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<h2>Matching and Merging</h2>
Starting from a Born-level leading-order (LO) process, higher orders
can be included in various ways. The three basic approaches would be
<ul>
<li>A formal order-by-order perturbative calculation, in each order
higher including graphs both with one particle more in the final
state and with one loop more in the intermediate state. This is
accurate to the order of the calculation, but gives no hint of
event structures beyond that, with more particles in the final state.
Today next-to-leading order (NLO) is standard, while
next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) is coming. This approach
thus is limited to few orders, and also breaks down in soft and
collinear regions, which makes it unsuitable for matching to
hadronization.
</li>
<li>Real emissions to several higher orders, but neglecting the
virtual/loop corrections that should go with it at any given order.
Thereby it is possible to allow for topologies with a large and
varying number of partons, at the prize of not being accurate to any
particular order. The approach also opens up for doublecounting,
and as above breaks down in soft and colliner regions.
</li>
<li>The parton shower provides an approximation to higher orders,
both real and virtual contributions for the emission of arbitrarily
many particles. As such it is less accurate than either of the two
above, at least for topologies of well separated partons, but it
contains a physically sensible behaviour in the soft and collinear
limits, and therefore matches well onto the hadronization stage.
</li>
</ul>
Given the pros and cons, much of the effort in recent years has
involved the development of different prescriptions to combine
the methods above in various ways.
<p/>
The common traits of all combination methods are that matrix elements
are used to describe the production of hard and well separated
particles, and parton showers for the production of soft or collinear
particles. What differs between the various approaches that have been
proposed are which matrix elements are being used, how doublecounting
is avoided, and how the transition from the hard to the soft regime
is handled. These combination methods are typically referred to as
"matching" or "merging" algorithms. There is some confusion about
the distinction between the two terms, and so we leave it to the
inventor/implementor of a particular scheme to choose and motivate
the name given to that scheme.
<p/>
PYTHIA comes with methods, to be described next, that implement
or support several different kind of algorithms. The field is
open-ended, however: any external program can feed in
<a href="LesHouchesAccord.html" target="page">Les Houches events</a> that
PYTHIA subsequently showers, adds multiparton interactions to,
and hadronizes. These events afterwards can be reweighted and
combined in any desired way. The maximum <i>pT</i> of the shower
evolution is set by the Les Houches <code>scale</code>, on the one
hand, and by the values of the <code>SpaceShower:pTmaxMatch</code>,
<code>TimeShower:pTmaxMatch</code> and other parton-shower settings,
on the other. Typically it is not possible to achieve perfect
matching this way, given that the PYTHIA <i>pT</i> evolution
variables are not likely to agree with the variables used for cuts
in the external program. Often one can get close enough with simple
means but, for an improved matching,
<a href="UserHooks.html" target="page">User Hooks</a> can be inserted to control
the steps taken on the way, e.g. to veto those parton shower branchings
that would doublecount emissions included in the matrix elements.
<p/>
Zooming in from the "anything goes" perspective, the list of relevent
approaches actively supported is as follows.
<ul>
<li>For many/most resonance decays the first branching in the shower is
merged with first-order matrix elements [<a href="Bibliography.html" target="page">Ben87, Nor01</a>]. This
means that the emission rate is accurate to NLO, similarly to the POWHEG
strategy (see below), but built into the
<a href="TimelikeShowers.html" target="page">timelike showers</a>.
The angular orientation of the event after the first emission is only
handled by the parton shower kinematics, however. Needless to say,
this formalism is precisely what is tested by <i>Z^0</i> decays at
LEP1, and it is known to do a pretty good job there.
</li>
<li>Also the <a href="SpacelikeShowers.html" target="page">spacelike showers</a>
contain a correction to first-order matrix elements, but only for the
one-body-final-state processes
<i>q qbar -> gamma^*/Z^0/W^+-/h^0/H^0/A0/Z'0/W'+-/R0</i>
[<a href="Bibliography.html" target="page">Miu99</a>] and <i>g g -> h^0/H^0/A0</i>, and only to
leading order. That is, it is equivalent to the POWHEG formalism for
the real emission, but the prefactor "cross section normalization"
is LO rather than NLO. Therefore this framework is less relevant,
and has been superseded the following ones.
</li>
<li>The POWHEG strategy [<a href="Bibliography.html" target="page">Nas04</a>] provides a cross section
accurate to NLO. The hardest emission is constructed with unit
probability, based on the ratio of the real-emission matrix element
to the Born-level cross section, and with a Sudakov factor derived
from this ratio, i.e. the philosophy introduced in [<a href="Bibliography.html" target="page">Ben87</a>].
<br/>While POWHEG is a generic strategy, the POWHEG BOX
[<a href="Bibliography.html" target="page">Ali</a>] is an explicit framework, within which several
processes are available. Potential emissions are ordered in a
transverse-momentum-related variable. The LHA <code>scale</code>
variable encodes this value for each event, and thereby sets the
upper limit for subsequent shower emissions. There is a mismatch
between the POWHEG BOX and the PYTHIA <i>pT</i> variables, however,
which gives imperfections in the transition region [<a href="Bibliography.html" target="page">Cor10</a>].
The proposed solution is to allow showers to cover the full phase
space, but then veto emissions in the region already covered by the
POWHEG BOX evolution. The code required for this can be found in
<code>examples/main31</code>. While fairly general, the code would have
to be modified to accommodate a different <i>pT</i> scale definition
in the POWHEG BOX.
</li>
<li>The other traditional approach for NLO calculations is the
MC@NLO one [<a href="Bibliography.html" target="page">Fri02</a>]. In it the shower emission probability,
without its Sudakov factor, is subtracted from the real-emission
matrix element to regularize divergences. It therefore requires a
analytic knowledge of the way the shower populates phase space.
Currently there is no MC@NLO implementation for PYTHIA 8, but one is
in preparation by Paolo Torrielli and Stefano Frixione, for the
aMC@NLO program [<a href="Bibliography.html" target="page">Fre11</a>]. The global-recoil option of the
PYTHIA final-state shower has been constructed in anticipation of
its use for the above-mentioned subtraction.
</li>
<li>Multi-jet merging in the CKKW-L approach [<a href="Bibliography.html" target="page">Lon01</a>]
is directly available. Its implementation, relevant parameters
and test programs are documented on a
<a href="CKKWLMerging.html" target="page">separate page</a>.
</li>
<li>Multi-jet matching in the MLM approach [<a href="Bibliography.html" target="page">Man02, Man07</a>]
is also available, either based on the ALPGEN or on the Madgraph
variant, and with input events either from ALPGEN or from
Madgraph. For details see
<a href="JetMatching.html" target="page">separate page</a>.
</li>
<li>Unitarised matrix element + parton shower merging (UMEPS)
is directly available. Its implementation, relevant parameters
and test programs are documented on a
<a href="UMEPSMerging.html" target="page">separate page</a>.
</li>
<li>Next-to-leading order multi-jet merging (in the NL3 and UNLOPS approaches)
is directly available. Its implementation, relevant parameters
and test programs are documented on a
<a href="NLOMerging.html" target="page">separate page</a>.
</li>
</ul>
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