL types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="usage.html#transactions-control">Transactions control</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="usage.html#server-side-cursors">Server side cursors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="usage.html#thread-and-process-safety">Thread and process safety</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="usage.html#using-copy-to-and-copy-from">Using COPY TO and COPY FROM</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="usage.html#access-to-postgresql-large-objects">Access to PostgreSQL large objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="usage.html#two-phase-commit-protocol-support">Two-Phase Commit protocol support</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="module.html">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">psycopg2</span></tt> module content</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="module.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="module.html#type-objects-and-constructors">Type Objects and Constructors</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="connection.html">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">connection</span></tt> class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cursor.html">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cursor</span></tt> class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="advanced.html">More advanced topics</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="advanced.html#connection-and-cursor-factories">Connection and cursor factories</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="advanced.html#adapting-new-python-types-to-sql-syntax">Adapting new Python types to SQL syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="advanced.html#type-casting-of-sql-types-into-python-objects">Type casting of SQL types into Python objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="advanced.html#asynchronous-notifications">Asynchronous notifications</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="advanced.html#asynchronous-support">Asynchronous support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="advanced.html#support-to-coroutine-libraries">Support to coroutine libraries</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="extensions.html"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">psycopg2.extensions</span></tt> – Extensions to the DB API</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extensions.html#sql-adaptation-protocol-objects">SQL adaptation protocol objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extensions.html#database-types-casting-functions">Database types casting functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extensions.html#additional-exceptions">Additional exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extensions.html#isolation-level-constants">Isolation level constants</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extensions.html#transaction-status-constants">Transaction status constants</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extensions.html#connection-status-constants">Connection status constants</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extensions.html#poll-constants">Poll constants</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extensions.html#additional-database-types">Additional database types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tz.html"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">psycopg2.tz</span></tt> – <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tzinfo</span></tt> implementations for Psycopg 2</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pool.html"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">psycopg2.pool</span></tt> – Connections pooling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="extras.html"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">psycopg2.extras</span></tt> – Miscellaneous goodies for Psycopg 2</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extras.html#connection-and-cursor-subclasses">Connection and cursor subclasses</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extras.html#additional-data-types">Additional data types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extras.html#fractional-time-zones">Fractional time zones</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extras.html#coroutine-support">Coroutine support</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="errorcodes.html"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">psycopg2.errorcodes</span></tt> – Error codes defined by PostgreSQL</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faq.html#problems-with-transactions-handling">Problems with transactions handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faq.html#problems-with-type-conversions">Problems with type conversions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faq.html#best-practices">Best practices</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faq.html#problems-compiling-and-deploying-psycopg2">Problems compiling and deploying psycopg2</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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