/usr/share/doc/ruby-passenger-doc/Users guide Apache.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta name="generator" content="AsciiDoc 8.6.9">
<title>Phusion Passenger users guide, Apache version</title>
<style type="text/css">
/* Shared CSS for AsciiDoc xhtml11 and html5 backends */

/* Default font. */
body {
  font-family: Georgia,serif;
}

/* Title font. */
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6,
div.title, caption.title,
thead, p.table.header,
#toctitle,
#author, #revnumber, #revdate, #revremark,
#footer {
  font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;
}

body {
  margin: 1em 5% 1em 5%;
}

a {
  color: blue;
  text-decoration: underline;
}
a:visited {
  color: fuchsia;
}

em {
  font-style: italic;
  color: navy;
}

strong {
  font-weight: bold;
  color: #083194;
}

h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
  color: #527bbd;
  margin-top: 1.2em;
  margin-bottom: 0.5em;
  line-height: 1.3;
}

h1, h2, h3 {
  border-bottom: 2px solid silver;
}
h2 {
  padding-top: 0.5em;
}
h3 {
  float: left;
}
h3 + * {
  clear: left;
}
h5 {
  font-size: 1.0em;
}

div.sectionbody {
  margin-left: 0;
}

hr {
  border: 1px solid silver;
}

p {
  margin-top: 0.5em;
  margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}

ul, ol, li > p {
  margin-top: 0;
}
ul > li     { color: #aaa; }
ul > li > * { color: black; }

pre {
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
}

#author {
  color: #527bbd;
  font-weight: bold;
  font-size: 1.1em;
}
#email {
}
#revnumber, #revdate, #revremark {
}

#footer {
  font-size: small;
  border-top: 2px solid silver;
  padding-top: 0.5em;
  margin-top: 4.0em;
}
#footer-text {
  float: left;
  padding-bottom: 0.5em;
}
#footer-badges {
  float: right;
  padding-bottom: 0.5em;
}

#preamble {
  margin-top: 1.5em;
  margin-bottom: 1.5em;
}
div.imageblock, div.exampleblock, div.verseblock,
div.quoteblock, div.literalblock, div.listingblock, div.sidebarblock,
div.admonitionblock {
  margin-top: 1.0em;
  margin-bottom: 1.5em;
}
div.admonitionblock {
  margin-top: 2.0em;
  margin-bottom: 2.0em;
  margin-right: 10%;
  color: #606060;
}

div.content { /* Block element content. */
  padding: 0;
}

/* Block element titles. */
div.title, caption.title {
  color: #527bbd;
  font-weight: bold;
  text-align: left;
  margin-top: 1.0em;
  margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
div.title + * {
  margin-top: 0;
}

td div.title:first-child {
  margin-top: 0.0em;
}
div.content div.title:first-child {
  margin-top: 0.0em;
}
div.content + div.title {
  margin-top: 0.0em;
}

div.sidebarblock > div.content {
  background: #ffffee;
  border: 1px solid #dddddd;
  border-left: 4px solid #f0f0f0;
  padding: 0.5em;
}

div.listingblock > div.content {
  border: 1px solid #dddddd;
  border-left: 5px solid #f0f0f0;
  background: #f8f8f8;
  padding: 0.5em;
}

div.quoteblock, div.verseblock {
  padding-left: 1.0em;
  margin-left: 1.0em;
  margin-right: 10%;
  border-left: 5px solid #f0f0f0;
  color: #777777;
}

div.quoteblock > div.attribution {
  padding-top: 0.5em;
  text-align: right;
}

div.verseblock > pre.content {
  font-family: inherit;
  font-size: inherit;
}
div.verseblock > div.attribution {
  padding-top: 0.75em;
  text-align: left;
}
/* DEPRECATED: Pre version 8.2.7 verse style literal block. */
div.verseblock + div.attribution {
  text-align: left;
}

div.admonitionblock .icon {
  vertical-align: top;
  font-size: 1.1em;
  font-weight: bold;
  text-decoration: underline;
  color: #527bbd;
  padding-right: 0.5em;
}
div.admonitionblock td.content {
  padding-left: 0.5em;
  border-left: 3px solid #dddddd;
}

div.exampleblock > div.content {
  border-left: 3px solid #dddddd;
  padding-left: 0.5em;
}

div.imageblock div.content { padding-left: 0; }
span.image img { border-style: none; }
a.image:visited { color: white; }

dl {
  margin-top: 0.8em;
  margin-bottom: 0.8em;
}
dt {
  margin-top: 0.5em;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  font-style: normal;
  color: navy;
}
dd > *:first-child {
  margin-top: 0.1em;
}

ul, ol {
    list-style-position: outside;
}
ol.arabic {
  list-style-type: decimal;
}
ol.loweralpha {
  list-style-type: lower-alpha;
}
ol.upperalpha {
  list-style-type: upper-alpha;
}
ol.lowerroman {
  list-style-type: lower-roman;
}
ol.upperroman {
  list-style-type: upper-roman;
}

div.compact ul, div.compact ol,
div.compact p, div.compact p,
div.compact div, div.compact div {
  margin-top: 0.1em;
  margin-bottom: 0.1em;
}

tfoot {
  font-weight: bold;
}
td > div.verse {
  white-space: pre;
}

div.hdlist {
  margin-top: 0.8em;
  margin-bottom: 0.8em;
}
div.hdlist tr {
  padding-bottom: 15px;
}
dt.hdlist1.strong, td.hdlist1.strong {
  font-weight: bold;
}
td.hdlist1 {
  vertical-align: top;
  font-style: normal;
  padding-right: 0.8em;
  color: navy;
}
td.hdlist2 {
  vertical-align: top;
}
div.hdlist.compact tr {
  margin: 0;
  padding-bottom: 0;
}

.comment {
  background: yellow;
}

.footnote, .footnoteref {
  font-size: 0.8em;
}

span.footnote, span.footnoteref {
  vertical-align: super;
}

#footnotes {
  margin: 20px 0 20px 0;
  padding: 7px 0 0 0;
}

#footnotes div.footnote {
  margin: 0 0 5px 0;
}

#footnotes hr {
  border: none;
  border-top: 1px solid silver;
  height: 1px;
  text-align: left;
  margin-left: 0;
  width: 20%;
  min-width: 100px;
}

div.colist td {
  padding-right: 0.5em;
  padding-bottom: 0.3em;
  vertical-align: top;
}
div.colist td img {
  margin-top: 0.3em;
}

@media print {
  #footer-badges { display: none; }
}

#toc {
  margin-bottom: 2.5em;
}

#toctitle {
  color: #527bbd;
  font-size: 1.1em;
  font-weight: bold;
  margin-top: 1.0em;
  margin-bottom: 0.1em;
}

div.toclevel1, div.toclevel2, div.toclevel3, div.toclevel4 {
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
div.toclevel2 {
  margin-left: 2em;
  font-size: 0.9em;
}
div.toclevel3 {
  margin-left: 4em;
  font-size: 0.9em;
}
div.toclevel4 {
  margin-left: 6em;
  font-size: 0.9em;
}

span.aqua { color: aqua; }
span.black { color: black; }
span.blue { color: blue; }
span.fuchsia { color: fuchsia; }
span.gray { color: gray; }
span.green { color: green; }
span.lime { color: lime; }
span.maroon { color: maroon; }
span.navy { color: navy; }
span.olive { color: olive; }
span.purple { color: purple; }
span.red { color: red; }
span.silver { color: silver; }
span.teal { color: teal; }
span.white { color: white; }
span.yellow { color: yellow; }

span.aqua-background { background: aqua; }
span.black-background { background: black; }
span.blue-background { background: blue; }
span.fuchsia-background { background: fuchsia; }
span.gray-background { background: gray; }
span.green-background { background: green; }
span.lime-background { background: lime; }
span.maroon-background { background: maroon; }
span.navy-background { background: navy; }
span.olive-background { background: olive; }
span.purple-background { background: purple; }
span.red-background { background: red; }
span.silver-background { background: silver; }
span.teal-background { background: teal; }
span.white-background { background: white; }
span.yellow-background { background: yellow; }

span.big { font-size: 2em; }
span.small { font-size: 0.6em; }

span.underline { text-decoration: underline; }
span.overline { text-decoration: overline; }
span.line-through { text-decoration: line-through; }


/*
 * xhtml11 specific
 *
 * */

tt {
  font-family: monospace;
  font-size: inherit;
  color: navy;
}

div.tableblock {
  margin-top: 1.0em;
  margin-bottom: 1.5em;
}
div.tableblock > table {
  border: 3px solid #527bbd;
}
thead, p.table.header {
  font-weight: bold;
  color: #527bbd;
}
p.table {
  margin-top: 0;
}
/* Because the table frame attribute is overriden by CSS in most browsers. */
div.tableblock > table[frame="void"] {
  border-style: none;
}
div.tableblock > table[frame="hsides"] {
  border-left-style: none;
  border-right-style: none;
}
div.tableblock > table[frame="vsides"] {
  border-top-style: none;
  border-bottom-style: none;
}


/*
 * html5 specific
 *
 * */

.monospaced {
  font-family: monospace;
  font-size: inherit;
  color: navy;
}

table.tableblock {
  margin-top: 1.0em;
  margin-bottom: 1.5em;
}
thead, p.tableblock.header {
  font-weight: bold;
  color: #527bbd;
}
p.tableblock {
  margin-top: 0;
}
table.tableblock {
  border-width: 3px;
  border-spacing: 0px;
  border-style: solid;
  border-color: #527bbd;
  border-collapse: collapse;
}
th.tableblock, td.tableblock {
  border-width: 1px;
  padding: 4px;
  border-style: solid;
  border-color: #527bbd;
}

table.tableblock.frame-topbot {
  border-left-style: hidden;
  border-right-style: hidden;
}
table.tableblock.frame-sides {
  border-top-style: hidden;
  border-bottom-style: hidden;
}
table.tableblock.frame-none {
  border-style: hidden;
}

th.tableblock.halign-left, td.tableblock.halign-left {
  text-align: left;
}
th.tableblock.halign-center, td.tableblock.halign-center {
  text-align: center;
}
th.tableblock.halign-right, td.tableblock.halign-right {
  text-align: right;
}

th.tableblock.valign-top, td.tableblock.valign-top {
  vertical-align: top;
}
th.tableblock.valign-middle, td.tableblock.valign-middle {
  vertical-align: middle;
}
th.tableblock.valign-bottom, td.tableblock.valign-bottom {
  vertical-align: bottom;
}


/*
 * manpage specific
 *
 * */

body.manpage h1 {
  padding-top: 0.5em;
  padding-bottom: 0.5em;
  border-top: 2px solid silver;
  border-bottom: 2px solid silver;
}
body.manpage h2 {
  border-style: none;
}
body.manpage div.sectionbody {
  margin-left: 3em;
}

@media print {
  body.manpage div#toc { display: none; }
}


/*
 * Theme specific overrides of the preceding (asciidoc.css) CSS.
 *
 */
body {
  font-family: Garamond, Georgia, serif;
  font-size: 17px;
  color: #3E4349;
  line-height: 1.3em;
}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6,
div.title, caption.title,
thead, p.table.header,
#toctitle,
#author, #revnumber, #revdate, #revremark,
#footer {
  font-family: Garmond, Georgia, serif;
  font-weight: normal;
  border-bottom-width: 0;
  color: #3E4349;
}
div.title, caption.title { color: #596673; font-weight: bold; }
h1 { font-size: 240%; }
h2 { font-size: 180%; }
h3 { font-size: 150%; }
h4 { font-size: 130%; }
h5 { font-size: 115%; }
h6 { font-size: 100%; }
#header h1 { margin-top: 0; }
#toc {
  color: #444444;
  line-height: 1.5;
  padding-top: 1.5em;
}
#toctitle {
  font-size: 20px;
}
#toc a {
    border-bottom: 1px dotted #999999;
    color: #444444 !important;
    text-decoration: none !important;
}
#toc a:hover {
    border-bottom: 1px solid #6D4100;
    color: #6D4100 !important;
    text-decoration: none !important;
}
div.toclevel1 { margin-top: 0.2em; font-size: 16px; }
div.toclevel2 { margin-top: 0.15em; font-size: 14px; }
em, dt, td.hdlist1 { color: black; }
strong { color: #3E4349; }
a { color: #004B6B; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted #004B6B; }
a:visited { color: #615FA0; border-bottom: 1px dotted #615FA0; }
a:hover { color: #6D4100; border-bottom: 1px solid #6D4100; }
div.tableblock > table, table.tableblock { border: 3px solid #E8E8E8; }
th.tableblock, td.tableblock { border: 1px solid #E8E8E8; }
ul > li > * { color: #3E4349; }
pre, tt, .monospaced { font-family: Consolas,Menlo,'Deja Vu Sans Mono','Bitstream Vera Sans Mono',monospace; }
tt, .monospaced { font-size: 0.9em; color: black;
}
div.exampleblock > div.content, div.sidebarblock > div.content, div.listingblock > div.content { border-width: 0 0 0 3px; border-color: #E8E8E8; }
div.verseblock { border-left-width: 0; margin-left: 3em; }
div.quoteblock { border-left-width: 3px; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0;}
div.admonitionblock td.content { border-left: 3px solid #E8E8E8; }


</style>
<script type="text/javascript">
/*<![CDATA[*/
var asciidoc = {  // Namespace.

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Table Of Contents generator
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

/* Author: Mihai Bazon, September 2002
 * http://students.infoiasi.ro/~mishoo
 *
 * Table Of Content generator
 * Version: 0.4
 *
 * Feel free to use this script under the terms of the GNU General Public
 * License, as long as you do not remove or alter this notice.
 */

 /* modified by Troy D. Hanson, September 2006. License: GPL */
 /* modified by Stuart Rackham, 2006, 2009. License: GPL */

// toclevels = 1..4.
toc: function (toclevels) {

  function getText(el) {
    var text = "";
    for (var i = el.firstChild; i != null; i = i.nextSibling) {
      if (i.nodeType == 3 /* Node.TEXT_NODE */) // IE doesn't speak constants.
        text += i.data;
      else if (i.firstChild != null)
        text += getText(i);
    }
    return text;
  }

  function TocEntry(el, text, toclevel) {
    this.element = el;
    this.text = text;
    this.toclevel = toclevel;
  }

  function tocEntries(el, toclevels) {
    var result = new Array;
    var re = new RegExp('[hH]([1-'+(toclevels+1)+'])');
    // Function that scans the DOM tree for header elements (the DOM2
    // nodeIterator API would be a better technique but not supported by all
    // browsers).
    var iterate = function (el) {
      for (var i = el.firstChild; i != null; i = i.nextSibling) {
        if (i.nodeType == 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */) {
          var mo = re.exec(i.tagName);
          if (mo && (i.getAttribute("class") || i.getAttribute("className")) != "float") {
            result[result.length] = new TocEntry(i, getText(i), mo[1]-1);
          }
          iterate(i);
        }
      }
    }
    iterate(el);
    return result;
  }

  var toc = document.getElementById("toc");
  if (!toc) {
    return;
  }

  // Delete existing TOC entries in case we're reloading the TOC.
  var tocEntriesToRemove = [];
  var i;
  for (i = 0; i < toc.childNodes.length; i++) {
    var entry = toc.childNodes[i];
    if (entry.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'div'
     && entry.getAttribute("class")
     && entry.getAttribute("class").match(/^toclevel/))
      tocEntriesToRemove.push(entry);
  }
  for (i = 0; i < tocEntriesToRemove.length; i++) {
    toc.removeChild(tocEntriesToRemove[i]);
  }

  // Rebuild TOC entries.
  var entries = tocEntries(document.getElementById("content"), toclevels);
  for (var i = 0; i < entries.length; ++i) {
    var entry = entries[i];
    if (entry.element.id == "")
      entry.element.id = "_toc_" + i;
    var a = document.createElement("a");
    a.href = "#" + entry.element.id;
    a.appendChild(document.createTextNode(entry.text));
    var div = document.createElement("div");
    div.appendChild(a);
    div.className = "toclevel" + entry.toclevel;
    toc.appendChild(div);
  }
  if (entries.length == 0)
    toc.parentNode.removeChild(toc);
},


/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Footnotes generator
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

/* Based on footnote generation code from:
 * http://www.brandspankingnew.net/archive/2005/07/format_footnote.html
 */

footnotes: function () {
  // Delete existing footnote entries in case we're reloading the footnodes.
  var i;
  var noteholder = document.getElementById("footnotes");
  if (!noteholder) {
    return;
  }
  var entriesToRemove = [];
  for (i = 0; i < noteholder.childNodes.length; i++) {
    var entry = noteholder.childNodes[i];
    if (entry.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'div' && entry.getAttribute("class") == "footnote")
      entriesToRemove.push(entry);
  }
  for (i = 0; i < entriesToRemove.length; i++) {
    noteholder.removeChild(entriesToRemove[i]);
  }

  // Rebuild footnote entries.
  var cont = document.getElementById("content");
  var spans = cont.getElementsByTagName("span");
  var refs = {};
  var n = 0;
  for (i=0; i<spans.length; i++) {
    if (spans[i].className == "footnote") {
      n++;
      var note = spans[i].getAttribute("data-note");
      if (!note) {
        // Use [\s\S] in place of . so multi-line matches work.
        // Because JavaScript has no s (dotall) regex flag.
        note = spans[i].innerHTML.match(/\s*\[([\s\S]*)]\s*/)[1];
        spans[i].innerHTML =
          "[<a id='_footnoteref_" + n + "' href='#_footnote_" + n +
          "' title='View footnote' class='footnote'>" + n + "</a>]";
        spans[i].setAttribute("data-note", note);
      }
      noteholder.innerHTML +=
        "<div class='footnote' id='_footnote_" + n + "'>" +
        "<a href='#_footnoteref_" + n + "' title='Return to text'>" +
        n + "</a>. " + note + "</div>";
      var id =spans[i].getAttribute("id");
      if (id != null) refs["#"+id] = n;
    }
  }
  if (n == 0)
    noteholder.parentNode.removeChild(noteholder);
  else {
    // Process footnoterefs.
    for (i=0; i<spans.length; i++) {
      if (spans[i].className == "footnoteref") {
        var href = spans[i].getElementsByTagName("a")[0].getAttribute("href");
        href = href.match(/#.*/)[0];  // Because IE return full URL.
        n = refs[href];
        spans[i].innerHTML =
          "[<a href='#_footnote_" + n +
          "' title='View footnote' class='footnote'>" + n + "</a>]";
      }
    }
  }
},

install: function(toclevels) {
  var timerId;

  function reinstall() {
    asciidoc.footnotes();
    if (toclevels) {
      asciidoc.toc(toclevels);
    }
  }

  function reinstallAndRemoveTimer() {
    clearInterval(timerId);
    reinstall();
  }

  timerId = setInterval(reinstall, 500);
  if (document.addEventListener)
    document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", reinstallAndRemoveTimer, false);
  else
    window.onload = reinstallAndRemoveTimer;
}

}
asciidoc.install();
/*]]>*/
</script>
<style type="text/css">
body {
	margin: 1em auto 1em auto;
	padding: 0 1em 0 1em;
	max-width: 800px;
}

a.image {
	border: none;
}

.comments {
	display: block;
	background: url('data:image/png;base64,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') top left no-repeat;
	float: left;
	margin-left: -55px;
	width: 36px;
	height: 48px;
	line-height: 0;
	color: black;
	text-decoration: none !important;
	border: none !important;
}

#toc .comments {
	margin-top: 0.25em;
}

.sect1 .comments {
	margin-top: 0.5em;
}

.sect2 .comments {
	margin-top: 1.15em;
}

.sect3 .comments {
	margin-top: -1em;
}

.comments.empty {
	opacity: 0.2;
}

.comments.empty:hover,
.comments.nonempty {
	opacity: 1;
}

.comments .count {
	display: block;
	font-size: 80%;
	padding-top: 12px;
	text-align: center;
	text-shadow: 1px 1px 2px white;
}

#comments_lightbox_shadow {
	position: fixed;
	top: 0;
	left: 0;
	right: 0;
	bottom: 0;
	background: black;
	opacity: 0.7;
	z-index: 10;
}

#comments_lightbox_contents {
	position: fixed;
	top: 10%;
	left: 20%;
	right: 20%;
	bottom: 10%;
	background: white;
	overflow: auto;
	z-index: 11;
}

#comments_lightbox_contents > .shell {
	margin: 2em;
}

pre {
	overflow: auto;
}

@media print {
	body {
		font-size: 18pt;
	}
	
	#header h1 {
		page-break-after: always;
		font-size: 500%;
		vertical-align: middle;
	}
	
	#header {
		page-break-after: always;
	}
	
	#toctitle {
		font-size: 200%;
		margin-bottom: 1em;
	}
	
	div.toclevel1 {
		font-size: 100%;
	}
	
	div.toclevel2 {
		font-size: 90%;
	}
	
	div.toclevel3 {
		font-size: 80%;
	}
	
	#content .comments {
		display: none;
	}
	
	@page :left {
		@bottom-left {
			content: counter(page);
		}
	}
}

#topbar {
	position: fixed;
	left: 0;
	top: 0;
	right: 0;
	height: 2.5em;
	padding-left: 10%;
	padding-right: 10%;
	z-index: 1;
	background: #880000;
	overflow: hidden;
	white-space: nowrap;
	box-shadow: 0px 3px 6px #555555;
	-moz-box-shadow: 0px 3px 6px #555555;
	-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 3px 6px #555555;
	-o-box-shadow: 0px 3px 6px #555555;
}

#topbar .title {
	display: inline-block;
	margin: 0.6em 1em 0 0;
	vertical-align: top;
}

#topbar .title img {
	display: none;
	margin-right: 6px;
	vertical-align: middle;
}

#topbar .title a {
	color: #fffafa;
	border: 0;
}

#topbar .title:hover img,
.mobile #topbar .title img {
	display: inline-block;
	margin-left: -17px;
}

#topbar .title:hover a,
.mobile #topbar .title a {
	color: #ffffdd;
}

#floattoc {
	position: fixed;
	z-index: 1;
	top: 2em;
	bottom: 20%;
	width: 50%;
	background: #f0f0f0;
	color: black;
	box-shadow: 0px 6px 6px #555555;
	-moz-box-shadow: 0px 6px 6px #555555;
	-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 6px 6px #555555;
	-o-box-shadow: 0px 6px 6px #555555;
	overflow: auto;
	padding: 1em;
	border-radius: 6px;
	-webkit-border-radius: 8px;
	-webkit-border-top-left-radius: 0;
	-webkit-border-top-right-radius: 0;
	-moz-border-radius: 8px;
	-moz-border-radius-topleft: 0;
	-moz-border-top-right-radius: 0;
	-o-border-radius: 8px;
	-o-border-radius-topleft: 0;
	-o-border-top-right-radius: 0;
	border-radius: 8px;
	border-top-left-radius: 0;
	border-top-right-radius: 0;
}

#floattoc a.current {
	font-weight: bold;
	color: black;
}

#current_section {
	display: inline-block;
	margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;
	padding: 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em;
	background: #550000;
	font-size: 90%;
	vertical-align: top;
	color: white;
	border: none;
	-webkit-border-radius: 8px;
	-moz-border-radius: 8px;
	-o-border-radius: 8px;
	border-radius: 8px;
}

#current_section:hover {
	text-decoration: none;
	border: none;
}

#current_section.pressed {
	background: #f0f0f0;
	color: black;
	-webkit-border-top-left-radius: 8px;
	-webkit-border-top-right-radius: 8px;
	-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
	-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
	-moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px;
	-moz-border-radius-topright: 8px;
	-moz-border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
	-moz-border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
	border-top-left-radius: 8px;
	border-top-right-radius: 8px;
	border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
	border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
}

/* http://nicolasgallagher.com/jump-links-and-viewport-positioning/ */
.anchor_helper {
	position: relative;
	display: block;
	top: -50px;
	width: 1px;
	height: 1px;
}

</style>
</head>
<body class="article">
<div id="topbar" style="display: none">
	<div class="title">
		<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAsAAAAKAgMAAAFomXyGAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAlwSFlzAAALEwAACxMBAJqcGAAAAAd0SU1FB9sGCRMSACDxkZwAAAAidEVYdENvbW1lbnQAQ3JlYXRlZCB3aXRoIEdJTVAgb24gYSBNYWOHqHdDAAAADFBMVEX////////////////1pQ5zAAAAA3RSTlMAM3/Op81DAAAAAWJLR0QDEQxM8gAAADVJREFUCB0FwcENgCAQALAm+CIkbqK3AaPBZjKSD54mZ4vAEgivyj0dNC46zyTwUZIzl5H7B9S6CyQSx+f8AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" width="11" height="10" alt="">
		<a href="javascript:void(Mizuho.smoothlyScrollToToc())">Phusion Passenger users guide, Apache version</a>
	</div>
	<a href="javascript:void(0)" id="current_section"></a>
</div>
<div id="header">
<h1>Phusion Passenger users guide, Apache version</h1>
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
<a class="image" href="http://www.phusion.nl/">
<img src="images/phusion_banner.png" alt="images/phusion_banner.png">
</a>
</span></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger is an application server which can directly integrate into Apache. It is designed to be easy to use, fast, stable and reliable and is used by <a href="http://trends.builtwith.com/Web-Server/Phusion-Passenger">hundreds of thousands of websites</a> all over the world.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger is a so-called polyglot application server because it supports applications written in multiple programming languages. At this time, Ruby and Python are supported.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This users guide will teach you:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
How to install Phusion Passenger.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
How to configure Phusion Passenger.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
How to deploy Ruby and Python applications.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
How to solve common problems.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This guide assumes that the reader is somewhat familiar with Apache and with
using the command line.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="toc">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
<div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#_support_information">1. Support information</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_supported_operating_systems">1.1. Supported operating systems</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#where_to_get_support">1.2. Where to get support</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#installation">2. Installation</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_synopsis">2.1. Synopsis</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#install_osx_homebrew">2.2. Installing or upgrading on Mac OS X with Homebrew</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#install_on_debian_ubuntu">2.3. Installing or upgrading on Debian or Ubuntu</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#install_add_apt_repo">2.3.1. Adding our APT repository</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_installing_packages">2.3.2. Installing packages</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_installing_or_upgrading_on_red_hat_fedora_centos_or_scientificlinux">2.4. Installing or upgrading on Red Hat, Fedora, CentOS or ScientificLinux</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#rubygems_generic_install">2.5. Generic installation, upgrade and downgrade method: via RubyGems</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#tarball_generic_install">2.6. Generic installation, upgrade and downgrade method: via tarball</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_upgrading_from_open_source_to_enterprise">2.7. Upgrading from open source to Enterprise</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_cryptographic_verification_of_installation_files">2.8. Cryptographic verification of installation files</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_synopsis_2">2.8.1. Synopsis</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_importing_the_phusion_software_signing_key">2.8.2. Importing the Phusion Software Signing key</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_verifying_the_phusion_software_signing_key">2.8.3. Verifying the Phusion Software Signing key</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_verifying_the_gem_and_tarball">2.8.4. Verifying the gem and tarball</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_verifying_git_signatures">2.8.5. Verifying Git signatures</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_verifying_deb_and_rpm_packages">2.8.6. Verifying DEB and RPM packages</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_revocation">2.8.7. Revocation</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_non_interactive_automatic_headless_installs_or_upgrades">2.9. Non-interactive, automatic, headless installs or upgrades</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_customizing_the_compilation_process">2.10. Customizing the compilation process</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_setting_the_compiler">2.10.1. Setting the compiler</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_adding_additional_compiler_or_linker_flags">2.10.2. Adding additional compiler or linker flags</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#forcing_location_of_command_line_tools_and_dependencies">2.10.3. Forcing location of command line tools and dependencies</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#multiple_apache_installs">2.11. Dealing with multiple Apache installations</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#working_with_apache_conf">2.12. Working with the Apache configuration file</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_disabling_without_uninstalling">2.13. Disabling without uninstalling</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#uninstalling">2.14. Uninstalling</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#moving_phusion_passenger">2.15. Moving to a different directory</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#_deploying_a_ruby_on_rails_1_x_or_2_x_but_not_rails_gt_3_x_application">3. Deploying a Ruby on Rails 1.x or 2.x (but NOT Rails &gt;= 3.x) application</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_deploying_to_a_virtual_host_8217_s_root">3.1. Deploying to a virtual host’s root</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#deploying_rails_to_sub_uri">3.2. Deploying to a sub URI</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_redeploying_restarting_the_ruby_on_rails_application">3.3. Redeploying (restarting the Ruby on Rails application)</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_migrations">3.4. Migrations</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_capistrano_integration">3.5. Capistrano integration</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#_deploying_a_rack_based_ruby_application_including_rails_gt_3">4. Deploying a Rack-based Ruby application (including Rails &gt;= 3)</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_tutorial_example_writing_and_deploying_a_hello_world_rack_application">4.1. Tutorial/example: writing and deploying a Hello World Rack application</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_deploying_to_a_virtual_host_8217_s_root_2">4.2. Deploying to a virtual host’s root</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#deploying_rack_to_sub_uri">4.3. Deploying to a sub URI</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_redeploying_restarting_the_rack_application">4.4. Redeploying (restarting the Rack application)</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_rackup_specifications_for_various_web_frameworks">4.5. Rackup specifications for various web frameworks</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_camping">4.5.1. Camping</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_halcyon">4.5.2. Halcyon</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_mack">4.5.3. Mack</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_merb">4.5.4. Merb</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_ramaze">4.5.5. Ramaze</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_sinatra">4.5.6. Sinatra</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#_deploying_a_wsgi_python_application">5. Deploying a WSGI (Python) application</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_tutorial_example_writing_and_deploying_a_hello_world_wsgi_application">5.1. Tutorial/example: writing and deploying a Hello World WSGI application</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_deploying_to_a_virtual_host_8217_s_root_3">5.2. Deploying to a virtual host’s root</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#deploying_python_to_sub_uri">5.3. Deploying to a sub URI</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_redeploying_restarting_the_wsgi_application">5.4. Redeploying (restarting the WSGI application)</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#_deploying_a_node_js_application">6. Deploying a Node.js application</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#_deploying_a_meteor_application">7. Deploying a Meteor application</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#_configuring_phusion_passenger">8. Configuring Phusion Passenger</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_passengerroot_lt_directory_gt">8.1. PassengerRoot &lt;directory&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#PassengerDefaultRuby">8.2. PassengerDefaultRuby &lt;filename&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_deployment_options">8.3. Deployment options</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerEnabled">8.3.1. PassengerEnabled &lt;on|off&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerRuby">8.3.2. PassengerRuby &lt;filename&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_passengerpython_lt_filename_gt">8.3.3. PassengerPython &lt;filename&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_passengernodejs_lt_filename_gt">8.3.4. PassengerNodejs &lt;filename&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerAppEnv">8.3.5. PassengerAppEnv &lt;string&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#rails_env">8.3.6. RailsEnv &lt;string&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#rack_env">8.3.7. RackEnv &lt;string&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerAppRoot">8.3.8. PassengerAppRoot &lt;path/to/root&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerBaseURI">8.3.9. PassengerBaseURI &lt;uri&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_passengerrestartdir_lt_directory_gt">8.3.10. PassengerRestartDir &lt;directory&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerRollingRestarts">8.3.11. PassengerRollingRestarts &lt;on|off&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerResistDeploymentErrors">8.3.12. PassengerResistDeploymentErrors &lt;on|off&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_process_spawning_options">8.4. Process spawning options</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerSpawnMethod">8.4.1. PassengerSpawnMethod &lt;string&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerLoadShellEnvvars">8.4.2. PassengerLoadShellEnvvars &lt;on|off&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_security_options">8.5. Security options</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerUserSwitching">8.5.1. PassengerUserSwitching &lt;on|off&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerUser">8.5.2. PassengerUser &lt;username&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerGroup">8.5.3. PassengerGroup &lt;group name&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerDefaultUser">8.5.4. PassengerDefaultUser &lt;username&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerDefaultGroup">8.5.5. PassengerDefaultGroup &lt;group name&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerFriendlyErrorPages">8.5.6. PassengerFriendlyErrorPages &lt;on|off&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_resource_control_and_optimization_options">8.6. Resource control and optimization options</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerMaxPoolSize">8.6.1. PassengerMaxPoolSize &lt;integer&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerMinInstances">8.6.2. PassengerMinInstances &lt;integer&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerMaxInstances">8.6.3. PassengerMaxInstances &lt;integer&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_passengermaxinstancesperapp_lt_integer_gt">8.6.4. PassengerMaxInstancesPerApp &lt;integer&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerPoolIdleTime">8.6.5. PassengerPoolIdleTime &lt;integer&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerMaxPreloaderIdleTime">8.6.6. PassengerMaxPreloaderIdleTime &lt;integer&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_passengerstarttimeout_lt_seconds_gt">8.6.7. PassengerStartTimeout &lt;seconds&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerConcurrencyModel">8.6.8. PassengerConcurrencyModel &lt;process|thread&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerThreadCount">8.6.9. PassengerThreadCount &lt;number&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerMaxRequests">8.6.10. PassengerMaxRequests &lt;integer&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerMaxRequestTime">8.6.11. PassengerMaxRequestTime &lt;seconds&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerMemoryLimit">8.6.12. PassengerMemoryLimit &lt;integer&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_passengerstatthrottlerate_lt_integer_gt">8.6.13. PassengerStatThrottleRate &lt;integer&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerPreStart">8.6.14. PassengerPreStart &lt;url&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerHighPerformance">8.6.15. PassengerHighPerformance &lt;on|off&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_connection_handling_options">8.7. Connection handling options</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerBufferUpload">8.7.1. PassengerBufferUpload &lt;on|off&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerBufferResponse">8.7.2. PassengerBufferResponse &lt;on|off&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerErrorOverride">8.7.3. PassengerErrorOverride &lt;on|off&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerMaxRequestQueueSize">8.7.4. PassengerMaxRequestQueueSize &lt;number&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_compatibility_options">8.8. Compatibility options</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerResolveSymlinksInDocumentRoot">8.8.1. PassengerResolveSymlinksInDocumentRoot &lt;on|off&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_passengerallowencodedslashes_lt_on_off_gt">8.8.2. PassengerAllowEncodedSlashes &lt;on|off&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_logging_and_debugging_options">8.9. Logging and debugging options</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerLogLevel">8.9.1. PassengerLogLevel &lt;integer&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_passengerdebuglogfile_lt_filename_gt">8.9.2. PassengerDebugLogFile &lt;filename&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_passengerdebugger_lt_on_off_gt">8.9.3. PassengerDebugger &lt;on|off&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_advanced_options">8.10. Advanced options</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerTempDir">8.10.1. PassengerTempDir &lt;directory&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#PassengerUploadBufferDir">8.10.2. PassengerUploadBufferDir &lt;directory&gt;</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_deprecated_or_removed_options">8.11. Deprecated or removed options</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_railsruby">8.11.1. RailsRuby</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_railsbaseuri_and_rackbaseuri">8.11.2. RailsBaseURI and RackBaseURI</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_railsuserswitching">8.11.3. RailsUserSwitching</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_railsdefaultuser">8.11.4. RailsDefaultUser</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_railsallowmodrewrite">8.11.5. RailsAllowModRewrite</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_railsspawnmethod">8.11.6. RailsSpawnMethod</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_railsautodetect_rackautodetect_and_wsgiautodetect">8.11.7. RailsAutoDetect, RackAutoDetect and WsgiAutoDetect</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_railsappspawneridletime">8.11.8. RailsAppSpawnerIdleTime</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_railsframeworkspawneridletime">8.11.9. RailsFrameworkSpawnerIdleTime</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#troubleshooting">9. Troubleshooting</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_generic_troubleshooting_tips">9.1. Generic troubleshooting tips</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_why_does_the_first_request_take_a_long_time">9.2. Why does the first request take a long time?</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_os_x_the_installer_cannot_locate_mamp_8217_s_apache">9.3. OS X: The installer cannot locate MAMP’s Apache</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_apache_reports_a_403_forbidden_error">9.4. Apache reports a "403 Forbidden" error</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_static_assets_such_as_images_and_stylesheets_aren_8217_t_being_displayed">9.5. Static assets such as images and stylesheets aren’t being displayed</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_the_apache_error_log_says_that_the_spawn_manager_script_does_not_exist_or_that_it_does_not_have_permission_to_execute_it">9.6. The Apache error log says that the spawn manager script does not exist, or that it does not have permission to execute it</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_the_application_thinks_its_not_on_ssl_even_though_it_is">9.7. The application thinks its not on SSL even though it is</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_ruby_on_rails_specific_troubleshooting">9.8. Ruby on Rails-specific troubleshooting</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_the_about_your_application_8217_s_environment_link_does_not_work">9.8.1. The "About your application’s environment" link does not work</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_the_rails_application_reports_that_it_8217_s_unable_to_start_because_of_a_permission_error">9.8.2. The Rails application reports that it’s unable to start because of a permission error</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_the_rails_application_8217_s_log_file_is_not_being_written_to">9.8.3. The Rails application’s log file is not being written to</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#conflicting_apache_modules">9.9. Conflicting Apache modules</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_mod_userdir">9.9.1. mod_userdir</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_multiviews_mod_negotiation">9.9.2. MultiViews (mod_negotiation)</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_virtualdocumentroot">9.9.3. VirtualDocumentRoot</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#_analysis_and_system_maintenance">10. Analysis and system maintenance</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_inspecting_memory_usage">10.1. Inspecting memory usage</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_inspecting_phusion_passenger_8217_s_internal_status">10.2. Inspecting Phusion Passenger’s internal status</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#debugging_frozen">10.3. Debugging frozen applications</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_accessing_individual_application_processes">10.4. Accessing individual application processes</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_attaching_an_irb_console_to_an_application_process">10.5. Attaching an IRB console to an application process</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#_tips">11. Tips</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#user_switching">11.1. User Switching (security feature)</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_requirements">11.1.1. Requirements</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_effects">11.1.2. Effects</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_caveats_amp_troubleshooting">11.1.3. Caveats &amp; troubleshooting</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#finding_out_app_user">11.1.4. Finding out what user an application is running as</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#reducing_memory_usage">11.2. Copy-on-write memory support (reducing memory consumption of Ruby applications)</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#capistrano">11.3. Capistrano recipe</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#bundler_support">11.4. Bundler support</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#add_passenger_to_gemfile">11.4.1. Does Phusion Passenger itself need to be added to the Gemfile?</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_installing_multiple_ruby_on_rails_versions">11.5. Installing multiple Ruby on Rails versions</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_making_the_application_restart_after_each_request">11.6. Making the application restart after each request</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#sub_uri_deployment_uri_fix">11.7. How to fix broken images/CSS/JavaScript URIs in sub-URI deployments</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_out_of_band_work_and_out_of_band_garbage_collection">11.8. Out-of-Band Work and Out-of-Band Garbage Collection</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_hooks">11.9. Hooks</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_example">11.9.1. Example</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_environment">11.9.2. Environment</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_blocking_and_concurrency">11.9.3. Blocking and concurrency</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_error_handling">11.9.4. Error handling</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_compatibility">11.9.5. Compatibility</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_available_hooks">11.9.6. Available hooks</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#flying_passenger">11.10. Flying Passenger</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_requirements_2">11.10.1. Requirements</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_basic_usage">11.10.2. Basic usage</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#configuring_flying_passenger">11.10.3. Configuring Flying Passenger</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_managing_the_flying_passenger_daemon">11.10.4. Managing the Flying Passenger daemon</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#using_flying_passenger_with_mri_18_or_jruby">11.10.5. Using Flying Passenger with MRI 1.8 or JRuby</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#flying_passenger_caveats">11.10.6. Caveats and limitations</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_x_sendfile_support">11.11. X-Sendfile support</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_upload_progress">11.12. Upload progress</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#_under_the_hood">12. Under the hood</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_page_caching_support">12.1. Page caching support</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#relationship_with_ruby">12.2. Phusion Passenger and its relationship with Ruby</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_how_ruby_is_used">12.2.1. How Ruby is used</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_when_the_system_has_multiple_ruby_interpreters">12.2.2. When the system has multiple Ruby interpreters</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_static_assets_serving">12.3. Static assets serving</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#application_detection">12.4. How Phusion Passenger detects whether a virtual host is a web application</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#_appendix_a_about_this_document">13. Appendix A: About this document</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#_appendix_b_terminology">14. Appendix B: Terminology</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#application_root">14.1. Application root</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#idle_process">14.2. Idle process</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#inactive_process">14.3. Inactive process</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#spawning_methods_explained">15. Appendix C: Spawning methods explained</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_the_most_straightforward_and_traditional_way_direct_spawning">15.1. The most straightforward and traditional way: direct spawning</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_the_smart_spawning_method">15.2. The smart spawning method</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_how_it_works">15.2.1. How it works</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_summary_of_benefits">15.2.2. Summary of benefits</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_smart_spawning_gotcha_1_unintentional_file_descriptor_sharing">15.3. Smart spawning gotcha #1: unintentional file descriptor sharing</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_example_1_memcached_connection_sharing_harmful">15.3.1. Example 1: Memcached connection sharing (harmful)</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_example_2_log_file_sharing_not_harmful">15.3.2. Example 2: Log file sharing (not harmful)</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_smart_spawning_gotcha_2_the_need_to_revive_threads">15.4. Smart spawning gotcha #2: the need to revive threads</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_smart_spawning_gotcha_3_code_load_order">15.5. Smart spawning gotcha #3: code load order</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#about_environment_variables">16. Appendix D: About environment variables</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_working_with_environment_variables">16.1. Working with environment variables</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_the_path_environment_variable">16.2. The PATH environment variable</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_adding_phusion_passenger_8217_s_administration_tools_to_path">16.2.1. Adding Phusion Passenger’s administration tools to PATH</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_making_environment_variables_permanent">16.3. Making environment variables permanent</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_bash">16.3.1. bash</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_apache">16.3.2. Apache</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_nginx">16.3.3. Nginx</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#_cron">16.3.4. cron</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel4"><a href="#env_vars_passenger_apps">16.3.5. Phusion Passenger-served apps</a></div>
<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#env_vars_and_sudo">16.4. Environment variables and sudo</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">

<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_support_information"></span><h2 data-comment-topic="support-information-zkewk3" data-anchor="_support_information">1. Support information</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_supported_operating_systems"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="supported-operating-systems-rhbg35" data-anchor="_supported_operating_systems">1.1. Supported operating systems</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger works on any POSIX-compliant operating system. In other
words: practically any operating system on earth, except Microsoft Windows.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger is confirmed on a large number of operating systems and Linux
distributions, including, but not limited to, Ubuntu, Debian, CentOS/Fedora/RHEL,
Gentoo, Mac OS X, FreeBSD and Solaris. OpenBSD is supported since version 5.2.
Both 32-bit and 64-bit platforms are supported.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/phusion-passenger/issues/list">report a bug</a>
or
<a href="http://groups.google.com/group/phusion-passenger">join our discussion forum</a>
if it doesn’t work on your POSIX-compliant operating system.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="where_to_get_support"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="where-to-get-support-f3pbrb" data-anchor="where_to_get_support">1.2. Where to get support</h3>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<a href="http://groups.google.com/group/phusion-passenger">Community discussion forum</a> - post a
  message here if you’re experiencing problems. Support on this forum is provided by the community on a best-effort basis, so a (timely) response is not guaranteed.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/phusion-passenger/issues/list">Issue tracker</a> - report
  bugs here.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Email <a href="mailto:support@phusion.nl">support@phusion.nl</a> if you are a <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/enterprise">Phusion Passenger Enterprise</a> customer. Please mention your order reference. If you are not an Enterprise customer, we kindly redirect you to the community discussion forum instead.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/commercial_support">Commercial support contracts</a> are also available.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Report security vulnerabilities to <a href="mailto:security@phusion.nl">security@phusion.nl</a>. We will do our best to respond to you as quickly as we can, so please do not disclose the vulnerability until then.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please consult <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/support">the Phusion Passenger website</a> for a full list of support resources.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="installation"></span><h2 data-comment-topic="installing-upgrading-and-uninstalling-phusion-passenger-laryvs" data-anchor="installation">2. Installation</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_synopsis"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="synopsis-l0om5d" data-anchor="_synopsis">2.1. Synopsis</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Because Phusion Passenger is designed to run in a wide variety of operating systems and configurations, there are multiple ways to install it. Most users  — especially first-time users — will prefer <em>OS-specific installation instructions</em>. These are not only the easiest, but also allow Phusion Passenger to integrate into the operating system in the best way possible. Other users should consult the <em>generic installation instructions</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The steps for upgrading or downgrading Phusion Passenger is almost the same as the steps for installing. All the installation guides in this section will also teach you how to upgrade and downgrade.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="install_osx_homebrew"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="installing-or-upgrading-on-mac-os-x-with-homebrew-1pia1cx" data-anchor="install_osx_homebrew">2.2. Installing or upgrading on Mac OS X with Homebrew</h3>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<strong>Open source</strong>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Every time we release a new Phusion Passenger version, we make it available through <a href="http://brew.sh/">Homebrew</a>. Please note that the Homebrew maintainers have to merge our pull requests manually, so it may take a day or two before a new version shows up in the official Homebrew repository.
</p>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
Update the Homebrew recipes:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>brew update</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Run one of the following, and follow the instructions:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>brew install passenger
-OR-
brew upgrade passenger</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ol></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<strong>Enterprise</strong>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/enterprise">Phusion Passenger Enterprise</a> is currently not available through Homebrew. Please try one of the other installation methods instead.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="install_on_debian_ubuntu"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="installing-or-upgrading-on-ubuntu-1xg22xs" data-anchor="install_on_debian_ubuntu">2.3. Installing or upgrading on Debian or Ubuntu</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>We provide and official Phusion Passenger APT repository. This APT repository contains Phusion Passenger packages for multiple versions of Debian and Ubuntu. These packages are automatically built by our build server after we push out a source release, and thus are always up to date with the official source releases.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you use these packages to install Phusion Passenger then you do not need to run <span class="monospaced">passenger-install-apache2-module</span> or <span class="monospaced">passenger-install-nginx-module</span>. These packages contain all the binaries that you need.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Packages are available for the x86 and x86_64 architectures. Our policy is to support all Ubuntu LTS releases that are still supported by Canonical, plus the latest non-LTS Ubuntu release, plus all Debian releases that are still supported by Debian.</p></div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="install_add_apt_repo"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="adding-our-apt-repository-1l8plxk" data-anchor="install_add_apt_repo">2.3.1. Adding our APT repository</h4>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
Install our PGP key. Packages are signed by "Phusion Automated Software Signing (<a href="mailto:auto-software-signing@phusion.nl">auto-software-signing@phusion.nl</a>)", fingerprint 1637 8A33 A6EF 1676 2922 526E 561F 9B9C AC40 B2F7.
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 561F9B9CAC40B2F7</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Add HTTPS support for APT. Our APT repository is stored on an HTTPS server.
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>sudo apt-get install apt-transport-https ca-certificates</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Create a file <span class="monospaced">/etc/apt/sources.list.d/passenger.list</span> and insert <strong>one of</strong> the following lines, depending on your distribution.
</p>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<strong>Open source</strong>
</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">##### !!!! Only add ONE of these lines, not all of them !!!! #####</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Ubuntu 13.10</span></span>
deb https<span style="color: #990000">:</span>//oss-binaries<span style="color: #990000">.</span>phusionpassenger<span style="color: #990000">.</span>com/apt/passenger saucy main
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Ubuntu 12.04</span></span>
deb https<span style="color: #990000">:</span>//oss-binaries<span style="color: #990000">.</span>phusionpassenger<span style="color: #990000">.</span>com/apt/passenger precise main
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Ubuntu 10.04</span></span>
deb https<span style="color: #990000">:</span>//oss-binaries<span style="color: #990000">.</span>phusionpassenger<span style="color: #990000">.</span>com/apt/passenger lucid main
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Debian 7</span></span>
deb https<span style="color: #990000">:</span>//oss-binaries<span style="color: #990000">.</span>phusionpassenger<span style="color: #990000">.</span>com/apt/passenger wheezy main
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Debian 6</span></span>
deb https<span style="color: #990000">:</span>//oss-binaries<span style="color: #990000">.</span>phusionpassenger<span style="color: #990000">.</span>com/apt/passenger squeeze main</tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<strong>Enterprise</strong>
</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">##### !!!! Only add ONE of these lines, not all of them !!!! #####</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Ubuntu 13.10</span></span>
deb https<span style="color: #990000">:</span>//download<span style="color: #990000">:</span>YOUR_DOWNLOAD_TOKEN@www<span style="color: #990000">.</span>phusionpassenger<span style="color: #990000">.</span>com/enterprise_apt saucy main
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Ubuntu 12.04</span></span>
deb https<span style="color: #990000">:</span>//download<span style="color: #990000">:</span>YOUR_DOWNLOAD_TOKEN@www<span style="color: #990000">.</span>phusionpassenger<span style="color: #990000">.</span>com/enterprise_apt precise main
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Ubuntu 10.04</span></span>
deb https<span style="color: #990000">:</span>//download<span style="color: #990000">:</span>YOUR_DOWNLOAD_TOKEN@www<span style="color: #990000">.</span>phusionpassenger<span style="color: #990000">.</span>com/enterprise_apt lucid main
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Debian 7</span></span>
deb https<span style="color: #990000">:</span>//download<span style="color: #990000">:</span>YOUR_DOWNLOAD_TOKEN@www<span style="color: #990000">.</span>phusionpassenger<span style="color: #990000">.</span>com/enterprise_apt wheezy main
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Debian 6</span></span>
deb https<span style="color: #990000">:</span>//download<span style="color: #990000">:</span>YOUR_DOWNLOAD_TOKEN@www<span style="color: #990000">.</span>phusionpassenger<span style="color: #990000">.</span>com/enterprise_apt squeeze main</tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can find the correct value for <em>YOUR_DOWNLOAD_TOKEN</em> in the <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/orders">Customer Area</a>.</p></div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Secure <span class="monospaced">passenger.list</span> and update your APT cache:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>sudo chown root: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/passenger.list
sudo chmod 600 /etc/apt/sources.list.d/passenger.list
sudo apt-get update</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ol></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_installing_packages"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="installing-packages-1jxn722" data-anchor="_installing_packages">2.3.2. Installing packages</h4>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<strong>Open source</strong>
</dt>
<dd>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
<a href="#install_add_apt_repo">Add our APT repository.</a>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-passenger</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ol></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<strong>Enterprise</strong>
</dt>
<dd>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
Download your license key from the <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/orders">Customer Area</a> and save it as <span class="monospaced">/etc/passenger-enterprise-license</span>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="#install_add_apt_repo">Add our APT repository.</a>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Install the packages:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-passenger-enterprise</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ol></div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_installing_or_upgrading_on_red_hat_fedora_centos_or_scientificlinux"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="installing-or-upgrading-on-red-hat-fedora-centos-or-scientificlinux-1y5ie8b" data-anchor="_installing_or_upgrading_on_red_hat_fedora_centos_or_scientificlinux">2.4. Installing or upgrading on Red Hat, Fedora, CentOS or ScientificLinux</h3>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/warning.png" alt="Warning">
</td>
<td class="content">The RPMs are currently unmaintained. As such, the repository only contains Phusion Passenger 3.x (the latest version is 4.x), which did not support Node.js, Meteor, multiple Rubies, etc. For more recent versions of Phusion Passenger, you are suggested to install from gem or tarball instead.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>YUM repositories with RPMs are maintained by <a href="https://github.com/erikogan/passenger">Erik Ogan</a> and <a href="http://stealthymonkeys.com/">Stealthy Monkeys Consulting</a>. Only packages for the open source version of Phusion Passenger are provided. <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/enterprise">Phusion Passenger Enterprise</a> customers should use the <a href="#rubygems_generic_install">generic RubyGems installation method</a> or <a href="#tarball_generic_install">the generic tarball installation method</a> instead.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you use YUM to install Phusion Passenger then you do not need to run <span class="monospaced">passenger-install-apache2-module</span> or <span class="monospaced">passenger-install-nginx-module</span>. The YUM packages contain all the binaries that you need. You also don’t need to modify any Apache or Nginx configuration to get them to load Phusion Passenger, the packages provide configuration snippets for you as well.</p></div>
<span class="anchor_helper" id="_step_1_import_the_stealthy_monkeys_consulting_8217_s_gpg_key"></span><h4 class="float" data-anchor="_step_1_import_the_stealthy_monkeys_consulting_8217_s_gpg_key">Step 1: Import the Stealthy Monkeys Consulting’s GPG key</h4>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>rpm --import http://passenger.stealthymonkeys.com/RPM-GPG-KEY-stealthymonkeys.asc</pre>
</div>
</div>
<span class="anchor_helper" id="_step_2_install_the_release_package"></span><h4 class="float" data-anchor="_step_2_install_the_release_package">Step 2: Install the release package</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Install the passenger-release package from the <a href="http://passenger.stealthymonkeys.com/">main repository</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Fedora Core 17:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>yum install http://passenger.stealthymonkeys.com/fedora/17/passenger-release.noarch.rpm</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Fedora Core 16:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>yum install http://passenger.stealthymonkeys.com/fedora/16/passenger-release.noarch.rpm</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Fedora Core 15:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>yum install http://passenger.stealthymonkeys.com/fedora/15/passenger-release.noarch.rpm</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Fedora Core 14:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>yum install http://passenger.stealthymonkeys.com/fedora/14/passenger-release.noarch.rpm</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>RHEL 6 / CentOS 6 / ScientificLinux 6: (Note: these packages depend on <a href="http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL">EPEL</a>.)</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>yum install http://passenger.stealthymonkeys.com/rhel/6/passenger-release.noarch.rpm</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>RHEL 5 / CentOS 5 / ScientificLinux 5: (Note: these packages depend on <a href="http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL">EPEL</a>.)</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>rpm -Uvh http://passenger.stealthymonkeys.com/rhel/5/passenger-release.noarch.rpm</pre>
</div>
</div>
<span class="anchor_helper" id="_step_3_install_the_right_phusion_passenger_package"></span><h4 class="float" data-anchor="_step_3_install_the_right_phusion_passenger_package">Step 3: Install the right Phusion Passenger package</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>From there you can use <a href="http://prefetch.net/articles/yum.html">YUM</a> to install packages. For example, try one of these:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger for Apache:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>yum install mod_passenger</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger for Nginx:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>yum install nginx-passenger</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger Standalone:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>yum install passenger-standalone</pre>
</div>
</div>
<span class="anchor_helper" id="_building_your_own_packages"></span><h4 class="float" data-anchor="_building_your_own_packages">Building your own packages</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are instructions for building your own packages and Yum repositories in the <a href="https://github.com/phusion/passenger/tree/master/rpm#readme">rpm directory ReadMe</a> within the <a href="https://github.com/phusion/passenger">GitHub repository</a>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="rubygems_generic_install"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="installing-via-the-gem-39jw1u" data-anchor="rubygems_generic_install">2.5. Generic installation, upgrade and downgrade method: via RubyGems</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>RubyGems is only used as a method to obtain the Phusion Passenger files, so in case you have multiple Ruby versions it does not matter which Ruby’s RubyGems you use for installation. Once installed, Phusion Passenger can work with all other Ruby versions on your system. This is explained in <a href="#relationship_with_ruby">Phusion Passenger and its relationship with Ruby</a>.</p></div>
<span class="anchor_helper" id="is_ruby_home_or_system_wide_installed"></span><h4 class="float" data-anchor="is_ruby_home_or_system_wide_installed">Step 1: figuring out whether your Ruby is installed in the home directory or system-wide</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Ruby may either be installed in the home directory, or system-wide. If it’s installed system-wide then we will want to install gems system-wide as well, so you need to switch to a root prompt first. If Ruby is installed in the home directory then we will want to install gems to the home directory as well, as a normal user.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To find out which case applies, run the following command to find out where the <span class="monospaced">ruby</span> command is:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>which ruby</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Do you see a filename that references <em>/home</em> or <em>/Users</em>? If so then your Ruby interpreter is installed in your home directory and you can proceed to step 2. Otherwise, you need to switch to a root prompt by running one of the following commands:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Are you using RVM? Run <span class="monospaced">rvmsudo -s</span>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Are you not using RVM, or do you not know what RVM is? Run <span class="monospaced">sudo -s</span>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Is <em>sudo</em> not installed on your system? Run <span class="monospaced">su -c bash</span>
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You must maintain this root prompt throughout this installation guide.</p></div>
<span class="anchor_helper" id="_step_2_install_the_gem"></span><h4 class="float" data-anchor="_step_2_install_the_gem">Step 2: install the gem</h4>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<strong>Open Source</strong>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Install the latest gem to obtain the files for the latest stable version of the open source Phusion Passenger:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>gem install passenger</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sidebarblock">
<div class="content">
<div class="title">Previous versions and beta versions</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Sometimes you will want to obtain the latest beta version of Phusion Passenger. Beta versions are not normally selected by <span class="monospaced">gem install</span>, so to opt-in for beta versions you have to add the <span class="monospaced">--pre</span> argument:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>gem install passenger --pre</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you want to obtain a specific version of Phusion Passenger, e.g. because you are downgrading, then specify the version number with <span class="monospaced">--version</span>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>gem install passenger --version 3.0.0</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you want to obtain a specific <strong>beta</strong> version of Phusion Passenger then you must also pass <span class="monospaced">--pre</span>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>gem install passenger --version 3.9.1.beta --pre</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<strong>Enterprise</strong>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
First, download the <strong>license key</strong> from the <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/orders">Customer Area</a> and save it as <span class="monospaced">/etc/passenger-enterprise-license</span>.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Next, add the Phusion Passenger Enterprise gem server to your RubyGems source list:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>gem source --add https://download:YOUR_DOWNLOAD_TOKEN@www.phusionpassenger.com/enterprise_gems/</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Substitute <em>YOUR_DOWNLOAD_TOKEN</em> with the one you find in the <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/orders">Customer Area</a>. And notice the <strong>trailing slash</strong> in the URL! It is very important.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Finally, install the latest gem to obtain the files for the latest stable version of the open source Phusion Passenger:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>gem install passenger-enterprise-server</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sidebarblock">
<div class="content">
<div class="title">Previous versions and beta versions</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Sometimes you will want to obtain the latest beta version of Phusion Passenger Enterprise. Beta versions are not normally selected by <span class="monospaced">gem install</span>, so to opt-in for beta versions you have to add the <span class="monospaced">--pre</span> argument:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>gem install passenger-enterprise-server --pre</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you want to obtain a specific version of Phusion Passenger Enterprise, e.g. because you are downgrading, then specify the version number with <span class="monospaced">--version</span>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>gem install passenger-enterprise-server --version 3.0.0</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you want to obtain a specific <strong>beta</strong> version of Phusion Passenger then you must also pass <span class="monospaced">--pre</span>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>gem install passenger-enterprise-server --version 3.9.1.beta --pre</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<span class="anchor_helper" id="run_passenger_installer"></span><h4 class="float" data-anchor="run_passenger_installer">Step 3: run the Phusion Passenger installer</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The Phusion Passenger gem only contains source files. In this step we will use the installer to compile the Phusion Passenger binaries, which include the various Phusion Passenger agent executables and the Apache module.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Run the following command and follow the on-screen instructions.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>passenger-install-apache2-module</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>At the end of the installation process, you will be asked to copy and paste a configuration snippet (containing <span class="monospaced">LoadModule</span>, <span class="monospaced">PassengerRoot</span>, etc.) into your Apache configuration file. If you’re upgrading, then you already had a similar configuration snippet. Be sure to remove the old one before pasting the new one.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Different operating systems and Apache installations have different conventions with regard to where the Apache configuration file is and how it is organized. Please read <a href="#working_with_apache_conf">Working with the Apache configuration file</a> if you’re not familiar with it. That section is especially of interest for OS X Server &gt;= 10.8 users because the configuration file may not be at a surprising location.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If compilation doesn’t succeed, then please consult the <a href="#troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a> section.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph">
<div class="title">What does the installer do?</div>
<p>Despite the name, this "installer" doesn’t actually install anything. The installer checks whether all required dependencies are installed, invokes the compiler, and tells you how to modify the Apache
configuration file. However, it doesn’t copy any files to outside the Phusion Passenger source directory.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="monospaced">passenger-install-apache2-module</span> is actually just a user-friendly frontend around the command <span class="monospaced">rake apache2</span>, which performs the actual compilation of Phusion Passenger.</p></div>
<span class="anchor_helper" id="_step_4_restarting_the_flying_passenger_daemon"></span><h4 class="float" data-anchor="_step_4_restarting_the_flying_passenger_daemon">Step 4: restarting the Flying Passenger daemon</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you are using <a href="#flying_passenger">Flying Passenger</a> then you must restart the Flying Passenger daemon by sending it the SIGTERM signal:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>kill `cat /path-to/flying-passenger.pid`</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Or, if Flying Passenger is not running with a PID file, look up its PID us <span class="monospaced">ps</span> and then send it SIGTERM:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>ps aux | grep flying-passenger
kill PID_OF_FLYING_PASSENGER</pre>
</div>
</div>
<span class="anchor_helper" id="verify_passenger_running"></span><h4 class="float" data-anchor="verify_passenger_running">Step 5: verifying that Phusion Passenger is running</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Restart your web server and run:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>passenger-memory-stats</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You should see the web server processes as well as a number of Phusion Passenger processes (e.g. PassengerWatchdog, PassengerHelperAgent). Congratulations, Phusion Passenger is now installed and running!</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If the output is not as expected, then please refer to the <a href="#troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a> section.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="tarball_generic_install"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="installing-via-the-source-tarball-1cgxrqc" data-anchor="tarball_generic_install">2.6. Generic installation, upgrade and downgrade method: via tarball</h3>
<span class="anchor_helper" id="_step_1_installing_ruby"></span><h4 class="float" data-anchor="_step_1_installing_ruby">Step 1: installing Ruby</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger supports multiple languages and its core is written in C++, but its installer and administration tools are written in Ruby, so you must install Ruby.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Even though Ruby is required, Ruby will normally not be loaded during normal operation unless you deploy a Ruby web application on Phusion Passenger. Phusion Passenger’s dependency on Ruby is very minimal. See <a href="#relationship_with_ruby">Phusion Passenger and its relationship with Ruby</a> for details.</p></div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all" style="
width:100%;
">
<col style="width:50%;">
<col style="width:50%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Debian, Ubuntu</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><span class="monospaced">sudo apt-get update</span><br>
<span class="monospaced">sudo apt-get install ruby rake</span></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Red Hat, CentOS, ScientificLinux, Amazon Linux</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Enable <a href="http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL">EPEL</a>, then run as root:<br>
<span class="monospaced">yum install ruby rubygem-rake</span></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Mac OS X</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">No action needed. Ruby is installed by default.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Other operating systems</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Install Ruby from <a href="http://www.ruby-lang.org/">the Ruby website</a>.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span class="anchor_helper" id="_step_2_download_and_extract_the_tarball"></span><h4 class="float" data-anchor="_step_2_download_and_extract_the_tarball">Step 2: download and extract the tarball</h4>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<strong>Open Source</strong>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Download the open source Phusion Passenger tarball from <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/download#open_source">the Phusion Passenger website</a>.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Older versions can be found in <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/file_releases">the release archive</a>.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<strong>Enterprise</strong>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/enterprise">Phusion Passenger Enterprise</a> customers can download the Phusion Passenger Enterprise tarball from the <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/orders">Customer Area</a>.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Also be sure to download the <strong>license key</strong> and save it as <span class="monospaced">/etc/passenger-enterprise-license</span>.</p></div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Once you have downloaded the tarball, pick a location to extract it to. You can pick any location. A good location is <em>/opt/passenger</em>. Create this directory and extract the tarball as follows:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>mkdir /opt/passenger
cd /opt/passenger
tar xzvf /location-to/passenger-x.x.x.tar.gz
cd /opt/passenger/passenger-x.x.x</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that <span class="monospaced">passenger-x.x.x</span> should be <span class="monospaced">passenger-enterprise-server-x.x.x</span> if you’re using Phusion Passenger Enterprise.</p></div>
<span class="anchor_helper" id="_step_3_run_the_phusion_passenger_installer"></span><h4 class="float" data-anchor="_step_3_run_the_phusion_passenger_installer">Step 3: run the Phusion Passenger installer</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The Phusion Passenger gem only contains source files. In this step we will use the installer to compile the Phusion Passenger binaries, which include the various Phusion Passenger agent executables and the Apache module.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Run the following command and follow the on-screen instructions.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>./bin/passenger-install-apache2-module</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>At the end of the installation process, you will be asked to copy and paste a configuration snippet (containing <span class="monospaced">LoadModule</span>, <span class="monospaced">PassengerRoot</span>, etc.) into your Apache configuration file. If you’re upgrading, then you already had a similar configuration snippet. Be sure to remove the old one before pasting the new one.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Different operating systems and Apache installations have different conventions with regard to where the Apache configuration file is and how it is organized. Please read <a href="#working_with_apache_conf">Working with the Apache configuration file</a> if you’re not familiar with it. That section is especially of interest for OS X Server &gt;= 10.8 users because the configuration file may not be at a surprising location.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If compilation doesn’t succeed, then please consult the <a href="#troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a> section.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph">
<div class="title">What does the installer do?</div>
<p>Despite the name, this "installer" doesn’t actually install anything. The installer checks whether all required dependencies are installed, invokes the compiler, and tells you how to modify the Apache
configuration file. However, it doesn’t copy any files to outside the Phusion Passenger source directory.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="monospaced">passenger-install-apache2-module</span> is actually just a user-friendly frontend around the command <span class="monospaced">rake apache2</span>, which performs the actual compilation of Phusion Passenger.</p></div>
<span class="anchor_helper" id="_step_4_verifying_that_phusion_passenger_is_running"></span><h4 class="float" data-anchor="_step_4_verifying_that_phusion_passenger_is_running">Step 4: verifying that Phusion Passenger is running</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Restart your web server and run:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>./bin/passenger-memory-stats</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You should see the web server processes as well as a number of Phusion Passenger processes (e.g. PassengerWatchdog, PassengerHelperAgent). Congratulations, Phusion Passenger is now installed and running!</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If the output is not as expected, then please refer to the <a href="#troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a> section.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_upgrading_from_open_source_to_enterprise"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="upgrading-from-open-source-to-enterprise-b17h8g" data-anchor="_upgrading_from_open_source_to_enterprise">2.7. Upgrading from open source to Enterprise</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger comes in two variants: an open source version, as well as an <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/enterprise">Enterprise version</a> which introduces a myriad of useful features that can improve stability and performance and efficiency.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Customers who have bought Phusion Passenger Enterprise can upgrade their open source installation to Enterprise as follows:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
<a href="#uninstalling">Uninstall the open source Phusion Passenger</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Install the Enterprise version by following one of the installation guides in this section (e.g. <a href="#rubygems_generic_install">RubyGems generic installation</a> or <a href="#tarball_generic_install">tarball generic installation</a>).
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The uninstallation is necessary because the Enterprise Ruby gem has a different gem name (<em>passenger-enterprise-server</em> instead of <em>passenger</em>), but the same administration command names (e.g. <span class="monospaced">passenger-status</span>). Uninstalling the open source version avoids any conflicts.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_cryptographic_verification_of_installation_files"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="cryptographic-verification-of-installation-files-ed3r9v" data-anchor="_cryptographic_verification_of_installation_files">2.8. Cryptographic verification of installation files</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_synopsis_2"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="synopsis-uwnz2o" data-anchor="_synopsis_2">2.8.1. Synopsis</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>We digitally sign various files with our GPG key so that you can check whether they’re legit, i.e. whether they really came from Phusion and haven’t been tampered with by a third party. We apply signing since the open source version 4.0.0 RC 4, or the Enterprise version 4.0.0 RC 1.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_importing_the_phusion_software_signing_key"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="importing-the-phusion-software-signing-key-1x0rhv" data-anchor="_importing_the_phusion_software_signing_key">2.8.2. Importing the Phusion Software Signing key</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion’s GPG key for signing software is as follows:</p></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>Phusion Software Signing (software-signing@phusion.nl)
Short key ID: 0x0A212A8C
Long key ID: 0x2AC745A50A212A8C
Fingerprint: D5F0 8514 2693 9232 F437  AB72 2AC7 45A5 0A21 2A8C</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This key is stored at <a href="http://www.phusion.nl/about/gpg">the Phusion website</a> and at the key servers <a href="http://pool.sks-keyservers.net/pks/lookup?op=get&amp;search=0x2AC745A50A212A8C">sks-keyservers.net</a> and <a href="http://keyserver.ubuntu.com/pks/lookup?op=get&amp;search=0x2AC745A50A212A8C">keyserver.ubuntu.com</a>. You can import it to your keyring with one of these command:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>gpg --keyserver pool.sks-keyservers.net --search-keys 0x2AC745A50A212A8C
# -OR-
gpg --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --search-keys 0x2AC745A50A212A8C</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The Phusion Software Signing key is only used for signing software. It’s never used for signing emails or for encrypting files, so please be suspicious if you encounter usage of this key outside the context of signing software, and alert us at <a href="mailto:support@phusion.nl">support@phusion.nl</a>. Include "notspam" in the message to bypass our spam filter.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The email address <a href="mailto:software-signing@phusion.nl">software-signing@phusion.nl</a> redirects to <a href="mailto:info@phusion.nl">info@phusion.nl</a> so it’s safe to send email there.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_verifying_the_phusion_software_signing_key"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="verifying-the-phusion-software-signing-key-10430lg" data-anchor="_verifying_the_phusion_software_signing_key">2.8.3. Verifying the Phusion Software Signing key</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The Phusion Software Signing key is also <strong>signed by the Phusion founders</strong>. Their keys are as follows:</p></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>Hongli Lai (hongli@phusion.nl)
Short key ID: 4B6F4332
Long key ID: 06A131094B6F4332
Fingerprint: 64E8 0420 FC6A 499F 9E1F  81FA 06A1 3109 4B6F 4332</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>Ninh Bui (ninh@phusion.nl)
Short key ID: 6FAF3782
Long key ID: BA8DA3F46FAF3782
Fingerprint: 353A 398C 49AF 5CD5 74A0  656C BA8D A3F4 6FAF 3782</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Both keys are stored at both sks-servers.net and keyserver.ubuntu.com. Import them with:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>gpg --keyserver pool.sks-servers.net --search-keys 0x06A131094B6F4332
gpg --keyserver pool.sks-servers.net --search-keys 0xBA8DA3F46FAF3782
# -OR-
gpg --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --search-keys 0x06A131094B6F4332
gpg --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --search-keys 0xBA8DA3F46FAF3782</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_verifying_the_gem_and_tarball"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="verifying-the-gem-and-tarball-1nf0uov" data-anchor="_verifying_the_gem_and_tarball">2.8.4. Verifying the gem and tarball</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can find the open source version’s gem and tarball GPG signatures at <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/file_releases">https://www.phusionpassenger.com/file_releases</a>. The Enterprise version’s GPG signatures can be found in the <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/orders">Customer Area</a>. All signatures have the <em>.asc</em> extension. Once you have imported our key, you can verify the validity of a file against its signature as follows:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ gpg --verify passenger-x.x.x.tar.gz.asc passenger-x.x.x.tar.gz
gpg: Signature made Mon Mar 11 09:45:46 2013 CET using RSA key ID 0A212A8C
gpg: Good signature from "Phusion Software Signing &lt;software-signing@phusion.nl&gt;"</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_verifying_git_signatures"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="verifying-git-signatures-oaafwd" data-anchor="_verifying_git_signatures">2.8.5. Verifying Git signatures</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Tags in the <a href="https://github.com/phusion/passenger">Git repository for the open source version</a> are also tagged. You can verify a Git tag as follows:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ git tag --verify release-x.x.x
object d886f34b5705e4314feccaf0d77b9a38416e15e0
type commit
tag release-4.0.0.rc5
tagger Hongli Lai (Phusion) &lt;hongli@phusion.nl&gt; 1362993117 +0100

This is a tag message.
gpg: Signature made Mon Mar 11 10:12:02 2013 CET using RSA key ID 0A212A8C
gpg: Good signature from "Phusion Software Signing &lt;software-signing@phusion.nl&gt;"</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_verifying_deb_and_rpm_packages"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="verifying-deb-and-rpm-packages-vgtv04" data-anchor="_verifying_deb_and_rpm_packages">2.8.6. Verifying DEB and RPM packages</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The DEB and RPM packages are signed with the signatures of the respective packagers. They are automatically checked upon installation.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_revocation"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="revocation-4o01n2" data-anchor="_revocation">2.8.7. Revocation</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In the event our key is compromised, we will revoke the key and upload the revocation information to sks-servers.net and keyserver.ubuntu.com. However your system will not know about the revocation until you update the keys from the keyservers. You should update your keys regularly (e.g. once a week) by invoking:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>gpg --refresh-keys --keyserver pool.sks-servers.net
# -OR-
gpg --refresh-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you installed Phusion Passenger through our APT repository, then you should update APT’s keyring from time to time as well:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>sudo apt-key adv --refresh-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_non_interactive_automatic_headless_installs_or_upgrades"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="non-interactive-automatic-headless-installs-or-upgrades-1arnxii" data-anchor="_non_interactive_automatic_headless_installs_or_upgrades">2.9. Non-interactive, automatic, headless installs or upgrades</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default, the installer (<span class="monospaced">passenger-install-apache2-module</span>) is interactive. If you want to automate installation then you can do so by passing <span class="monospaced">--auto</span> to the installer. See also <span class="monospaced">passenger-install-apache2-module --help</span> for more options.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_customizing_the_compilation_process"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="customizing-the-compilation-process-1sds3od" data-anchor="_customizing_the_compilation_process">2.10. Customizing the compilation process</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The Phusion Passenger compilation process can be customized with environment variables. You can learn more about environment variables in <a href="#about_environment_variables">About environment variables</a>.</p></div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_setting_the_compiler"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="setting-the-compiler-1symq7h" data-anchor="_setting_the_compiler">2.10.1. Setting the compiler</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can force the Phusion Passenger build system to use a specific C or C++ compiler by setting the <span class="monospaced">CC</span> and <span class="monospaced">CXX</span> environment variables. These may be set to any arbitrary shell commands.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, contributors who want to hack on Phusion Passenger may want to use Clang for faster compilation and <a href="http://ccache.samba.org/">ccache</a> for faster recompilation, and may want to enable more error-catching compilation flags:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">export</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">CC</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'ccache clang -fcolor-diagnostics -Qunused-arguments -fcatch-undefined-behavior -ftrapv'</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">export</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">CXX</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'ccache clang++ -fcolor-diagnostics -Qunused-arguments -fcatch-undefined-behavior -ftrapv'</span></tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">If you run the installer with <span class="monospaced">sudo</span> then environment variables may not be passed properly. Learn more at <a href="#env_vars_and_sudo">Environment variables and sudo</a>.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_adding_additional_compiler_or_linker_flags"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="adding-additional-compiler-or-linker-flags-wzu0ey" data-anchor="_adding_additional_compiler_or_linker_flags">2.10.2. Adding additional compiler or linker flags</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>On some systems, C/C++ libraries and headers that Phusion Passenger requires may be located in a non-standard directory. You can force the Phusion Passenger build system to look in those locations by injecting compiler and linker flags using the following environment variables:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">EXTRA_PRE_CFLAGS</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        These flags are injected into all C compiler invocations that involve compiling C source files. This also covers compiler invocations that compile <strong>and</strong> link. The flags are injected at the beginning of the command string, even before <span class="monospaced">EXTRA_PRE_LDFLAGS</span>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">EXTRA_CFLAGS</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Similar to <span class="monospaced">EXTRA_PRE_CFLAGS</span>, but injected at the end of the command string, before <span class="monospaced">EXTRA_LDFLAGS</span>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">EXTRA_PRE_CXXFLAGS</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Similar to <span class="monospaced">EXTRA_PRE_CFLAGS</span>, but for C++ compiler invocations.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">EXTRA_CXXFLAGS</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Similar to <span class="monospaced">EXTRA_CFLAGS</span>, but for C++ compiler invocations.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">EXTRA_PRE_LDFLAGS</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        These flags are injected into all C/C++ compiler invocations that involve linking. This includes compiler invocations that compile <strong>and</strong> link. The flags are injected at the beginning of the command string, but after <span class="monospaced">EXTRA_PRE_CFLAGS</span>/<span class="monospaced">EXTRA_PRE_CXXFLAGS</span>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">EXTRA_PRE_C_LDFLAGS</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        These flags are injected into all C compiler invocations that involve linking, right after <span class="monospaced">EXTRA_PRE_LDFLAGS</span>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">EXTRA_PRE_CXX_LDFLAGS</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Similar to <span class="monospaced">EXTRA_PRE_CXX_LDFLAGS</span>, but for C++ compiler invocations.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">EXTRA_LDFLAGS</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Similar to <span class="monospaced">EXTRA_PRE_LDFLAGS</span>, but injected at the very end of the command string, even after <span class="monospaced">EXTRA_CFLAGS</span> and <span class="monospaced">EXTRA_CXXFLAGS</span>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">EXTRA_C_LDFLAGS</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Similar to <span class="monospaced">EXTRA_LDFLAGS</span>, but only injected for C executable linking commands. Injected right after <span class="monospaced">EXTRA_LDFLAGS</span>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">EXTRA_CXX_LDFLAGS</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Similar to <span class="monospaced">EXTRA_LDFLAGS</span>, but only injected for C++ executable linking commands. Injected right after <span class="monospaced">EXTRA_LDFLAGS</span>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">PASSENGER_THREAD_LOCAL_STORAGE</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Setting this to 1 will enable the <span class="monospaced">PASSENGER_THREAD_LOCAL_STORAGE</span> macro, which forcefully disables the use of thread-local storage inside the Phusion Passenger codebase. Setting this environment variable is useful on systems that have broken support for thread-local storage, despite passing our build system’s check for proper thread-local storage support. At the time of writing, one user has reported that Ubuntu 12.04 32-bit has broken thread-local storage report although neither the reporter nor us were able to reproduce the problem on any other systems running Ubuntu 12.04 32-bit. Note that this flag has no effect on non-Phusion Passenger code.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">If you run the installer with <span class="monospaced">sudo</span> then environment variables may not be passed properly. Learn more at <a href="#env_vars_and_sudo">Environment variables and sudo</a>.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="forcing_location_of_command_line_tools_and_dependencies"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="forcing-location-of-certain-command-line-tools-1hym30u" data-anchor="forcing_location_of_command_line_tools_and_dependencies">2.10.3. Forcing location of command line tools and dependencies</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The Phusion Passenger build system attempts to autodetect many things by locating relevant helper tools. For example, to find out which compiler flags it should use for compiling Apache modules, it locates the <span class="monospaced">apxs2</span> command and queries it. To find out which compiler flags it should use for libcurl, it queries the <span class="monospaced">curl-config</span> command. These commands may not be in <span class="monospaced">$PATH</span>, or even when they are you may want to use a different one.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can force the build to find certain command line tools at certain locations by using the following environment variables:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">HTTPD</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        The location of the <span class="monospaced">httpd</span> executable (the Apache server executable).
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">APXS2</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        The location of the <span class="monospaced">apxs2</span> executable (the Apache module developer tool). Only used by <span class="monospaced">passenger-install-apache2-module</span>.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This environment variable, together with <span class="monospaced">HTTPD</span>, are what you need to customize if you have multiple Apache installations on your system, or if your Apache is located in a non-standard location which Phusion Passenger cannot detect. By setting <span class="monospaced">APXS2</span> and <span class="monospaced">HTTP</span> to the right paths, you can force Phusion Passenger to be compiled against that specific Apache installation.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, if your Apache installation is located in <span class="monospaced">/opt/lamp/apache2</span>, then you can run the installer as follows:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ sudo bash
# export HTTPD=/opt/lampp/apache2/bin/apache
# export APXS2=/opt/lampp/apache2/bin/apxs
# passenger-install-apache2-module</pre>
</div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">APR_CONFIG</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        The location of the <span class="monospaced">apr-config</span> executable (the Apache Portable Runtime developer tool).
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">APU_CONFIG</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        The location of the <span class="monospaced">apu-config</span> executable (the Apache Portable Runtime Utility developer tool).
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">MAKE</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        The location of a <span class="monospaced">make</span> tool. It does not matter which implementation of <span class="monospaced">make</span> this is.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">GMAKE</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        The location of the GNU-compatible <span class="monospaced">make</span> tool.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/tip.png" alt="Tip">
</td>
<td class="content">If you do not know what environment variables are, or how to use them, then please read <a href="#env_vars_and_sudo">Environment variables and sudo</a>.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">If you run the installer with <span class="monospaced">sudo</span> then environment variables may not be passed properly. Learn more at <a href="#env_vars_and_sudo">Environment variables and sudo</a>.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="multiple_apache_installs"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="dealing-with-multiple-apache-installations-ks5nkz" data-anchor="multiple_apache_installs">2.11. Dealing with multiple Apache installations</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Some systems have multiple Apache installations. Maybe you already know about that, and you installed multiple Apaches for a reason. Or maybe you did so in the past but then forgot about the other installs. Or maybe someone else — or some other software — installed another Apache for you without your knowledge.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Whatever the reason might be, it is important that you know about the existance of multiple Apache installations, and that you decide <strong>which one</strong> you want to use. <strong>Unless you know exactly what you are doing, we recommend that you remove all the Apache installations that you don’t intend to use, in order to avoid confusion and problems</strong>. You should end up with only a single Apache installation. Unfortunately, this manual cannot tell you how to remove the other Apache installs: it depends on how you originally installed them. Usually it’s a matter of removing the directories that they’re located in, and removing their configuration files. But some Apache distributions might bundle an uninstaller. You need to do the proper research on how they ended up there in the first place.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger provides a tool to check whether you have multiple Apache installations on your system. You can invoke the tool by running <span class="monospaced">passenger-config --detect-apache2</span>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If the existance of multiple Apache installations is intentional, then Phusion Passenger can happily go along with your choice: you simply have to tell <span class="monospaced">passenger-install-apache2-module</span> which Apache to install against. There are several ways to specify which Apache you want to install against:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
By passing the <span class="monospaced">--apxs2-path</span> parameter. The <span class="monospaced">passenger-config --detect-apache2</span> command will tell you how to use this parameter.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
By setting <span class="monospaced">APXS2</span>, <span class="monospaced">HTTPD</span> and other kinds of environment variables. Please refer to <a href="#forcing_location_of_command_line_tools_and_dependencies">Forcing location of command line tools and dependencies</a> for more information.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="working_with_apache_conf"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="locating-the-apache-configuration-file-1fterqv" data-anchor="working_with_apache_conf">2.12. Working with the Apache configuration file</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>On most systems the Apache configuration file is located in either <em>/etc/apache2/httpd.conf</em> or <em>/etc/apache2/apache2.conf</em>. However, to allow better organization, many operating systems and Apache distributions also read configuration files in the <em>conf.d</em>, <em>mods-enabled</em> and <em>sites-enabled</em> subdirectories.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><em>mods-enabled</em> contains symlinks to files in <em>mods-available</em>. This latter subdirectory contains config files for all available modules, while <em>mods-enabled</em> contains only a subset, namely the modules that should actually be enabled. The symlinks are created using the <span class="monospaced">a2enmod</span> tool. <em><strong>.load</strong></em> files contain <span class="monospaced">LoadModule</span> directives, while <em>.conf</em> files contain all other configuration directives.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Use <em>mods-enabled</em>/<em>mods-available</em> to store Phusion Passenger configuration if you can:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Create <em>/etc/apache2/mods-available/passenger.load</em> and paste the <span class="monospaced">LoadModule ...</span> directive that <span class="monospaced">passenger-install-apache2-module</span> outputs.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Create <em>/etc/apache2/mods-available/passenger.conf</em> and paste the <span class="monospaced">PassengerRoot</span> and other Phusion Passenger options.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Enable by running <span class="monospaced">sudo a2enmod passenger</span>.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If the <em>mods-enabled</em> mechanism is not available then you can paste configuration snippets into <em>httpd.conf</em> or <em>apache2.conf</em> directly.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>On OS X Server &gt;= 10.8 Mountain Lion the location of the Apache configuration file depends on whether you use Web Services or not. If you do, then the configuration file is in <em>/Library/Server/Web/Config/apache2/httpd_server_app.conf</em>. If you do not, then the configuration file is in <em>/etc/apache2/httpd.conf</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_disabling_without_uninstalling"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="unloading-disabling-phusion-passenger-from-apache-without-uninstalling-it-s1axnx" data-anchor="_disabling_without_uninstalling">2.13. Disabling without uninstalling</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can temporarily unload (disable) Phusion Passenger from the web server, without
uninstalling the Phusion Passenger files, so that the web server behaves as if Phusion
Passenger was never installed in the first place. This might be useful to you if -
for example - you seem to be experiencing a problem caused by Phusion Passenger,
but you want to make sure whether that’s actually the case without having
to go through the hassle of uninstalling Phusion Passenger completely. When disabled,
Phusion Passenger will not occupy any memory or CPU or otherwise interfere with
the web server.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To unload Phusion Passenger from the web server, edit your Apache configuration file(s)
and comment out:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
all Phusion Passenger configuration directives.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
the <span class="monospaced">LoadModule passenger_module</span> directive.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, if your configuration file looks like this…</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>Listen *:80
NameVirtualHosts *:80
....

LoadModule passenger_module /somewhere/passenger-x.x.x/ext/apache2/mod_passenger.so

PassengerRoot /somewhere/passenger/x.x.x
PassengerDefaultRuby /usr/bin/ruby
PassengerMaxPoolSize 10

&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.foo.com
    DocumentRoot /webapps/foo/public
    RailsBaseURI /rails
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>…then comment out the relevant directives, so that it looks like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>Listen *:80
NameVirtualHosts *:80
....

# LoadModule passenger_module /somewhere/passenger-x.x.x/ext/apache2/mod_passenger.so

# PassengerRoot /somewhere/passenger/x.x.x
# PassengerDefaultRuby /usr/bin/ruby
# PassengerMaxPoolSize 10

&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.foo.com
    DocumentRoot /webapps/foo/public
    # RailsBaseURI /rails
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>After you’ve done this, save the configuration file and restart the web server.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="uninstalling"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="uninstalling-phusion-passenger-1qb4ssq" data-anchor="uninstalling">2.14. Uninstalling</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To uninstall Phusion Passenger, please first remove all Phusion Passenger
configuration directives from your web server configuration file(s). After you’ve
done this, you need to remove the Phusion Passenger files.</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
If you installed Phusion Passenger via a Ruby gem, then run <span class="monospaced">gem uninstall passenger</span> (or, if you’re a <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/enterprise">Phusion Passenger Enterprise</a> user, <span class="monospaced">gem uninstall passenger-enterprise-server</span>).
  You <a href="#is_ruby_home_or_system_wide_installed">might have to run this as root</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If you installed Phusion Passenger via a source tarball, then remove the directory
  in which you placed the extracted Phusion Passenger files. This directory is the
  same as the one pointed to the by <span class="monospaced">PassengerRoot</span>/<span class="monospaced">passenger_root</span> configuration directive.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If you installed Phusion Passenger through APT or YUM, then use them to uninstall Phusion Passenger.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If you installed Phusion Passenger through Homebrew, then run <span class="monospaced">brew uninstall passenger</span>.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="moving_phusion_passenger"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="moving-to-a-different-directory-1n0gkwh" data-anchor="moving_phusion_passenger">2.15. Moving to a different directory</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you installed Phusion Passenger through a tarball then you can move the Phusion Passenger directory to another location. This is not possible if you used any of the other installation methods.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>First, move the directory to whereever you like:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>mv /opt/passenger/passenger-4.0.0 /usr/local/passenger-4.0.0</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Next you must tell Apache that Phusion Passenger has moved.
Open your <a href="#working_with_apache_conf">Apache configuration file</a> and set the <em>PassengerRoot</em> directive to the new location:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>PassengerRoot /usr/local/passenger-4.0.0</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Restart your web server to finalize the change.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you used <a href="#tarball_generic_install">the tarball installation method</a> and you added Phusion Passenger’s <span class="monospaced">bin</span> subdirectory to <span class="monospaced">PATH</span>, then you must update your PATH with the new location. Open <span class="monospaced">/etc/bashrc</span> (or <span class="monospaced">/etc/bash.bashrc</span> on some systems) and change:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>export PATH=/opt/passenger/passenger-4.0.0/bin:$PATH</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>to:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>export PATH=/usr/local/passenger-4.0.0/bin:$PATH</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Finally, restart all your shell sessions to activate the PATH change.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_deploying_a_ruby_on_rails_1_x_or_2_x_but_not_rails_gt_3_x_application"></span><h2 data-comment-topic="deploying-a-ruby-on-rails-1-x-or-2-x-but-not-rails-3-x-application-9r92hi" data-anchor="_deploying_a_ruby_on_rails_1_x_or_2_x_but_not_rails_gt_3_x_application">3. Deploying a Ruby on Rails 1.x or 2.x (but NOT Rails &gt;= 3.x) application</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose you have a Ruby on Rails application in <em>/webapps/mycook</em>, and you own
the domain <em>www.mycook.com</em>. You can either deploy your application to the
virtual host’s root (i.e. the application will be accessible from the root URL,
<em>http://www.mycook.com/</em>), or in a sub URI (i.e. the application will be
accessible from a sub URL, such as <em>http://www.mycook.com/railsapplication</em>).</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">The default <span class="monospaced">RAILS_ENV</span> environment in which deployed Rails applications
are run, is “production”. You can change this by changing the
<a href="#rails_env"><em>RailsEnv</em></a> configuration option.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_deploying_to_a_virtual_host_8217_s_root"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="deploying-to-a-virtual-host-s-root-ab4zj6" data-anchor="_deploying_to_a_virtual_host_8217_s_root">3.1. Deploying to a virtual host’s root</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Add a virtual host entry to your Apache configuration file. Make sure that the
following conditions are met:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
The virtual host’s document root must point to your Ruby on Rails application’s
  <em>public</em> folder.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The Apache per-directory permissions must allow access to this folder.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
MultiViews must be disabled for this folder.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.mycook.com
    DocumentRoot /webapps/mycook/public
    &lt;Directory /webapps/mycook/public&gt;
        Allow from all
        Options -MultiViews
    &lt;/Directory&gt;
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You may also need to tweak your file/folder permissions. Make sure that the
following folders are readable and executable by Apache:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
this <em>public</em> folder.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
the application’s <em>config</em> folder.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
all parent folders. That is, /webapps/mycook and /webapps must also be readable and executable by Apache.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Then restart Apache. The application has now been deployed.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="deploying_rails_to_sub_uri"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="deploying-to-a-sub-uri-13rfygg" data-anchor="deploying_rails_to_sub_uri">3.2. Deploying to a sub URI</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that you already have a virtual host:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.phusion.nl
    DocumentRoot /websites/phusion
    &lt;Directory /websites/phusion&gt;
        Allow from all
    &lt;/Directory&gt;
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>And you want your Rails application, located in <span class="monospaced">/websites/rails</span>, to be accessible from the URL
<em>http://www.phusion.nl/subapp</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To do this, you need to perform the following:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
Set <span class="monospaced">Alias {SUBURI} {PATH TO YOUR APPLICATION'S PUBLIC DIRECTORY}</span>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Create a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location /{SUBURI}&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Inside the Location block, set <span class="monospaced">PassengerBaseURI /{SUBURI}</span>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Inside the Location block, set <span class="monospaced">PassengerAppRoot {PATH TO YOUR APPLICATION ROOT}</span>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Create a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory {PATH TO YOUR APPLICATION'S PUBLIC DIRECTORY}&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Inside the Directory block, set <span class="monospaced">Allow from all</span>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Inside the Directory block, disable MultiViews.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Here is an example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.phusion.nl
    DocumentRoot /websites/phusion
    &lt;Directory /websites/phusion&gt;
        Allow from all
    &lt;/Directory&gt;

    # These have been added:
    Alias /subapp /websites/rails/public
    &lt;Location /subapp&gt;
        PassengerBaseURI /subapp
        PassengerAppRoot /websites/rails
    &lt;/Location&gt;
    &lt;Directory /websites/rails/public&gt;
        Allow from all
        Options -MultiViews
    &lt;/Directory&gt;
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Then restart Apache. The application has now been deployed to the sub-URI.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">If you’re deploying to a sub-URI then please make sure that your view
templates correctly handles references to sub-URI static assets! Otherwise
you may find broken links to images, CSS files, JavaScripts, etc. Please read
<a href="#sub_uri_deployment_uri_fix">How to fix broken images/CSS/JavaScript URIs in sub-URI deployments</a>
for more information.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_redeploying_restarting_the_ruby_on_rails_application"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="redeploying-restarting-the-ruby-on-rails-application--m5zqc6" data-anchor="_redeploying_restarting_the_ruby_on_rails_application">3.3. Redeploying (restarting the Ruby on Rails application)</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Deploying a new version of a Ruby on Rails application is as simple as
re-uploading the application files, and restarting the application.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are two ways to restart the application:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
By restarting Apache.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
By creating or modifying the file <em>tmp/restart.txt</em> in the Rails
   application’s <a href="#application_root">root folder</a>. Phusion Passenger will
   automatically restart the application during the next request.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, to restart our example MyCook application, we type this in the
command line:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>touch /webapps/mycook/tmp/restart.txt</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please note that, unlike earlier versions of Phusion Passenger, <em>restart.txt</em>
is not automatically deleted. Phusion Passenger checks whether the timestamp
of this file has changed in order to determine whether the application should
be restarted.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_migrations"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="migrations-15238b4" data-anchor="_migrations">3.4. Migrations</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger is not related to Ruby on Rails migrations in any way. To
run migrations on your deployment server, please login to your deployment
server (e.g. with <em>ssh</em>) and type <span class="monospaced">rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=production</span> in
a shell console, just like one would normally run migrations.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_capistrano_integration"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="capistrano-integration-1o4cbyq" data-anchor="_capistrano_integration">3.5. Capistrano integration</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="#capistrano">Capistrano recipe</a>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_deploying_a_rack_based_ruby_application_including_rails_gt_3"></span><h2 data-comment-topic="deploying-a-rack-based-ruby-application-including-rails-3--hcs66f" data-anchor="_deploying_a_rack_based_ruby_application_including_rails_gt_3">4. Deploying a Rack-based Ruby application (including Rails &gt;= 3)</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger supports arbitrary Ruby web applications that follow the
<a href="http://rack.rubyforge.org/">Rack</a> interface.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger assumes that Rack application directories have a certain layout.
Suppose that you have a Rack application in <em>/webapps/rackapp</em>. Then that
folder must contain at least three entries:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<em>config.ru</em>, a Rackup file for starting the Rack application. This file must contain
  the complete logic for initializing the application.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>public/</em>, a folder containing public static web assets, like images and stylesheets.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>tmp/</em>, used for <em>restart.txt</em> (our application restart mechanism). This will
  be explained in a following subsection.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>So <em>/webapps/rackapp</em> must, at minimum, look like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>/webapps/rackapp
  |
  +-- config.ru
  |
  +-- public/
  |
  +-- tmp/</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose you own the domain <em>www.rackapp.com</em>. You can either deploy your application
to the virtual host’s root (i.e. the application will be accessible from the root URL,
<em>http://www.rackapp.com/</em>), or in a sub URI (i.e. the application will be
accessible from a sub URL, such as <em>http://www.rackapp.com/rackapp</em>).</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">The default <span class="monospaced">RACK_ENV</span> environment in which deployed Rack applications
are run, is “production”. You can change this by changing the
<a href="#rack_env"><em>RackEnv</em></a> configuration option.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_tutorial_example_writing_and_deploying_a_hello_world_rack_application"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="tutorial-example-writing-and-deploying-a-hello-world-rack-application-axp5z5" data-anchor="_tutorial_example_writing_and_deploying_a_hello_world_rack_application">4.1. Tutorial/example: writing and deploying a Hello World Rack application</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>First we create a Phusion Passenger-compliant Rack directory structure:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ mkdir /webapps/rack_example
$ mkdir /webapps/rack_example/public
$ mkdir /webapps/rack_example/tmp</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Next, we write a minimal "hello world" Rack application:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ cd /webapps/rack_example
$ some_awesome_editor config.ru
...type in some source code...
$ cat config.ru
app = proc do |env|
    [200, { "Content-Type" =&gt; "text/html" }, ["hello &lt;b&gt;world&lt;/b&gt;"]]
end
run app</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Finally, we deploy it by adding the following configuration options to
the Apache configuration file:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.rackexample.com
    DocumentRoot /webapps/rack_example/public
    &lt;Directory /webapps/rack_example/public&gt;
        Allow from all
        Options -MultiViews
    &lt;/Directory&gt;
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>And we’re done! After an Apache restart, the above Rack application will be available
under the URL <em>http://www.rackexample.com/</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_deploying_to_a_virtual_host_8217_s_root_2"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="deploying-to-a-virtual-host-s-root-u9bfax" data-anchor="_deploying_to_a_virtual_host_8217_s_root_2">4.2. Deploying to a virtual host’s root</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Add a virtual host entry to your Apache configuration file. Make sure that the
following conditions are met:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
The virtual host’s document root must point to your Rack application’s
  <em>public</em> folder.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The Apache per-directory permissions must allow access to this folder.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
MultiViews must be disabled for this folder.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.rackapp.com
    DocumentRoot /webapps/rackapp/public
    &lt;Directory /webapps/rackapp/public&gt;
        Allow from all
        Options -MultiViews
    &lt;/Directory&gt;
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You may also need to tweak your file/folder permissions. Make sure that the
following folders are readable and executable by Apache:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
this <em>public</em> folder.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
the application’s <em>config</em> folder.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
all parent folders. That is, /webapps/rackapp and /webapps must also be readable and executable by Apache.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Then restart Apache. The application has now been deployed.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="deploying_rack_to_sub_uri"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="deploying-to-a-sub-uri-zekba6" data-anchor="deploying_rack_to_sub_uri">4.3. Deploying to a sub URI</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that you already have a virtual host:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.phusion.nl
    DocumentRoot /websites/phusion
    &lt;Directory /websites/phusion&gt;
        Allow from all
    &lt;/Directory&gt;
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>And you want your Rack application, located in <span class="monospaced">/websites/rack</span>, to be accessible from the URL
<em>http://www.phusion.nl/subapp</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To do this, you need to perform the following:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
Set <span class="monospaced">Alias {SUBURI} {PATH TO YOUR APPLICATION'S PUBLIC DIRECTORY}</span>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Create a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location /{SUBURI}&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Inside the Location block, set <span class="monospaced">PassengerBaseURI /{SUBURI}</span>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Inside the Location block, set <span class="monospaced">PassengerAppRoot {PATH TO YOUR APPLICATION ROOT}</span>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Create a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory {PATH TO YOUR APPLICATION'S PUBLIC DIRECTORY}&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Inside the Directory block, set <span class="monospaced">Allow from all</span>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Inside the Directory block, disable MultiViews.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Here is an example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.phusion.nl
    DocumentRoot /websites/phusion
    &lt;Directory /websites/phusion&gt;
        Allow from all
    &lt;/Directory&gt;

    # These have been added:
    Alias /subapp /websites/rack/public
    &lt;Location /subapp&gt;
        PassengerBaseURI /subapp
        PassengerAppRoot /websites/rack
    &lt;/Location&gt;
    &lt;Directory /websites/rack/public&gt;
        Allow from all
        Options -MultiViews
    &lt;/Directory&gt;
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Then restart Apache. The application has now been deployed to the sub-URI.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_redeploying_restarting_the_rack_application"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="redeploying-restarting-the-rack-application--18m41m1" data-anchor="_redeploying_restarting_the_rack_application">4.4. Redeploying (restarting the Rack application)</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Deploying a new version of a Rack application is as simple as
re-uploading the application files, and restarting the application.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are two ways to restart the application:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
By restarting Apache.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
By creating or modifying the file <em>tmp/restart.txt</em> in the Rack
   application’s <a href="#application_root">root folder</a>. Phusion Passenger will
   automatically restart the application.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, to restart our example application, we type this in the
command line:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>touch /webapps/rackapp/tmp/restart.txt</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_rackup_specifications_for_various_web_frameworks"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="rackup-specifications-for-various-web-frameworks-ndsqc2" data-anchor="_rackup_specifications_for_various_web_frameworks">4.5. Rackup specifications for various web frameworks</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This subsection shows example <em>config.ru</em> files for various web frameworks.</p></div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_camping"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="camping-1kxexk0" data-anchor="_camping">4.5.1. Camping</h4>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>require 'rubygems'
require 'rack'
require 'camping'

##### Begin Camping application
Camping.goes :Blog

...your application code here...
##### End Camping application

run Rack::Adapter::Camping.new(Blog)</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For Camping versions 2.0 and up, using <span class="monospaced">run Blog</span> as the final line will do.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_halcyon"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="halcyon-1ghnpmz" data-anchor="_halcyon">4.5.2. Halcyon</h4>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>require 'rubygems'
require 'halcyon'
$LOAD_PATH.unshift(Halcyon.root / 'lib')
Halcyon::Runner.load_config Halcyon.root/'config'/'config.yml'
run Halcyon::Runner.new</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_mack"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="mack-miht6b" data-anchor="_mack">4.5.3. Mack</h4>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>ENV["MACK_ENV"] = ENV["RACK_ENV"]
load("Rakefile")
require 'rubygems'
require 'mack'
run Mack::Utils::Server.build_app</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_merb"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="merb-iyj7qy" data-anchor="_merb">4.5.4. Merb</h4>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>require 'rubygems'
require 'merb-core'

Merb::Config.setup(
  :merb_root   =&gt; ::File.expand_path(::File.dirname(__FILE__)),
  :environment =&gt; ENV['RACK_ENV']
)
Merb.environment = Merb::Config[:environment]
Merb.root = Merb::Config[:merb_root]
Merb::BootLoader.run

run Merb::Rack::Application.new</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_ramaze"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="ramaze-boddtj" data-anchor="_ramaze">4.5.5. Ramaze</h4>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>require "rubygems"
require "ramaze"
Ramaze.trait[:essentials].delete Ramaze::Adapter
require "start"
Ramaze.start!
run Ramaze::Adapter::Base</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_sinatra"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="sinatra-1hubto4" data-anchor="_sinatra">4.5.6. Sinatra</h4>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>require 'rubygems'
require 'sinatra'

set :environment, ENV['RACK_ENV'].to_sym
disable :run, :reload

require 'app.rb'

run Sinatra::Application</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_deploying_a_wsgi_python_application"></span><h2 data-comment-topic="deploying-a-wsgi-python-application-7aygdl" data-anchor="_deploying_a_wsgi_python_application">5. Deploying a WSGI (Python) application</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger supports all WSGI-compliant Python web applications. Suppose that you have a WSGI application in <em>/webapps/wsgiapp</em>. Then that folder must contain at least three entries:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<em>passenger_wsgi.py</em>, which Phusion Passenger will use as the main entry point for your application. This file must export a WSGI object called <span class="monospaced">application</span>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>public/</em>, a folder containing public static web assets, like images and stylesheets.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>tmp/</em>, used for <em>restart.txt</em> (our application restart mechanism). This will be explained in a following subsection.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>So <em>/webapps/wsgiapp</em> must, at minimum, look like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>/webapps/wsgiapp
  |
  +-- config.ru
  |
  +-- public/
  |
  +-- tmp/</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_tutorial_example_writing_and_deploying_a_hello_world_wsgi_application"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="tutorial-example-writing-and-deploying-a-hello-world-wsgi-application-9ziqy8" data-anchor="_tutorial_example_writing_and_deploying_a_hello_world_wsgi_application">5.1. Tutorial/example: writing and deploying a Hello World WSGI application</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>First we create a Phusion Passenger-compliant WSGI directory structure:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ mkdir /webapps/wsgi_example
$ mkdir /webapps/wsgi_example/public
$ mkdir /webapps/wsgi_example/tmp</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Next, we write a minimal "hello world" WSGI application:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ cd /webapps/wsgi_example
$ some_awesome_editor passenger_wsgi.py
...type in some source code...
$ cat passenger_wsgi.py
def application(environ, start_response):
  start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/plain')])
  return [b"hello world!\n"]</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Finally, we deploy it by adding the following configuration options to
the Apache configuration file:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.wsgiexample.com
    DocumentRoot /webapps/wsgi_example/public
    &lt;Directory /webapps/wsgi_example/public&gt;
        Allow from all
        Options -MultiViews
    &lt;/Directory&gt;
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>And we’re done! After an Apache restart, the above WSGI application will be available
under the URL <em>http://www.wsgiexample.com/</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_deploying_to_a_virtual_host_8217_s_root_3"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="deploying-to-a-virtual-host-s-root-zzo4v7" data-anchor="_deploying_to_a_virtual_host_8217_s_root_3">5.2. Deploying to a virtual host’s root</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Add a virtual host entry to your Apache configuration file. Make sure that the
following conditions are met:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
The virtual host’s document root must point to your WSGI application’s
  <em>public</em> folder.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The WSGI per-directory permissions must allow access to this folder.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
MultiViews must be disabled for this folder.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.wsgiapp.com
    DocumentRoot /webapps/wsgiapp/public
    &lt;Directory /webapps/wsgiapp/public&gt;
        Allow from all
        Options -MultiViews
    &lt;/Directory&gt;
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You may also need to tweak your file/folder permissions. Make sure that the
following folders are readable and executable by Apache:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
this <em>public</em> folder.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
the application’s <em>config</em> folder.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
all parent folders. That is, /webapps/wsgiapp and /webapps must also be readable and executable by Apache.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Then restart Apache. The application has now been deployed.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="deploying_python_to_sub_uri"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="deploying-to-a-sub-uri-ayqz96" data-anchor="deploying_python_to_sub_uri">5.3. Deploying to a sub URI</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that you already have a virtual host:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.phusion.nl
    DocumentRoot /websites/phusion
    &lt;Directory /websites/phusion&gt;
        Allow from all
    &lt;/Directory&gt;
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>And you want your Python application, located in <span class="monospaced">/websites/python</span>, to be accessible from the URL
<em>http://www.phusion.nl/subapp</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To do this, you need to perform the following:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
Set <span class="monospaced">Alias {SUBURI} {PATH TO YOUR APPLICATION'S PUBLIC DIRECTORY}</span>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Create a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location /{SUBURI}&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Inside the Location block, set <span class="monospaced">PassengerBaseURI /{SUBURI}</span>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Inside the Location block, set <span class="monospaced">PassengerAppRoot {PATH TO YOUR APPLICATION ROOT}</span>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Create a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory {PATH TO YOUR APPLICATION'S PUBLIC DIRECTORY}&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Inside the Directory block, set <span class="monospaced">Allow from all</span>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Inside the Directory block, disable MultiViews.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Here is an example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.phusion.nl
    DocumentRoot /websites/phusion
    &lt;Directory /websites/phusion&gt;
        Allow from all
    &lt;/Directory&gt;

    # These have been added:
    Alias /subapp /websites/python/public
    &lt;Location /subapp&gt;
        PassengerBaseURI /subapp
        PassengerAppRoot /websites/python
    &lt;/Location&gt;
    &lt;Directory /websites/python/public&gt;
        Allow from all
        Options -MultiViews
    &lt;/Directory&gt;
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Then restart Apache. The application has now been deployed to the sub-URI.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_redeploying_restarting_the_wsgi_application"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="redeploying-restarting-the-wsgi-application--na7pmf" data-anchor="_redeploying_restarting_the_wsgi_application">5.4. Redeploying (restarting the WSGI application)</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Deploying a new version of a WSGI application is as simple as
re-uploading the application files, and restarting the application.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are two ways to restart the application:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
By restarting Apache.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
By creating or modifying the file <em>tmp/restart.txt</em> in the WSGI
   application’s <a href="#application_root">root folder</a>. Phusion Passenger will
   automatically restart the application.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, to restart our example application, we type this in the
command line:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>touch /webapps/wsgiapp/tmp/restart.txt</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_deploying_a_node_js_application"></span><h2 data-comment-topic="deploying-a-node-js-application-882ecy" data-anchor="_deploying_a_node_js_application">6. Deploying a Node.js application</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please refer to <a href="https://github.com/phusion/passenger/wiki/Phusion-Passenger%3A-Node.js-tutorial">the Node.js tutorial</a>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_deploying_a_meteor_application"></span><h2 data-comment-topic="deploying-a-meteor-application-mxfmir" data-anchor="_deploying_a_meteor_application">7. Deploying a Meteor application</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please refer to <a href="https://github.com/phusion/passenger/wiki/Phusion-Passenger:-Meteor-tutorial">the Meteor tutorial</a>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_configuring_phusion_passenger"></span><h2 data-comment-topic="configuring-phusion-passenger-11oztoe" data-anchor="_configuring_phusion_passenger">8. Configuring Phusion Passenger</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>After installation, Phusion Passenger does not need any further configurations.
Nevertheless, the system administrator may be interested in changing
Phusion Passenger’s behavior. Phusion Passenger’s Apache module supports the
following configuration options:</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_passengerroot_lt_directory_gt"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="passengerroot-directory--sere8l" data-anchor="_passengerroot_lt_directory_gt">8.1. PassengerRoot &lt;directory&gt;</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The location to the Phusion Passenger root directory. This configuration option
is essential to Phusion Passenger, and allows Phusion Passenger to locate its own
data files. The correct value is given by the installer.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you’ve moved Phusion Passenger to a different directory then you need to update
this option as well. Please read
<a href="#moving_phusion_passenger">Moving Phusion Passenger to a different directory</a> for more information.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This required option may only occur once, in the global server configuration.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerDefaultRuby"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="passengerdefaultruby-and-passengerruby-7zblp8" data-anchor="PassengerDefaultRuby">8.2. PassengerDefaultRuby &lt;filename&gt;</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Introduced in version 4.0.0.</strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option specifies the default Ruby interpreter to use for web apps as well as for all sorts of internal Phusion Passenger helper scripts, e.g. the one used by <a href="#PassengerPreStart">PassengerPreStart</a>. Please see <a href="#PassengerRuby">PassengerRuby</a> for more information, as well as how it relates to <a href="#PassengerRuby">PassengerRuby</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the global server configuration. The default value is <em>ruby</em>, meaning that the Ruby interpreter will be looked up according to the <span class="monospaced">PATH</span> environment variable.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_deployment_options"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="deployment-options-1unzrll" data-anchor="_deployment_options">8.3. Deployment options</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerEnabled"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerenabled-on-off--74rzth" data-anchor="PassengerEnabled">8.3.1. PassengerEnabled &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can set this option to <em>off</em> to completely disable Phusion Passenger for
a certain location. This is useful if, for example, you want to integrate a PHP
application into the same virtual host as a Rails application.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that you have a Rails application in <em>/apps/foo</em>. Suppose that you’ve
dropped Wordpress — a blogging application written in PHP — in
<em>/apps/foo/public/wordpress</em>. You can then configure Phusion Passenger as
follows:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.foo.com
    DocumentRoot /apps/foo/public
    &lt;Directory /apps/foo/public/wordpress&gt;
        PassengerEnabled off
        AllowOverride all      # &lt;-- Makes Wordpress's .htaccess file work.
    &lt;/Directory&gt;
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This way, Phusion Passenger will not interfere with Wordpress.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><em>PassengerEnabled</em> may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>on</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerRuby"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerruby-filename--1r3fv73" data-anchor="PassengerRuby">8.3.2. PassengerRuby &lt;filename&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <span class="monospaced">PassengerDefaultRuby</span> and <span class="monospaced">PassengerRuby</span> directives specify the Ruby interpreter to use. Similarly, the <span class="monospaced">PassengerPython</span> and <span class="monospaced">PassengerNodejs</span> directives are for specifying the Python interpreter and the Node.js command, respectively.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The relationship between <span class="monospaced">PassengerDefaultRuby</span> and <span class="monospaced">PassengerRuby</span> is as follows:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<span class="monospaced">PassengerDefaultRuby</span> may only occur in the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<span class="monospaced">PassengerRuby</span> may occur everywhere: in the global server configuration, in <span class="monospaced">&lt;VirtualHost&gt;</span>, in <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span>, in <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span>, and in <em>.htaccess</em> if <span class="monospaced">AllowOverride Options</span> is on.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
You don’t <strong>have</strong> to specify <span class="monospaced">PassengerRuby</span>. In this case <span class="monospaced">PassengerDefaultRuby</span> is used as the Ruby interpreter. But if you do specify <span class="monospaced">PassengerRuby</span> then it will override <span class="monospaced">PassengerDefaultRuby</span> in that context. This allows you to use <span class="monospaced">PassengerRuby</span> to specify a different Ruby interpreter on a per-application basis.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger not only uses Ruby to run web apps, but also for running certain helper tools that are written in Ruby, e.g. the internal helper script used by <a href="#PassengerPreStart">PassengerPreStart</a>. These tools are always run using <span class="monospaced">PassengerDefaultRuby</span>, never by <span class="monospaced">PassengerRuby</span>. <span class="monospaced">PassengerRuby</span> is only used for running web apps. You can learn more about the internal helper scripts in <a href="#relationship_with_ruby">Phusion Passenger and its relationship with Ruby</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It is okay if <span class="monospaced">PassengerDefaultRuby</span> refers to a different Ruby interpreter than the one you originally installed Phusion Passenger with. This too is explained in <a href="#relationship_with_ruby">Phusion Passenger and its relationship with Ruby</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The reason why <span class="monospaced">PassengerDefaultRuby</span> exists at all is because limitations in the Apache API prevents us from implementing the same behavior using only the <span class="monospaced">PassengerRuby</span> directive.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There is no <span class="monospaced">PassengerDefaultPython</span> etc because there are no Phusion Passenger tools written in Python. As such, having <span class="monospaced">PassengerPython</span> is enough.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The following example illustrates how it works and how you can use these options to specify different interpreters for different web apps.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre># Use Ruby 1.8.7 by default.
PassengerDefaultRuby /usr/bin/ruby1.8
# Use Python 2.6 by default.
PassengerPython /usr/bin/python2.6
# Use /usr/bin/node by default.
PassengerNodejs /usr/bin/node;

&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    # This Rails web app will use Ruby 1.8.7
    ServerName www.foo.com
    DocumentRoot /webapps/foo/public
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;

&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    # This Rails web app will use Ruby 1.9.3, as installed by RVM
    PassengerRuby /usr/local/rvm/wrappers/ruby-1.9.3/ruby
    ServerName www.bar.com
    DocumentRoot /webapps/bar/public

    # If you have a web app deployed in a sub-URI, customize
    # PassengerRuby/PassengerPython inside a &lt;Location&gt; block.
    # The web app under www.bar.com/blog will use JRuby 1.7.1
    Alias /blog /websites/blog/public
    &lt;Location /blog&gt;
        PassengerBaseURI /blog
        PassengerAppRoot /websites/blog

        PassengerRuby /usr/local/rvm/wrappers/jruby-1.7.1/ruby
    &lt;/Location&gt;
    &lt;Directory /websites/blog/public&gt;
        Allow from all
        Options -MultiViews
    &lt;/Directory&gt;
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;

&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    # This Flask web app will use Python 3.0
    PassengerPython /usr/bin/python3.0
    ServerName www.baz.com
    DocumentRoot /webapps/baz/public
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<div class="title">RVM helper tool</div>
<p>Phusion Passenger provides the <span class="monospaced">passenger-config --ruby-command</span> tool for figuring out the correct command for invoking a specific Ruby interpreter. This is especially useful for RVM users. Suppose that you have both Ruby 1.8.7 and Ruby 1.9.3 installed through RVM, and you want to know the correct commands for each Ruby interpreter.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For this purpose we’ll want to invoke <span class="monospaced">passenger-config</span> using its full path, because each time you <span class="monospaced">rvm use</span> a different Ruby interpreter, RVM changes <span class="monospaced">$PATH</span>. If you did not install Phusion Passenger through the generic tarball installation method, then here’s how you can figure out where <span class="monospaced">passenger-config</span> is:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ which passenger-config
/opt/passenger/bin/passenger-config</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Now, switch to all the RVM Ruby interpreters you want to use. In each interpreter, invoke <span class="monospaced">passenger-config --ruby-command</span>. For Ruby 1.8.7:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ rvm use 1.8.7
$ /opt/passenger/bin/passenger-config --ruby-command
passenger-config was invoked through the following Ruby interpreter:
  Command: /usr/local/rvm/wrappers/ruby-1.8.7-p358/ruby
  Version: ruby 1.8.7 (2012-02-08 patchlevel 358) [universal-darwin12.0]
  To use in Apache: PassengerRuby /usr/local/rvm/wrappers/ruby-1.8.7-p358/ruby
  To use in Nginx : passenger_ruby /usr/local/rvm/wrappers/ruby-1.8.7-p358/ruby
  To use with Standalone: /usr/local/rvm/wrappers/ruby-1.8.7-p358/ruby /opt/passenger/bin/passenger start


## Notes for RVM users
Do you want to know which command to use for a different Ruby interpreter? 'rvm use' that Ruby interpreter, then re-run 'passenger-config --ruby-command'.</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Then, for Ruby 1.9.3:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ rvm use 1.9.3
$ /opt/passenger/bin/passenger-config --ruby-command
passenger-config was invoked through the following Ruby interpreter:
  Command: /usr/local/rvm/wrappers/ruby-1.9.3-p392/ruby
  Version: ruby 1.9.3p392 (2013-02-22 revision 39386) [x86_64-darwin12.2.1]
  To use in Apache: PassengerRuby /usr/local/rvm/wrappers/ruby-1.9.3-p392/ruby
  To use in Nginx : passenger_ruby /usr/local/rvm/wrappers/ruby-1.9.3-p392/ruby
  To use with Standalone: /usr/local/rvm/wrappers/ruby-1.9.3-p392/ruby /opt/passenger/bin/passenger start


## Notes for RVM users
Do you want to know which command to use for a different Ruby interpreter? 'rvm use' that Ruby interpreter, then re-run 'passenger-config --ruby-command'.</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_passengerpython_lt_filename_gt"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerpython-filename--1ssesv3" data-anchor="_passengerpython_lt_filename_gt">8.3.3. PassengerPython &lt;filename&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Introduced in version 4.0.0.</strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option allows one to specify the Python interpreter to use. See <a href="#PassengerRuby">PassengerRuby</a> for more information. The default value is <em>python</em>, meaning that the Python interpreter will be looked up according to the <span class="monospaced">PATH</span> environment variable.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_passengernodejs_lt_filename_gt"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengernodejs-filename--2mjb1j" data-anchor="_passengernodejs_lt_filename_gt">8.3.4. PassengerNodejs &lt;filename&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Introduced in version 4.0.24.</strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option allows one to specify the Node.js command to use. See <a href="#PassengerRuby">PassengerRuby</a> for more information. The default value is <em>node</em>, meaning that the Node.js command will be looked up according to the <span class="monospaced">PATH</span> environment variable.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerAppEnv"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerappenv-string--s3ojlc" data-anchor="PassengerAppEnv">8.3.5. PassengerAppEnv &lt;string&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option sets the value of the following environment variables:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<span class="monospaced">RAILS_ENV</span>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<span class="monospaced">RACK_ENV</span>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<span class="monospaced">WSGI_ENV</span>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<span class="monospaced">NODE_ENV</span>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<span class="monospaced">PASSENGER_APP_ENV</span>
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Some web frameworks, for example Rails and Connect.js, adjust their behavior according to the value in one of these environment variables.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger for Apache sets the default value to <strong>production</strong>. If you’re developing an Rails application then you should set this to <span class="monospaced">development</span>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you want to set other environment variables, please refer to <a href="#env_vars_passenger_apps">Setting environment variables for Phusion Passenger-served apps</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>, if <span class="monospaced">AllowOverride Options</span> is on.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="rails_env"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="railsenv-string--1b0xxvu" data-anchor="rails_env">8.3.6. RailsEnv &lt;string&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>An alias for <a href="#PassengerAppEnv">PassengerAppEnv</a>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="rack_env"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="rackenv-string--vve9py" data-anchor="rack_env">8.3.7. RackEnv &lt;string&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>An alias for <a href="#PassengerAppEnv">PassengerAppEnv</a>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerAppRoot"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerapproot-path-to-root--uf24yd" data-anchor="PassengerAppRoot">8.3.8. PassengerAppRoot &lt;path/to/root&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default, Phusion Passenger assumes that the application’s root directory
is the parent directory of the <em>public</em> directory. This option allows one to
specify the application’s root independently from the DocumentRoot, which
is useful if the <em>public</em> directory lives in a non-standard place.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>, if <span class="monospaced">AllowOverride Options</span> is on.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost test.host&gt;
    DocumentRoot /var/rails/zena/sites/example.com/public
    PassengerAppRoot /var/rails/zena   # &lt;-- normally Phusion Passenger would
                                       #     have assumed that the application
                                       #     root is "/var/rails/zena/sites/example.com"
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerBaseURI"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerbaseuri-uri--97i9mm" data-anchor="PassengerBaseURI">8.3.9. PassengerBaseURI &lt;uri&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Used to specify that the given URI is a Phusion Passenger-served application. Please refer
to the following sections for examples:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<a href="#deploying_rails_to_sub_uri">Deploying Rails 1.x and 2.x to a sub URI</a>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="#deploying_rack_to_sub_uri">Deploying Rack (including Rails &gt;= 3) to a sub URI</a>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="#deploying_python_to_sub_uri">Deploying Python to a sub URI</a>
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>, if <span class="monospaced">AllowOverride Options</span> is on.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_passengerrestartdir_lt_directory_gt"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerrestartdir-directory--1fmhmv0" data-anchor="_passengerrestartdir_lt_directory_gt">8.3.10. PassengerRestartDir &lt;directory&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>As described in the deployment chapters of this document, Phusion Passenger
checks the file <em>tmp/restart.txt</em> in the applications'
<a href="#application_root">root directory</a> for restarting applications. Sometimes it
may be desirable for Phusion Passenger to look in a different directory instead,
for example for security reasons (see below). This option allows you to
customize the directory in which <em>restart.txt</em> is searched for.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You may specify <em>PassengerRestartDir</em> in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>, if <span class="monospaced">AllowOverrides Options</span> is enabled.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can either set it to an absolute directory, or to a directory relative to
the <a href="#application_root">application root</a>. Examples:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.foo.com
    # Phusion Passenger will check for /apps/foo/public/tmp/restart.txt
    DocumentRoot /apps/foo/public
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;

&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.bar.com
    DocumentRoot /apps/bar/public
    # An absolute filename is given; Phusion Passenger will
    # check for /restart_files/bar/restart.txt
    PassengerRestartDir /restart_files/bar
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;

&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.baz.com
    DocumentRoot /apps/baz/public
    # A relative filename is given; Phusion Passenger will
    # check for /apps/baz/restart_files/restart.txt
    #
    # Note that this directory is relative to the APPLICATION ROOT, *not*
    # the value of DocumentRoot!
    PassengerRestartDir restart_files
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<div class="title">What are the security reasons for wanting to customize PassengerRestartDir?</div>
<p>Touching restart.txt will cause Phusion Passenger to restart the application.
So anybody who can touch restart.txt can effectively cause a Denial-of-Service
attack by touching restart.txt over and over. If your web server or one of your
web applications has the permission to touch restart.txt, and one of them has a
security flaw which allows an attacker to touch restart.txt, then that will
allow the attacker to cause a Denial-of-Service.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can prevent this from happening by pointing PassengerRestartDir to a
directory that’s readable by Apache, but only writable by administrators.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerRollingRestarts"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerrollingrestarts" data-anchor="PassengerRollingRestarts">8.3.11. PassengerRollingRestarts &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>This feature is only available in <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/enterprise">Phusion Passenger Enterprise</a>. It was introduced in version 3.0.0. <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/download">Buy Phusion Passenger Enterprise here.</a></strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Enables or disables support for rolling restarts through restart.txt. Normally when you
restart an application by touching restart.txt, Phusion Passenger would
shut down all application processes and spawn a new one. The spawning
of a new application process could take a while, and any requests that
come in during this time will be blocked until this first application
process has spawned.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>But when rolling restarts are enabled, Phusion Passenger Enterprise will:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
Spawn a new process in the background.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
When it’s done spawning, Phusion Passenger Enterprise will replace one of the old processes with this newly spawned one.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Step 1 and 2 are repeated until all processes have been replaced.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This way, visitors will not experience any delays when you are restarting your application. This allows you to, for example, upgrade your application often without degrading user experience.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Rolling restarts have a few caveat however that you should be aware of:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Upgrading an application sometimes involves upgrading the database schema.
  With rolling restarts, there may be a point in time during which processes
  belonging to the previous version and processes belonging to the new version
  both exist at the same time. Any database schema upgrades you perform must
  therefore be backwards-compatible with the old application version.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Because there’s no telling which process will serve a request, users may
  not see changes brought about by the new version until all processes have
  been restarted. It is for this reason that you should not use rolling
  restarts in development, only in production.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If Passenger Enterprise could not rolling restart a process (let’s call it <em>A</em>) because it is unable to spawn a new process (let’s call it <em>B</em>), then Passenger Enterprise will give up trying to rolling restart that particular process <em>A</em>. What happens next depends on whether <a href="#PassengerResistDeploymentErrors">deployment error resistance</a> is enabled:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
If deployment error resistance is disabled (the default), then Passenger Enterprise will proceed with trying to restart the remaining processes.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If deployment error resistance is enabled, the Passenger Enterprise will give up rolling restarting immediately. The application group will be put into Deployment Error Resistance Mode.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please note that <span class="monospaced">PassengerRollingRestarts</span> is completely unrelated to the <span class="monospaced">passenger-config restart-app</span> command. That command always initiates a blocking restart, unless <span class="monospaced">--rolling-restart</span> is given.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>, if <span class="monospaced">AllowOverride Options</span> is on.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>off</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerResistDeploymentErrors"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerresistdeploymenterrors" data-anchor="PassengerResistDeploymentErrors">8.3.12. PassengerResistDeploymentErrors &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>This feature is only available in <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/enterprise">Phusion Passenger Enterprise</a>. It was introduced in version 3.0.0. <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/download">Buy Phusion Passenger Enterprise here.</a></strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Enables or disables resistance against deployment errors.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose you’ve upgraded your application and you’ve issues a command to restart it (by touching restart.txt), but the application code contains an error that prevents Phusion Passenger from successfully spawning a process (e.g. a syntax error). Phusion Passenger would normally display an error message in response to this.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By enabling deployment error resistance, Phusion Passenger Enterprise would instead do this:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
It passes the request to one of the existing application processes (that belong to the previous version of the application). The visitor will not see a Phusion Passenger process spawning error message.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
It logs the error to the global web server error log file.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
It sets an internal flag (Deployment Error Resistance Mode) so that no processes for this application will be spawned (even when the current traffic would normally result in more processes being spawned) and no processes will be idle cleaned. Processes <strong>could</strong> still be shutdown because of other events, e.g. because their <a href="#PassengerMemoryLimit">memory limit</a> have been reached. You can see whether the flag is set by invoking <span class="monospaced">passenger-status</span>. If you see the message "Resisting deployment error" then the flag is set.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This way, visitors will suffer minimally from deployment errors. Phusion Passenger will attempt to restart the application again next time restart.txt is touched.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Enabling deployment error resistance only works if <a href="#PassengerRollingRestarts">rolling restart</a> is also enabled.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>, if <span class="monospaced">AllowOverride Options</span> is on.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>off</em>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_process_spawning_options"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="process-spawning-options-v2vscm" data-anchor="_process_spawning_options">8.4. Process spawning options</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerSpawnMethod"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerspawnmethod-string--sodg2y" data-anchor="PassengerSpawnMethod">8.4.1. PassengerSpawnMethod &lt;string&gt;</h4>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/tip.png" alt="Tip">
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="title">"What spawn method should I use?"</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This subsection attempts to describe spawn methods, but it’s okay if you don’t (want to)
understand it, as it’s mostly a technical detail. You can basically follow this rule of thumb:</p></div>
<div class="sidebarblock">
<div class="content">
<div class="paragraph"><p>If your application works on Mongrel or Thin, but not on Phusion Passenger, then set
<span class="monospaced">PassengerSpawnMethod</span> to <em>direct</em>. Otherwise, leave it at <em>smart</em> (the default).</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>However, we do recommend you to try to understand it. The <em>smart</em> spawn
method bring many benefits.</p></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Internally, Phusion Passenger spawns multiple Ruby application processes in order to handle
requests. But there are multiple ways with which processes can be spawned, each having
its own set of pros and cons. Supported spawn methods are:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>smart</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This spawning method caches code using the app preloader. Framework code is not
cached between multiple applications, although it is cached within
instances of the same application. Please read
<a href="#spawning_methods_explained">Spawning methods explained</a> for a more detailed
explanation of what smart spawning exactly does.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Pros:</strong>
Smart spawning caches code where possible to speed up the respawn process
and is compatible with most applications</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Cons:</strong>
It is possible that it may be incompatible with some applications</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>direct</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This spawning method is similar to the one used in Mongrel Cluster. It does not
perform any code caching at all. Please read
<a href="#spawning_methods_explained">Spawning methods explained</a> for a more detailed
explanation of what direct spawning exactly does.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Pros:</strong>
Direct spawning is guaranteed to be compatible with all applications
and libraries.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Cons:</strong>
Much slower than smart spawning. Every spawn action will be equally slow, though no slower than
the startup time of a single server in Mongrel Cluster. Direct spawning will also
render <a href="#reducing_memory_usage">Ruby Enterprise Edition’s memory reduction technology</a> useless.</p></div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="sidebarblock">
<div class="content">
<div class="paragraph"><p>As of Phusion Passenger 4.0, <em>conservative</em> spawning was renamed to <em>direct</em> and <em>smart-lv2</em> was renamed
to <em>smart</em>. The old <em>smart</em> spawning has been removed in favor of the new version.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>smart</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerLoadShellEnvvars"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerloadshellenvvars-on-off--1290yz1" data-anchor="PassengerLoadShellEnvvars">8.4.2. PassengerLoadShellEnvvars &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Introduced in version 4.0.20.</strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Enables or disables the loading of shell environment variables before spawning the application.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If this option is turned on, and the user’s shell is <span class="monospaced">bash</span>, then applications are loaded by running them with <span class="monospaced">bash -l -c</span>. Otherwise, they are loaded by running them directly from the <span class="monospaced">PassengerHelperAgent</span> process.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>, if <span class="monospaced">AllowOverride Options</span> is on.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>on</em>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_security_options"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="security-options-1pb75ho" data-anchor="_security_options">8.5. Security options</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerUserSwitching"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengeruserswitching" data-anchor="PassengerUserSwitching">8.5.1. PassengerUserSwitching &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Whether to enable <a href="#user_switching">user switching support</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur once, in the global server configuration.
The default value is <em>on</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerUser"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengeruser" data-anchor="PassengerUser">8.5.2. PassengerUser &lt;username&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If <a href="#user_switching">user switching support</a> is enabled, then Phusion Passenger will
by default run the web application as the owner of the file <em>config/environment.rb</em>
(for Rails apps) or <em>config.ru</em> (for Rack apps). This option allows you to override
that behavior and explicitly set a user to run the web application as, regardless
of the ownership of <em>environment.rb</em>/<em>config.ru</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerGroup"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengergroup" data-anchor="PassengerGroup">8.5.3. PassengerGroup &lt;group name&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If <a href="#user_switching">user switching support</a> is enabled, then Phusion Passenger will
by default run the web application as the primary group of the owner of the file
<em>config/environment.rb</em> (for Rails apps) or <em>config.ru</em> (for Rack apps). This option
allows you to override that behavior and explicitly set a group to run the web application
as, regardless of the ownership of <em>environment.rb</em>/<em>config.ru</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><em>&lt;group name&gt;</em> may also be set to the special value <em>!STARTUP_FILE!</em>, in which case
the web application’s group will be set to <em>environment.rb</em>/<em>config.ru</em>'s group.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerDefaultUser"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerdefaultuser" data-anchor="PassengerDefaultUser">8.5.4. PassengerDefaultUser &lt;username&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger enables <a href="#user_switching">user switching support</a> by default.
This configuration option allows one to specify the user that applications must
run as, if user switching fails or is disabled.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur once, in the global server configuration.
The default value is <em>nobody</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerDefaultGroup"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerdefaultgroup" data-anchor="PassengerDefaultGroup">8.5.5. PassengerDefaultGroup &lt;group name&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger enables <a href="#user_switching">user switching support</a> by default.
This configuration option allows one to specify the group that applications must
run as, if user switching fails or is disabled.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur once, in the global server configuration.
The default value is the primary group of the user specifified by
<a href="#PassengerDefaultUser">PassengerDefaultUser</a>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerFriendlyErrorPages"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerfriendlyerrorpages" data-anchor="PassengerFriendlyErrorPages">8.5.6. PassengerFriendlyErrorPages &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger can display friendly error pages whenever an application fails
to start. This friendly error page presents the startup error message, some
suggestions for solving the problem, and a backtrace. This feature is very useful
during application development and useful for less experienced system administrators,
but the page might reveal potentially sensitive information, depending on the
application. Experienced system administrators who are using Phusion Passenger
on serious production servers should consider turning this feature off.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>, if <span class="monospaced">AllowOverride Options</span> is on.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>on</em>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_resource_control_and_optimization_options"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="resource-control-and-optimization-options-zu2f7u" data-anchor="_resource_control_and_optimization_options">8.6. Resource control and optimization options</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerMaxPoolSize"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengermaxpoolsize-integer--am64q8" data-anchor="PassengerMaxPoolSize">8.6.1. PassengerMaxPoolSize &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The maximum number of <a href="#application_process">application processes</a> that may
simultaneously exist. A larger number results in higher memory usage,
but improves the ability to handle concurrent HTTP requests.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The optimal value depends on your system’s hardware and your workload. You can learn more at the Phusion article <a href="http://blog.phusion.nl/2013/03/12/tuning-phusion-passengers-concurrency-settings/">Tuning Phusion Passenger’s concurrency settings</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you find that your server is running out of memory then you should lower this value.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur once, in the global server configuration.
The default value is <em>6</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerMinInstances"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengermininstances-integer--wegq6b" data-anchor="PassengerMinInstances">8.6.2. PassengerMinInstances &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This specifies the minimum number of application processes that should exist for a
given application. You should set this option to a
non-zero value if you want to avoid potentially long startup times after a website
has been <a href="#idle_process">idle</a> for an extended period.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please note that this option does <strong>not</strong> pre-start application processes during Apache
startup. It just makes sure that when the application is first accessed:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
at least the given number of processes will be spawned.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
the given number of processes will be kept around even when processes are being
   idle cleaned (see <a href="#PassengerPoolIdleTime">PassengerPoolIdleTime</a>).
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you want to pre-start application processes during Apache startup, then you should use the <a href="#PassengerPreStart">PassengerPreStart</a> directive, possibly in combination with
<em>PassengerMinInstances</em>. This behavior might seem counter-intuitive at first sight,
but <a href="#PassengerPreStart">PassengerPreStart</a> explains the rationale behind it.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, suppose that you have the following configuration:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>PassengerMaxPoolSize 15
PassengerPoolIdleTime 10

&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName foobar.com
    DocumentRoot /webapps/foobar/public
    PassengerMinInstances 3
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When you start Apache, there are 0 application processes for <em>foobar.com</em>. Things will
stay that way until someone visits <em>foobar.com</em>. Suppose that there is only 1 visitor.
1 application process will be started immediately to serve the visitor, while 2 will
be spawned in the background. After 10 seconds, when the idle timeout has
been reached, these 3 application processes will not be cleaned up.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Now suppose that there’s a sudden spike of traffic, and 100 users visit <em>foobar.com</em>
simultanously. Phusion Passenger will start 12 more application processes. After the idle
timeout of 10 seconds have passed, Phusion Passenger will clean up 12 application
processes, keeping 3 processes around.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The PassengerMinInstances option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>, if <span class="monospaced">AllowOverride Limits</span> is on.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>1</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerMaxInstances"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengermaxinstances" data-anchor="PassengerMaxInstances">8.6.3. PassengerMaxInstances &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>This feature is only available in <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/enterprise">Phusion Passenger Enterprise</a>. It was introduced in version 3.0.0. <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/download">Buy Phusion Passenger Enterprise here.</a></strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The maximum number of application processes that may simultaneously exist
for an application. This helps to make sure that a single application
will not occupy all available slots in the application pool.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This value must be less than <a href="#PassengerMaxPoolSize">PassengerMaxPoolSize</a>. A value of 0
means that there is no limit placed on the number of processes a single application
may spawn, i.e. only the global limit of <a href="#PassengerMaxPoolSize">PassengerMaxPoolSize</a>
will be enforced.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>0</em>.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/tip.png" alt="Tip">
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="title">Practical usage example</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that you’re hosting two web applications on your server, a personal
blog and an e-commerce website. You’ve set <a href="#PassengerMaxPoolSize">PassengerMaxPoolSize</a>
to 10. The e-commerce website is more important to you. You can then set
<em>PassengerMaxInstances</em> to 3 for your blog, so that it will never spawn more
than 3 processes, even if it suddenly gets a lot of traffic. Your e-commerce website
on the other hand will be free to spawn up to 10 processes if it gets a lot of traffic.</p></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_passengermaxinstancesperapp_lt_integer_gt"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengermaxinstancesperapp" data-anchor="_passengermaxinstancesperapp_lt_integer_gt">8.6.4. PassengerMaxInstancesPerApp &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The maximum number of application processes that may simultaneously exist
for a single application. This helps to make sure that a single application
will not occupy all available slots in the application pool.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This value must be less than <a href="#PassengerMaxPoolSize">PassengerMaxPoolSize</a>. A value of 0
means that there is no limit placed on the number of processes a single application
may use, i.e. only the global limit of <a href="#PassengerMaxPoolSize">PassengerMaxPoolSize</a>
will be enforced.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur once, in the global server configuration.
The default value is <em>0</em>.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/tip.png" alt="Tip">
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="title">Practical usage example</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that you’re hosting two blogs (blog A and B) on your server, and that
you’ve set <a href="#PassengerMaxPoolSize">PassengerMaxPoolSize</a> to 10. Under normal
circumstances, if blog A suddenly gets a lot of traffic, then A will use all 10
pool slots. If blog B suddenly gets some traffic, then it will only be able to
use 1 pool slot (forcefully releasing 1 slot from A) until A’s traffic has
settled down and it has released more pool slots.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you consider both blogs equally important, then you can set
<em>PassengerMaxInstancesPerApp</em> to 5. This way, both blogs will never use more
than 5 pool slots.</p></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="title">Relation with PassengerMaxInstances</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Unlike <a href="#PassengerMaxInstances">PassengerMaxInstances</a>, this configuration
option is global and applies to all applications. <em>PassengerMaxInstances</em> on the
other hand is per-virtual host.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that you’re hosting two web applications on your server, a personal
blog and an e-commerce website. You’ve set <a href="#PassengerMaxPoolSize">PassengerMaxPoolSize</a>
to 10. The e-commerce website is more important to you. You can then set
<em>PassengerMaxInstances</em> to 3 for your blog, so that it will never use more than
3 pool slots, even if it suddenly gets a lot of traffic. Your e-commerce website
on the other hand will be free to use up all 10 slots if it gets a lot of traffic.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In summary, <em>PassengerMaxInstancesPerApp</em> divides the pool equally among the
different web applications, while <em>PassengerMaxInstances</em> allows one to divide
the pool unequally, according to each web application’s relative importance.</p></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerPoolIdleTime"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerpoolidletime-integer--a3gunq" data-anchor="PassengerPoolIdleTime">8.6.5. PassengerPoolIdleTime &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The maximum number of seconds that an application process may be idle. That is,
if an application process hasn’t received any traffic after the given number of
seconds, then it will be shutdown in order to conserve memory.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Decreasing this value means that applications will have to be spawned
more often. Since spawning is a relatively slow operation, some visitors may
notice a small delay when they visit your Rails/Rack website. However, it will also
free up resources used by applications more quickly.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The optimal value depends on the average time that a visitor spends on a single
Rails/Rack web page. We recommend a value of <span class="monospaced">2 * x</span>, where <span class="monospaced">x</span> is the average
number of seconds that a visitor spends on a single Rails/Rack web page. But your
mileage may vary.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When this value is set to <em>0</em>, application processes will not be shutdown unless
it’s really necessary, i.e. when Phusion Passenger is out of application processes
for a given application and one of the <a href="#inactive_process">inactive application processes</a> needs to
make place for another application process. Setting the value to 0 is
recommended if you’re on a non-shared host that’s only running a few
applications, each which must be available at all times.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur once, in the global server configuration.
The default value is <em>300</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerMaxPreloaderIdleTime"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="railsappspawneridletime-integer--1awgog1" data-anchor="PassengerMaxPreloaderIdleTime">8.6.6. PassengerMaxPreloaderIdleTime &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The ApplicationSpawner server (explained in <a href="#spawning_methods_explained">Spawning methods explained</a>) has an idle timeout, just like the backend processes spawned by
Phusion Passenger do. That is, it will automatically shutdown if it hasn’t done
anything for a given period.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option allows you to set the ApplicationSpawner server’s idle timeout, in
seconds. A value of <em>0</em> means that it should never idle timeout.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Setting a higher value will mean that the ApplicationSpawner server is kept around
longer, which may slightly increase memory usage. But as long as the
ApplicationSpawner server is running, the time to spawn a Ruby on Rails backend
process only takes about 10% of the time that is normally needed, assuming that
you’re using the <em>smart</em> or <em>smart-lv2</em> <a href="#PassengerSpawnMethod">spawning method</a>. So if your
system has enough memory, is it recommended that you set this option to a high
value or to <em>0</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>300</em> (5 minutes).</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_passengerstarttimeout_lt_seconds_gt"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerstarttimeout-seconds--ihnfku" data-anchor="_passengerstarttimeout_lt_seconds_gt">8.6.7. PassengerStartTimeout &lt;seconds&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Introduced in version 4.0.15.</strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Specifies a timeout for the startup of application processes. If an application process fails to start within the timeout period then it will be forcefully killed with SIGKILL, and the error will be logged.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>, if <span class="monospaced">AllowOverride Limits</span> is on.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>90</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerConcurrencyModel"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerconcurrencymodel-process-thread--1eipofj" data-anchor="PassengerConcurrencyModel">8.6.8. PassengerConcurrencyModel &lt;process|thread&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>This feature is only available in <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/enterprise">Phusion Passenger Enterprise</a>. It was introduced in version 4.0.0. <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/download">Buy Phusion Passenger Enterprise here.</a></strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Specifies the I/O concurrency model that should be used for application processes. Phusion Passenger supports two concurrency models:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<em>process</em> - single-threaded, multi-processed I/O concurrency. Each application process only has a single thread and can only handle 1 request at a time. This is the concurrency model that Ruby applications traditionally used. It has excellent compatiblity (can work with applications that are not designed to be thread-safe) but is unsuitable for workloads in which the application has to wait for a lot of external I/O (e.g. HTTP API calls), and uses more memory because each process has a large memory overhead.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>thread</em> - multi-threaded, multi-processed I/O concurrency. Each application process has multiple threads (customizable via <a href="#PassengerThreadCount">PassengerThreadCount</a>). This model provides much better I/O concurrency and uses less memory because threads share memory with each other within the same process. However, using this model may cause compatibility problems if the application is not designed to be thread-safe.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>process</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerThreadCount"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerthreadcount-number--10jl64a" data-anchor="PassengerThreadCount">8.6.9. PassengerThreadCount &lt;number&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>This feature is only available in <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/enterprise">Phusion Passenger Enterprise</a>. It was introduced in version 4.0.0. <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/download">Buy Phusion Passenger Enterprise here.</a></strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Specifies the number of threads that Phusion Passenger should spawn per application process. This option only has effect if <a href="#PassengerConcurrencyModel">PassengerConcurrencyModel</a> is <em>thread</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>1</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerMaxRequests"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengermaxrequests-integer--17qkw9n" data-anchor="PassengerMaxRequests">8.6.10. PassengerMaxRequests &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The maximum number of requests an application process will process. After
serving that many requests, the application process will be shut down and
Phusion Passenger will restart it. A value of 0 means that there is no maximum:
an application process will thus be shut down when its idle timeout has been
reached.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option is useful if your application is leaking memory. By shutting
it down after a certain number of requests, all of its memory is guaranteed
to be freed by the operating system.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>, if <span class="monospaced">AllowOverride Limits</span> is on.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>0</em>.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/caution.png" alt="Caution">
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <a href="#PassengerMaxRequests">PassengerMaxRequests</a> directive should be considered
as a workaround for misbehaving applications. It is advised that you fix the
problem in your application rather than relying on these directives as a
measure to avoid memory leaks.</p></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerMaxRequestTime"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengermaxrequesttime-seconds--127v1i2" data-anchor="PassengerMaxRequestTime">8.6.11. PassengerMaxRequestTime &lt;seconds&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>This feature is only available in <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/enterprise">Phusion Passenger Enterprise</a>. It was introduced in version 3.0.0. <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/download">Buy Phusion Passenger Enterprise here.</a></strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The maximum amount of time, in seconds, that an application process may take
to process a request. If the request takes longer than this amount of time,
then the application process will be forcefully shut down, and possibly
restarted upon the next request. A value of 0 means that there is no time limit.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option is useful for preventing your application from freezing for an
indefinite period of time.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>, if <span class="monospaced">AllowOverride Limits</span> is on.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>0</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph">
<div class="title">Example</div>
<p>Suppose that most of your requests are known to finish within 2 seconds.
However, there is one URI, <em>/expensive_computation</em>, which is known to take up
to 10 seconds. You can then configure Phusion Passenger as follows:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.example.com
    DocumentRoot /webapps/my_app/public

    PassengerMaxRequestTime 2
    &lt;Location /expensive_computation&gt;
        PassengerMaxRequestTime 10
    &lt;/Location&gt;
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If a request to <em>/expensive_computation</em> takes more than 10 seconds,
or if a request to any other URI takes more than 2 seconds,
then the corresponding application process will be forced to shutdown.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/caution.png" alt="Caution">
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <a href="#PassengerMaxRequestTime">PassengerMaxRequestTime</a> directive should be
considered as a workaround for misbehaving applications. It is advised that you
fix the problem in your application rather than relying on these directives as a
measure to avoid freezing applications.</p></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerMemoryLimit"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengermemorylimit-integer--18irza1" data-anchor="PassengerMemoryLimit">8.6.12. PassengerMemoryLimit &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>This feature is only available in <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/enterprise">Phusion Passenger Enterprise</a>. It was introduced in version 3.0.0. <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/download">Buy Phusion Passenger Enterprise here.</a></strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The maximum amount of memory that an application process may use, in megabytes.
Once an application process has surpassed its memory limit, it will process
all the requests currently present in its queue and then shut down.
A value of 0 means that there is no maximum: the application’s memory usage
will not be checked.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option is useful if your application is leaking memory. By shutting
it down, all of its memory is guaranteed to be freed by the operating system.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>, if <span class="monospaced">AllowOverride Limits</span> is on.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>0</em>.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="title">A word about permissions</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <a href="#PassengerMemoryLimit">PassengerMemoryLimit</a> directive uses
<span class="monospaced">ps</span> command to query memory usage information. On Linux, it further
queries <span class="monospaced">/proc</span> to obtain additional memory usage information that’s
not obtainable through <span class="monospaced">ps</span>. You should ensure that the <span class="monospaced">ps</span> works
correctly and that the <span class="monospaced">/proc</span> filesystem is accessible by the
<span class="monospaced">PassengerHelperAgent</span> process.</p></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/caution.png" alt="Caution">
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <a href="#PassengerMaxRequests">PassengerMaxRequests</a> and
<a href="#PassengerMemoryLimit">PassengerMemoryLimit</a> directives should be considered
as workarounds for misbehaving applications. It is advised that you fix the
problem in your application rather than relying on these directives as a
measure to avoid memory leaks.</p></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_passengerstatthrottlerate_lt_integer_gt"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerstatthrottlerate-integer--1dcfda3" data-anchor="_passengerstatthrottlerate_lt_integer_gt">8.6.13. PassengerStatThrottleRate &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default, Phusion Passenger performs several filesystem checks (or, in
programmers jargon, <em>stat() calls</em>) each time a request is processed:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
It checks whether <em>config/environment.rb</em>, <em>config.ru</em> or <em>passenger_wsgi.py</em>
  is present, in order to autodetect Rails, Rack and WSGI applications.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
It checks whether <em>restart.txt</em> has changed or whether <em>always_restart.txt</em>
  exists, in order to determine whether the application should be restarted.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>On some systems where disk I/O is expensive, e.g. systems where the harddisk is
already being heavily loaded, or systems where applications are stored on NFS
shares, these filesystem checks can incur a lot of overhead.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can decrease or almost entirely eliminate this overhead by setting
<em>PassengerStatThrottleRate</em>. Setting this option to a value of <em>x</em> means that
the above list of filesystem checks will be performed at most once every <em>x</em>
seconds. Setting it to a value of <em>0</em> means that no throttling will take place,
or in other words, that the above list of filesystem checks will be performed on
every request.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>, if <span class="monospaced">AllowOverride Limits</span> is on.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>0</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerPreStart"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerprestart-url--1utb57k" data-anchor="PassengerPreStart">8.6.14. PassengerPreStart &lt;url&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default, Phusion Passenger does not start any application processes until said
web application is first accessed. The result is that the first visitor of said
web application might experience a small delay as Phusion Passenger is starting
the web application on demand. If that is undesirable, then this directive can be
used to pre-started application processes during Apache startup.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A few things to be careful of:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
This directive accepts the <strong>URL</strong> of the web application you want to pre-start,
  not a on/off value! This might seem a bit weird, but read on for rationale. As
  for the specifics of the URL:
</p>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
The domain part of the URL must be equal to the value of the <em>ServerName</em>
    directive of the VirtualHost block that defines the web application.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Unless the web application is deployed on port 80, the URL should contain
    the web application’s port number too.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The path part of the URL must point to some URI that the web application
    handles.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
You will probably want to combine this option with
  <a href="#PassengerMinInstances">PassengerMinInstances</a> because application processes
  started with <em>PassengerPreStart</em> are subject to the usual idle timeout rules.
  See the example below for an explanation.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified any number of times.</p></div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_example_1_basic_usage">Example 1: basic usage</h5>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that you have the following web applications.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
   ServerName foo.com
   DocumentRoot /webapps/foo/public
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;

&lt;VirtualHost *:3500&gt;
   ServerName bar.com
   DocumentRoot /webapps/bar/public
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You want both of them to be pre-started during Apache startup. The URL for
foo.com is <em>http://foo.com/</em> (or, equivalently, <em>http://foo.com:80/</em>) and
the URL for bar.com is <em>http://bar.com:3500/</em>. So we add two PassengerPreStart
directives, like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
   ServerName foo.com
   DocumentRoot /webapps/foo/public
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;

&lt;VirtualHost *:3500&gt;
   ServerName bar.com
   DocumentRoot /webapps/bar/public
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;

PassengerPreStart http://foo.com/           # &lt;--- added
PassengerPreStart http://bar.com:3500/      # &lt;--- added</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_example_2_pre_starting_apps_that_are_deployed_in_sub_uris">Example 2: pre-starting apps that are deployed in sub-URIs</h5>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that you have a web application deployed in a sub-URI <em>/store</em>, like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
   ServerName myblog.com
   DocumentRoot /webapps/wordpress

   Alias /store /websites/store/public
    &lt;Location /store&gt;
        PassengerBaseURI /store
        PassengerAppRoot /websites/store
    &lt;/Location&gt;
    &lt;Directory /websites/store/public&gt;
        Allow from all
        Options -MultiViews
    &lt;/Directory&gt;
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Then specify the domain name of its containing virtual host followed by the sub-URI,
like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
   ServerName myblog.com
   DocumentRoot /webapps/wordpress

   Alias /store /websites/store/public
    &lt;Location /store&gt;
        PassengerBaseURI /store
        PassengerAppRoot /websites/store
    &lt;/Location&gt;
    &lt;Directory /websites/store/public&gt;
        Allow from all
        Options -MultiViews
    &lt;/Directory&gt;
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;

PassengerPreStart http://myblog.com/store    # &lt;----- added</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The sub-URI <strong>must</strong> be included; if you don’t then the directive will have no effect.
The following example is wrong and won’t pre-start the store web application:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>PassengerPreStart http://myblog.com/    # &lt;----- WRONG! Missing "/store" part.</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_example_3_combining_with_passengermininstances">Example 3: combining with PassengerMinInstances</h5>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Application processes started with PassengerPreStart are
also subject to the idle timeout rules as specified by
<a href="#PassengerPoolIdleTime">PassengerPoolIdleTime</a>! That means that by default,
the pre-started application processes for foo.com are bar.com are shut down
after a few minutes of inactivity. If you don’t want that to happen, then
you should combine PassengerPreStart with
<a href="#PassengerMinInstances">PassengerMinInstances</a>, like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
   ServerName foo.com
   DocumentRoot /webapps/foo/public
   # Added!
   PassengerMinInstances 1
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;

&lt;VirtualHost *:3500&gt;
   ServerName bar.com
   DocumentRoot /webapps/bar/public
   # Added!
   PassengerMinInstances 1
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;

PassengerPreStart http://foo.com/
PassengerPreStart http://bar.com:3500/</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_so_why_a_url_why_not_just_an_on_off_flag">So why a URL? Why not just an on/off flag?</h5>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A directive that accepts a simple on/off flag is definitely more intuitive,
but due technical difficulties w.r.t. the way Apache works, it’s very hard
to implement it like that:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
It is very hard to obtain a full list of web applications defined in the
  Apache configuration file(s). In other words, it’s hard for Phusion Passenger
  to know which web applications are deployed on Apache until a web application
  is first accessed, and without such a list Phusion Passenger wouldn’t know
  which web applications to pre-start. It’s probably not completely impossible
  to obtain such a list, but this brings us to the following point;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Users expect things like <em>mod_env</em> to work even in combination with Phusion
  Passenger. For example some people put “SetEnv PATH=….” in their virtual
  host block and they expect the web application to pick that environment variable
  up when it’s started. Information like this is stored in module-specific
  locations that Phusion Passenger cannot access directly. Even if the previous
  bullet point is solved and we can obtain a list of web applications,
  we cannot start the application with the correct mod_env information.
  mod_env is just one such example; there are probably many other Apache modules,
  all of which people expect to work, but we cannot answer to those expectations
  if PassengerPreStart is implemented as a simple on/off flag.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>So as a compromise, we made it accept a URL. This is easier to implement for
us and altough it looks weird, it behaves consistently w.r.t. cooperation
with other Apache modules.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_what_does_phusion_passenger_do_with_the_url">What does Phusion Passenger do with the URL?</h5>
<div class="paragraph"><p>During Apache startup, Phusion Passenger will send a dummy HEAD request to the
given URL and discard the result. In other words, Phusion Passenger simulates a
web access at the given URL. However this simulated request is always sent to
localhost, <strong>not</strong> to the IP that the domain resolves to. Suppose that bar.com
in example 1 resolves to 209.85.227.99; Phusion Passenger will
send the following HTTP request to 127.0.0.1 port 3500 (and not to 209.85.227.99
port 3500):</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>HEAD / HTTP/1.1
Host: bar.com
Connection: close</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Similarly, for example 2, Phusion Passenger will send the following HTTP request
to 127.0.0.1 port 80:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>HEAD /store HTTP/1.1
Host: myblog.com
Connection: close</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_do_i_need_to_edit_etc_hosts_and_point_the_domain_in_the_url_to_127_0_0_1">Do I need to edit /etc/hosts and point the domain in the URL to 127.0.0.1?</h5>
<div class="paragraph"><p>No. See previous subsection.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_my_web_application_consists_of_multiple_web_servers_what_url_do_i_need_to_specify_and_in_which_web_server_8217_s_apache_config_file">My web application consists of multiple web servers. What URL do I need to specify, and in which web server’s Apache config file?</h5>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Put the web application’s virtual host’s ServerName value and the virtual host’s
port in the URL, and put
PassengerPreStart on all machines that you want to pre-start the web application
on. The simulated web request is always sent to 127.0.0.1, with the domain name
in the URL as value for the <em>Host</em> HTTP header, so you don’t need to worry about
the request ending up at a different web server in the cluster.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_does_passengerprestart_support_https_urls">Does PassengerPreStart support https:// URLs?</h5>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Yes. And it does not perform any certificate validation.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerHighPerformance"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerhighperformance-on-off--nvfa86" data-anchor="PassengerHighPerformance">8.6.15. PassengerHighPerformance &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default, Phusion Passenger is compatible with mod_rewrite and most other
Apache modules. However, a lot of effort is required in order to be compatible.
If you turn <em>PassengerHighPerformance</em> to <em>on</em>, then Phusion Passenger will be
a little faster, in return for reduced compatibility with other Apache modules.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In places where <em>PassengerHighPerformance</em> is turned on, mod_rewrite rules will
likely not work. mod_autoindex (the module which displays a directory index)
will also not work. Other Apache modules may or may not work, depending on what
they exactly do. We recommend you to find out how other modules behave in high
performance mode via testing.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option is <strong>not</strong> an all-or-nothing global option: you can enable high
performance mode for certain virtual hosts or certain URLs only.
The <em>PassengerHighPerformance</em> option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>off</em>,
so high performance mode is disabled by default, and you have to explicitly
enable it.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph">
<div class="title">When to enable high performance mode?</div>
<p>If you do not use mod_rewrite or other Apache modules then it might make
sense to enable high performance mode.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It’s likely that some of your applications depend on mod_rewrite or other
Apache modules, while some do not. In that case you can enable high performance
for only those applications that don’t use other Apache modules. For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.foo.com
    DocumentRoot /apps/foo/public
    .... mod_rewrite rules or options for other Apache modules here ...
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;

&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.bar.com
    DocumentRoot /apps/bar/public
    PassengerHighPerformance on
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In the above example, high performance mode is only enabled for www.bar.com.
It is disabled for everything else.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If your application generally depends on mod_rewrite or other Apache modules,
but a certain URL that’s accessed often doesn’t depend on those other modules,
then you can enable high performance mode for a certain URL only. For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.foo.com
    DocumentRoot /apps/foo/public
    .... mod_rewrite rules or options for other Apache modules here ...

    &lt;Location /chatroom/ajax_update_poll&gt;
        PassengerHighPerformance on
    &lt;/Location&gt;
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This enables high performance mode for
<a href="http://www.foo.com/chatroom/ajax_update_poll">http://www.foo.com/chatroom/ajax_update_poll</a> only.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_connection_handling_options"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="connection-handling-options-1k3zd1a" data-anchor="_connection_handling_options">8.7. Connection handling options</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerBufferUpload"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerbufferupload-on-off--1lsjr93" data-anchor="PassengerBufferUpload">8.7.1. PassengerBufferUpload &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Introduced in version 4.0.26.</strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When turned on, HTTP request uploads (HTTP POST request bodies) will be buffered before sending the request to the application. Enabling upload buffering protects the application from slow clients, but will also prevent the ability to track upload progress.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you want to allow your application to track upload progress, it is recommended that you disable upload buffering for specific URIs only. For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre># Disable upload buffering for /upload_video only.
&lt;Location /upload_video&gt;
    PassengerBufferUpload off
&lt;/Location&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>on</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerBufferResponse"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerbufferresponse-on-off--1y7ilka" data-anchor="PassengerBufferResponse">8.7.2. PassengerBufferResponse &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When turned on, application-generated responses are buffered by Apache. Buffering will
happen in memory.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Before we proceed with explaining this configuration option, we want to state the following to avoid confusion. If you use Phusion Passenger for Apache, there are in fact two response buffering systems active:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
The Apache response buffering system. <span class="monospaced">PassengerBufferResponse</span> turns this on or off.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The Phusion Passenger response buffering system, a.k.a. <em>real-time disk-backed response buffering</em>. This buffering system is always on, regardless of the value of <span class="monospaced">PassengerBufferResponse</span>.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Response buffering is useful because it protects against slow HTTP clients that do not read responses immediately or quickly enough. Buffering prevents such slow clients from blocking web applications that have limited concurrency. Because Phusion Passenger’s response buffering is always turned on, you are always protected. Therefore, <span class="monospaced">PassengerBufferResponse</span> is off by default, and you never should have to turn it on.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If for whatever reason you want to turn Apache-level response buffering on, you can do so with this option.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Apache’s response buffering works differently from Phusion Passenger’s. Apache’s buffering system buffers the entire response before attempting to send it to the client, while Phusion Passenger’s attempts to send the data to the client immediately. Therefore, if you turn on <span class="monospaced">PassengerBufferResponse</span>, you may interfere with applications that want to stream responses to the client.
Apache’s version also buffers to memory only, making it problematic for large responses. Phusion Passenger’s version buffers to disk when the response exceeds a certain threshold.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>How does response buffering - whether it’s done by Apache or by Phusion Passenger - exactly protect against slow clients?
Consider an HTTP client that’s on a dial-up modem link, and your
application process generates a 2 MB response. If the response is buffered
then your application process will be blocked until the entire 2 MB has been
sent out to the HTTP client. This disallows your application process to do any useful
work in the mean time. By buffering responses, Phusion Passenger or Apache will read
the application response as quickly as possible and will take care of forwarding the data
to slow clients.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>So keep in mind that enabling <span class="monospaced">passenger_buffering_response</span> will make streaming responses
impossible. Consider for example this piece of Rails code:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>render :text =&gt; lambda { |response, output|
    10.times do |i|
        output.write("entry #{i}\n")
        output.flush
        sleep 1
    end
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>…or this piece of Rack code:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>class Response
    def each
        10.times do |i|
            yield("entry #{i}\n")
            sleep 1
        end
    end
end

app = lambda do |env|
    [200, { "Content-Type" =&gt; "text/plain" }, Response.new]
end</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When <span class="monospaced">PassengerBufferResponse</span> is turned on, Apache will wait until
the application is done sending the entire response before forwarding it
to the client. The client will not receive anything for 10 seconds,
after which it receives the entire response at once.
When <span class="monospaced">PassengerBufferResponse</span> is turned off, it works as expected: the client
receives an "entry X" message every second for 10 seconds.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>off</em>.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <a href="#PassengerBufferResponse">PassengerBufferResponse</a> directive should be turned off
if responses can be huge. Because entire responses are buffered in memory when turned on.</p></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerErrorOverride"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengererroroverride-on-off--1pq9nez" data-anchor="PassengerErrorOverride">8.7.3. PassengerErrorOverride &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Introduced in version 4.0.24.</strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Decides whether Apache will intercept and handle responses with HTTP status codes of 400 and higher. This directive is useful where you want to have a common look and feel on the error pages seen by the end user. This also allows for included files (via mod_include’s SSI) to get the error code and act accordingly (default behavior would display the error page of the proxied server, turning this on shows the SSI Error message).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This directive does not affect the processing of informational (1xx), normal success (2xx), or redirect (3xx) responses.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default, all responses are sent as-is from the application or from the Phusion Passenger core. If you turn this option on then Apache will be able to handle such responses using the Apache <span class="monospaced">ErrorDocument</span> option.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>off</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerMaxRequestQueueSize"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passenger-max-request-queue-size-number--1f1uocd" data-anchor="PassengerMaxRequestQueueSize">8.7.4. PassengerMaxRequestQueueSize &lt;number&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Introduced in version 4.0.15.</strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When all application processes are already handling their maximum number of concurrent requests, Phusion Passenger will queue all incoming requests. This option specifies the maximum size for that queue. If the queue is already at this specified limit, then Phusion Passenger will immediately send a "503 Service Unavailable" error to any incoming requests.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A value of 0 means that the queue is unbounded.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/20402801/what-is-optimal-value-for-phusion-passenger-passengermaxrequestqueuesize">This article on StackOverflow</a> explains how the request queue works, what it means for the queue to grow or become full, why that is bad, and what you can do about it.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You may combine this option with <a href="#PassengerErrorOverride">PassengerErrorOverride</a> and <span class="monospaced">ErrorDocument</span> to set a custom error page whenever the queue is full. In the following example, Apache will serve /error503.html whenever the queue is full:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>PassengerErrorOverride on
ErrorDocument 504 /error504.html</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>100</em>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_compatibility_options"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="compatibility-options-8jve5a" data-anchor="_compatibility_options">8.8. Compatibility options</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerResolveSymlinksInDocumentRoot"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerresolvesymlinksindocumentroot-on-off--1r0qcp8" data-anchor="PassengerResolveSymlinksInDocumentRoot">8.8.1. PassengerResolveSymlinksInDocumentRoot &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Configures whether Phusion Passenger should resolve symlinks in the document root.
Please refer to <a href="#application_detection">How Phusion Passenger detects whether a virtual host is a web application</a> for more information.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>, if <span class="monospaced">AllowOverride Options</span> is on.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. It is off by default.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_passengerallowencodedslashes_lt_on_off_gt"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerallowencodedslashes-on-off--1y3s1ww" data-anchor="_passengerallowencodedslashes_lt_on_off_gt">8.8.2. PassengerAllowEncodedSlashes &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default, Apache doesn’t support URLs with encoded slashes (%2f), e.g. URLs like
this: <span class="monospaced">/users/fujikura%2fyuu</span>. If you access such an URL then Apache will return a
404 Not Found error. This can be solved by turning on PassengerAllowEncodedSlashes
as well as Apache’s
<a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/mod/core.html#allowencodedslashes">AllowEncodedSlashes</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Is it important that you turn on both AllowEncodedSlashes <strong>and</strong> PassengerAllowEncodedSlashes,
otherwise this feature will not work properly.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>PassengerAllowEncodedSlashes may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>, if <span class="monospaced">AllowOverride Options</span> is on.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. It is off by default.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please note however that turning on support for encoded slashes will break support for
mod_rewrite passthrough rules. Because of bugs/limitations in Apache, Phusion Passenger
can support either encoded slashes or mod_rewrite passthrough rules, but not both at the
same time. Luckily this option can be specified anywhere, so you can enable it only for
virtual hosts or URLs that need it:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
    ServerName www.example.com
    DocumentRoot /webapps/example/public
    AllowEncodedSlashes on
    RewriteEngine on

    # Check for maintenance file and redirect all requests
    RewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/system/maintenance.html -f
    RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} !maintenance.html
    RewriteRule ^.*$ /system/maintenance.html [L]

    # Make /about an alias for /info/about.
    RewriteRule ^/about$ /info/about [PT,L]

    &lt;Location ~ "^/users/"&gt;
        # In a location block so that it doesn't interfere with the
        # above /about mod_rewrite rule.
        PassengerAllowEncodedSlashes on
    &lt;/Location&gt;
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>With this, <a href="http://www.example.com/users/fujikura%2fyuu">http://www.example.com/users/fujikura%2fyuu</a> will work properly, and
accessing <a href="http://www.example.com/about">http://www.example.com/about</a> will properly display the result of
<a href="http://www.example.com/info/about">http://www.example.com/info/about</a>. Notice that PassengerAllowEncodedSlashes only
interferes with passthrough rules, not with any other mod_rewrite rules. The rules for
displaying maintenance.html will work fine even for URLs starting with "/users".</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_logging_and_debugging_options"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="logging-and-debugging-options-el2cuc" data-anchor="_logging_and_debugging_options">8.9. Logging and debugging options</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerLogLevel"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerloglevel-integer--s3kbil" data-anchor="PassengerLogLevel">8.9.1. PassengerLogLevel &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option allows one to specify how much information Phusion Passenger should
write to the Apache error log file. A higher log level value means that more
information will be logged.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Possible values are:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<em>0</em>: Show only errors and warnings.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>1</em>: Show the most important debugging information. This might be useful for
       system administrators who are trying to figure out the cause of a
       problem.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>2</em>: Show more debugging information. This is typically only useful for developers.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>3</em>: Show even more debugging information.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur once, in the global server configuration.
The default is <em>0</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_passengerdebuglogfile_lt_filename_gt"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerdebuglogfile-filename--1wjm2j1" data-anchor="_passengerdebuglogfile_lt_filename_gt">8.9.2. PassengerDebugLogFile &lt;filename&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default Phusion Passenger debugging and error messages are written to the global
web server error log. This option allows one to specify the file that debugging and
error messages should be written to instead.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur once, in the global server configuration.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_passengerdebugger_lt_on_off_gt"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengerdebugger-on-off--19you7e" data-anchor="_passengerdebugger_lt_on_off_gt">8.9.3. PassengerDebugger &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>This feature is only available in <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/enterprise">Phusion Passenger Enterprise</a>. It was introduced in version 3.0.0. <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/download">Buy Phusion Passenger Enterprise here.</a></strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Turns support for application debugging on or off. In case of Ruby applications,
turning this option on will cause them to load the <span class="monospaced">ruby-debug</span> gem (when on Ruby 1.8),
the <span class="monospaced">debugger</span> gem (when on Ruby 1.9) or the <span class="monospaced">byebug</span> gem (when on Ruby 2.0). If you’re
using Bundler, you should add this to your Gemfile:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>gem 'ruby-debug', :platforms =&gt; :ruby_18
gem 'debugger', :platforms =&gt; :ruby_19
gem 'byebug', :platforms =&gt; :ruby_20</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Once debugging is turned on, you can use the command <span class="monospaced">passenger-irb --debug &lt;PID&gt;</span> to attach an rdebug console to the application process with the given PID. Attaching will succeed once the application process executes a <span class="monospaced">debugger</span> command.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>, if <span class="monospaced">AllowOverride Options</span> is on.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>off</em>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_advanced_options"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="advanced-options-1ab1jkq" data-anchor="_advanced_options">8.10. Advanced options</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerTempDir"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengertempdir-directory--68h2ng" data-anchor="PassengerTempDir">8.10.1. PassengerTempDir &lt;directory&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Specifies the directory that Phusion Passenger should use for storing temporary
files. This includes things such as Unix socket files, buffered file uploads
(see also <a href="#PassengerUploadBufferDir">PassengerUploadBufferDir</a>), etc.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may be specified once, in the global server configuration. The
default temp directory that Phusion Passenger uses is <em>/tmp</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option is especially useful if Apache is not allowed to write to /tmp
(which is the case on some systems with strict SELinux policies) or if the
partition that /tmp lives on doesn’t have enough disk space.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph">
<div class="title">Command line tools</div>
<p>Some Phusion Passenger command line administration tools, such as
<span class="monospaced">passenger-status</span>, must know what Phusion Passenger’s temp directory is
in order to function properly. You can pass the directory through the
<span class="monospaced">PASSENGER_TMPDIR</span> environment variable, or the <span class="monospaced">TMPDIR</span> environment variable
(the former will be used if both are specified).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, if you set <em>PassengerTempDir</em> to <em>/my_temp_dir</em>, then invoke
<span class="monospaced">passenger-status</span> after you’ve set the <span class="monospaced">PASSENGER_TMPDIR</span> or <span class="monospaced">TMPDIR</span>
environment variable, like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>export PASSENGER_TMPDIR=/my_temp-dir
sudo -E passenger-status
# The -E option tells 'sudo' to preserve environment variables.</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="PassengerUploadBufferDir"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="passengeruploadbufferdir-directory--kdr8at" data-anchor="PassengerUploadBufferDir">8.10.2. PassengerUploadBufferDir &lt;directory&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger buffers large file uploads to disk in order prevent slow file
uploads from blocking web applications. By default, a subdirectory in the
system’s temporary files directory (or a subdirectory in the directory specified
in <a href="#PassengerTempDir">PassengerTempDir</a>, if set) is automatically created for
storing these buffered file uploads.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This configuration directive allows you to specify a different directory for storing
buffered file uploads. If you’ve specified such a directory (as opposed to using
Phusion Passenger’s default) then you <strong>must</strong> ensure that this directory exists.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This configuration directive is also useful if you’re using apache2-mpm-itk.
The buffered file upload directory that Phusion Passenger creates by default has
very strict permissions: it can only be accessed by the Apache worker processes.
However, Phusion Passenger assumes that all Apache worker processes are running
as the same user. apache2-mpm-itk breaks this assumption by running multiple
Apache worker processes as different users. So if you’re using apace2-mpm-itk,
you should set this option to a directory that is writable by all Apache worker
processes, such as <em>/tmp</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You may specify <em>PassengerUploadBufferDir</em> in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the global server configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a virtual host configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <span class="monospaced">&lt;Directory&gt;</span> or <span class="monospaced">&lt;Location&gt;</span> block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In <em>.htaccess</em>, if <span class="monospaced">AllowOverrides Options</span> is enabled.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_deprecated_or_removed_options"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="deprecated-options-pm9m57" data-anchor="_deprecated_or_removed_options">8.11. Deprecated or removed options</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The following options have been deprecated, but are still supported for backwards
compatibility reasons.</p></div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_railsruby"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="railsruby-ht09ei" data-anchor="_railsruby">8.11.1. RailsRuby</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Deprecated in favor of <a href="#PassengerRuby">PassengerRuby</a>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_railsbaseuri_and_rackbaseuri"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="railsbaseuri-uri--1txrw3k" data-anchor="_railsbaseuri_and_rackbaseuri">8.11.2. RailsBaseURI and RackBaseURI</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Deprecated in favor of <a href="#PassengerBaseURI">PassengerBaseURI</a>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_railsuserswitching"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="railsuserswitching-1npx8y4" data-anchor="_railsuserswitching">8.11.3. RailsUserSwitching</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Deprecated in favor of <a href="#PassengerUserSwitching">PassengerUserSwitching</a>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_railsdefaultuser"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="railsdefaultuser-19j7n3m" data-anchor="_railsdefaultuser">8.11.4. RailsDefaultUser</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Deprecated in favor of <a href="#PassengerDefaultUser">PassengerDefaultUser</a>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_railsallowmodrewrite"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="railsallowmodrewrite-1vkziro" data-anchor="_railsallowmodrewrite">8.11.5. RailsAllowModRewrite</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option doesn’t do anything anymore in recent versions of Phusion Passenger.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_railsspawnmethod"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="railsspawnmethod-1aljgpa" data-anchor="_railsspawnmethod">8.11.6. RailsSpawnMethod</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Deprecated in favor of <a href="#PassengerSpawnMethod">PassengerSpawnMethod</a>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_railsautodetect_rackautodetect_and_wsgiautodetect"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="railsautodetect-rackautodetect-and-wsgiautodetect-1qgakzs" data-anchor="_railsautodetect_rackautodetect_and_wsgiautodetect">8.11.7. RailsAutoDetect, RackAutoDetect and WsgiAutoDetect</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>These options have been removed in version 4.0.0 as part of an optimization. You should use <a href="#PassengerEnabled">PassengerEnabled</a> instead.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_railsappspawneridletime"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="railsappspawneridletime-heh41r" data-anchor="_railsappspawneridletime">8.11.8. RailsAppSpawnerIdleTime</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option has been removed in version 4.0.0, and replaced with <a href="#PassengerMaxPreloaderIdleTime">PassengerMaxPreloaderIdleTime</a>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_railsframeworkspawneridletime"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="railsframeworkspawneridletime-adcf9k" data-anchor="_railsframeworkspawneridletime">8.11.9. RailsFrameworkSpawnerIdleTime</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option is no longer available in version 4.0.0. There is no alternative because framework spawning has been removed altogether. You should use smart spawning instead.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="troubleshooting"></span><h2 data-comment-topic="troubleshooting-2ihihi" data-anchor="troubleshooting">9. Troubleshooting</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_generic_troubleshooting_tips"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="generic-troubleshooting-tips-130iuhe" data-anchor="_generic_troubleshooting_tips">9.1. Generic troubleshooting tips</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>One of the first things you should do upon encountering a problem, is to check
the <strong>global</strong> (not the per-vhost) Apache error log file. This is typically located in <span class="monospaced">/var/log/apache2/error_log</span>. You can find out the exact location of the error log by running <span class="monospaced">passenger-config --detect-apache2</span>.
This log file contains:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Phusion Passenger error messages.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Everything that the application writes to STDERR. This typically consists of errors that the application encounters during startup, but not errors that it encounters when it’s handling requests.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you’re using Ruby on Rails, then you should also check out <span class="monospaced">log/development.log</span> and <span class="monospaced">log/production.log</span>. When an error occurs during request handling, it is typically logged here. This file does <strong>not</strong> contain errors that Rails encounters during startup.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Finally, you should be aware that Phusion Passenger runs your application under the <em>production</em> environment by default, not <em>development</em>. You can change this using the
<a href="#RailsEnv">RailsEnv</a>
option.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If neither the logs nor this troubleshooting guide can help you, then please check out our <a href="#where_to_get_support">support resources</a>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_why_does_the_first_request_take_a_long_time"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="why-does-the-first-request-take-a-long-time--12mg452" data-anchor="_why_does_the_first_request_take_a_long_time">9.2. Why does the first request take a long time?</h3>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<strong>Symptoms</strong>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        The first request to your application takes more time than usual. Subsequent requests have the normal speed.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<strong>Cause</strong>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Phusion Passenger starts your application the first time it is accessed, not during web server startup. Some applications can take several seconds to start. If you’re using Ruby on Rails, then needing 10 seconds to start your application is normal. On slow or heavily loaded servers, or in case of large and heavy applications, the startup time may be even longer.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<strong>Solution</strong>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Use the
<a href="#PassengerPreStart">PassengerPreStart</a>
configuration option.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_os_x_the_installer_cannot_locate_mamp_8217_s_apache"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="macos-x-the-installer-cannot-locate-mamp-s-apache-or908n" data-anchor="_os_x_the_installer_cannot_locate_mamp_8217_s_apache">9.3. OS X: The installer cannot locate MAMP’s Apache</h3>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<strong>Symptoms</strong>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        The installer finds Apache 2 development headers at <span class="monospaced">/Applications/MAMP/Library/bin/apxs</span>. However, Apache cannot be found. The installer also outputs the following error:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>cannot open /Applications/MAMP/Library/build/config_vars.mk:
No such file or directory at /Applications/MAMP/Library/bin/apxs line 218.</pre>
</div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<strong>Cause</strong>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Your MAMP installation seems to be broken. In particular, <em>config_vars.mk</em> is missing.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<strong>Solution</strong>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Please read <a href="http://forum.mamp.info/viewtopic.php?t=1866">this forum topic</a> to learn how to fix this problem. See also <a href="http://code.google.com/p/phusion-passenger/issues/detail?id=12">this bug report</a>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_apache_reports_a_403_forbidden_error"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="apache-reports-a-403-forbidden-error-140tb4p" data-anchor="_apache_reports_a_403_forbidden_error">9.4. Apache reports a "403 Forbidden" error</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>See next subsection.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_static_assets_such_as_images_and_stylesheets_aren_8217_t_being_displayed"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="static-assets-such-as-images-and-stylesheets-aren-t-being-displayed-uaptpi" data-anchor="_static_assets_such_as_images_and_stylesheets_aren_8217_t_being_displayed">9.5. Static assets such as images and stylesheets aren’t being displayed</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Static assets are accelerated, i.e. they are served directly by Apache and do not
go through the Rails stack. There are two reasons why Apache doesn’t serve static
assets correctly:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
Your Apache configuration is too strict, and does not allow HTTP clients to
   access static assets. This can be achieved with an <span class="monospaced">Allow from all</span> directive
   in the correct place. For example:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;Directory "/webapps/mycook/public"&gt;
   Options FollowSymLinks
   AllowOverride None
   Order allow,deny
   Allow from all
&lt;/Directory&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>See also <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/phusion-passenger/browse_thread/thread/9699a639a87f85f4/b9d71a03bf2670a5">this discussion</a>.</p></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The Apache process doesn’t have permission to access your Rails application’s folder.
   Please make sure that the Rails application’s folder, as well as all of its parent folders,
   have the correct permissions and/or ownerships.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_the_apache_error_log_says_that_the_spawn_manager_script_does_not_exist_or_that_it_does_not_have_permission_to_execute_it"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="the-apache-error-log-says-that-the-spawn-manager-script-does-not-exist-or-that-it-does-not-have-permission-to-execute-it-1fmoozk" data-anchor="_the_apache_error_log_says_that_the_spawn_manager_script_does_not_exist_or_that_it_does_not_have_permission_to_execute_it">9.6. The Apache error log says that the spawn manager script does not exist, or that it does not have permission to execute it</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you are sure that the <em>PassengerRoot</em> configuration option is set correctly,
then this problem is most likely caused by the fact that you’re running Apache
with SELinux. On Fedora, CentOS and RedHat Enterprise Linux, Apache is locked
down by SELinux policies.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To solve this problem, you must set some permissions on the Phusion Passenger files
and folders, so that Apache can access them.</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
If you’ve installed Phusion Passenger via a gem, then run this command to determine
  Phusion Passenger’s root folder:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>passenger-config --root</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Next, run the following command:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>chcon -R -h -t httpd_sys_content_t /path-to-passenger-root</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>where <em>/path-to-passenger-root</em> should be replaced with whatever
<span class="monospaced">passenger-config --root</span> printed.</p></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If you’ve installed Phusion Passenger via the source tarball, then run the following
  command:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>chcon -R -h -t httpd_sys_content_t /path/to/passenger/folder</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Once the permissions are fixed, restart Apache.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_the_application_thinks_its_not_on_ssl_even_though_it_is"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="the-application-thinks-its-not-on-ssl-even-though-it-is-u9fcp1" data-anchor="_the_application_thinks_its_not_on_ssl_even_though_it_is">9.7. The application thinks its not on SSL even though it is</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Rails and many other frameworks infers whether it’s running on SSL through the CGI
environment variable <span class="monospaced">HTTPS</span>. Apache always sets this variable when on SSL,
except when SSL is incorrectly configured.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Most Apache installations already configure SSL by default on port 443
(conf/extra/httpd-ssl.conf). Some people think they can save some typing in
subsequent SSL vhost blocks, and omit important options like <em>SSLEngine on</em>,
like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre># httpd-ssl.conf contains something like:
# &lt;VirtualHost _default_:443&gt;
#     SSLEngine on
#     ...
# &lt;/VirtualHost&gt;
Include conf/extra/httpd-ssl.conf

&lt;VirtualHost *:443&gt;
    ServerName www.example.com
    DocumentRoot /webapps/example/public
&lt;/Virtualhost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>This is wrong!</strong> In each SSL vhost block you must re-specify all the SSL options.
Otherwise Apache won’t properly detect the vhost as an SSL vhost block. Here’s
the corrected example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>Include conf/extra/httpd-ssl.conf

&lt;VirtualHost *:443&gt;
    ServerName www.example.com
    DocumentRoot /webapps/example/public
    SSLEngine on
    ...more SSL options here...
&lt;/Virtualhost&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_ruby_on_rails_specific_troubleshooting"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="ruby-on-rails-specific-problems-6umss5" data-anchor="_ruby_on_rails_specific_troubleshooting">9.8. Ruby on Rails-specific troubleshooting</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_the_about_your_application_8217_s_environment_link_does_not_work"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="the-about-your-application-s-environment-link-does-not-work-7k4tlm" data-anchor="_the_about_your_application_8217_s_environment_link_does_not_work">9.8.1. The "About your application’s environment" link does not work</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The "About your application’s environment" link only works if the application is started in the <em>development</em> environment. Phusion Passenger starts the application in the <em>production</em> environment by default. Please use
<a href="#RailsEnv">RailsEnv</a>
to change it.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_the_rails_application_reports_that_it_8217_s_unable_to_start_because_of_a_permission_error"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="the-rails-application-reports-that-it-s-unable-to-start-because-of-a-permission-error-v53i6s" data-anchor="_the_rails_application_reports_that_it_8217_s_unable_to_start_because_of_a_permission_error">9.8.2. The Rails application reports that it’s unable to start because of a permission error</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please check whether your Rails application’s folder has the correct
permissions. By default, Rails applications are started as the owner of the
file <span class="monospaced">config.ru</span>, except if the file is owned by root. If the
file is owned by root, then the Rails application will be started as <em>nobody</em>
(or as the user specify by <a href="#RailsDefaultUser">RailsDefaultUser</a>, if that’s
specified).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please read <a href="#user_switching">User switching (security)</a> for details.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_the_rails_application_8217_s_log_file_is_not_being_written_to"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="my-rails-application-s-log-file-is-not-being-written-to-3i747l" data-anchor="_the_rails_application_8217_s_log_file_is_not_being_written_to">9.8.3. The Rails application’s log file is not being written to</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are a couple things that you should be aware of:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
By default, Phusion Passenger runs Rails applications in <em>production</em> mode,
  so please be sure to check <span class="monospaced">production.log</span> instead of <span class="monospaced">development.log</span>.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>See
<a href="#RailsEnv">RailsEnv</a>
for configuration.
- By default, Phusion Passenger runs Rails applications as the owner of <span class="monospaced">config.ru</span>.
  So the log file can only be written to if that user has write permission to the
  log file. Please <span class="monospaced">chmod</span> or <span class="monospaced">chown</span> your log file accordingly.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="#User_switching">User switching (security)</a> for details.</p></div>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you’re using a RedHat-derived Linux distribution (such as Fedora or CentOS)
then it is <a href="http://code.google.com/p/phusion-passenger/issues/detail?id=4">possible
that SELinux is interfering</a>. RedHat’s SELinux policy only allows Apache to read/write
directories that have the <em>httpd_sys_content_t</em> security context. Please run the
following command to give your Rails application folder that context:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>chcon -R -h -t httpd_sys_content_t /path/to/your/rails/app</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="conflicting_apache_modules"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="conflicting-apache-modules-1uwpixk" data-anchor="conflicting_apache_modules">9.9. Conflicting Apache modules</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_mod_userdir"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="mod-userdir-x5e2te" data-anchor="_mod_userdir">9.9.1. mod_userdir</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p><em>mod_userdir</em> is not compatible with Phusion Passenger at the moment.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_multiviews_mod_negotiation"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="multiviews-mod-negotiation--zchfg0" data-anchor="_multiviews_mod_negotiation">9.9.2. MultiViews (mod_negotiation)</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>MultiViews is not compatible with Phusion Passenger. You should disable MultiViews
for all Phusion Passenger hosts.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_virtualdocumentroot"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="virtualdocumentroot-14cwd7l" data-anchor="_virtualdocumentroot">9.9.3. VirtualDocumentRoot</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>VirtualDocumentRoot is not compatible with Phusion Passenger at the moment.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_analysis_and_system_maintenance"></span><h2 data-comment-topic="analysis-and-system-maintenance-qvkwzr" data-anchor="_analysis_and_system_maintenance">10. Analysis and system maintenance</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger provides a set of tools, which are useful for system analysis,
maintenance and troubleshooting.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_inspecting_memory_usage"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="inspecting-memory-usage-1bkis6i" data-anchor="_inspecting_memory_usage">10.1. Inspecting memory usage</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Process inspection tools such as <span class="monospaced">ps</span> and <span class="monospaced">top</span> are useful, but they
<a href="http://groups.google.com/group/phusion-passenger/msg/1fd1c233456d3180">rarely show the correct memory usage</a>.
The real memory usage is usually lower than what <span class="monospaced">ps</span> and <span class="monospaced">top</span> report.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are many technical reasons why this is so, but an explanation is beyond
the scope of this Users Guide. We kindly refer the interested reader to
operating systems literature about <em>virtual memory</em> and <em>copy-on-write</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The tool <span class="monospaced">passenger-memory-stats</span> allows one to easily analyze Phusion Passenger’s
and the web server’s real memory usage. For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>[bash@localhost root]# passenger-memory-stats
------------- Apache processes --------------.
PID    PPID  Threads  VMSize   Private  Name
---------------------------------------------.
5947   1     9        90.6 MB  0.5 MB   /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
5948   5947  1        18.9 MB  0.7 MB   /usr/sbin/fcgi-pm -k start
6029   5947  1        42.7 MB  0.5 MB   /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
6030   5947  1        42.7 MB  0.5 MB   /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
6031   5947  1        42.5 MB  0.3 MB   /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
6033   5947  1        42.5 MB  0.4 MB   /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
6034   5947  1        50.5 MB  0.4 MB   /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
23482  5947  1        82.6 MB  0.4 MB   /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
### Processes: 8
### Total private dirty RSS: 3.50 MB

----------- Nginx processes ------------.
PID    PPID   VMSize     Resident  Name
----------------------------------------.
51766  51764  82.7 MB    3.9 MB    nginx: master process ./objs/nginx
51773  51766  82.9 MB    0.9 MB    nginx: worker process

--------- Passenger processes ---------.
PID    Threads  VMSize   Private  Name
---------------------------------------.
6026   1        10.9 MB  4.7 MB   Passenger spawn server
23481  1        26.7 MB  3.0 MB   Passenger FrameworkSpawner: 2.0.2
23791  1        26.8 MB  2.9 MB   Passenger ApplicationSpawner: /var/www/projects/app1-foobar
23793  1        26.9 MB  17.1 MB  Rails: /var/www/projects/app1-foobar
### Processes: 4
### Total private dirty RSS: 27.76 M</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>Private</em> or <em>private dirty RSS</em> field shows the <strong>real</strong> memory usage of processes. Here,
we see that all the Apache and Nginx worker processes only take less than 1 MB memory each.
This is a lot less than the 50-80 MB-ish memory usage as shown in the <em>VMSize</em> column
(which is what a lot of people think is the real memory usage, but is actually not).</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">Private dirty RSS reporting only works on Linux. Unfortunately other operating systems
don’t provide facilities for determining processes' private dirty RSS. On non-Linux systems,
the Resident Set Size is reported instead.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_inspecting_phusion_passenger_8217_s_internal_status"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="inspecting-phusion-passenger-s-internal-status-ukekf7" data-anchor="_inspecting_phusion_passenger_8217_s_internal_status">10.2. Inspecting Phusion Passenger’s internal status</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>One can inspect Phusion Passenger’s internal status with the tool <span class="monospaced">passenger-status</span>.
This tool must typically be run as root. For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>[bash@localhost root]# passenger-status
----------- General information -----------
max      = 6
count    = 1
active   = 0
inactive = 1

----------- Domains -----------
/var/www/projects/app1-foobar:
  PID: 9617      Sessions: 0    Processed: 7       Uptime: 2m 23s</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>general information</em> section shows the following information:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
max
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The maximum number of application instances that Phusion Passenger will
spawn. This equals the value given for <a href="#PassengerMaxPoolSize">PassengerMaxPoolSize</a> (Apache)
or <a href="#PassengerMaxPoolSize">passenger_max_pool_size</a> (Nginx).
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
count
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The number of application instances that are currently alive. This value
is always less than or equal to <em>max</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
active
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The number of application instances that are currently processing
requests. This value is always less than or equal to <em>count</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
inactive
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The number of application instances that are currently <strong>not</strong> processing
requests, i.e. are idle. Idle application instances will be shutdown after a while,
as can be specified with <a href="#PassengerPoolIdleTime">PassengerPoolIdleTime (Apache)</a>/<a href="#PassengerPoolIdleTime">passenger_pool_idle_time (Nginx)</a> (unless this
value is set to 0, in which case application instances are never shut down via idle
time). The value of <em>inactive</em> equals <span class="monospaced">count - active</span>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>domains</em> section shows, for each application directory, information about running
application instances:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Sessions
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Shows how many HTTP client are currently in the queue of that application
Instance, waiting to be processed.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Processed
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Indicates how many requests the instance has served until now. <strong>Tip:</strong> it’s
possible to limit this number with the <a href="#PassengerMaxRequests">PassengerMaxRequests</a>
configuration directive.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Uptime
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Shows for how long the application instance has been running.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Since Phusion Passenger uses fair load balancing by default, the number of sessions for the
application instances should be fairly close to each other. For example, this is fairly
normal:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>  PID: 4281      Sessions: 2      Processed: 7      Uptime: 5m 11s
  PID: 4268      Sessions: 0      Processed: 5      Uptime: 4m 52s
  PID: 4265      Sessions: 1      Processed: 6      Uptime: 5m 38s
  PID: 4275      Sessions: 1      Processed: 7      Uptime: 3m 14s</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>But if you see a "spike", i.e. an application instance has an unusually high number of
sessions compared to the others, then there might be a problem:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>  PID: 4281      Sessions: 2      Processed: 7      Uptime: 5m 11s
  PID: 17468     Sessions: 8 &lt;-+  Processed: 2      Uptime: 4m 47s
  PID: 4265      Sessions: 1   |  Processed: 6      Uptime: 5m 38s
  PID: 4275      Sessions: 1   |  Processed: 7      Uptime: 3m 14s
                               |
                               +---- "spike"</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The most likely reason why a spike occurs is because your application is frozen, i.e. it has stopped responding. See <a href="#debugging_frozen">Debugging frozen applications</a> for tips.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="debugging_frozen"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="debugging-frozen-applications-1qsjqq7" data-anchor="debugging_frozen">10.3. Debugging frozen applications</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If one of your application instances is frozen (stopped responding), then you
can figure out where it is frozen by killing it with <em>SIGABRT</em>. This will cause the
application to raise an exception, with a backtrace.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The exception (with full backtrace information) is normally logged into the web server
error log. But if your application or if its web framework has its own exception logging
routines, then exceptions might be logged into the application’s log files instead.
This is the case with Ruby on Rails. So if you kill a Ruby on Rails application with
<em>SIGABRT</em>, please check the application’s <em>production.log</em> first (assuming that you’re
running it in a <em>production</em> environment). If you don’t see a backtrace there, check
the web server error log.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">It is safe to kill application instances, even in live environments. Phusion Passenger
will restart killed application instances, as if nothing bad happened.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_accessing_individual_application_processes"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="accessing-individual-application-processes-1p0j4jb" data-anchor="_accessing_individual_application_processes">10.4. Accessing individual application processes</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When a request is sent to the web server, Phusion Passenger will automatically forward
the request to the most suitable application process, but sometimes it is desirable to
be able to directly access the individual application processes. Use cases include, but
are not limited to:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
One wants to debug a memory leak or memory bloat problem that only seems to appear on
  certain URIs. One can send a request to a specific process to see whether that request
  causes the process’s memory usage to rise.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The application caches data in local memory, and one wants to tell a specific
  application process to clear that local data.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Other debugging use cases.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>All individual application processes are accessible via HTTP, so you can use standard
HTTP tools like <em>curl</em>. The exact addresses can be obtained with the command
<span class="monospaced">passenger-status --verbose</span>. These sockets are all bound to 127.0.0.1, but the port
number is dynamically assigned. As a security measure, the sockets are also protected
with a process-specific random password, which you can see in the
<span class="monospaced">passenger-status --verbose</span> output. This password must be sent through the
“X-Passenger-Connect-Password” HTTP header.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>bash# passenger-status --verbose
----------- General information -----------
max      = 6
count    = 2
active   = 0
inactive = 2
Waiting on global queue: 0

----------- Application groups -----------
/Users/hongli/Sites/rack.test:
  App root: /Users/hongli/Sites/rack.test
  * PID: 24235   Sessions: 0    Processed: 7       Uptime: 17s
      URL     : http://127.0.0.1:58122
      Password: nFfVOX1F8LjZ90HJh28Sd_htJOsgRsNne2QXKf8NIXw
  * PID: 24250   Sessions: 0    Processed: 4       Uptime: 1s
      URL     : http://127.0.0.1:57933
      Password: _RGXlQ9EGDGJKLevQ_qflUtF1KmxEo2UiRzMwIE1sBY</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Here we see that the web application <em>rack.test</em> has two processes.
Process 24235 is accessible via <a href="http://127.0.0.1:58122">http://127.0.0.1:58122</a>, and
process 24250 is accessible via <a href="http://127.0.0.1:57933">http://127.0.0.1:57933</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To access 24235 we must send its password, <em>nFfVOX1F8LjZ90HJh28Sd_htJOsgRsNne2QXKf8NIXw</em>,
through the <em>X-Passenger-Connect-Password</em> HTTP header, like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>bash# curl -H "X-Passenger-Connect-Password: nFfVOX1F8LjZ90HJh28Sd_htJOsgRsNne2QXKf8NIXw" http://127.0.0.1:58122/</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_attaching_an_irb_console_to_an_application_process"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="attaching-an-irb-console-to-an-application-process-1cma32j" data-anchor="_attaching_an_irb_console_to_an_application_process">10.5. Attaching an IRB console to an application process</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>This feature is only available in <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/enterprise">Phusion Passenger Enterprise</a>. It was introduced in version 3.0.0. <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/download">Buy Phusion Passenger Enterprise here.</a></strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can attach an IRB console to any application process and inspect its state by executing arbitrary Ruby code. Do this by invoking <span class="monospaced">passenger-irb &lt;PID&gt;</span> where <em>&lt;PID&gt;</em> is the PID of the application process you wish to inspect. Note that the IRB console is currently only available for Ruby apps, not for apps in any other languages.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_tips"></span><h2 data-comment-topic="tips-19cwwf7" data-anchor="_tips">11. Tips</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="user_switching"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="user-switching-security--8njx1x" data-anchor="user_switching">11.1. User Switching (security feature)</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger supports automatic <em>user switching</em>: by default, it attempts to run applications as the "right" user, instead of running all applications as the same user.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To better understand the problem, let us consider the situation with PHP.
There is a problem that plagues most PHP web hosts, namely the fact that all PHP
applications are run in the same user context as the web server. So for
example, Joe’s PHP application will be able to read Jane’s PHP application’s
passwords. This is obviously undesirable on many servers.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger’s <em>user switching</em> feature solves this problem. Applications are
run as the owner of their "startup file". For Ruby apps, the startup file is
<span class="monospaced">config.ru</span> (Rack and Rails &gt;= 3) or <span class="monospaced">config/environment.rb</span> (Rails 1 and 2). For
Python apps, the startup file is <span class="monospaced">passenger_wsgi.py</span>. So suppose that <span class="monospaced">config.ru</span>
is owned by user <em>joe</em>, then Phusion Passenger will spawn the corresponding
application as <em>joe</em> as well. The exact rules are a little bit more complicated,
and they’re explained further down in this section.</p></div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_requirements"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="requirements-yxvtxo" data-anchor="_requirements">11.1.1. Requirements</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>User switching is only enabled when all of the following conditions are met:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
When not using <a href="#flying_passenger">Flying Passenger</a> (this is probably the case):
</p>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
The
  <a href="#PassengerUserSwitching">PassengerUserSwitching</a>
option must be enabled.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The web server’s control process must have root privileges. This is the case on most installations.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
When using <a href="#flying_passenger">Flying Passenger</a>:
</p>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
The Flying Passenger daemon must be run with root privileges.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_effects"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="effects-1lko7vo" data-anchor="_effects">11.1.2. Effects</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When not using Flying Passenger, the following table illustrates the effect for different combinations of the requirements.</p></div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all" style="
width:100%;
">
<col style="width:33%;">
<col style="width:33%;">
<col style="width:33%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>PassengerUserSwitching on</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>PassengerUserSwitching off</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Web server has root privileges</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">User switching enabled.</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">User switching disabled. Apps are run as
  <a href="#PassengerDefaultUser">PassengerDefaultUser</a> and
  <a href="#PassengerDefaultGroup">PassengerDefaultGroup</a>.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Web server has no root privileges</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">User switching disabled. Apps are run as the web server’s user.</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">User switching disabled. Apps are run as the web server’s user.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When using Flying Passenger, the effect is as follows:</p></div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all" style="
width:100%;
">
<col style="width:50%;">
<col style="width:50%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Daemon run with root privileges</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">User switching enabled.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Daemon run without root privileges</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">User switching disabled. Apps are run as the daemon’s user.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When user switching is enabled, the following rules are followed to determine what user an application should be run as. The first matching rule is the rule that will be followed.</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
If
  <a href="#PassengerUser">PassengerUser</a> or
  <a href="#PassengerGroup">PassengerGroup</a>
are set, then the application will be run as the specified user/group. Thus, these options are a good way to override user switching settings.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If the startup file is owned by root or an unknown user, then the application will run as the user specified by
  <a href="#PassengerDefaultUser">PassengerDefaultUser</a> and
  <a href="#PassengerDefaultGroup">PassengerDefaultGroup</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Otherwise, the application is run as the owner of the startup file.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_caveats_amp_troubleshooting"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="caveats-troubleshooting-161hgge" data-anchor="_caveats_amp_troubleshooting">11.1.3. Caveats &amp; troubleshooting</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If your application regularly encounters permission errors or fails to find certain files, then this is an indication that your application is started as a user that you did not intent it to be run as. Other symptoms include:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
The application fails to start because Bundler complains that it cannot find gems. This probably indicates that Bundler does not have read access to the directory that contains Bundler-installed gems.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The application fails to start and its error message mentions the path <em>/nonexistent</em>. This probably indicates that your application is started as the <em>nobody</em> user. This is because on many systems, the <em>nobody</em> user’s home directory is <em>/nonexistent</em>.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To check whether it is indeed the case that your application is started as a different user than you intended to, see <a href="#finding_out_app_user">Finding out what user an application is running as</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The most likely reason why your application is started as <em>nobody</em> is probably because your startup file is owned by <em>root</em>, by <em>nobody</em> or by an unknown user. To fix this, change the owner of the startup file to the owner that you want to run the application as.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Whatever user your application runs as, it must have read access to the <a href="#application_root">application root</a>, and read/write access to the application’s <em>logs</em> directory.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="finding_out_app_user"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="finding-out-what-user-an-application-is-running-as-7uwrol" data-anchor="finding_out_app_user">11.1.4. Finding out what user an application is running as</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To find our what user an application is started as, first access its URL in your browser so that Phusion Passenger starts the application. For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>http://www.example.local/</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The application will now either successfully start or fail to start. If it fails to start then you will see an error page that tells you what user the application was being started as. If you do not see the error page in the browser then set
  <a href="#PassengerFriendlyErrorPages">PassengerFriendlyErrorPages</a>
on.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If the application successfully started, then run <span class="monospaced">passenger-status</span> to find the process’s PID:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>.---------- General information -----------
Max pool size : 6
Processes     : 1
Requests in top-level queue : 0

.---------- Application groups -----------
/webapps/example.local#default:
  App root: /webapps/example.local
  Requests in queue: 0
  * PID: 16915   Sessions: 0       Processed: 1       Uptime: 2s
    CPU: 0%      Memory  : 9M      Last used: 2s ago</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In the above example we see that the PID is 16915. Next, use <em>ps</em> to find out the user that it is running as:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre># ps -o pid,user,comm -p 16915
  PID USER    COMM
16915 phusion Passenger RackApp: /webapps/example.local</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>As you can see, the application in this example is being run as user <em>phusion</em>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="reducing_memory_usage"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="reducing-memory-consumption-of-ruby-on-rails-applications-by-33--1ubxnq0" data-anchor="reducing_memory_usage">11.2. Copy-on-write memory support (reducing memory consumption of Ruby applications)</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger automatically leverages operating system virtual memory copy-on-write features in order to reduce the memory usage of Ruby applications. Experience has shown that this reduces memory usage by 33% on average. For this mechanism to work, a Ruby interpreter with a copy-on-write friendly garbage collector is required. The following Ruby interpreters have copy-on-write friendly garbage collectors:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
MRI Ruby &gt;= 2.0. Versions prior to 2.0 did not have a copy-on-write friendly garbage collector.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="http://www.rubyenterpriseedition.com/">Ruby Enterprise Edition</a>, which was Phusion’s branch of MRI Ruby 1.8 with a copy-on-write friendly garbage collector and other enhancement. It has reached End-Of-Life as of 2012, but remains available for legacy systems.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="capistrano"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="capistrano-recipe-syzgo7" data-anchor="capistrano">11.3. Capistrano recipe</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger can be combined with <a href="http://capify.org/">Capistrano</a>.
The following Capistrano recipe demonstrates Phusion Passenger support.
It assumes that you’re using Git as version control system.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>set :application, "myapp"
set :domain,      "example.com"
set :repository,  "ssh://#{domain}/path-to-your-git-repo/#{application}.git"
set :use_sudo,    false
set :deploy_to,   "/path-to-your-web-app-directory/#{application}"
set :scm,         "git"

role :app, domain
role :web, domain
role :db,  domain, :primary =&gt; true

namespace :deploy do
  task :start, :roles =&gt; :app do
    run "touch #{current_release}/tmp/restart.txt"
  end

  task :stop, :roles =&gt; :app do
    # Do nothing.
  end

  desc "Restart Application"
  task :restart, :roles =&gt; :app do
    run "touch #{current_release}/tmp/restart.txt"
  end
end</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="bundler_support"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="bundler-support-cf72ih" data-anchor="bundler_support">11.4. Bundler support</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger has automatic support for <a href="http://gembundler.com/git.html">Bundler</a>.
The support consists of loading your application under the environment defined by your
Gemfile. In other words, Phusion Passenger loads your application as if <em>bundle exec</em> was used.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The Bundler support works as follows:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
If you have a <em>.bundle/environment.rb</em> in your application root, then Phusion
  Passenger will require that file before loading your application.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Otherwise, if you have a <em>Gemfile</em>, then Phusion Passenger will automatically call
  <span class="monospaced">Bundler.setup()</span> before loading your application.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It’s possible that your application also calls <span class="monospaced">Bundler.setup</span> during loading, e.g. in
<em>config.ru</em> or in <em>config/boot.rb</em>. This is the case with Rails 3, and is also the case if you
modified your <em>config/boot.rb</em> according to the
<a href="http://gembundler.com/rails23.html">Bundler Rails 2.3 instructions</a>.
This leads to <span class="monospaced">Bundler.setup</span> being called twice, once before the application startup file
is required and once during application startup. However this is harmless and doesn’t
have any negative effects.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger assumes that you’re using Bundler &gt;= 0.9.5. If you don’t want Phusion
Passenger to run its Bundler support code, e.g. because you need to use an older version
of Bundler with an incompatible API or because you use a system other than Bundler, then
you can override Phusion Passenger’s Bundler support code by creating an empty file
<em>config/setup_load_paths.rb</em>. If this file exists then it will be required before loading
the application startup file. In this file you can do whatever you need to setup Bundler
or a similar system.</p></div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="add_passenger_to_gemfile"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="does-phusion-passenger-itself-need-to-be-added-to-the-gemfile--17whimp" data-anchor="add_passenger_to_gemfile">11.4.1. Does Phusion Passenger itself need to be added to the Gemfile?</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It is never necessary to add Phusion Passenger to the application’s Gemfile. In case of Phusion Passenger Standalone, it is not necessary to execute the <span class="monospaced">passenger</span> command through <span class="monospaced">bundle exec</span>. The reason for this is because Phusion Passenger automatically loads the Gemfile environment. Most other Ruby application servers do not automatically load the Gemfile environment, which is why they must be added to the Gemfile and be executed with <span class="monospaced">bundle exec</span>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Even when your application uses any of the Phusion Passenger APIs, you still do not need to add Phusion Passenger to the Gemfile. The only thing you need to do is to put Phusion Passenger API calls inside <span class="monospaced">if</span> blocks that check whether Phusion Passenger is active, by checking whether the <span class="monospaced">PhusionPassenger</span> namespace is defined:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre><strong>if</strong> defined?(PhusionPassenger)
    ...
<strong>end</strong></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_installing_multiple_ruby_on_rails_versions"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="installing-multiple-ruby-on-rails-versions-mi5j14" data-anchor="_installing_multiple_ruby_on_rails_versions">11.5. Installing multiple Ruby on Rails versions</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Each Ruby on Rails applications that are going to be deployed may require a
specific Ruby on Rails version. You can install a specific version with
this command:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>gem install rails -v X.X.X</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>where <em>X.X.X</em> is the version number of Ruby on Rails.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>All of these versions will exist in parallel, and will not conflict with each
other. Phusion Passenger will automatically make use of the correct version.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_making_the_application_restart_after_each_request"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="making-the-application-restart-after-each-request-183bezx" data-anchor="_making_the_application_restart_after_each_request">11.6. Making the application restart after each request</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In some situations it might be desirable to restart the web application after
each request, for example when developing a non-Rails application that doesn’t
support code reloading, or when developing a web framework.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To achieve this, simply create the file <em>tmp/always_restart.txt</em> in your
application’s root folder. Unlike <em>restart.txt</em>, Phusion Passenger does not
check for this file’s timestamp: Phusion Passenger will always restart the
application, as long as <em>always_restart.txt</em> exists.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">If you’re just developing a Rails application then you probably don’t need
this feature. If you set
<em>RailsEnv development</em>
in your web server configuration,
then Rails will automatically reload your application code after each request.
<em>always_restart.txt</em> is mostly useful when you’re using a web framework that
doesn’t support code reloading by itself, of when you’re working on a web framework
yourself.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="sub_uri_deployment_uri_fix"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="how-to-fix-broken-images-css-javascript-uris-in-sub-uri-deployments-a63b6r" data-anchor="sub_uri_deployment_uri_fix">11.7. How to fix broken images/CSS/JavaScript URIs in sub-URI deployments</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Some people experience broken images and other broken static assets when they
deploy their application to a sub-URI (i.e. <em>http://mysite.com/railsapp/</em>).
The reason for this usually is that you used a
static URI for your image in the views. This means your <em>img</em> source probably refers
to something like <em>/images/foo.jpg</em>. The leading slash means that it’s an absolute URI:
you’re telling the browser to always load <em>http://mysite.com/images/foo.jpg</em> no
matter what. The problem is that the image is actually at
<em>http://mysite.com/railsapp/images/foo.jpg</em>. There are two ways to fix this.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The first way (not recommended) is to change your view templates to refer to
<em>images/foo.jpg</em>. This is a relative URI: note the lack of a leading slash). What
this does is making the path relative to the current URI. The problem is that if you
use restful URIs, then your images will probably break again when you add a level to
the URI.
For example, when you’re at <em>http://mysite.com/railsapp</em> the browser will look for
<em>http://mysite.com/railsapp/images/foo.jpg</em>. But when you’re at
<em>http://mysite.com/railsapp/controller</em>. the browser will look for
<em>http://mysite.com/railsapp/controller/images/foo.jpg</em>.
So relative URIs usually don’t work well with layout templates.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The second and highly recommended way is to always use Rails helper methods to
output tags for static assets. These helper methods automatically take care
of prepending the base URI that you’ve deployed the application to. For images
there is <span class="monospaced">image_tag</span>, for JavaScript there is <span class="monospaced">javascript_include_tag</span> and for
CSS there is <span class="monospaced">stylesheet_link_tag</span>. In the above example you would simply remove
the <em>&lt;img&gt;</em> HTML tag and replace it with inline Ruby like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;%= image_tag("foo.jpg") %&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This will generate the proper image tag to <span class="monospaced">$RAILS_ROOT/public/images/foo.jpg</span>
so that your images will always work no matter what sub-URI you’ve deployed to.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>These helper methods are more valuable than you may think. For example they also
append a timestamp to the URI to better facilitate HTTP caching. For more information,
please refer to
<a href="http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/AssetTagHelper.html">the Rails API docs</a>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_out_of_band_work_and_out_of_band_garbage_collection"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="out-of-band-work-and-out-of-band-garbage-collection-kav2p8" data-anchor="_out_of_band_work_and_out_of_band_garbage_collection">11.8. Out-of-Band Work and Out-of-Band Garbage Collection</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Available since Phusion Passenger 4.0.0.</strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>At this time, this feature is only available on Ruby.</strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The Out-of-Band Work feature allows you to run arbitrary long-running tasks outside normal request cycles. This works by letting current requests to the process finish, then telling the process to perform the out-of-band work, then resuming passing requests to the process after said work is finished.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A specific (and perhaps primary) use case of of Out-of-Band Work is <strong>Out-of-Band Garbage Collection</strong>. The garbage collector is run outside normal request cycles so that garbage collection runs inside normal request cycles can finish a lot faster. This can potentially save tens to hundreds of milliseconds of latency in requests.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Because Out-of-Band Work is implemented at the Phusion Passenger inter-process request routing level, and not by, say, spawning a thread inside the application process, Out-of-Band Work has the following useful properties:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
It works well even with tasks that can pause all threads. The MRI Ruby garbage collector is a stop-the-world mark-and-sweep garbage collector.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Phusion Passenger can spawn more processes as necessary, in order to prevent situations in which all application processes are busy performing out-of-band work. Phusion Passenger guarantees that there’s at least one process that’s ready to process requests.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Phusion Passenger guarantees that no more than 1 process is performing out-of-band work at the same time.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Applications can use Out-of-Band Work as follows:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
Ensure that
<a href="#PassengerMaxPoolSize">PassengerMaxPoolSize</a>
and
<a href="#PassengerMinInstances">PassengerMinInstances</a>
are both larger than 1. Out-of-band work only works if there are at least 2 application processes.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Request out-of-band work by outputting the <span class="monospaced">X-Passenger-Request-OOB-Work</span> header during a request. It does not matter what the value is. At this time, it is not possible to request out-of-band work from outside requests.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
You can actually perform out-of-band work when you receive a <span class="monospaced">:oob_work</span> Phusion Passenger event.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that even though you can request out-of-band work, there’s no guarantee that Phusion Passenger will send an <span class="monospaced">oob_work</span> event in a timely manner, if at all. It is also possible that Phusion Passenger sends an <span class="monospaced">oob_work</span> event without you ever having requested one. This latter could for example happen if the OOB work is administrator-initiated. Do not make any assumptions in your code.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Here’s an example which implements out-of-band garbage collection using the Out-of-Band framework. This example code doesn’t do anything when the code is not being run in Phusion Passenger, thanks to the <span class="monospaced">if</span> block.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Somewhere in a controller method:</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Tell Phusion Passenger we want to perform OOB work.</span></span>
response<span style="color: #990000">.</span>headers<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"X-Passenger-Request-OOB-Work"</span><span style="color: #990000">]</span> <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"true"</span>

<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Somewhere during application initialization:</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">if</span></span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">defined</span></span><span style="color: #990000">?(</span>PhusionPassenger<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
    PhusionPassenger<span style="color: #990000">.</span>on_event<span style="color: #990000">(:</span>oob_work<span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">do</span></span>
        <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Phusion Passenger has told us that we're ready to perform OOB work.</span></span>
        t0 <span style="color: #990000">=</span> Time<span style="color: #990000">.</span>now
        GC<span style="color: #990000">.</span>start
        Rails<span style="color: #990000">.</span>logger<span style="color: #990000">.</span>info <span style="color: #FF0000">"Out-Of-Bound GC finished in #{Time.now - t0} sec"</span>
    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For your convenience, Phusion Passenger provides a Rack middleware for out-of-band garbage collection. Add the following to your <span class="monospaced">config.ru</span>. Likewise, this example code doesn’t do anything when the code is not being run in Phusion Passenger, thanks to the <span class="monospaced">if</span> block.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">if</span></span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">defined</span></span><span style="color: #990000">?(</span>PhusionPassenger<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
    PhusionPassenger<span style="color: #990000">.</span>require_passenger_lib <span style="color: #FF0000">'rack/out_of_band_gc'</span>

    <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Trigger out-of-band GC every 5 requests.</span></span>
    use PhusionPassenger<span style="color: #990000">::</span>Rack<span style="color: #990000">::</span>OutOfBandGc<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #993399">5</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It should be noted that, although the application uses the Phusion Passenger API, it is <a href="#add_passenger_to_gemfile"><strong>not</strong> necessary to add Phusion Passenger to the Gemfile</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>References:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<a href="http://blog.phusion.nl/2013/01/22/phusion-passenger-4-technology-preview-out-of-band-work/">The Phusion Blog article which first introduced this feature.</a>
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_hooks"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="hooks-bcltgp" data-anchor="_hooks">11.9. Hooks</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Introduced in version 4.0.28.</strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger provides a powerful but simple hooking system, which allows you to extend many aspects of Phusion Passenger’s behavior. The hooking system works by executing commands during certain events. Event parameters are passed to the command in the form of environment variables.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can define hooks by setting the configuration option <span class="monospaced">PassengerCtl hook_&lt;HOOK NAME&gt; &lt;COMMAND TO EXECUTE&gt;</span>.</p></div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_example"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="example-icjf0z" data-anchor="_example">11.9.1. Example</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The hook system is best demonstrated with a simple example. In the following example we will hook into the <span class="monospaced">attached_process</span> event. This event is called whenever Phusion Passenger has successfully spawned an application processes and added it to the process pool. We print the process’s PID and application root.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>First, let’s create a script <span class="monospaced">/home/phusion/attached.sh</span> which is to be called during the hook.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">#!/bin/sh</span></span>
echo <span style="color: #FF0000">"Attached process $PASSENGER_PROCESS_PID for app $PASSENGER_APP_ROOT."</span></tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Then we make it executable:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>chmod +x /home/phusion/attached.sh</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>And we define the hook in the configuration file:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>PassengerCtl hook_attached_process /home/phusion/attached.sh</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Now restart the web server and access a web app hosted by Phusion Passenger. You should see our message in the web server error log:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>[ 2013-12-10 16:12:21.6456 28934/0x1064cb000 Hooks.h:129 ]: Running attached_process hook script: /home/phusion/attached.sh
Attached process 28303 for app /webapps/foobar.
[ 2013-12-10 16:12:21.6580 28934/0x1064cb000 Hooks.h:161 ]: Hook script /home/phusion/attached.sh (PID 28948) exited with status 0</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_environment"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="environment-1amls4v" data-anchor="_environment">11.9.2. Environment</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A lot of information is passed to hook scripts in the form of environment variables. They are all uppercase and begin with <span class="monospaced">PASSENGER_</span>. Some environment variables are passed to all hook scripts, others are passed depending on the hook.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Here are some of the environment variables which are passed to all hooks, unless documented otherwise:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<span class="monospaced">PASSENGER_VERSION</span>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<span class="monospaced">PASSENGER_PASSENGER_ROOT</span>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<span class="monospaced">PASSENGER_SERVER_INSTANCE_DIR</span>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<span class="monospaced">PASSENGER_GENERATION_PATH</span>
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_blocking_and_concurrency"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="blocking-and-concurrency-cxpbyu" data-anchor="_blocking_and_concurrency">11.9.3. Blocking and concurrency</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>All hooks block. That is, Phusion Passenger waits until your hook command is finished. You should therefore be careful when writing hook scripts: if your script never finishes, so Phusion Passenger does not do that either.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you have a bug in your script and it blocks, then you will be able to see that using the command <span class="monospaced">passenger-status --show=backtraces</span> which prints the backtraces of all threads in the Phusion Passenger HelperAgent. Look for the <span class="monospaced">runSingleHookScript</span> function in the backtrace. The following example shows at line 2 that Phusion Passenger is waiting for the hook script <span class="monospaced">/home/phusion/badscript.sh</span>.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>Thread 'Group process spawner: /home/phusion/webapp.test#default' (0x1062d4000):
     in 'bool Passenger::runSingleHookScript(Passenger::HookScriptOptions &amp;, const string &amp;, const vector&lt;pair&lt;string, string&gt; &gt; &amp;)' (Hooks.h:116) -- /home/phusion/badscript.sh
     in 'bool Passenger::runHookScripts(Passenger::HookScriptOptions &amp;)' (Hooks.h:159)
     in 'void Passenger::ApplicationPool2::Group::spawnThreadRealMain(const SpawnerPtr &amp;, const Passenger::ApplicationPool2::Options &amp;, unsigned int)' (Implementation.cpp:878)</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Hooks may be called concurrently. For example, while the <span class="monospaced">attached_process</span> hook is being called, a <span class="monospaced">detached_process</span> hook may be called, perhaps even for the same application. It is your responsibility to ensure that your hook scripts are concurrency-safe, e.g. by employing locks and other concurrency control techniques.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_error_handling"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="error-handling-1a1uvod" data-anchor="_error_handling">11.9.4. Error handling</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If a hook script fails — that is, if it exits with anything other than exit code 0 — then the error handling depends on the hook. Some hooks will abort, other hooks will ignore the error. In all cases, the result of the hook script is printed to the log.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_compatibility"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="compatibility-18tl6g3" data-anchor="_compatibility">11.9.5. Compatibility</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Because hooks are inherently tied to the implementation of Phusion Passenger, there is no guarantee that hooks that currently work will continue to be available in the future versions of Phusion Passenger. The availability of hooks is very much tied to the specific version of Phusion Passenger.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_available_hooks"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="available-hooks-159anc3" data-anchor="_available_hooks">11.9.6. Available hooks</h4>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">before_watchdog_initialization</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Called at the very beginning of Phusion Passenger’s life cycle, during the start of the Watchdog process. The first hook is called before initialization is performed (before the HelperAgent is started). Errors in the hook script cause Phusion Passenger to abort.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">after_watchdog_initialization</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Like <span class="monospaced">before_watchdog_initialization</span>, but called after initialization of all Phusion Passenger agent processes. Errors in the hook script cause Phusion Passenger to abort.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">attached_process</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Called when Phusion Passenger has successfully spawned an application processes and added it to the process pool. Extra environment variables: <span class="monospaced">PASSENGER_PROCESS_PID</span>, <span class="monospaced">PASSENGER_APP_ROOT</span>. Errors in the hook script are ignored.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">detached_process</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Called when Phusion Passenger has removed an application process from the process pool. This could happen when:
</p>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
The process has crashed, and Phusion Passenger noticed it.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Phusion Passenger has shut down a process because it’s been idle for too long.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The administrator configured different resource limits, and Phusion Passenger is starting or shutting down processes in response.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Phusion Passenger itself is shutting down.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Extra environment variables: <span class="monospaced">PASSENGER_PROCESS_PID</span>, <span class="monospaced">PASSENGER_APP_ROOT</span>. Errors in the hook script are ignored.</p></div>
</li>
</ul></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">after_initialize_supergroup</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Called right after Phusion Passenger has allocated data structures for an application, and is about to spawn a process for the first time for this application. Errors in the hook script are ignored. Extra environment variables: <span class="monospaced">PASSENGER_APP_ROOT</span>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<span class="monospaced">before_destroy_supergroup</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Called right before Phusion Passenger decallocates data structures for an application. Errors in the hook script are ignored.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that the <span class="monospaced">after_initialize_supergroup</span> hook may be called while this hook is still being executed, so make sure that operations don’t conflict with each other.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Extra environment variables: <span class="monospaced">PASSENGER_APP_ROOT</span>.</p></div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="flying_passenger"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="flying-passenger-q916f7" data-anchor="flying_passenger">11.10. Flying Passenger</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>This feature is only available in <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/enterprise">Phusion Passenger Enterprise</a>. It was introduced in version 4.0.6. <a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/download">Buy Phusion Passenger Enterprise here.</a></strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Flying Passenger allows one to decouple Phusion Passenger’s life time from the web server’s life time, so that the web server can be independently restarted from Phusion Passenger, and from any of the application processes served by Phusion Passenger.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Normally, Phusion Passenger starts together with the web server, and shuts down together with the web server. The advantages of this default behavior is that it makes Phusion Passenger easy to administer: one only has to deal with the web server process and can expect all relevant processes to be cleaned up after a web server shut down. However this also brings about a disadvantage: every time one restarts the web server (e.g. to make a minor configuration change), Phusion Passenger and all its application processes also get restarted.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This problem is solved by <em>Flying Passenger</em>, which is an advanced mode of operation in Phusion Passenger that allows the web server to be indepedently restarted from Phusion Passenger. When this mode is enabled:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
One must start Phusion Passenger separately from the web server, namely by starting the Flying Passenger daemon. This daemon must - to an extent - be separately configured and managed from the web server.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The web server must be configured to forward requests to the Flying Passenger daemon.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
You should beware of the <a href="#flying_passenger_caveats">caveats and limitations</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_requirements_2"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="requirements-1ntkin3" data-anchor="_requirements_2">11.10.1. Requirements</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>At this time, this feature is <strong>only available in the Enterprise version of Phusion Passenger for Nginx</strong>. You must have Phusion Passenger for Nginx properly installed.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_basic_usage"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="basic-usage-joifsk" data-anchor="_basic_usage">11.10.2. Basic usage</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Start the Flying Passenger daemon by invoking the <span class="monospaced">flying-passenger</span> command. The only required option is <span class="monospaced">--socket-file</span>. Depending on whether you wish to enable <a href="#user_switching">User Switching</a>, you have to start <span class="monospaced">flying-passenger</span> with root privileges or not.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ sudo flying-passenger --socket-file=/var/run/flying-passenger.sock
I, [2013-06-14T09:10:13.095339 #77179]  INFO -- : Welcome to Flying Passenger 4.1.0
I, [2013-06-14T09:10:13.095339 #77179]  INFO -- : Starting PassengerWatchdog...
I, [2013-06-14T09:10:13.097036 #77179]  INFO -- : PassengerWatchdog started on PID 77181
...
I, [2013-06-14T09:10:13.129017 #77179]  INFO -- : PassengerWatchdog initialized properly
I, [2013-06-14T09:10:13.129127 #77179]  INFO -- : Flying Passenger up and listening on /var/run/flying-passenger.sock!</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Now configure Phusion Passenger for Nginx to make use of the Flying Passenger daemon, by setting the <span class="monospaced">passenger_fly_with</span> option to the socket filename:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>http {
    ...
    passenger_fly_with /var/run/flying-passenger.sock;
    ...
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>After (re)starting Nginx, Nginx + Flying Passenger is fully operational:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ sudo /path-to/nginx</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can test it by adding a virtual host for a web app:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>http {
    ...

    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.foo.local;
        root /webapps/foo/public;
        passenger_enabled on;
    }
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Verify that it works by making an HTTP request to it:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ curl http://www.foo.local/</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Now let’s verify that restarting the web server does not restart the just-spawned application process. Run <span class="monospaced">passenger-status</span> to obtain the PID of the application process:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ sudo passenger-status
Version: 4.1.0
Date   : 2013-06-14 09:21:51 -0400
.---------- General information -----------
Max pool size : 6
Processes     : 1
Requests in top-level queue : 0

.---------- Application groups -----------
/webapps/foo#default:
  App root: /webapps/foo
  Requests in queue: 0
  * PID: 77283   Sessions: 0       Processed: 1       Uptime: 2s
    CPU: 1%      Memory  : 8M      Last used: 2s ago</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>As you can see, the PID of the application process is <strong>77283</strong>. Now let’s see what happens if we restart Nginx:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ sudo /path-to/nginx -s stop
$ sudo /path-to/nginx
$ sudo passenger-status</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The application process should remain there, unchanged:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ sudo passenger-status
Version: 4.1.0
Date   : 2013-06-14 09:21:51 -0400
.---------- General information -----------
Max pool size : 6
Processes     : 1
Requests in top-level queue : 0

.---------- Application groups -----------
/webapps/foo#default:
  App root: /webapps/foo
  Requests in queue: 0
  * PID: 77283   Sessions: 0       Processed: 1       Uptime: 18s
    CPU: 1%      Memory  : 8M      Last used: 18s ago</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="configuring_flying_passenger"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="configuring-flying-passenger-1v35vgg" data-anchor="configuring_flying_passenger">11.10.3. Configuring Flying Passenger</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Flying Passenger gets <strong>some</strong> configuration from the web server, but not all. In particular, most web server directives that are only valid in the <span class="monospaced">http</span> context, e.g. <a href="#PassengerLogLevel">passenger_log_level</a>, have no effect when using Flying Passenger. Instead, you are supposed to pass these configuration directives through command line options to the Flying Passenger daemon. Configuration directives that have no effect on Flying Passenger are documented as such. You can assume that configuration directives that are not documented as such, work fine on Flying Passenger.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, to achieve the same effect as setting passenger_log_level to 2, run the Flying Passenger daemon as follows:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ sudo flying-passenger --socket-file=/var/run/flying-passenger.sock --log-level=2</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Currently, not all configuration directives have a Flying Passenger equivalent. Run the following command to see an overview of available options:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ flying-passenger --help</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_managing_the_flying_passenger_daemon"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="managing-the-flying-passenger-daemon-1bng2bu" data-anchor="_managing_the_flying_passenger_daemon">11.10.4. Managing the Flying Passenger daemon</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The Flying Passenger daemon runs in the foreground by default. This is undesirable on server environments. You can make it go into the background by passing <span class="monospaced">--daemonize</span>, <span class="monospaced">--log-file</span> and <span class="monospaced">--pid-file</span>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ sudo flying-passenger --socket-file=/var/run/flying-passenger.sock \
    --daemonize --log-file=/var/log/flying-passenger.log \
    --pid-file=/var/run/flying-passenger.pid</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can shut down a Flying Passenger daemon by sending SIGINT or SIGTERM to it:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ kill `cat /var/run/flying-passenger.pid`</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>We recommend using <a href="http://cr.yp.to/daemontools.html">daemontools</a> or <a href="http://smarden.org/runit/">runit</a> for managing the Flying Passenger daemon. These tools will allow automatically starting the Flying Passenger daemon at boot, and will automatically restart the daemon if it crashes. You can create and enable a daemontools/runit service as folows:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ sudo mkdir /etc/service/flying-passenger
$ sudo nano /etc/service/flying-passenger/run
#!/bin/sh
exec /path-to/flying-passenger \
    --socket-file=/var/run/flying-passenger.sock \
    --log-file=/var/log/flying-passenger.log \
    --pid-file=/var/run/flying-passenger.pid</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Immediately after creating the <span class="monospaced">run</span> file, daemontools/runit automatically runs it to start the daemon. Note that the location (<span class="monospaced">/etc/service</span>) depends on the OS or Linux distros. Sometimes it’s <span class="monospaced">/service</span>. Also note that we start the Flying Passenger daemon without <span class="monospaced">--daemonize</span>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To shut down a daemontools/runit-managed daemon, you need to use <span class="monospaced">svc -d /etc/service/flying-passenger</span> (daemontools) or <span class="monospaced">sv stop /etc/service/flying-passenger</span> (runit) instead of sending a signal to the process.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="using_flying_passenger_with_mri_18_or_jruby"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="using-flying-passenger-with-mri-1-8-or-jruby-f5tbvs" data-anchor="using_flying_passenger_with_mri_18_or_jruby">11.10.5. Using Flying Passenger with MRI 1.8 or JRuby</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Using Flying Passenger in combination with MRI Ruby 1.8 or with JRuby requires special attention. This is because the Flying Passenger daemon is written in Ruby, and requires proper <span class="monospaced">Process.spawn</span> support, which neither MRI 1.8 nor JRuby support.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It is however possible to use Flying Passenger with MRI Ruby 1.8 and JRuby. You can’t run the Flying Passenger daemon in MRI 1.8 or JRuby, but you can still run the web applications - hosted under Flying Passenger - in MRI 1.8 or JRuby.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>First, edit your Nginx configuration file and specify a Ruby interpreter for your web applications. For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre># Connect to the Flying Passenger daemon on the following socket
passenger_fly_with /var/run/flying-passenger.sock;
...

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name www.foo.com;
    root /webapps/foo/public;
    passenger_enabled on;
    # Use JRuby for this web application
    passenger_ruby /opt/jruby/bin/jruby;
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Then you need to install a Ruby 1.9-compatible Ruby interpeter with POSIX spawn support, alongside JRuby/MRI 1.8. Ruby interpreters which can be used for running the Flying Passenger daemon include:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
MRI Ruby &gt;= 1.9.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Rubinius.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The following example demonstrates how you can install MRI Ruby 1.9 in parallel with your MRI Ruby 1.8 or JRuby installation.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Example for Debian/Ubuntu users:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Install Ruby 1.9</span></span>
sudo apt-get install ruby1<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #993399">9.3</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Run the Flying Passenger daemon in Ruby 1.9</span></span>
ruby1<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #993399">9</span> -S flying-passenger --socket-file<span style="color: #990000">=</span>/var/run/flying-passenger<span style="color: #990000">.</span>sock</tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Example for RVM users:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Install Ruby 1.9</span></span>
rvm install <span style="color: #993399">1.9</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #993399">3</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Run the Flying Passenger daemon in Ruby 1.9</span></span>
$ rvm-exec <span style="color: #993399">1.9</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #993399">3</span> ruby -S flying-passenger --socket-file<span style="color: #990000">=</span>/var/run/flying-passenger<span style="color: #990000">.</span>sock</tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The Flying Passenger daemon will now be run on Ruby 1.9, while the web application <em>www.foo.com</em> will be run on JRuby.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="flying_passenger_caveats"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="caveats-and-limitations-lz3rbb" data-anchor="flying_passenger_caveats">11.10.6. Caveats and limitations</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Beware of the following caveats and limitations when using Flying Passenger:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
The Nginx executable <strong>must</strong> be compiled with the same version of Phusion Passenger as the Flying Passenger daemon. Failing to meet this requirement may result in cryptic errors, or may result in certain features not working, until you’ve fixed the situation. When upgrading Phusion Passenger, you must restart both Nginx and the Flying Passenger daemon.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The <a href="#PassengerRoot">passenger_root</a> directive has no effect. When using Flying Passenger, you are not supposed to set <span class="monospaced">passenger_root</span>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The Flying Passenger daemon is written in Ruby. It requires a Ruby interpreter with proper <span class="monospaced">Process#spawn</span> support. At the time of writing, all Ruby interpreters in existance satisfy this requirement, except for MRI Ruby 1.8 and JRuby. See <a href="#using_flying_passenger_with_mri_18_or_jruby">Using Flying Passenger with MRI 1.8 or JRuby</a> for more information.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
When you add a new application to the web server configuration, Flying Passenger will automatically pick up the application’s settings and spawn this new application upon the first request to it. However it is not capable of automatically starting the new app before a request has been sent to it (i.e. <a href="#PassengerPreStart">passenger_pre_start</a>-like behavior is not available in this case). As a workaround, you can send an HTTP request to your application after starting the daemon, which forces it to spawn application processes.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
When you remove an application from the web server configuration, Flying Passenger will not detect the removal and will not shut down the associated application processes. Killing the application processes will also not help, because Flying Passenger will restart them per the (now-removed, but still in the Flying Passenger daemon’s memory) <a href="#PassengerMinInstances">passenger_min_instances</a> settings. At the moment, there are two ways to get rid of those processes:
</p>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Before removing the application from the web server configuration, explicitly set its <span class="monospaced">passenger_min_instances</span> to 0. Next, send a request to it, which will cause the Flying Passenger daemon to take over the new <span class="monospaced">passenger_min_instances 0</span> option. You can then proceed with removing the application from the web server configuration, and restarting the web server. Finally, kill the PIDs associated to those application processes and remove the application configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Restart the Flying Passenger daemon.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_x_sendfile_support"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="x-sendfile-support-1cgyykw" data-anchor="_x_sendfile_support">11.11. X-Sendfile support</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger does not provide X-Sendfile support by itself. Please install
<a href="http://tn123.ath.cx/mod_xsendfile/">mod_xsendfile</a> for X-Sendfile support.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_upload_progress"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="upload-progress-71cyl7" data-anchor="_upload_progress">11.12. Upload progress</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger does not provide upload progress support by itself. Please
try drogus’s <a href="http://github.com/drogus/apache-upload-progress-module/tree/master">
Apache upload progress module</a> instead.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_under_the_hood"></span><h2 data-comment-topic="under-the-hood-21ue5t" data-anchor="_under_the_hood">12. Under the hood</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger hides a lot of complexity for the end user (i.e. the web server
system administrator), but sometimes it is desirable to know what is going on.
This section describes a few things that Phusion Passenger does under the hood.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_page_caching_support"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="page-caching-support-kwq9b9" data-anchor="_page_caching_support">12.1. Page caching support</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For each HTTP request, Phusion Passenger will automatically look for a corresponding
page cache file, and serve that if it exists. It does this by appending ".html" to
the filename that the URI normally maps to, and checking whether that file exists.
This check occurs after checking whether the original mapped filename exists (as part
of static asset serving). All this is done without the need for special mod_rewrite
rules.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, suppose that the browser requests <em>/foo/bar</em>.</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
Phusion Passenger will first check whether this URI maps to a static file, i.e.
   whether the file <em>foo/bar</em> exists in the web application’s <em>public</em> directory.
   If it does then Phusion Passenger will serve this file through the web server immediately.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If that doesn’t exist, then Phusion Passenger will check whether the file
   <em>foo/bar.html</em> exists. If it does then Phusion Passenger will serve this file
   through the web server immediately.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If <em>foo/bar.html</em> doesn’t exist either, then Phusion Passenger will forward the
   request to the underlying web application.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that Phusion Passenger’s page caching support doesn’t work if your web
application uses a non-standard page cache directory, i.e. if it doesn’t cache to
the <em>public</em> directory. In that case you’ll need to use mod_rewrite to serve such
page cache files.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="relationship_with_ruby"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="phusion-passenger-and-its-relationship-with-ruby-1eq08ff" data-anchor="relationship_with_ruby">12.2. Phusion Passenger and its relationship with Ruby</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_how_ruby_is_used"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="how-ruby-is-used-14r83nr" data-anchor="_how_ruby_is_used">12.2.1. How Ruby is used</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger’s core is written in C++ for performance and memory efficiency. It supports web applications written in any language. Phusion Passenger requires Ruby, its usage of Ruby is minimal in order to maximize performance and to minimize memory usage.</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Phusion Passenger’s installer, build system and administration tools are written in Ruby.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Certain internally used tools, such as the crash handler (which generates a backtrace in case Phusion Passenger crash) and the prespawn script (used to implement
<a href="#PassengerPreStart">PassengerPreStart</a>)
are written in Ruby as well.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Ruby web application support is implemented in Ruby.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If you use <a href="#flying_passenger">Flying Passenger</a>, then the Flying Passenger daemon is written in Ruby. The daemon is a small (less than 500 lines of code) and offloads most tasks to the C++ core.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If you use <a href="Users%20guide%20Standalone.html">Phusion Passenger Standalone</a>, then the frontend (the <span class="monospaced">passenger</span> command) is written in Ruby. The frontend is small (less than 1500 lines of code) and offloads most tasks to the C++ core.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Other than the aforementioned aspects, Phusion Passenger does not use Ruby during normal operation. For example, if you run Python WSGI web applications on Phusion Passenger, then there will be (almost) no Ruby code running on the system.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_when_the_system_has_multiple_ruby_interpreters"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="when-the-system-has-multiple-ruby-interpreters-10tm1fq" data-anchor="_when_the_system_has_multiple_ruby_interpreters">12.2.2. When the system has multiple Ruby interpreters</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger may be installed with any Ruby interpreter. Once installed, you can run Phusion Passenger’s Ruby parts under any Ruby interpreter you want, even if that Ruby interpreter was not the one you originally installed Phusion Passenger with.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The reason for this is that Phusion Passenger does not dynamically link to Ruby: Phusion Passenger uses Ruby entirely out-of-process. Thus you can switch to any Ruby interpreter you want during runtime, without recompiling Phusion Passenger, and without worrying about what Ruby you used to install Phusion Passenger.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger is also capable of running Ruby web applications under any Ruby interpreter you want. So it is not important which Ruby you use to install Phusion Passenger: it will work regardless. Please refer to the documentation for the
<a href="#PassengerRuby">PassengerRuby</a>
directive to learn how run different web applications under different Ruby interpreters.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph">
<div class="title">Caveat: RVM and RVM gemsets</div>
<p>There is however one caveat if you happen to be using RVM or RVM gemsets. When you <span class="monospaced">gem install</span> Phusion Passenger using RVM, then RVM will install Phusion Passenger into the <strong>currently active RVM Ruby and gemset</strong>. This means that Phusion Passenger commands - such as <span class="monospaced">passenger</span>, <span class="monospaced">passenger-install-xxx-module</span> and <span class="monospaced">passenger-status</span> - are available in that same RVM Ruby and gemset only. When you switch Ruby interpreter, or when you switch gemset, the Phusion Passenger commands will no longer be available, and you will get a <span class="monospaced">command not found</span> error. Here’s an example which demonstrates the problem.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="title">"Command not found" problem demonstration</div>
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">## Install Phusion Passenger (open source edition) using Ruby 1.9.3</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">## and the 'business' gemset</span></span>
$ rvm use <span style="color: #993399">1.9</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #993399">3</span>
Using /home/phusion<span style="color: #990000">/.</span>rvm/gems/ruby-<span style="color: #993399">1.9</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #993399">3</span>-p<span style="color: #993399">429</span>
$ rvm gemset create business
$ rvm gemset use business
Using ruby-<span style="color: #993399">1.9</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #993399">3</span>-p<span style="color: #993399">429</span> with gemset business
$ curl -O https<span style="color: #990000">:</span>//s<span style="color: #993399">3</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span>amazonaws<span style="color: #990000">.</span>com/phusion-passenger/releases/gem_bootstrap<span style="color: #990000">.</span>sh
$ <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">eval</span></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"`sh gem_bootstrap.sh`"</span>
$ gem install passenger

<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">## Verify that passenger works</span></span>
$ passenger --version
Phusion Passenger version <span style="color: #993399">4.0</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #993399">14</span>

<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">## Switch to a different RVM gemset. You will get a `command not found`</span></span>
$ rvm gemset use default
Using ruby-<span style="color: #993399">1.9</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #993399">3</span>-p<span style="color: #993399">429</span> with gemset default
$ passenger --version
bash<span style="color: #990000">:</span> passenger<span style="color: #990000">:</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">command</span></span> not found

<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">## Switch to a different Ruby interpreter. You will also get</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">## a `command not found`</span></span>
$ rvm use <span style="color: #993399">2.0</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #993399">0</span>
Using /home/phusion<span style="color: #990000">/.</span>rvm/gems/ruby-<span style="color: #993399">2.0</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #993399">0</span>-p<span style="color: #993399">195</span>
$ passenger --version
bash<span style="color: #990000">:</span> passenger<span style="color: #990000">:</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">command</span></span> not found

<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">## Switch back to the Ruby and gemset that you installed Phusion</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">## Passenger with, and verify that it works again</span></span>
$ rvm use <span style="color: #993399">1.9</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #993399">3</span>
Using /home/phusion<span style="color: #990000">/.</span>rvm/gems/ruby-<span style="color: #993399">2.0</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #993399">0</span>-p<span style="color: #993399">195</span>
$ rvm gemset use business
Using ruby-<span style="color: #993399">1.9</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #993399">3</span>-p<span style="color: #993399">429</span> with gemset business
$ passenger --version
Phusion Passenger version <span style="color: #993399">4.0</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #993399">14</span></tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<div class="title">Solutions</div>
<p>There are several ways to solve this problem:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
Permanently add Phusion Passenger’s command directory to your PATH, so that your shell can always find them even when you switch RVM Ruby or gemset. If you don’t know what PATH means, please read <a href="#about_environment_variable">About environment variables</a> first.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The drawback is that you have to redo this every time you upgrade Phusion Passenger, because the Phusion Passenger directory filename is dependent on the version number.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>First, identify the location of the Phusion Passenger command directory, like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ echo `passenger-config --root`/bin
/home/phusion/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p429/gems/passenger-4.0.15/bin</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Next, add the directory that you’ve found to your current shell’s PATH:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ export PATH=/home/phusion/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p429/gems/passenger-4.0.15/bin:$PATH</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Finally, make the change permanent by appending the above command to your bash startup file:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ echo 'export PATH=/home/phusion/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p429/gems/passenger-4.0.15/bin:$PATH' &gt;&gt; ~/.bashrc</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Switch back to the RVM Ruby and gemset that you installed Phusion Passenger with, before running any Phusion Passenger command.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Prepend any Phusion Passenger command with <span class="monospaced">rvm-exec RUBY_NAME@GEMSET_NAME ruby -S</span>. If the relevant Phusion Passenger command also needs root privileges, then prepend <span class="monospaced">rvmsudo</span> before that. For example:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>rvm-exec 1.9.3@business ruby -S passenger --version
rvmsudo rvm-exec 1.9.3@business ruby -S passenger-install-apache2-module</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ol></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_static_assets_serving"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="static-assets-serving-wo2d9v" data-anchor="_static_assets_serving">12.3. Static assets serving</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger accelerates serving of static files. This means that, if an URI
maps to a file that exists, then Phusion Passenger will let Apache serve that file
directly, without hitting the web application.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger does all this without the need for any mod_rewrite rules. People
who are switching from an old Mongrel-based setup might have mod_rewrite rules such
as these:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre># Check whether this request has a corresponding file; if that
# exists, let Apache serve it, otherwise forward the request to
# Mongrel.
RewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/%{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ balancer://mongrel%{REQUEST_URI} [P,QSA,L]</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>These kind of mod_rewrite rules are no longer required, and you can safely remove
them.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="application_detection"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="how-phusion-passenger-detects-whether-a-virtual-host-is-a-web-application-179mp8m" data-anchor="application_detection">12.4. How Phusion Passenger detects whether a virtual host is a web application</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>After you’ve read the deployment instructions you might wonder how Phusion Passenger
knows that the DocumentRoot points to a web application that Phusion Passenger is
able to serve, and how it knows what kind of web application it is (e.g. Rails or Rack).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger checks whether the virtual host is a Rails application by checking
whether the following file exists:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>dirname(DocumentRoot) + "/config/environment.rb"</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you’re not a programmer and don’t understand the above pseudo-code snippet, it means
that Phusion Passenger will:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
Extract the parent directory filename from the value of the DocumentRoot directory.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Append the text "/config/environment.rb" to the result, and check whether the resulting
   filename exists.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>So suppose that your document root is <em>/webapps/foo/public</em>. Phusion Passenger will check
whether the file <em>/webapps/foo/config/environment.rb</em> exists.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that Phusion Passenger does <strong>not</strong> resolve any symlinks in the document root path by
default since version 2.2.0 — in contrast to versions earlier than 2.2.0, which do resolve
symlinks.
So for example, suppose that your DocumentRoot points to <em>/home/www/example.com</em>, which in
turn is a symlink to <em>/webapps/example.com/public</em>. In versions earlier than 2.2.0, Phusion
Passenger will check whether <em>/webapps/example.com/config/environment.rb</em> exists because it
resolves all symlinks. Phusion Passenger 2.2.0 and later however will check for
<em>/home/www/config/environment.rb</em>. This file of course doesn’t exist, and as a result Phusion
Passenger will not activate itself for this virtual host, and you’ll most likely see an Apache
mod_dirindex directory listing.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you need the old symlink-resolving behavior for whatever reason, then you can turn on
<a href="#PassengerResolveSymlinksInDocumentRoot">PassengerResolveSymlinksInDocumentRoot</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Another way to solve this situation is to explicitly tell Phusion Passenger what the
correct application root is through the <a href="#PassengerAppRoot">PassengerAppRoot</a> configuration
directive.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Autodetection of Rack applications happens through the same mechanism, exception that
Phusion Passenger will look for <em>config.ru</em> instead of <em>config/environment.rb</em>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_appendix_a_about_this_document"></span><h2 data-comment-topic="appendix-a-about-this-document-103toqs" data-anchor="_appendix_a_about_this_document">13. Appendix A: About this document</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>The text of this document is licensed under the
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons
Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
<a class="image" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">
<img src="images/by_sa.png" alt="images/by_sa.png">
</a>
</span></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger is brought to you by <a href="http://www.phusion.nl/">Phusion</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
<a class="image" href="http://www.phusion.nl/">
<img src="images/phusion_banner.png" alt="images/phusion_banner.png">
</a>
</span></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger is a trademark of Hongli Lai &amp; Ninh Bui.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_appendix_b_terminology"></span><h2 data-comment-topic="appendix-b-terminology-h4eaf4" data-anchor="_appendix_b_terminology">14. Appendix B: Terminology</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="application_root"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="application-root-otx6xf" data-anchor="application_root">14.1. Application root</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The root directory of an application that’s served by Phusion Passenger.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In case of Ruby on Rails applications, this is the directory that contains
<em>Rakefile</em>, <em>app/</em>, <em>config/</em>, <em>public/</em>, etc. In other words, the directory
pointed to by <span class="monospaced">RAILS_ROOT</span>. For example, take the following directory structure:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>/apps/foo/       &lt;------ This is the Rails application's application root!
   |
   +- app/
   |   |
   |   +- controllers/
   |   |
   |   +- models/
   |   |
   |   +- views/
   |
   +- config/
   |   |
   |   +- environment.rb
   |   |
   |   +- ...
   |
   +- public/
   |   |
   |   +- ...
   |
   +- ...</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In case of Rack applications, this is the directory that contains <em>config.ru</em>.
For example, take the following directory structure:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>/apps/bar/      &lt;----- This is the Rack application's application root!
   |
   +- public/
   |    |
   |    +- ...
   |
   +- config.ru
   |
   +- ...</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In case of Python (WSGI) applications, this is the directory that contains
<em>passenger_wsgi.py</em>. For example, take the following directory structure:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>/apps/baz/      &lt;----- This is the WSGI application's application root!
   |
   +- public/
   |    |
   |    +- ...
   |
   +- passenger_wsgi.py
   |
   +- ...</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="idle_process"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="idle-process-potb6g" data-anchor="idle_process">14.2. Idle process</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>An "idle process" refers to a process that hasn’t processed any requests for a while.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="inactive_process"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="inactive-process-16gjv2e" data-anchor="inactive_process">14.3. Inactive process</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>An "inactive process" refers to a process that’s current not processing any requests. An idle process is always inactive, but an inactive process is not always considered idle.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="spawning_methods_explained"></span><h2 data-comment-topic="appendix-c-spawning-methods-explained-owghi9" data-anchor="spawning_methods_explained">15. Appendix C: Spawning methods explained</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>At its core, Phusion Passenger is an HTTP proxy and process manager. It spawns
Ruby on Rails/Rack/WSGI worker processes (which may also be referred to as
<em>backend processes</em>), and forwards incoming HTTP request to one of the worker
processes.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>While this may sound simple, there’s not just one way to spawn worker processes.
Let’s go over the different spawning methods. For simplicity’s sake, let’s
assume that we’re only talking about Ruby on Rails applications.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_the_most_straightforward_and_traditional_way_direct_spawning"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="the-most-straightforward-and-traditional-way-conservative-spawning-1ybbli2" data-anchor="_the_most_straightforward_and_traditional_way_direct_spawning">15.1. The most straightforward and traditional way: direct spawning</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger could create a new Ruby process, which will then load the
Rails application along with the entire Rails framework. This process will then
enter an request handling main loop.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This is the most straightforward way to spawn worker processes. If you’re
familiar with the Mongrel application server, then this approach is exactly
what mongrel_cluster performs: it creates N worker processes, each which loads
a full copy of the Rails application and the Rails framework in memory. The Thin
application server employs pretty much the same approach.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that Phusion Passenger’s version of direct spawning differs slightly
from mongrel_cluster. Mongrel_cluster creates entirely new Ruby processes. In
programmers jargon, mongrel_cluster creates new Ruby processes by forking the
current process and exec()-ing a new Ruby interpreter. Phusion Passenger on the
other hand creates processes that reuse the already loaded Ruby interpreter. In
programmers jargon, Phusion Passenger calls fork(), but not exec().</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_the_smart_spawning_method"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="the-smart-spawning-method-1cvu9dd" data-anchor="_the_smart_spawning_method">15.2. The smart spawning method</h3>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">Smart spawning is supported for all Ruby applications but not for WSGI applications.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>While direct spawning works well, it’s not as efficient as it could be
because each worker process has its own private copy of the Rails application
as well as the Rails framework. This wastes memory as well as startup time.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
<img src="images/direct_spawning.png" alt="Worker processes and direct spawning">
</span><br>
<em>Figure: Worker processes and direct spawning. Each worker process has its
own private copy of the application code and Rails framework code.</em></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It is possible to make the different worker processes share the memory occupied
by application and Rails framework code, by utilizing so-called
copy-on-write semantics of the virtual memory system on modern operating
systems. As a side effect, the startup time is also reduced. This is technique
is exploited by Phusion Passenger’s <em>smart</em> spawn method.</p></div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_how_it_works"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="how-it-works-672zja" data-anchor="_how_it_works">15.2.1. How it works</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When the <em>smart</em> spawn method is being used, Phusion Passenger will first
create a so-called <em>ApplicationSpawner server</em> process. This process loads the
entire Rails application along with the Rails framework, by loading
<em>environment.rb</em>. Then, whenever Phusion Passenger needs a new worker process,
it will instruct the ApplicationSpawner server to do so. The ApplicationSpawner
server will create a worker new process
that reuses the already loaded Rails application/framework. Creating a worker
process through an already running ApplicationSpawner server is very fast, about
10 times faster than loading the Rails application/framework from scratch. If
the Ruby interpreter is copy-on-write friendly (that is, if you’re running
<a href="#reducing_memory_usage">Ruby Enterprise Edition</a>) then all created worker
processes will share as much common
memory as possible. That is, they will all share the same application and Rails
framework code.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
<img src="images/smart.png" alt="images/smart.png">
</span><br>
<em>Figure: Worker processes and the smart spawn method. All worker processes,
as well as the ApplicationSpawner, share the same application code and Rails
framework code.</em></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>smart</em> method allows different worker processes that belong to the same
application to share memory.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Notes:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Vendored Rails frameworks cannot be shared by different applications, even if
  both vendored Rails frameworks are the same version. So for efficiency reasons
  we don’t recommend vendoring Rails.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
ApplicationSpawner servers have an idle timeout just like worker processes.
  If an ApplicationSpawner/FrameworkSpawner server hasn’t been instructed to do
  anything for a while, it will be shutdown in order to conserve memory. This
  idle timeout is configurable.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_summary_of_benefits"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="summary-of-benefits-1yrihfb" data-anchor="_summary_of_benefits">15.2.2. Summary of benefits</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that Phusion Passenger needs a new worker process for an application
that uses Rails 2.2.1.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If the <em>smart</em> spawning method is used, and an ApplicationSpawner server
for this application is already running, then worker process creation time is
about 10 times faster than direct spawning. This worker process will also
share application and Rails framework code memory with the ApplicationSpawner
server and the worker processes that had been spawned by this ApplicationSpawner
server.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In practice, the smart spawning method could mean a memory saving of about 33%,
assuming that your Ruby interpreter is <a href="#reducing_memory_usage">copy-on-write friendly</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Of course, smart spawning is not without gotchas. But if you understand the
gotchas you can easily reap the benefits of smart spawning.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_smart_spawning_gotcha_1_unintentional_file_descriptor_sharing"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="smart-spawning-gotcha-1-unintentional-file-descriptor-sharing-z1y55l" data-anchor="_smart_spawning_gotcha_1_unintentional_file_descriptor_sharing">15.3. Smart spawning gotcha #1: unintentional file descriptor sharing</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Because worker processes are created by forking from an ApplicationSpawner
server, it will share all file descriptors that are opened by the
ApplicationSpawner server. (This is part of the semantics of the Unix
<em>fork()</em> system call. You might want to Google it if you’re not familiar with
it.) A file descriptor is a handle which can be an opened file, an opened socket
connection, a pipe, etc. If different worker processes write to such a file
descriptor at the same time, then their write calls will be interleaved, which
may potentially cause problems.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The problem commonly involves socket connections that are unintentionally being
shared. You can fix it by closing and reestablishing the connection when Phusion
Passenger is creating a new worker process. Phusion Passenger provides the API
call <span class="monospaced">PhusionPassenger.on_event(:starting_worker_process)</span> to do so. So you
could insert the following code in your <em>environment.rb</em>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">if</span></span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">defined</span></span><span style="color: #990000">?(</span>PhusionPassenger<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
    PhusionPassenger<span style="color: #990000">.</span>on_event<span style="color: #990000">(:</span>starting_worker_process<span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">do</span></span> <span style="color: #990000">|</span>forked<span style="color: #990000">|</span>
        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">if</span></span> forked
            <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># We're in smart spawning mode.</span></span>
            <span style="color: #990000">...</span> code to reestablish socket connections here <span style="color: #990000">...</span>
        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">else</span></span>
            <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># We're in direct spawning mode. We don't need to do anything.</span></span>
        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that Phusion Passenger automatically reestablishes the connection to the
database upon creating a new worker process, which is why you normally do not
encounter any database issues when using smart spawning mode.</p></div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_example_1_memcached_connection_sharing_harmful"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="example-1-memcached-connection-sharing-harmful--c71wqw" data-anchor="_example_1_memcached_connection_sharing_harmful">15.3.1. Example 1: Memcached connection sharing (harmful)</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose we have a Rails application that connects to a Memcached server in
<em>environment.rb</em>. This causes the ApplicationSpawner to have a socket connection
(file descriptor) to the Memcached server, as shown in the following figure:</p></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>+--------------------+
| ApplicationSpawner |-----------[Memcached server]
+--------------------+</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger then proceeds with creating a new Rails worker process, which
is to process incoming HTTP requests. The result will look like this:</p></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>+--------------------+
| ApplicationSpawner |------+----[Memcached server]
+--------------------+      |
                            |
+--------------------+      |
| Worker process 1   |-----/
+--------------------+</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Since a <em>fork()</em> makes a (virtual) complete copy of a process, all its file
descriptors will be copied as well. What we see here is that ApplicationSpawner
and Worker process 1 both share the same connection to Memcached.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Now supposed that your site gets Slashdotted and Phusion Passenger needs to
spawn another worker process. It does so by forking ApplicationSpawner. The
result is now as follows:</p></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>+--------------------+
| ApplicationSpawner |------+----[Memcached server]
+--------------------+      |
                            |
+--------------------+      |
| Worker process 1   |-----/|
+--------------------+      |
                            |
+--------------------+      |
| Worker process 2   |-----/
+--------------------+</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>As you can see, Worker process 1 and Worker process 2 have the same Memcached
connection.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that users Joe and Jane visit your website at the same time. Joe’s
request is handled by Worker process 1, and Jane’s request is handled by Worker
process 2. Both worker processes want to fetch something from Memcached. Suppose
that in order to do that, both handlers need to send a "FETCH" command to Memcached.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>But suppose that, after worker process 1 having only sent "FE", a context switch
occurs, and worker process 2 starts sending a "FETCH" command to Memcached as
well. If worker process 2 succeeds in sending only one bye, <em>F</em>, then Memcached
will receive a command which begins with "FEF", a command that it does not
recognize. In other words: the data from both handlers get interleaved. And thus
Memcached is forced to handle this as an error.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This problem can be solved by reestablishing the connection to Memcached after forking:</p></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>+--------------------+
| ApplicationSpawner |------+----[Memcached server]
+--------------------+      |                   |
                            |                   |
+--------------------+      |                   |
| Worker process 1   |-----/|                   |
+--------------------+      |                   |  &lt;--- created this
                            X                   |       new
                                                |       connection
                            X &lt;-- closed this   |
+--------------------+      |     old           |
| Worker process 2   |-----/      connection    |
+--------------------+                          |
          |                                     |
          +-------------------------------------+</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Worker process 2 now has its own, separate communication channel with Memcached.
The code in <em>environment.rb</em> looks like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">if</span></span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">defined</span></span><span style="color: #990000">?(</span>PhusionPassenger<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
    PhusionPassenger<span style="color: #990000">.</span>on_event<span style="color: #990000">(:</span>starting_worker_process<span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">do</span></span> <span style="color: #990000">|</span>forked<span style="color: #990000">|</span>
        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">if</span></span> forked
            <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># We're in smart spawning mode.</span></span>
            reestablish_connection_to_memcached
        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">else</span></span>
            <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># We're in direct spawning mode. We don't need to do anything.</span></span>
        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_example_2_log_file_sharing_not_harmful"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="example-2-log-file-sharing-not-harmful--1p2yuol" data-anchor="_example_2_log_file_sharing_not_harmful">15.3.2. Example 2: Log file sharing (not harmful)</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are also cases in which unintentional file descriptor sharing is not harmful.
One such case is log file file descriptor sharing. Even if two processes write
to the log file at the same time, the worst thing that can happen is that the
data in the log file is interleaved.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To guarantee that the data written to the log file is never interleaved, you
must synchronize write access via an inter-process synchronization mechanism,
such as file locks. Reopening the log file, like you would have done in the
Memcached example, doesn’t help.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_smart_spawning_gotcha_2_the_need_to_revive_threads"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="smart-spawning-gotcha-2-the-need-to-revive-threads-1k6cj7d" data-anchor="_smart_spawning_gotcha_2_the_need_to_revive_threads">15.4. Smart spawning gotcha #2: the need to revive threads</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Another part of the <em>fork()</em> system call’s semantics is the fact that threads
disappear after a fork call. So if you’ve created any threads in environment.rb,
then those threads will no longer be running in newly created worker process.
You need to revive them when a new worker process is created. Use the
<span class="monospaced">:starting_worker_process</span> event that Phusion Passenger provides, like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">if</span></span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">defined</span></span><span style="color: #990000">?(</span>PhusionPassenger<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
    PhusionPassenger<span style="color: #990000">.</span>on_event<span style="color: #990000">(:</span>starting_worker_process<span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">do</span></span> <span style="color: #990000">|</span>forked<span style="color: #990000">|</span>
        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">if</span></span> forked
            <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># We're in smart spawning mode.</span></span>
            <span style="color: #990000">...</span> code to revive threads here <span style="color: #990000">...</span>
        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">else</span></span>
            <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># We're in direct spawning mode. We don't need to do anything.</span></span>
        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_smart_spawning_gotcha_3_code_load_order"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="smart-spawning-gotcha-3-code-load-order-nkotiy" data-anchor="_smart_spawning_gotcha_3_code_load_order">15.5. Smart spawning gotcha #3: code load order</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This gotcha is only applicable to the <em>smart</em> spawn method, not the <em>smart-lv2</em>
spawn method.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If your application expects the Rails framework to be not loaded during the
beginning of <em>environment.rb</em>, then it can cause problems when an
ApplicationSpawner is created from a FrameworkSpawner, which already has the
Rails framework loaded. The most common case is when applications try to patch
Rails by dropping a modified file that has the same name as Rails’s own file,
in a path that comes earlier in the Ruby search path.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, suppose that we have an application which has a patched version
of <em>active_record/base.rb</em> located in <em>RAILS_ROOT/lib/patches</em>, and
<em>RAILS_ROOT/lib/patches</em> comes first in the Ruby load path. When conservative
spawning is used, the patched version of <em>base.rb</em> is properly loaded. When
<em>smart</em> (not <em>smart-lv2</em>) spawning is used, the original <em>base.rb</em> is used
because it was already loaded, so a subsequent <span class="monospaced">require "active_record/base"</span>
has no effect.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="about_environment_variables"></span><h2 data-comment-topic="appendix-d-about-environment-variables-1lebv1u" data-anchor="about_environment_variables">16. Appendix D: About environment variables</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>The Phusion Passenger compilation process can be customized with environment variables.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Environment variables are named values that affect how the system works. For example they tell the system where to look for commands (the <span class="monospaced">PATH</span> variable) or where to look for libraries (<span class="monospaced">LD_LIBRARY_PATH</span>). Their names are often in all-uppercase. Sometimes people refer to an environment variable with a dollar sign <span class="monospaced">$</span> in front, but that’s the same thing: when people say "the $PATH environment variable" they mean "the PATH environment variable". This is because the dollar sign <span class="monospaced">$</span> is a shell syntax for refering to an environment variable, as you will learn later.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Environment variables are set on a <strong>per-process</strong> basis, but they are <strong>inherited</strong> by child processes. This means that if you set environment variables in process A, another already running process B will not see these new environment variables. But if A spawns a child process C, then C will have all environment variables that A had. If you once again change the environment variables in A, then C will not see the changes.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The per-process nature of environment variables some implications. When you set environment variables in your <span class="monospaced">bashrc</span> or other bash startup files…</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
…only newly spawned bash shells see them.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
…the web server usually does not see them, because the web server tends to be started from init scripts, not from bash.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
…cron jobs do not see them, because cron jobs' environment variables are entirely dictated by their crontabs.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">Because this chapter is meant for beginners, it assumes that the reader uses the bash shell. This chapter does not describe instructions for zsh, csh or other shells. We assume that users of other shells are familiar with the Bourne shell syntax, and know how to apply the instructions in this chapter in their shells' native syntaxes.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_working_with_environment_variables"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="working-with-environment-variables-85e6aa" data-anchor="_working_with_environment_variables">16.1. Working with environment variables</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can see all environment variables in your shell by running the following command:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>env</tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can set an evironment variable with the syntax <span class="monospaced">export &lt;NAME&gt;=&lt;VALUE&gt;</span>. For example, to set the <span class="monospaced">APXS2</span> variable to the value <span class="monospaced">/usr/sbin/apxs2</span>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">export</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">APXS2</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span>/usr/sbin/apxs<span style="color: #993399">2</span></tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Any process that you run from your shell from that point on will have said environment variable:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">export</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">APXS2</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span>/usr/sbin/apxs<span style="color: #993399">2</span>
ruby -e <span style="color: #FF0000">'p ENV["APXS2"]'</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># =&gt; "/usr/sbin/apxs2"</span></span></tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="title">The "export" keyword is important</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You <strong>must</strong> set the <span class="monospaced">export</span> keyword. If you omit the <span class="monospaced">export</span> keyword then the environment variable will not be visible to other processes:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="color: #009900">APXS2</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span>/usr/sbin/apxs<span style="color: #993399">2</span>
ruby -e <span style="color: #FF0000">'p ENV["APXS2"]'</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># =&gt; nil</span></span></tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can reference an environment variable in your shell by typing the <span class="monospaced">$</span> sign followed by the environment variable’s name. For example, to see the value of the <span class="monospaced">PATH</span> variable:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>echo <span style="color: #009900">$PATH</span></tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can also use this trick to extend the value of an environment variable:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">export</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">PATH</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span>/usr/bin

<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Prepends '/opt/local/bin', so that it becomes /opt/local/bin:/usr/bin</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">export</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">PATH</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span>/opt/local/bin<span style="color: #990000">:</span><span style="color: #009900">$PATH</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Appends '/usr/local/bin', so that it becomes /opt/local/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">export</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">PATH</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #009900">$PATH</span><span style="color: #990000">:</span>/usr/local/bin</tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_the_path_environment_variable"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="the-path-environment-variable-p8e32r" data-anchor="_the_path_environment_variable">16.2. The PATH environment variable</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <span class="monospaced">PATH</span> environment variable dictates where the system looks for command. It is a colon-separated list of directories. If you get a "command not found" error while you know that the command is installed, then setting <span class="monospaced">PATH</span> will help. For example suppose that the command <span class="monospaced">frobnicator</span> is in <span class="monospaced">/opt/local/bin</span>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>user@localhost bash$ frobnicator
bash<span style="color: #990000">:</span> frobnicator<span style="color: #990000">:</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">command</span></span> not found</tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>We verify that <span class="monospaced">/opt/local/bin</span> is not in <span class="monospaced">PATH</span>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>user@localhost bash$ echo <span style="color: #009900">$PATH</span>
/bin<span style="color: #990000">:</span>/usr/bin<span style="color: #990000">:</span>/usr/local/bin</tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>We can run <span class="monospaced">frobnicator</span> through it’s full path…</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>user@localhost bash$ /opt/local/bin/frobnicator
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># =&gt; success!</span></span></tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>…or we can add <span class="monospaced">/opt/local/bin</span> to <span class="monospaced">PATH</span>.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>user@localhost bash$ <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">export</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">PATH</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #009900">$PATH</span><span style="color: #990000">:</span>/opt/local/bin
user@localhost bash$ frobnicator
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># =&gt; success!</span></span></tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_adding_phusion_passenger_8217_s_administration_tools_to_path"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="adding-phusion-passenger-s-administration-tools-to-path-xwppud" data-anchor="_adding_phusion_passenger_8217_s_administration_tools_to_path">16.2.1. Adding Phusion Passenger’s administration tools to PATH</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you get a "command not found" error when invoking one of the Phusion Passenger administration tools (e.g. <span class="monospaced">passenger-status</span> or <span class="monospaced">passenger-memory-stats</span> then that means the tools are not in <span class="monospaced">PATH</span>, so you need to add them.</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
If you <a href="#rubygems_generic_install">installed Phusion Passenger with RubyGems</a>, then the tools are in your RubyGems executable path. You can view the gem path using the command <span class="monospaced">gem env</span>:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ gem env
RubyGems Environment:
  - RUBYGEMS VERSION: 1.8.15
  - RUBY VERSION: 1.8.7 (2011-12-28 patchlevel 357) [i686-darwin10.8.0]
  - INSTALLATION DIRECTORY: /opt/ruby-enterprise-1.8.7-2010.01/lib/ruby/gems/1.8
  - RUBY EXECUTABLE: /opt/ruby-enterprise-1.8.7-2010.01/bin/ruby
  - EXECUTABLE DIRECTORY: /opt/ruby-enterprise-1.8.7-2010.01/bin    &lt;--------- !!
  - RUBYGEMS PLATFORMS:
    - ruby
    - x86-darwin-10
  - GEM PATHS:
     - /opt/ruby-enterprise-1.8.7-2010.01/lib/ruby/gems/1.8
     - /Users/hongli/.gem/ruby/1.8
  - GEM CONFIGURATION:
     - :update_sources =&gt; true
     - :verbose =&gt; true
     - :benchmark =&gt; false
     - :backtrace =&gt; false
     - :bulk_threshold =&gt; 1000
     - "gem" =&gt; "--no-ri --no-rdoc"
  - REMOTE SOURCES:
     - http://rubygems.org/</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>As you can see, the RubyGems executable path in the example happens to be <span class="monospaced">/opt/ruby-enterprise-1.8.7-2010.01/bin</span>. So that directory must be added to <span class="monospaced">PATH</span>.</p></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If you <a href="#tarball_generic_install">installed Phusion Passenger using the tarball</a>, then the tools are in the <span class="monospaced">bin</span> subdirectory of the Phusion Passenger tarball directory that you extracted. For example, if you extracted <span class="monospaced">passenger-4.9.0.tar.gz</span> inside <span class="monospaced">/opt</span>, then the tools are located in <span class="monospaced">/opt/passenger-4.0.9/bin</span>. In that case, you need to add <span class="monospaced">/opt/passenger-4.0.9/bin</span> to your <span class="monospaced">PATH</span>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If you installed Phusion Passenger using native OS packages, then some Phusion Passenger administration tools are in <span class="monospaced">/usr/bin</span>, while others are in <span class="monospaced">/usr/sbin</span>. If you are not logged in as root, then <span class="monospaced">/usr/sbin</span> may not be in <span class="monospaced">PATH</span>, which would explain why you get a "command not found" when trying to invoke some of the tools. You should <span class="monospaced">/usr/sbin</span> to <span class="monospaced">PATH</span>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If you are unsure where your Phusion Passenger directory is then you can use the <span class="monospaced">find</span> command to look them up. Go to the root directory and invoke <span class="monospaced">find</span> with <span class="monospaced">sudo</span>:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ cd /
$ sudo find . -name passenger-status
/usr/local/passenger/bin/passenger-status</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In this example, the administration tools happen to be in <span class="monospaced">/usr/local/passenger/bin</span>, so you must add that to <span class="monospaced">PATH</span>.</p></div>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">You may still get a "command not found" when invoking the tools through sudo, even after you’ve added the relevant directory to <span class="monospaced">PATH</span>. Please read <a href="#env_vars_and_sudo">Environment variables and sudo</a> to learn more.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_making_environment_variables_permanent"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="making-environment-variables-permanent-13x0l4h" data-anchor="_making_environment_variables_permanent">16.3. Making environment variables permanent</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When you exit your shell, the evironment variable changes are lost. There is no standard method to set environment variables system-wide, so you have to set them in different configuration files for different services.</p></div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_bash"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="bash-1pktn63" data-anchor="_bash">16.3.1. bash</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To make environment variables permanent for future bash sessions <strong>for the current user</strong>, add them to your <span class="monospaced">~/.bashrc</span>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>echo <span style="color: #FF0000">'export FOO=bar'</span> <span style="color: #990000">&gt;&gt;</span> <span style="color: #990000">~/.</span>bashrc
echo <span style="color: #FF0000">'export PATH=/usr/local/bin:$PATH'</span> <span style="color: #990000">&gt;&gt;</span> <span style="color: #990000">~/.</span>bashrc</tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To make them permanent for future bash sessions <strong>for all users</strong>, add them to <span class="monospaced">/etc/bashrc</span>.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">Depending on the system, the bashrc file may have a different filename. On Debian and Ubuntu, it’s <span class="monospaced">/etc/bash.bashrc</span>.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_apache"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="apache-15zqjvi" data-anchor="_apache">16.3.2. Apache</h4>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">This subsection describes how to set environment variables on Apache itself, not on apps served through Phusion Passenger for Apache. The environment variables you set here will be passed to all apps, but you cannot customize them on a per-app basis. See also <a href="#env_vars_passenger_apps">Setting environment variables on Phusion Passenger-served apps</a>.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>On Debian and Ubuntu, with an Apache installed through apt, Apache environment variables are defined in the file <span class="monospaced">/etc/apache2/envvars</span>. This is a shell script so environment variables must be specified with the shell syntax.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>On Red Hat, Fedora, CentOS and ScientificLinux, with an Apache installed through YUM, Apache environment variables are defined in <span class="monospaced">/etc/sysconfig/httpd</span>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>On OS X they are defined in <span class="monospaced">/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/org.apache.httpd.plist</span>, as explained <a href="/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/org.apache.httpd.plist">here on Stack Overflow</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>On other systems, or if you did not install Apache through the system’s package manager, the configuration file for environment variables is specific to the vendor that supplied Apache. There may not even be such a configuration file. You should contact the vendor for support.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_nginx"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="nginx-l7ztbb" data-anchor="_nginx">16.3.3. Nginx</h4>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">This subsection describes how to set environment variables on Nginx itself, not on apps served through Phusion Passenger for Nginx. The environment variables you set here will be passed to all apps, but you cannot customize them on a per-app basis. See also <a href="#env_vars_passenger_apps">Setting environment variables on Phusion Passenger-served apps</a>.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you installed Nginx through <a href="#install_on_debian_ubuntu">the Debian or Ubuntu packages</a>, then you can define environment variables in <span class="monospaced">/etc/default/nginx</span>. This is a shell script so you must use the <span class="monospaced">export FOO=bar</span> syntax.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Otherwise, environment variables are best set through the script which starts Nginx. For example, if you installed Nginx from source and you used
the Nginx init script described in the <a href="http://www.modrails.com/documentation/Users%20guide%20Nginx.html">Phusion Passenger Users Guide, Nginx version</a>,
then you should edit that script to define the environment variables. Those init scripts are regular shell scripts, so use the <span class="monospaced">export FOO=bar</span> syntax. Just make sure your set your environment variables before the script starts Nginx.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">Setting environment variables on Nginx has no effect on the <a href="#flying_passenger">Flying Passenger daemon</a> because the daemon is started seperately. You should set the environment variables in the shell right before starting the daemon.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="_cron"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="cron-1kjp7ck" data-anchor="_cron">16.3.4. cron</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To make environment variables permanent for cron jobs, add those variables to the relevant crontab. But note that inside crontabs you cannot refer to existing environment variables with the <span class="monospaced">$</span> syntax because crontabs are not shell scripts. You have to specify the entire value.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="title">What to put in "crontab -e"</div>
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre># Environment variable definitions
FOO=bar
APXS2=/usr/sbin/apxs2

# **WRONG!** You cannot refer to existing variables with the `$` syntax!
PATH=/usr/bin:$PATH
# **WRONG!** You cannot use the 'export' keyword!
export PATH=/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin
# Correct:
PATH=/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin

# Jobs:
# m h  dom mon dow   command
  * *  *   *   *     frobnicator</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="env_vars_passenger_apps"></span><h4 data-comment-topic="phusion-passenger-served-apps-478vyt" data-anchor="env_vars_passenger_apps">16.3.5. Phusion Passenger-served apps</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can pass environment variables to Phusion Passenger-served apps through various methods:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
When running Apache, use the <span class="monospaced">PassEnv</span> and <span class="monospaced">SetEnv</span> directives of <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_env.html">mod_env</a>. This is supported starting from Phusion Passenger 4.0.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
When running Nginx, use the <a href="#passenger_set_cgi_param">passenger_set_cgi_param</a> directive.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Through your <span class="monospaced">bashrc</span>. Starting from version 4.0, Phusion Passenger 4.0 spawns applications through bash and inherit all bash environment variables. Phusion Passenger Standalone tends to be started from the shell and thus inherits all environment variables set by the shell.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Through Apache and Nginx, as described earlier in this chapter. Any environment variables that you set on Apache and Nginx itself are inherited by Phusion Passenger, and thus by Phusion Passenger-served apps as well.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Through the application itself. Most programming languages provide APIs for setting environment variables. For example in Ruby you can write:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>ENV<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'FOO'</span><span style="color: #990000">]</span> <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'bar'</span></tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In Python you can write:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">import</span></span> os
os<span style="color: #990000">.</span>environ<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'FOO'</span><span style="color: #990000">]</span> <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'bar'</span></tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><span class="anchor_helper" id="env_vars_and_sudo"></span><h3 data-comment-topic="environment-variables-and-sudo-1odzcpz" data-anchor="env_vars_and_sudo">16.4. Environment variables and sudo</h3>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">RVM users should always use the <span class="monospaced">rvmsudo</span> command instead of <span class="monospaced">sudo</span>. However all information in this section apply to <span class="monospaced">rvmsudo</span> as well.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <span class="monospaced">sudo</span> command resets all environment variables before running the specified command, for security reasons. So if you set environment variables before running <span class="monospaced">sudo passenger-install-xxx-module</span>, <span class="monospaced">sudo passenger-status</span> or any other commands, then the environment variables are not correctly passed to the command. You can solve this by running sudo with <span class="monospaced">-E</span> (preserve environment variables):</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.6
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>user@localhost bash$ <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">export</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">APXS2</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span>/usr/sbin/apxs<span style="color: #993399">2</span>
user@localhost bash$ sudo -E passenger-install-apache<span style="color: #993399">2</span>-module</tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Alternatively, you can obtain a root prompt with sudo first, and <strong>then</strong> set the environment variables, before running any further commands:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>user@localhost bash$ sudo -s
Password: ...
root@localhost bash# export APXS2=/usr/sbin/apxs2
root@localhost bash# passenger-install-apache2-module</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that for security reasons, <span class="monospaced">sudo</span> <strong>always resets the <span class="monospaced">PATH</span> environment variable</strong>, even if you pass <span class="monospaced">-E</span>! You can get around this problem by obtaining a root prompt first, and then set the environment variables:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>user@localhost bash$ sudo -s
Password: ...
root@localhost bash# export PATH=$PATH:/opt/myruby/bin
root@localhost bash# passenger-install-apache2-module</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnotes"><hr></div>
<div id="footer">

</div>
<script>/*!
 * jQuery JavaScript Library v1.7.2
 * http://jquery.com/
 *
 * Copyright 2011, John Resig
 * Dual licensed under the MIT or GPL Version 2 licenses.
 * http://jquery.org/license
 *
 * Includes Sizzle.js
 * http://sizzlejs.com/
 * Copyright 2011, The Dojo Foundation
 * Released under the MIT, BSD, and GPL Licenses.
 *
 * Date: Fri Jul  5 14:07:58 UTC 2013
 */
(function( window, undefined ) {

// Use the correct document accordingly with window argument (sandbox)
var document = window.document,
	navigator = window.navigator,
	location = window.location;
var jQuery = (function() {

// Define a local copy of jQuery
var jQuery = function( selector, context ) {
		// The jQuery object is actually just the init constructor 'enhanced'
		return new jQuery.fn.init( selector, context, rootjQuery );
	},

	// Map over jQuery in case of overwrite
	_jQuery = window.jQuery,

	// Map over the $ in case of overwrite
	_$ = window.$,

	// A central reference to the root jQuery(document)
	rootjQuery,

	// A simple way to check for HTML strings or ID strings
	// Prioritize #id over <tag> to avoid XSS via location.hash (#9521)
	quickExpr = /^(?:[^#<]*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*$|#([\w\-]*)$)/,

	// Check if a string has a non-whitespace character in it
	rnotwhite = /\S/,

	// Used for trimming whitespace
	trimLeft = /^\s+/,
	trimRight = /\s+$/,

	// Match a standalone tag
	rsingleTag = /^<(\w+)\s*\/?>(?:<\/\1>)?$/,

	// JSON RegExp
	rvalidchars = /^[\],:{}\s]*$/,
	rvalidescape = /\\(?:["\\\/bfnrt]|u[0-9a-fA-F]{4})/g,
	rvalidtokens = /"[^"\\\n\r]*"|true|false|null|-?\d+(?:\.\d*)?(?:[eE][+\-]?\d+)?/g,
	rvalidbraces = /(?:^|:|,)(?:\s*\[)+/g,

	// Useragent RegExp
	rwebkit = /(webkit)[ \/]([\w.]+)/,
	ropera = /(opera)(?:.*version)?[ \/]([\w.]+)/,
	rmsie = /(msie) ([\w.]+)/,
	rmozilla = /(mozilla)(?:.*? rv:([\w.]+))?/,

	// Matches dashed string for camelizing
	rdashAlpha = /-([a-z]|[0-9])/ig,
	rmsPrefix = /^-ms-/,

	// Used by jQuery.camelCase as callback to replace()
	fcamelCase = function( all, letter ) {
		return ( letter + "" ).toUpperCase();
	},

	// Keep a UserAgent string for use with jQuery.browser
	userAgent = navigator.userAgent,

	// For matching the engine and version of the browser
	browserMatch,

	// The deferred used on DOM ready
	readyList,

	// The ready event handler
	DOMContentLoaded,

	// Save a reference to some core methods
	toString = Object.prototype.toString,
	hasOwn = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,
	push = Array.prototype.push,
	slice = Array.prototype.slice,
	trim = String.prototype.trim,
	indexOf = Array.prototype.indexOf,

	// [[Class]] -> type pairs
	class2type = {};

jQuery.fn = jQuery.prototype = {
	constructor: jQuery,
	init: function( selector, context, rootjQuery ) {
		var match, elem, ret, doc;

		// Handle $(""), $(null), or $(undefined)
		if ( !selector ) {
			return this;
		}

		// Handle $(DOMElement)
		if ( selector.nodeType ) {
			this.context = this[0] = selector;
			this.length = 1;
			return this;
		}

		// The body element only exists once, optimize finding it
		if ( selector === "body" && !context && document.body ) {
			this.context = document;
			this[0] = document.body;
			this.selector = selector;
			this.length = 1;
			return this;
		}

		// Handle HTML strings
		if ( typeof selector === "string" ) {
			// Are we dealing with HTML string or an ID?
			if ( selector.charAt(0) === "<" && selector.charAt( selector.length - 1 ) === ">" && selector.length >= 3 ) {
				// Assume that strings that start and end with <> are HTML and skip the regex check
				match = [ null, selector, null ];

			} else {
				match = quickExpr.exec( selector );
			}

			// Verify a match, and that no context was specified for #id
			if ( match && (match[1] || !context) ) {

				// HANDLE: $(html) -> $(array)
				if ( match[1] ) {
					context = context instanceof jQuery ? context[0] : context;
					doc = ( context ? context.ownerDocument || context : document );

					// If a single string is passed in and it's a single tag
					// just do a createElement and skip the rest
					ret = rsingleTag.exec( selector );

					if ( ret ) {
						if ( jQuery.isPlainObject( context ) ) {
							selector = [ document.createElement( ret[1] ) ];
							jQuery.fn.attr.call( selector, context, true );

						} else {
							selector = [ doc.createElement( ret[1] ) ];
						}

					} else {
						ret = jQuery.buildFragment( [ match[1] ], [ doc ] );
						selector = ( ret.cacheable ? jQuery.clone(ret.fragment) : ret.fragment ).childNodes;
					}

					return jQuery.merge( this, selector );

				// HANDLE: $("#id")
				} else {
					elem = document.getElementById( match[2] );

					// Check parentNode to catch when Blackberry 4.6 returns
					// nodes that are no longer in the document #6963
					if ( elem && elem.parentNode ) {
						// Handle the case where IE and Opera return items
						// by name instead of ID
						if ( elem.id !== match[2] ) {
							return rootjQuery.find( selector );
						}

						// Otherwise, we inject the element directly into the jQuery object
						this.length = 1;
						this[0] = elem;
					}

					this.context = document;
					this.selector = selector;
					return this;
				}

			// HANDLE: $(expr, $(...))
			} else if ( !context || context.jquery ) {
				return ( context || rootjQuery ).find( selector );

			// HANDLE: $(expr, context)
			// (which is just equivalent to: $(context).find(expr)
			} else {
				return this.constructor( context ).find( selector );
			}

		// HANDLE: $(function)
		// Shortcut for document ready
		} else if ( jQuery.isFunction( selector ) ) {
			return rootjQuery.ready( selector );
		}

		if ( selector.selector !== undefined ) {
			this.selector = selector.selector;
			this.context = selector.context;
		}

		return jQuery.makeArray( selector, this );
	},

	// Start with an empty selector
	selector: "",

	// The current version of jQuery being used
	jquery: "1.7.2",

	// The default length of a jQuery object is 0
	length: 0,

	// The number of elements contained in the matched element set
	size: function() {
		return this.length;
	},

	toArray: function() {
		return slice.call( this, 0 );
	},

	// Get the Nth element in the matched element set OR
	// Get the whole matched element set as a clean array
	get: function( num ) {
		return num == null ?

			// Return a 'clean' array
			this.toArray() :

			// Return just the object
			( num < 0 ? this[ this.length + num ] : this[ num ] );
	},

	// Take an array of elements and push it onto the stack
	// (returning the new matched element set)
	pushStack: function( elems, name, selector ) {
		// Build a new jQuery matched element set
		var ret = this.constructor();

		if ( jQuery.isArray( elems ) ) {
			push.apply( ret, elems );

		} else {
			jQuery.merge( ret, elems );
		}

		// Add the old object onto the stack (as a reference)
		ret.prevObject = this;

		ret.context = this.context;

		if ( name === "find" ) {
			ret.selector = this.selector + ( this.selector ? " " : "" ) + selector;
		} else if ( name ) {
			ret.selector = this.selector + "." + name + "(" + selector + ")";
		}

		// Return the newly-formed element set
		return ret;
	},

	// Execute a callback for every element in the matched set.
	// (You can seed the arguments with an array of args, but this is
	// only used internally.)
	each: function( callback, args ) {
		return jQuery.each( this, callback, args );
	},

	ready: function( fn ) {
		// Attach the listeners
		jQuery.bindReady();

		// Add the callback
		readyList.add( fn );

		return this;
	},

	eq: function( i ) {
		i = +i;
		return i === -1 ?
			this.slice( i ) :
			this.slice( i, i + 1 );
	},

	first: function() {
		return this.eq( 0 );
	},

	last: function() {
		return this.eq( -1 );
	},

	slice: function() {
		return this.pushStack( slice.apply( this, arguments ),
			"slice", slice.call(arguments).join(",") );
	},

	map: function( callback ) {
		return this.pushStack( jQuery.map(this, function( elem, i ) {
			return callback.call( elem, i, elem );
		}));
	},

	end: function() {
		return this.prevObject || this.constructor(null);
	},

	// For internal use only.
	// Behaves like an Array's method, not like a jQuery method.
	push: push,
	sort: [].sort,
	splice: [].splice
};

// Give the init function the jQuery prototype for later instantiation
jQuery.fn.init.prototype = jQuery.fn;

jQuery.extend = jQuery.fn.extend = function() {
	var options, name, src, copy, copyIsArray, clone,
		target = arguments[0] || {},
		i = 1,
		length = arguments.length,
		deep = false;

	// Handle a deep copy situation
	if ( typeof target === "boolean" ) {
		deep = target;
		target = arguments[1] || {};
		// skip the boolean and the target
		i = 2;
	}

	// Handle case when target is a string or something (possible in deep copy)
	if ( typeof target !== "object" && !jQuery.isFunction(target) ) {
		target = {};
	}

	// extend jQuery itself if only one argument is passed
	if ( length === i ) {
		target = this;
		--i;
	}

	for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
		// Only deal with non-null/undefined values
		if ( (options = arguments[ i ]) != null ) {
			// Extend the base object
			for ( name in options ) {
				src = target[ name ];
				copy = options[ name ];

				// Prevent never-ending loop
				if ( target === copy ) {
					continue;
				}

				// Recurse if we're merging plain objects or arrays
				if ( deep && copy && ( jQuery.isPlainObject(copy) || (copyIsArray = jQuery.isArray(copy)) ) ) {
					if ( copyIsArray ) {
						copyIsArray = false;
						clone = src && jQuery.isArray(src) ? src : [];

					} else {
						clone = src && jQuery.isPlainObject(src) ? src : {};
					}

					// Never move original objects, clone them
					target[ name ] = jQuery.extend( deep, clone, copy );

				// Don't bring in undefined values
				} else if ( copy !== undefined ) {
					target[ name ] = copy;
				}
			}
		}
	}

	// Return the modified object
	return target;
};

jQuery.extend({
	noConflict: function( deep ) {
		if ( window.$ === jQuery ) {
			window.$ = _$;
		}

		if ( deep && window.jQuery === jQuery ) {
			window.jQuery = _jQuery;
		}

		return jQuery;
	},

	// Is the DOM ready to be used? Set to true once it occurs.
	isReady: false,

	// A counter to track how many items to wait for before
	// the ready event fires. See #6781
	readyWait: 1,

	// Hold (or release) the ready event
	holdReady: function( hold ) {
		if ( hold ) {
			jQuery.readyWait++;
		} else {
			jQuery.ready( true );
		}
	},

	// Handle when the DOM is ready
	ready: function( wait ) {
		// Either a released hold or an DOMready/load event and not yet ready
		if ( (wait === true && !--jQuery.readyWait) || (wait !== true && !jQuery.isReady) ) {
			// Make sure body exists, at least, in case IE gets a little overzealous (ticket #5443).
			if ( !document.body ) {
				return setTimeout( jQuery.ready, 1 );
			}

			// Remember that the DOM is ready
			jQuery.isReady = true;

			// If a normal DOM Ready event fired, decrement, and wait if need be
			if ( wait !== true && --jQuery.readyWait > 0 ) {
				return;
			}

			// If there are functions bound, to execute
			readyList.fireWith( document, [ jQuery ] );

			// Trigger any bound ready events
			if ( jQuery.fn.trigger ) {
				jQuery( document ).trigger( "ready" ).off( "ready" );
			}
		}
	},

	bindReady: function() {
		if ( readyList ) {
			return;
		}

		readyList = jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" );

		// Catch cases where $(document).ready() is called after the
		// browser event has already occurred.
		if ( document.readyState === "complete" ) {
			// Handle it asynchronously to allow scripts the opportunity to delay ready
			return setTimeout( jQuery.ready, 1 );
		}

		// Mozilla, Opera and webkit nightlies currently support this event
		if ( document.addEventListener ) {
			// Use the handy event callback
			document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", DOMContentLoaded, false );

			// A fallback to window.onload, that will always work
			window.addEventListener( "load", jQuery.ready, false );

		// If IE event model is used
		} else if ( document.attachEvent ) {
			// ensure firing before onload,
			// maybe late but safe also for iframes
			document.attachEvent( "onreadystatechange", DOMContentLoaded );

			// A fallback to window.onload, that will always work
			window.attachEvent( "onload", jQuery.ready );

			// If IE and not a frame
			// continually check to see if the document is ready
			var toplevel = false;

			try {
				toplevel = window.frameElement == null;
			} catch(e) {}

			if ( document.documentElement.doScroll && toplevel ) {
				doScrollCheck();
			}
		}
	},

	// See test/unit/core.js for details concerning isFunction.
	// Since version 1.3, DOM methods and functions like alert
	// aren't supported. They return false on IE (#2968).
	isFunction: function( obj ) {
		return jQuery.type(obj) === "function";
	},

	isArray: Array.isArray || function( obj ) {
		return jQuery.type(obj) === "array";
	},

	isWindow: function( obj ) {
		return obj != null && obj == obj.window;
	},

	isNumeric: function( obj ) {
		return !isNaN( parseFloat(obj) ) && isFinite( obj );
	},

	type: function( obj ) {
		return obj == null ?
			String( obj ) :
			class2type[ toString.call(obj) ] || "object";
	},

	isPlainObject: function( obj ) {
		// Must be an Object.
		// Because of IE, we also have to check the presence of the constructor property.
		// Make sure that DOM nodes and window objects don't pass through, as well
		if ( !obj || jQuery.type(obj) !== "object" || obj.nodeType || jQuery.isWindow( obj ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		try {
			// Not own constructor property must be Object
			if ( obj.constructor &&
				!hasOwn.call(obj, "constructor") &&
				!hasOwn.call(obj.constructor.prototype, "isPrototypeOf") ) {
				return false;
			}
		} catch ( e ) {
			// IE8,9 Will throw exceptions on certain host objects #9897
			return false;
		}

		// Own properties are enumerated firstly, so to speed up,
		// if last one is own, then all properties are own.

		var key;
		for ( key in obj ) {}

		return key === undefined || hasOwn.call( obj, key );
	},

	isEmptyObject: function( obj ) {
		for ( var name in obj ) {
			return false;
		}
		return true;
	},

	error: function( msg ) {
		throw new Error( msg );
	},

	parseJSON: function( data ) {
		if ( typeof data !== "string" || !data ) {
			return null;
		}

		// Make sure leading/trailing whitespace is removed (IE can't handle it)
		data = jQuery.trim( data );

		// Attempt to parse using the native JSON parser first
		if ( window.JSON && window.JSON.parse ) {
			return window.JSON.parse( data );
		}

		// Make sure the incoming data is actual JSON
		// Logic borrowed from http://json.org/json2.js
		if ( rvalidchars.test( data.replace( rvalidescape, "@" )
			.replace( rvalidtokens, "]" )
			.replace( rvalidbraces, "")) ) {

			return ( new Function( "return " + data ) )();

		}
		jQuery.error( "Invalid JSON: " + data );
	},

	// Cross-browser xml parsing
	parseXML: function( data ) {
		if ( typeof data !== "string" || !data ) {
			return null;
		}
		var xml, tmp;
		try {
			if ( window.DOMParser ) { // Standard
				tmp = new DOMParser();
				xml = tmp.parseFromString( data , "text/xml" );
			} else { // IE
				xml = new ActiveXObject( "Microsoft.XMLDOM" );
				xml.async = "false";
				xml.loadXML( data );
			}
		} catch( e ) {
			xml = undefined;
		}
		if ( !xml || !xml.documentElement || xml.getElementsByTagName( "parsererror" ).length ) {
			jQuery.error( "Invalid XML: " + data );
		}
		return xml;
	},

	noop: function() {},

	// Evaluates a script in a global context
	// Workarounds based on findings by Jim Driscoll
	// http://weblogs.java.net/blog/driscoll/archive/2009/09/08/eval-javascript-global-context
	globalEval: function( data ) {
		if ( data && rnotwhite.test( data ) ) {
			// We use execScript on Internet Explorer
			// We use an anonymous function so that context is window
			// rather than jQuery in Firefox
			( window.execScript || function( data ) {
				window[ "eval" ].call( window, data );
			} )( data );
		}
	},

	// Convert dashed to camelCase; used by the css and data modules
	// Microsoft forgot to hump their vendor prefix (#9572)
	camelCase: function( string ) {
		return string.replace( rmsPrefix, "ms-" ).replace( rdashAlpha, fcamelCase );
	},

	nodeName: function( elem, name ) {
		return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toUpperCase() === name.toUpperCase();
	},

	// args is for internal usage only
	each: function( object, callback, args ) {
		var name, i = 0,
			length = object.length,
			isObj = length === undefined || jQuery.isFunction( object );

		if ( args ) {
			if ( isObj ) {
				for ( name in object ) {
					if ( callback.apply( object[ name ], args ) === false ) {
						break;
					}
				}
			} else {
				for ( ; i < length; ) {
					if ( callback.apply( object[ i++ ], args ) === false ) {
						break;
					}
				}
			}

		// A special, fast, case for the most common use of each
		} else {
			if ( isObj ) {
				for ( name in object ) {
					if ( callback.call( object[ name ], name, object[ name ] ) === false ) {
						break;
					}
				}
			} else {
				for ( ; i < length; ) {
					if ( callback.call( object[ i ], i, object[ i++ ] ) === false ) {
						break;
					}
				}
			}
		}

		return object;
	},

	// Use native String.trim function wherever possible
	trim: trim ?
		function( text ) {
			return text == null ?
				"" :
				trim.call( text );
		} :

		// Otherwise use our own trimming functionality
		function( text ) {
			return text == null ?
				"" :
				text.toString().replace( trimLeft, "" ).replace( trimRight, "" );
		},

	// results is for internal usage only
	makeArray: function( array, results ) {
		var ret = results || [];

		if ( array != null ) {
			// The window, strings (and functions) also have 'length'
			// Tweaked logic slightly to handle Blackberry 4.7 RegExp issues #6930
			var type = jQuery.type( array );

			if ( array.length == null || type === "string" || type === "function" || type === "regexp" || jQuery.isWindow( array ) ) {
				push.call( ret, array );
			} else {
				jQuery.merge( ret, array );
			}
		}

		return ret;
	},

	inArray: function( elem, array, i ) {
		var len;

		if ( array ) {
			if ( indexOf ) {
				return indexOf.call( array, elem, i );
			}

			len = array.length;
			i = i ? i < 0 ? Math.max( 0, len + i ) : i : 0;

			for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
				// Skip accessing in sparse arrays
				if ( i in array && array[ i ] === elem ) {
					return i;
				}
			}
		}

		return -1;
	},

	merge: function( first, second ) {
		var i = first.length,
			j = 0;

		if ( typeof second.length === "number" ) {
			for ( var l = second.length; j < l; j++ ) {
				first[ i++ ] = second[ j ];
			}

		} else {
			while ( second[j] !== undefined ) {
				first[ i++ ] = second[ j++ ];
			}
		}

		first.length = i;

		return first;
	},

	grep: function( elems, callback, inv ) {
		var ret = [], retVal;
		inv = !!inv;

		// Go through the array, only saving the items
		// that pass the validator function
		for ( var i = 0, length = elems.length; i < length; i++ ) {
			retVal = !!callback( elems[ i ], i );
			if ( inv !== retVal ) {
				ret.push( elems[ i ] );
			}
		}

		return ret;
	},

	// arg is for internal usage only
	map: function( elems, callback, arg ) {
		var value, key, ret = [],
			i = 0,
			length = elems.length,
			// jquery objects are treated as arrays
			isArray = elems instanceof jQuery || length !== undefined && typeof length === "number" && ( ( length > 0 && elems[ 0 ] && elems[ length -1 ] ) || length === 0 || jQuery.isArray( elems ) ) ;

		// Go through the array, translating each of the items to their
		if ( isArray ) {
			for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
				value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg );

				if ( value != null ) {
					ret[ ret.length ] = value;
				}
			}

		// Go through every key on the object,
		} else {
			for ( key in elems ) {
				value = callback( elems[ key ], key, arg );

				if ( value != null ) {
					ret[ ret.length ] = value;
				}
			}
		}

		// Flatten any nested arrays
		return ret.concat.apply( [], ret );
	},

	// A global GUID counter for objects
	guid: 1,

	// Bind a function to a context, optionally partially applying any
	// arguments.
	proxy: function( fn, context ) {
		if ( typeof context === "string" ) {
			var tmp = fn[ context ];
			context = fn;
			fn = tmp;
		}

		// Quick check to determine if target is callable, in the spec
		// this throws a TypeError, but we will just return undefined.
		if ( !jQuery.isFunction( fn ) ) {
			return undefined;
		}

		// Simulated bind
		var args = slice.call( arguments, 2 ),
			proxy = function() {
				return fn.apply( context, args.concat( slice.call( arguments ) ) );
			};

		// Set the guid of unique handler to the same of original handler, so it can be removed
		proxy.guid = fn.guid = fn.guid || proxy.guid || jQuery.guid++;

		return proxy;
	},

	// Mutifunctional method to get and set values to a collection
	// The value/s can optionally be executed if it's a function
	access: function( elems, fn, key, value, chainable, emptyGet, pass ) {
		var exec,
			bulk = key == null,
			i = 0,
			length = elems.length;

		// Sets many values
		if ( key && typeof key === "object" ) {
			for ( i in key ) {
				jQuery.access( elems, fn, i, key[i], 1, emptyGet, value );
			}
			chainable = 1;

		// Sets one value
		} else if ( value !== undefined ) {
			// Optionally, function values get executed if exec is true
			exec = pass === undefined && jQuery.isFunction( value );

			if ( bulk ) {
				// Bulk operations only iterate when executing function values
				if ( exec ) {
					exec = fn;
					fn = function( elem, key, value ) {
						return exec.call( jQuery( elem ), value );
					};

				// Otherwise they run against the entire set
				} else {
					fn.call( elems, value );
					fn = null;
				}
			}

			if ( fn ) {
				for (; i < length; i++ ) {
					fn( elems[i], key, exec ? value.call( elems[i], i, fn( elems[i], key ) ) : value, pass );
				}
			}

			chainable = 1;
		}

		return chainable ?
			elems :

			// Gets
			bulk ?
				fn.call( elems ) :
				length ? fn( elems[0], key ) : emptyGet;
	},

	now: function() {
		return ( new Date() ).getTime();
	},

	// Use of jQuery.browser is frowned upon.
	// More details: http://docs.jquery.com/Utilities/jQuery.browser
	uaMatch: function( ua ) {
		ua = ua.toLowerCase();

		var match = rwebkit.exec( ua ) ||
			ropera.exec( ua ) ||
			rmsie.exec( ua ) ||
			ua.indexOf("compatible") < 0 && rmozilla.exec( ua ) ||
			[];

		return { browser: match[1] || "", version: match[2] || "0" };
	},

	sub: function() {
		function jQuerySub( selector, context ) {
			return new jQuerySub.fn.init( selector, context );
		}
		jQuery.extend( true, jQuerySub, this );
		jQuerySub.superclass = this;
		jQuerySub.fn = jQuerySub.prototype = this();
		jQuerySub.fn.constructor = jQuerySub;
		jQuerySub.sub = this.sub;
		jQuerySub.fn.init = function init( selector, context ) {
			if ( context && context instanceof jQuery && !(context instanceof jQuerySub) ) {
				context = jQuerySub( context );
			}

			return jQuery.fn.init.call( this, selector, context, rootjQuerySub );
		};
		jQuerySub.fn.init.prototype = jQuerySub.fn;
		var rootjQuerySub = jQuerySub(document);
		return jQuerySub;
	},

	browser: {}
});

// Populate the class2type map
jQuery.each("Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object".split(" "), function(i, name) {
	class2type[ "[object " + name + "]" ] = name.toLowerCase();
});

browserMatch = jQuery.uaMatch( userAgent );
if ( browserMatch.browser ) {
	jQuery.browser[ browserMatch.browser ] = true;
	jQuery.browser.version = browserMatch.version;
}

// Deprecated, use jQuery.browser.webkit instead
if ( jQuery.browser.webkit ) {
	jQuery.browser.safari = true;
}

// IE doesn't match non-breaking spaces with \s
if ( rnotwhite.test( "\xA0" ) ) {
	trimLeft = /^[\s\xA0]+/;
	trimRight = /[\s\xA0]+$/;
}

// All jQuery objects should point back to these
rootjQuery = jQuery(document);

// Cleanup functions for the document ready method
if ( document.addEventListener ) {
	DOMContentLoaded = function() {
		document.removeEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", DOMContentLoaded, false );
		jQuery.ready();
	};

} else if ( document.attachEvent ) {
	DOMContentLoaded = function() {
		// Make sure body exists, at least, in case IE gets a little overzealous (ticket #5443).
		if ( document.readyState === "complete" ) {
			document.detachEvent( "onreadystatechange", DOMContentLoaded );
			jQuery.ready();
		}
	};
}

// The DOM ready check for Internet Explorer
function doScrollCheck() {
	if ( jQuery.isReady ) {
		return;
	}

	try {
		// If IE is used, use the trick by Diego Perini
		// http://javascript.nwbox.com/IEContentLoaded/
		document.documentElement.doScroll("left");
	} catch(e) {
		setTimeout( doScrollCheck, 1 );
		return;
	}

	// and execute any waiting functions
	jQuery.ready();
}

return jQuery;

})();


// String to Object flags format cache
var flagsCache = {};

// Convert String-formatted flags into Object-formatted ones and store in cache
function createFlags( flags ) {
	var object = flagsCache[ flags ] = {},
		i, length;
	flags = flags.split( /\s+/ );
	for ( i = 0, length = flags.length; i < length; i++ ) {
		object[ flags[i] ] = true;
	}
	return object;
}

/*
 * Create a callback list using the following parameters:
 *
 *	flags:	an optional list of space-separated flags that will change how
 *			the callback list behaves
 *
 * By default a callback list will act like an event callback list and can be
 * "fired" multiple times.
 *
 * Possible flags:
 *
 *	once:			will ensure the callback list can only be fired once (like a Deferred)
 *
 *	memory:			will keep track of previous values and will call any callback added
 *					after the list has been fired right away with the latest "memorized"
 *					values (like a Deferred)
 *
 *	unique:			will ensure a callback can only be added once (no duplicate in the list)
 *
 *	stopOnFalse:	interrupt callings when a callback returns false
 *
 */
jQuery.Callbacks = function( flags ) {

	// Convert flags from String-formatted to Object-formatted
	// (we check in cache first)
	flags = flags ? ( flagsCache[ flags ] || createFlags( flags ) ) : {};

	var // Actual callback list
		list = [],
		// Stack of fire calls for repeatable lists
		stack = [],
		// Last fire value (for non-forgettable lists)
		memory,
		// Flag to know if list was already fired
		fired,
		// Flag to know if list is currently firing
		firing,
		// First callback to fire (used internally by add and fireWith)
		firingStart,
		// End of the loop when firing
		firingLength,
		// Index of currently firing callback (modified by remove if needed)
		firingIndex,
		// Add one or several callbacks to the list
		add = function( args ) {
			var i,
				length,
				elem,
				type,
				actual;
			for ( i = 0, length = args.length; i < length; i++ ) {
				elem = args[ i ];
				type = jQuery.type( elem );
				if ( type === "array" ) {
					// Inspect recursively
					add( elem );
				} else if ( type === "function" ) {
					// Add if not in unique mode and callback is not in
					if ( !flags.unique || !self.has( elem ) ) {
						list.push( elem );
					}
				}
			}
		},
		// Fire callbacks
		fire = function( context, args ) {
			args = args || [];
			memory = !flags.memory || [ context, args ];
			fired = true;
			firing = true;
			firingIndex = firingStart || 0;
			firingStart = 0;
			firingLength = list.length;
			for ( ; list && firingIndex < firingLength; firingIndex++ ) {
				if ( list[ firingIndex ].apply( context, args ) === false && flags.stopOnFalse ) {
					memory = true; // Mark as halted
					break;
				}
			}
			firing = false;
			if ( list ) {
				if ( !flags.once ) {
					if ( stack && stack.length ) {
						memory = stack.shift();
						self.fireWith( memory[ 0 ], memory[ 1 ] );
					}
				} else if ( memory === true ) {
					self.disable();
				} else {
					list = [];
				}
			}
		},
		// Actual Callbacks object
		self = {
			// Add a callback or a collection of callbacks to the list
			add: function() {
				if ( list ) {
					var length = list.length;
					add( arguments );
					// Do we need to add the callbacks to the
					// current firing batch?
					if ( firing ) {
						firingLength = list.length;
					// With memory, if we're not firing then
					// we should call right away, unless previous
					// firing was halted (stopOnFalse)
					} else if ( memory && memory !== true ) {
						firingStart = length;
						fire( memory[ 0 ], memory[ 1 ] );
					}
				}
				return this;
			},
			// Remove a callback from the list
			remove: function() {
				if ( list ) {
					var args = arguments,
						argIndex = 0,
						argLength = args.length;
					for ( ; argIndex < argLength ; argIndex++ ) {
						for ( var i = 0; i < list.length; i++ ) {
							if ( args[ argIndex ] === list[ i ] ) {
								// Handle firingIndex and firingLength
								if ( firing ) {
									if ( i <= firingLength ) {
										firingLength--;
										if ( i <= firingIndex ) {
											firingIndex--;
										}
									}
								}
								// Remove the element
								list.splice( i--, 1 );
								// If we have some unicity property then
								// we only need to do this once
								if ( flags.unique ) {
									break;
								}
							}
						}
					}
				}
				return this;
			},
			// Control if a given callback is in the list
			has: function( fn ) {
				if ( list ) {
					var i = 0,
						length = list.length;
					for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
						if ( fn === list[ i ] ) {
							return true;
						}
					}
				}
				return false;
			},
			// Remove all callbacks from the list
			empty: function() {
				list = [];
				return this;
			},
			// Have the list do nothing anymore
			disable: function() {
				list = stack = memory = undefined;
				return this;
			},
			// Is it disabled?
			disabled: function() {
				return !list;
			},
			// Lock the list in its current state
			lock: function() {
				stack = undefined;
				if ( !memory || memory === true ) {
					self.disable();
				}
				return this;
			},
			// Is it locked?
			locked: function() {
				return !stack;
			},
			// Call all callbacks with the given context and arguments
			fireWith: function( context, args ) {
				if ( stack ) {
					if ( firing ) {
						if ( !flags.once ) {
							stack.push( [ context, args ] );
						}
					} else if ( !( flags.once && memory ) ) {
						fire( context, args );
					}
				}
				return this;
			},
			// Call all the callbacks with the given arguments
			fire: function() {
				self.fireWith( this, arguments );
				return this;
			},
			// To know if the callbacks have already been called at least once
			fired: function() {
				return !!fired;
			}
		};

	return self;
};




var // Static reference to slice
	sliceDeferred = [].slice;

jQuery.extend({

	Deferred: function( func ) {
		var doneList = jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ),
			failList = jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ),
			progressList = jQuery.Callbacks( "memory" ),
			state = "pending",
			lists = {
				resolve: doneList,
				reject: failList,
				notify: progressList
			},
			promise = {
				done: doneList.add,
				fail: failList.add,
				progress: progressList.add,

				state: function() {
					return state;
				},

				// Deprecated
				isResolved: doneList.fired,
				isRejected: failList.fired,

				then: function( doneCallbacks, failCallbacks, progressCallbacks ) {
					deferred.done( doneCallbacks ).fail( failCallbacks ).progress( progressCallbacks );
					return this;
				},
				always: function() {
					deferred.done.apply( deferred, arguments ).fail.apply( deferred, arguments );
					return this;
				},
				pipe: function( fnDone, fnFail, fnProgress ) {
					return jQuery.Deferred(function( newDefer ) {
						jQuery.each( {
							done: [ fnDone, "resolve" ],
							fail: [ fnFail, "reject" ],
							progress: [ fnProgress, "notify" ]
						}, function( handler, data ) {
							var fn = data[ 0 ],
								action = data[ 1 ],
								returned;
							if ( jQuery.isFunction( fn ) ) {
								deferred[ handler ](function() {
									returned = fn.apply( this, arguments );
									if ( returned && jQuery.isFunction( returned.promise ) ) {
										returned.promise().then( newDefer.resolve, newDefer.reject, newDefer.notify );
									} else {
										newDefer[ action + "With" ]( this === deferred ? newDefer : this, [ returned ] );
									}
								});
							} else {
								deferred[ handler ]( newDefer[ action ] );
							}
						});
					}).promise();
				},
				// Get a promise for this deferred
				// If obj is provided, the promise aspect is added to the object
				promise: function( obj ) {
					if ( obj == null ) {
						obj = promise;
					} else {
						for ( var key in promise ) {
							obj[ key ] = promise[ key ];
						}
					}
					return obj;
				}
			},
			deferred = promise.promise({}),
			key;

		for ( key in lists ) {
			deferred[ key ] = lists[ key ].fire;
			deferred[ key + "With" ] = lists[ key ].fireWith;
		}

		// Handle state
		deferred.done( function() {
			state = "resolved";
		}, failList.disable, progressList.lock ).fail( function() {
			state = "rejected";
		}, doneList.disable, progressList.lock );

		// Call given func if any
		if ( func ) {
			func.call( deferred, deferred );
		}

		// All done!
		return deferred;
	},

	// Deferred helper
	when: function( firstParam ) {
		var args = sliceDeferred.call( arguments, 0 ),
			i = 0,
			length = args.length,
			pValues = new Array( length ),
			count = length,
			pCount = length,
			deferred = length <= 1 && firstParam && jQuery.isFunction( firstParam.promise ) ?
				firstParam :
				jQuery.Deferred(),
			promise = deferred.promise();
		function resolveFunc( i ) {
			return function( value ) {
				args[ i ] = arguments.length > 1 ? sliceDeferred.call( arguments, 0 ) : value;
				if ( !( --count ) ) {
					deferred.resolveWith( deferred, args );
				}
			};
		}
		function progressFunc( i ) {
			return function( value ) {
				pValues[ i ] = arguments.length > 1 ? sliceDeferred.call( arguments, 0 ) : value;
				deferred.notifyWith( promise, pValues );
			};
		}
		if ( length > 1 ) {
			for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
				if ( args[ i ] && args[ i ].promise && jQuery.isFunction( args[ i ].promise ) ) {
					args[ i ].promise().then( resolveFunc(i), deferred.reject, progressFunc(i) );
				} else {
					--count;
				}
			}
			if ( !count ) {
				deferred.resolveWith( deferred, args );
			}
		} else if ( deferred !== firstParam ) {
			deferred.resolveWith( deferred, length ? [ firstParam ] : [] );
		}
		return promise;
	}
});




jQuery.support = (function() {

	var support,
		all,
		a,
		select,
		opt,
		input,
		fragment,
		tds,
		events,
		eventName,
		i,
		isSupported,
		div = document.createElement( "div" ),
		documentElement = document.documentElement;

	// Preliminary tests
	div.setAttribute("className", "t");
	div.innerHTML = "   <link/><table></table><a href='/a' style='top:1px;float:left;opacity:.55;'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>";

	all = div.getElementsByTagName( "*" );
	a = div.getElementsByTagName( "a" )[ 0 ];

	// Can't get basic test support
	if ( !all || !all.length || !a ) {
		return {};
	}

	// First batch of supports tests
	select = document.createElement( "select" );
	opt = select.appendChild( document.createElement("option") );
	input = div.getElementsByTagName( "input" )[ 0 ];

	support = {
		// IE strips leading whitespace when .innerHTML is used
		leadingWhitespace: ( div.firstChild.nodeType === 3 ),

		// Make sure that tbody elements aren't automatically inserted
		// IE will insert them into empty tables
		tbody: !div.getElementsByTagName("tbody").length,

		// Make sure that link elements get serialized correctly by innerHTML
		// This requires a wrapper element in IE
		htmlSerialize: !!div.getElementsByTagName("link").length,

		// Get the style information from getAttribute
		// (IE uses .cssText instead)
		style: /top/.test( a.getAttribute("style") ),

		// Make sure that URLs aren't manipulated
		// (IE normalizes it by default)
		hrefNormalized: ( a.getAttribute("href") === "/a" ),

		// Make sure that element opacity exists
		// (IE uses filter instead)
		// Use a regex to work around a WebKit issue. See #5145
		opacity: /^0.55/.test( a.style.opacity ),

		// Verify style float existence
		// (IE uses styleFloat instead of cssFloat)
		cssFloat: !!a.style.cssFloat,

		// Make sure that if no value is specified for a checkbox
		// that it defaults to "on".
		// (WebKit defaults to "" instead)
		checkOn: ( input.value === "on" ),

		// Make sure that a selected-by-default option has a working selected property.
		// (WebKit defaults to false instead of true, IE too, if it's in an optgroup)
		optSelected: opt.selected,

		// Test setAttribute on camelCase class. If it works, we need attrFixes when doing get/setAttribute (ie6/7)
		getSetAttribute: div.className !== "t",

		// Tests for enctype support on a form(#6743)
		enctype: !!document.createElement("form").enctype,

		// Makes sure cloning an html5 element does not cause problems
		// Where outerHTML is undefined, this still works
		html5Clone: document.createElement("nav").cloneNode( true ).outerHTML !== "<:nav></:nav>",

		// Will be defined later
		submitBubbles: true,
		changeBubbles: true,
		focusinBubbles: false,
		deleteExpando: true,
		noCloneEvent: true,
		inlineBlockNeedsLayout: false,
		shrinkWrapBlocks: false,
		reliableMarginRight: true,
		pixelMargin: true
	};

	// jQuery.boxModel DEPRECATED in 1.3, use jQuery.support.boxModel instead
	jQuery.boxModel = support.boxModel = (document.compatMode === "CSS1Compat");

	// Make sure checked status is properly cloned
	input.checked = true;
	support.noCloneChecked = input.cloneNode( true ).checked;

	// Make sure that the options inside disabled selects aren't marked as disabled
	// (WebKit marks them as disabled)
	select.disabled = true;
	support.optDisabled = !opt.disabled;

	// Test to see if it's possible to delete an expando from an element
	// Fails in Internet Explorer
	try {
		delete div.test;
	} catch( e ) {
		support.deleteExpando = false;
	}

	if ( !div.addEventListener && div.attachEvent && div.fireEvent ) {
		div.attachEvent( "onclick", function() {
			// Cloning a node shouldn't copy over any
			// bound event handlers (IE does this)
			support.noCloneEvent = false;
		});
		div.cloneNode( true ).fireEvent( "onclick" );
	}

	// Check if a radio maintains its value
	// after being appended to the DOM
	input = document.createElement("input");
	input.value = "t";
	input.setAttribute("type", "radio");
	support.radioValue = input.value === "t";

	input.setAttribute("checked", "checked");

	// #11217 - WebKit loses check when the name is after the checked attribute
	input.setAttribute( "name", "t" );

	div.appendChild( input );
	fragment = document.createDocumentFragment();
	fragment.appendChild( div.lastChild );

	// WebKit doesn't clone checked state correctly in fragments
	support.checkClone = fragment.cloneNode( true ).cloneNode( true ).lastChild.checked;

	// Check if a disconnected checkbox will retain its checked
	// value of true after appended to the DOM (IE6/7)
	support.appendChecked = input.checked;

	fragment.removeChild( input );
	fragment.appendChild( div );

	// Technique from Juriy Zaytsev
	// http://perfectionkills.com/detecting-event-support-without-browser-sniffing/
	// We only care about the case where non-standard event systems
	// are used, namely in IE. Short-circuiting here helps us to
	// avoid an eval call (in setAttribute) which can cause CSP
	// to go haywire. See: https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Security/CSP
	if ( div.attachEvent ) {
		for ( i in {
			submit: 1,
			change: 1,
			focusin: 1
		}) {
			eventName = "on" + i;
			isSupported = ( eventName in div );
			if ( !isSupported ) {
				div.setAttribute( eventName, "return;" );
				isSupported = ( typeof div[ eventName ] === "function" );
			}
			support[ i + "Bubbles" ] = isSupported;
		}
	}

	fragment.removeChild( div );

	// Null elements to avoid leaks in IE
	fragment = select = opt = div = input = null;

	// Run tests that need a body at doc ready
	jQuery(function() {
		var container, outer, inner, table, td, offsetSupport,
			marginDiv, conMarginTop, style, html, positionTopLeftWidthHeight,
			paddingMarginBorderVisibility, paddingMarginBorder,
			body = document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0];

		if ( !body ) {
			// Return for frameset docs that don't have a body
			return;
		}

		conMarginTop = 1;
		paddingMarginBorder = "padding:0;margin:0;border:";
		positionTopLeftWidthHeight = "position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:1px;height:1px;";
		paddingMarginBorderVisibility = paddingMarginBorder + "0;visibility:hidden;";
		style = "style='" + positionTopLeftWidthHeight + paddingMarginBorder + "5px solid #000;";
		html = "<div " + style + "display:block;'><div style='" + paddingMarginBorder + "0;display:block;overflow:hidden;'></div></div>" +
			"<table " + style + "' cellpadding='0' cellspacing='0'>" +
			"<tr><td></td></tr></table>";

		container = document.createElement("div");
		container.style.cssText = paddingMarginBorderVisibility + "width:0;height:0;position:static;top:0;margin-top:" + conMarginTop + "px";
		body.insertBefore( container, body.firstChild );

		// Construct the test element
		div = document.createElement("div");
		container.appendChild( div );

		// Check if table cells still have offsetWidth/Height when they are set
		// to display:none and there are still other visible table cells in a
		// table row; if so, offsetWidth/Height are not reliable for use when
		// determining if an element has been hidden directly using
		// display:none (it is still safe to use offsets if a parent element is
		// hidden; don safety goggles and see bug #4512 for more information).
		// (only IE 8 fails this test)
		div.innerHTML = "<table><tr><td style='" + paddingMarginBorder + "0;display:none'></td><td>t</td></tr></table>";
		tds = div.getElementsByTagName( "td" );
		isSupported = ( tds[ 0 ].offsetHeight === 0 );

		tds[ 0 ].style.display = "";
		tds[ 1 ].style.display = "none";

		// Check if empty table cells still have offsetWidth/Height
		// (IE <= 8 fail this test)
		support.reliableHiddenOffsets = isSupported && ( tds[ 0 ].offsetHeight === 0 );

		// Check if div with explicit width and no margin-right incorrectly
		// gets computed margin-right based on width of container. For more
		// info see bug #3333
		// Fails in WebKit before Feb 2011 nightlies
		// WebKit Bug 13343 - getComputedStyle returns wrong value for margin-right
		if ( window.getComputedStyle ) {
			div.innerHTML = "";
			marginDiv = document.createElement( "div" );
			marginDiv.style.width = "0";
			marginDiv.style.marginRight = "0";
			div.style.width = "2px";
			div.appendChild( marginDiv );
			support.reliableMarginRight =
				( parseInt( ( window.getComputedStyle( marginDiv, null ) || { marginRight: 0 } ).marginRight, 10 ) || 0 ) === 0;
		}

		if ( typeof div.style.zoom !== "undefined" ) {
			// Check if natively block-level elements act like inline-block
			// elements when setting their display to 'inline' and giving
			// them layout
			// (IE < 8 does this)
			div.innerHTML = "";
			div.style.width = div.style.padding = "1px";
			div.style.border = 0;
			div.style.overflow = "hidden";
			div.style.display = "inline";
			div.style.zoom = 1;
			support.inlineBlockNeedsLayout = ( div.offsetWidth === 3 );

			// Check if elements with layout shrink-wrap their children
			// (IE 6 does this)
			div.style.display = "block";
			div.style.overflow = "visible";
			div.innerHTML = "<div style='width:5px;'></div>";
			support.shrinkWrapBlocks = ( div.offsetWidth !== 3 );
		}

		div.style.cssText = positionTopLeftWidthHeight + paddingMarginBorderVisibility;
		div.innerHTML = html;

		outer = div.firstChild;
		inner = outer.firstChild;
		td = outer.nextSibling.firstChild.firstChild;

		offsetSupport = {
			doesNotAddBorder: ( inner.offsetTop !== 5 ),
			doesAddBorderForTableAndCells: ( td.offsetTop === 5 )
		};

		inner.style.position = "fixed";
		inner.style.top = "20px";

		// safari subtracts parent border width here which is 5px
		offsetSupport.fixedPosition = ( inner.offsetTop === 20 || inner.offsetTop === 15 );
		inner.style.position = inner.style.top = "";

		outer.style.overflow = "hidden";
		outer.style.position = "relative";

		offsetSupport.subtractsBorderForOverflowNotVisible = ( inner.offsetTop === -5 );
		offsetSupport.doesNotIncludeMarginInBodyOffset = ( body.offsetTop !== conMarginTop );

		if ( window.getComputedStyle ) {
			div.style.marginTop = "1%";
			support.pixelMargin = ( window.getComputedStyle( div, null ) || { marginTop: 0 } ).marginTop !== "1%";
		}

		if ( typeof container.style.zoom !== "undefined" ) {
			container.style.zoom = 1;
		}

		body.removeChild( container );
		marginDiv = div = container = null;

		jQuery.extend( support, offsetSupport );
	});

	return support;
})();




var rbrace = /^(?:\{.*\}|\[.*\])$/,
	rmultiDash = /([A-Z])/g;

jQuery.extend({
	cache: {},

	// Please use with caution
	uuid: 0,

	// Unique for each copy of jQuery on the page
	// Non-digits removed to match rinlinejQuery
	expando: "jQuery" + ( jQuery.fn.jquery + Math.random() ).replace( /\D/g, "" ),

	// The following elements throw uncatchable exceptions if you
	// attempt to add expando properties to them.
	noData: {
		"embed": true,
		// Ban all objects except for Flash (which handle expandos)
		"object": "clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000",
		"applet": true
	},

	hasData: function( elem ) {
		elem = elem.nodeType ? jQuery.cache[ elem[jQuery.expando] ] : elem[ jQuery.expando ];
		return !!elem && !isEmptyDataObject( elem );
	},

	data: function( elem, name, data, pvt /* Internal Use Only */ ) {
		if ( !jQuery.acceptData( elem ) ) {
			return;
		}

		var privateCache, thisCache, ret,
			internalKey = jQuery.expando,
			getByName = typeof name === "string",

			// We have to handle DOM nodes and JS objects differently because IE6-7
			// can't GC object references properly across the DOM-JS boundary
			isNode = elem.nodeType,

			// Only DOM nodes need the global jQuery cache; JS object data is
			// attached directly to the object so GC can occur automatically
			cache = isNode ? jQuery.cache : elem,

			// Only defining an ID for JS objects if its cache already exists allows
			// the code to shortcut on the same path as a DOM node with no cache
			id = isNode ? elem[ internalKey ] : elem[ internalKey ] && internalKey,
			isEvents = name === "events";

		// Avoid doing any more work than we need to when trying to get data on an
		// object that has no data at all
		if ( (!id || !cache[id] || (!isEvents && !pvt && !cache[id].data)) && getByName && data === undefined ) {
			return;
		}

		if ( !id ) {
			// Only DOM nodes need a new unique ID for each element since their data
			// ends up in the global cache
			if ( isNode ) {
				elem[ internalKey ] = id = ++jQuery.uuid;
			} else {
				id = internalKey;
			}
		}

		if ( !cache[ id ] ) {
			cache[ id ] = {};

			// Avoids exposing jQuery metadata on plain JS objects when the object
			// is serialized using JSON.stringify
			if ( !isNode ) {
				cache[ id ].toJSON = jQuery.noop;
			}
		}

		// An object can be passed to jQuery.data instead of a key/value pair; this gets
		// shallow copied over onto the existing cache
		if ( typeof name === "object" || typeof name === "function" ) {
			if ( pvt ) {
				cache[ id ] = jQuery.extend( cache[ id ], name );
			} else {
				cache[ id ].data = jQuery.extend( cache[ id ].data, name );
			}
		}

		privateCache = thisCache = cache[ id ];

		// jQuery data() is stored in a separate object inside the object's internal data
		// cache in order to avoid key collisions between internal data and user-defined
		// data.
		if ( !pvt ) {
			if ( !thisCache.data ) {
				thisCache.data = {};
			}

			thisCache = thisCache.data;
		}

		if ( data !== undefined ) {
			thisCache[ jQuery.camelCase( name ) ] = data;
		}

		// Users should not attempt to inspect the internal events object using jQuery.data,
		// it is undocumented and subject to change. But does anyone listen? No.
		if ( isEvents && !thisCache[ name ] ) {
			return privateCache.events;
		}

		// Check for both converted-to-camel and non-converted data property names
		// If a data property was specified
		if ( getByName ) {

			// First Try to find as-is property data
			ret = thisCache[ name ];

			// Test for null|undefined property data
			if ( ret == null ) {

				// Try to find the camelCased property
				ret = thisCache[ jQuery.camelCase( name ) ];
			}
		} else {
			ret = thisCache;
		}

		return ret;
	},

	removeData: function( elem, name, pvt /* Internal Use Only */ ) {
		if ( !jQuery.acceptData( elem ) ) {
			return;
		}

		var thisCache, i, l,

			// Reference to internal data cache key
			internalKey = jQuery.expando,

			isNode = elem.nodeType,

			// See jQuery.data for more information
			cache = isNode ? jQuery.cache : elem,

			// See jQuery.data for more information
			id = isNode ? elem[ internalKey ] : internalKey;

		// If there is already no cache entry for this object, there is no
		// purpose in continuing
		if ( !cache[ id ] ) {
			return;
		}

		if ( name ) {

			thisCache = pvt ? cache[ id ] : cache[ id ].data;

			if ( thisCache ) {

				// Support array or space separated string names for data keys
				if ( !jQuery.isArray( name ) ) {

					// try the string as a key before any manipulation
					if ( name in thisCache ) {
						name = [ name ];
					} else {

						// split the camel cased version by spaces unless a key with the spaces exists
						name = jQuery.camelCase( name );
						if ( name in thisCache ) {
							name = [ name ];
						} else {
							name = name.split( " " );
						}
					}
				}

				for ( i = 0, l = name.length; i < l; i++ ) {
					delete thisCache[ name[i] ];
				}

				// If there is no data left in the cache, we want to continue
				// and let the cache object itself get destroyed
				if ( !( pvt ? isEmptyDataObject : jQuery.isEmptyObject )( thisCache ) ) {
					return;
				}
			}
		}

		// See jQuery.data for more information
		if ( !pvt ) {
			delete cache[ id ].data;

			// Don't destroy the parent cache unless the internal data object
			// had been the only thing left in it
			if ( !isEmptyDataObject(cache[ id ]) ) {
				return;
			}
		}

		// Browsers that fail expando deletion also refuse to delete expandos on
		// the window, but it will allow it on all other JS objects; other browsers
		// don't care
		// Ensure that `cache` is not a window object #10080
		if ( jQuery.support.deleteExpando || !cache.setInterval ) {
			delete cache[ id ];
		} else {
			cache[ id ] = null;
		}

		// We destroyed the cache and need to eliminate the expando on the node to avoid
		// false lookups in the cache for entries that no longer exist
		if ( isNode ) {
			// IE does not allow us to delete expando properties from nodes,
			// nor does it have a removeAttribute function on Document nodes;
			// we must handle all of these cases
			if ( jQuery.support.deleteExpando ) {
				delete elem[ internalKey ];
			} else if ( elem.removeAttribute ) {
				elem.removeAttribute( internalKey );
			} else {
				elem[ internalKey ] = null;
			}
		}
	},

	// For internal use only.
	_data: function( elem, name, data ) {
		return jQuery.data( elem, name, data, true );
	},

	// A method for determining if a DOM node can handle the data expando
	acceptData: function( elem ) {
		if ( elem.nodeName ) {
			var match = jQuery.noData[ elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ];

			if ( match ) {
				return !(match === true || elem.getAttribute("classid") !== match);
			}
		}

		return true;
	}
});

jQuery.fn.extend({
	data: function( key, value ) {
		var parts, part, attr, name, l,
			elem = this[0],
			i = 0,
			data = null;

		// Gets all values
		if ( key === undefined ) {
			if ( this.length ) {
				data = jQuery.data( elem );

				if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && !jQuery._data( elem, "parsedAttrs" ) ) {
					attr = elem.attributes;
					for ( l = attr.length; i < l; i++ ) {
						name = attr[i].name;

						if ( name.indexOf( "data-" ) === 0 ) {
							name = jQuery.camelCase( name.substring(5) );

							dataAttr( elem, name, data[ name ] );
						}
					}
					jQuery._data( elem, "parsedAttrs", true );
				}
			}

			return data;
		}

		// Sets multiple values
		if ( typeof key === "object" ) {
			return this.each(function() {
				jQuery.data( this, key );
			});
		}

		parts = key.split( ".", 2 );
		parts[1] = parts[1] ? "." + parts[1] : "";
		part = parts[1] + "!";

		return jQuery.access( this, function( value ) {

			if ( value === undefined ) {
				data = this.triggerHandler( "getData" + part, [ parts[0] ] );

				// Try to fetch any internally stored data first
				if ( data === undefined && elem ) {
					data = jQuery.data( elem, key );
					data = dataAttr( elem, key, data );
				}

				return data === undefined && parts[1] ?
					this.data( parts[0] ) :
					data;
			}

			parts[1] = value;
			this.each(function() {
				var self = jQuery( this );

				self.triggerHandler( "setData" + part, parts );
				jQuery.data( this, key, value );
				self.triggerHandler( "changeData" + part, parts );
			});
		}, null, value, arguments.length > 1, null, false );
	},

	removeData: function( key ) {
		return this.each(function() {
			jQuery.removeData( this, key );
		});
	}
});

function dataAttr( elem, key, data ) {
	// If nothing was found internally, try to fetch any
	// data from the HTML5 data-* attribute
	if ( data === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) {

		var name = "data-" + key.replace( rmultiDash, "-$1" ).toLowerCase();

		data = elem.getAttribute( name );

		if ( typeof data === "string" ) {
			try {
				data = data === "true" ? true :
				data === "false" ? false :
				data === "null" ? null :
				jQuery.isNumeric( data ) ? +data :
					rbrace.test( data ) ? jQuery.parseJSON( data ) :
					data;
			} catch( e ) {}

			// Make sure we set the data so it isn't changed later
			jQuery.data( elem, key, data );

		} else {
			data = undefined;
		}
	}

	return data;
}

// checks a cache object for emptiness
function isEmptyDataObject( obj ) {
	for ( var name in obj ) {

		// if the public data object is empty, the private is still empty
		if ( name === "data" && jQuery.isEmptyObject( obj[name] ) ) {
			continue;
		}
		if ( name !== "toJSON" ) {
			return false;
		}
	}

	return true;
}




function handleQueueMarkDefer( elem, type, src ) {
	var deferDataKey = type + "defer",
		queueDataKey = type + "queue",
		markDataKey = type + "mark",
		defer = jQuery._data( elem, deferDataKey );
	if ( defer &&
		( src === "queue" || !jQuery._data(elem, queueDataKey) ) &&
		( src === "mark" || !jQuery._data(elem, markDataKey) ) ) {
		// Give room for hard-coded callbacks to fire first
		// and eventually mark/queue something else on the element
		setTimeout( function() {
			if ( !jQuery._data( elem, queueDataKey ) &&
				!jQuery._data( elem, markDataKey ) ) {
				jQuery.removeData( elem, deferDataKey, true );
				defer.fire();
			}
		}, 0 );
	}
}

jQuery.extend({

	_mark: function( elem, type ) {
		if ( elem ) {
			type = ( type || "fx" ) + "mark";
			jQuery._data( elem, type, (jQuery._data( elem, type ) || 0) + 1 );
		}
	},

	_unmark: function( force, elem, type ) {
		if ( force !== true ) {
			type = elem;
			elem = force;
			force = false;
		}
		if ( elem ) {
			type = type || "fx";
			var key = type + "mark",
				count = force ? 0 : ( (jQuery._data( elem, key ) || 1) - 1 );
			if ( count ) {
				jQuery._data( elem, key, count );
			} else {
				jQuery.removeData( elem, key, true );
				handleQueueMarkDefer( elem, type, "mark" );
			}
		}
	},

	queue: function( elem, type, data ) {
		var q;
		if ( elem ) {
			type = ( type || "fx" ) + "queue";
			q = jQuery._data( elem, type );

			// Speed up dequeue by getting out quickly if this is just a lookup
			if ( data ) {
				if ( !q || jQuery.isArray(data) ) {
					q = jQuery._data( elem, type, jQuery.makeArray(data) );
				} else {
					q.push( data );
				}
			}
			return q || [];
		}
	},

	dequeue: function( elem, type ) {
		type = type || "fx";

		var queue = jQuery.queue( elem, type ),
			fn = queue.shift(),
			hooks = {};

		// If the fx queue is dequeued, always remove the progress sentinel
		if ( fn === "inprogress" ) {
			fn = queue.shift();
		}

		if ( fn ) {
			// Add a progress sentinel to prevent the fx queue from being
			// automatically dequeued
			if ( type === "fx" ) {
				queue.unshift( "inprogress" );
			}

			jQuery._data( elem, type + ".run", hooks );
			fn.call( elem, function() {
				jQuery.dequeue( elem, type );
			}, hooks );
		}

		if ( !queue.length ) {
			jQuery.removeData( elem, type + "queue " + type + ".run", true );
			handleQueueMarkDefer( elem, type, "queue" );
		}
	}
});

jQuery.fn.extend({
	queue: function( type, data ) {
		var setter = 2;

		if ( typeof type !== "string" ) {
			data = type;
			type = "fx";
			setter--;
		}

		if ( arguments.length < setter ) {
			return jQuery.queue( this[0], type );
		}

		return data === undefined ?
			this :
			this.each(function() {
				var queue = jQuery.queue( this, type, data );

				if ( type === "fx" && queue[0] !== "inprogress" ) {
					jQuery.dequeue( this, type );
				}
			});
	},
	dequeue: function( type ) {
		return this.each(function() {
			jQuery.dequeue( this, type );
		});
	},
	// Based off of the plugin by Clint Helfers, with permission.
	// http://blindsignals.com/index.php/2009/07/jquery-delay/
	delay: function( time, type ) {
		time = jQuery.fx ? jQuery.fx.speeds[ time ] || time : time;
		type = type || "fx";

		return this.queue( type, function( next, hooks ) {
			var timeout = setTimeout( next, time );
			hooks.stop = function() {
				clearTimeout( timeout );
			};
		});
	},
	clearQueue: function( type ) {
		return this.queue( type || "fx", [] );
	},
	// Get a promise resolved when queues of a certain type
	// are emptied (fx is the type by default)
	promise: function( type, object ) {
		if ( typeof type !== "string" ) {
			object = type;
			type = undefined;
		}
		type = type || "fx";
		var defer = jQuery.Deferred(),
			elements = this,
			i = elements.length,
			count = 1,
			deferDataKey = type + "defer",
			queueDataKey = type + "queue",
			markDataKey = type + "mark",
			tmp;
		function resolve() {
			if ( !( --count ) ) {
				defer.resolveWith( elements, [ elements ] );
			}
		}
		while( i-- ) {
			if (( tmp = jQuery.data( elements[ i ], deferDataKey, undefined, true ) ||
					( jQuery.data( elements[ i ], queueDataKey, undefined, true ) ||
						jQuery.data( elements[ i ], markDataKey, undefined, true ) ) &&
					jQuery.data( elements[ i ], deferDataKey, jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), true ) )) {
				count++;
				tmp.add( resolve );
			}
		}
		resolve();
		return defer.promise( object );
	}
});




var rclass = /[\n\t\r]/g,
	rspace = /\s+/,
	rreturn = /\r/g,
	rtype = /^(?:button|input)$/i,
	rfocusable = /^(?:button|input|object|select|textarea)$/i,
	rclickable = /^a(?:rea)?$/i,
	rboolean = /^(?:autofocus|autoplay|async|checked|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped|selected)$/i,
	getSetAttribute = jQuery.support.getSetAttribute,
	nodeHook, boolHook, fixSpecified;

jQuery.fn.extend({
	attr: function( name, value ) {
		return jQuery.access( this, jQuery.attr, name, value, arguments.length > 1 );
	},

	removeAttr: function( name ) {
		return this.each(function() {
			jQuery.removeAttr( this, name );
		});
	},

	prop: function( name, value ) {
		return jQuery.access( this, jQuery.prop, name, value, arguments.length > 1 );
	},

	removeProp: function( name ) {
		name = jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name;
		return this.each(function() {
			// try/catch handles cases where IE balks (such as removing a property on window)
			try {
				this[ name ] = undefined;
				delete this[ name ];
			} catch( e ) {}
		});
	},

	addClass: function( value ) {
		var classNames, i, l, elem,
			setClass, c, cl;

		if ( jQuery.isFunction( value ) ) {
			return this.each(function( j ) {
				jQuery( this ).addClass( value.call(this, j, this.className) );
			});
		}

		if ( value && typeof value === "string" ) {
			classNames = value.split( rspace );

			for ( i = 0, l = this.length; i < l; i++ ) {
				elem = this[ i ];

				if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
					if ( !elem.className && classNames.length === 1 ) {
						elem.className = value;

					} else {
						setClass = " " + elem.className + " ";

						for ( c = 0, cl = classNames.length; c < cl; c++ ) {
							if ( !~setClass.indexOf( " " + classNames[ c ] + " " ) ) {
								setClass += classNames[ c ] + " ";
							}
						}
						elem.className = jQuery.trim( setClass );
					}
				}
			}
		}

		return this;
	},

	removeClass: function( value ) {
		var classNames, i, l, elem, className, c, cl;

		if ( jQuery.isFunction( value ) ) {
			return this.each(function( j ) {
				jQuery( this ).removeClass( value.call(this, j, this.className) );
			});
		}

		if ( (value && typeof value === "string") || value === undefined ) {
			classNames = ( value || "" ).split( rspace );

			for ( i = 0, l = this.length; i < l; i++ ) {
				elem = this[ i ];

				if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && elem.className ) {
					if ( value ) {
						className = (" " + elem.className + " ").replace( rclass, " " );
						for ( c = 0, cl = classNames.length; c < cl; c++ ) {
							className = className.replace(" " + classNames[ c ] + " ", " ");
						}
						elem.className = jQuery.trim( className );

					} else {
						elem.className = "";
					}
				}
			}
		}

		return this;
	},

	toggleClass: function( value, stateVal ) {
		var type = typeof value,
			isBool = typeof stateVal === "boolean";

		if ( jQuery.isFunction( value ) ) {
			return this.each(function( i ) {
				jQuery( this ).toggleClass( value.call(this, i, this.className, stateVal), stateVal );
			});
		}

		return this.each(function() {
			if ( type === "string" ) {
				// toggle individual class names
				var className,
					i = 0,
					self = jQuery( this ),
					state = stateVal,
					classNames = value.split( rspace );

				while ( (className = classNames[ i++ ]) ) {
					// check each className given, space seperated list
					state = isBool ? state : !self.hasClass( className );
					self[ state ? "addClass" : "removeClass" ]( className );
				}

			} else if ( type === "undefined" || type === "boolean" ) {
				if ( this.className ) {
					// store className if set
					jQuery._data( this, "__className__", this.className );
				}

				// toggle whole className
				this.className = this.className || value === false ? "" : jQuery._data( this, "__className__" ) || "";
			}
		});
	},

	hasClass: function( selector ) {
		var className = " " + selector + " ",
			i = 0,
			l = this.length;
		for ( ; i < l; i++ ) {
			if ( this[i].nodeType === 1 && (" " + this[i].className + " ").replace(rclass, " ").indexOf( className ) > -1 ) {
				return true;
			}
		}

		return false;
	},

	val: function( value ) {
		var hooks, ret, isFunction,
			elem = this[0];

		if ( !arguments.length ) {
			if ( elem ) {
				hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ elem.type ] || jQuery.valHooks[ elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ];

				if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && (ret = hooks.get( elem, "value" )) !== undefined ) {
					return ret;
				}

				ret = elem.value;

				return typeof ret === "string" ?
					// handle most common string cases
					ret.replace(rreturn, "") :
					// handle cases where value is null/undef or number
					ret == null ? "" : ret;
			}

			return;
		}

		isFunction = jQuery.isFunction( value );

		return this.each(function( i ) {
			var self = jQuery(this), val;

			if ( this.nodeType !== 1 ) {
				return;
			}

			if ( isFunction ) {
				val = value.call( this, i, self.val() );
			} else {
				val = value;
			}

			// Treat null/undefined as ""; convert numbers to string
			if ( val == null ) {
				val = "";
			} else if ( typeof val === "number" ) {
				val += "";
			} else if ( jQuery.isArray( val ) ) {
				val = jQuery.map(val, function ( value ) {
					return value == null ? "" : value + "";
				});
			}

			hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ this.type ] || jQuery.valHooks[ this.nodeName.toLowerCase() ];

			// If set returns undefined, fall back to normal setting
			if ( !hooks || !("set" in hooks) || hooks.set( this, val, "value" ) === undefined ) {
				this.value = val;
			}
		});
	}
});

jQuery.extend({
	valHooks: {
		option: {
			get: function( elem ) {
				// attributes.value is undefined in Blackberry 4.7 but
				// uses .value. See #6932
				var val = elem.attributes.value;
				return !val || val.specified ? elem.value : elem.text;
			}
		},
		select: {
			get: function( elem ) {
				var value, i, max, option,
					index = elem.selectedIndex,
					values = [],
					options = elem.options,
					one = elem.type === "select-one";

				// Nothing was selected
				if ( index < 0 ) {
					return null;
				}

				// Loop through all the selected options
				i = one ? index : 0;
				max = one ? index + 1 : options.length;
				for ( ; i < max; i++ ) {
					option = options[ i ];

					// Don't return options that are disabled or in a disabled optgroup
					if ( option.selected && (jQuery.support.optDisabled ? !option.disabled : option.getAttribute("disabled") === null) &&
							(!option.parentNode.disabled || !jQuery.nodeName( option.parentNode, "optgroup" )) ) {

						// Get the specific value for the option
						value = jQuery( option ).val();

						// We don't need an array for one selects
						if ( one ) {
							return value;
						}

						// Multi-Selects return an array
						values.push( value );
					}
				}

				// Fixes Bug #2551 -- select.val() broken in IE after form.reset()
				if ( one && !values.length && options.length ) {
					return jQuery( options[ index ] ).val();
				}

				return values;
			},

			set: function( elem, value ) {
				var values = jQuery.makeArray( value );

				jQuery(elem).find("option").each(function() {
					this.selected = jQuery.inArray( jQuery(this).val(), values ) >= 0;
				});

				if ( !values.length ) {
					elem.selectedIndex = -1;
				}
				return values;
			}
		}
	},

	attrFn: {
		val: true,
		css: true,
		html: true,
		text: true,
		data: true,
		width: true,
		height: true,
		offset: true
	},

	attr: function( elem, name, value, pass ) {
		var ret, hooks, notxml,
			nType = elem.nodeType;

		// don't get/set attributes on text, comment and attribute nodes
		if ( !elem || nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) {
			return;
		}

		if ( pass && name in jQuery.attrFn ) {
			return jQuery( elem )[ name ]( value );
		}

		// Fallback to prop when attributes are not supported
		if ( typeof elem.getAttribute === "undefined" ) {
			return jQuery.prop( elem, name, value );
		}

		notxml = nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem );

		// All attributes are lowercase
		// Grab necessary hook if one is defined
		if ( notxml ) {
			name = name.toLowerCase();
			hooks = jQuery.attrHooks[ name ] || ( rboolean.test( name ) ? boolHook : nodeHook );
		}

		if ( value !== undefined ) {

			if ( value === null ) {
				jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name );
				return;

			} else if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && notxml && (ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name )) !== undefined ) {
				return ret;

			} else {
				elem.setAttribute( name, "" + value );
				return value;
			}

		} else if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && notxml && (ret = hooks.get( elem, name )) !== null ) {
			return ret;

		} else {

			ret = elem.getAttribute( name );

			// Non-existent attributes return null, we normalize to undefined
			return ret === null ?
				undefined :
				ret;
		}
	},

	removeAttr: function( elem, value ) {
		var propName, attrNames, name, l, isBool,
			i = 0;

		if ( value && elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
			attrNames = value.toLowerCase().split( rspace );
			l = attrNames.length;

			for ( ; i < l; i++ ) {
				name = attrNames[ i ];

				if ( name ) {
					propName = jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name;
					isBool = rboolean.test( name );

					// See #9699 for explanation of this approach (setting first, then removal)
					// Do not do this for boolean attributes (see #10870)
					if ( !isBool ) {
						jQuery.attr( elem, name, "" );
					}
					elem.removeAttribute( getSetAttribute ? name : propName );

					// Set corresponding property to false for boolean attributes
					if ( isBool && propName in elem ) {
						elem[ propName ] = false;
					}
				}
			}
		}
	},

	attrHooks: {
		type: {
			set: function( elem, value ) {
				// We can't allow the type property to be changed (since it causes problems in IE)
				if ( rtype.test( elem.nodeName ) && elem.parentNode ) {
					jQuery.error( "type property can't be changed" );
				} else if ( !jQuery.support.radioValue && value === "radio" && jQuery.nodeName(elem, "input") ) {
					// Setting the type on a radio button after the value resets the value in IE6-9
					// Reset value to it's default in case type is set after value
					// This is for element creation
					var val = elem.value;
					elem.setAttribute( "type", value );
					if ( val ) {
						elem.value = val;
					}
					return value;
				}
			}
		},
		// Use the value property for back compat
		// Use the nodeHook for button elements in IE6/7 (#1954)
		value: {
			get: function( elem, name ) {
				if ( nodeHook && jQuery.nodeName( elem, "button" ) ) {
					return nodeHook.get( elem, name );
				}
				return name in elem ?
					elem.value :
					null;
			},
			set: function( elem, value, name ) {
				if ( nodeHook && jQuery.nodeName( elem, "button" ) ) {
					return nodeHook.set( elem, value, name );
				}
				// Does not return so that setAttribute is also used
				elem.value = value;
			}
		}
	},

	propFix: {
		tabindex: "tabIndex",
		readonly: "readOnly",
		"for": "htmlFor",
		"class": "className",
		maxlength: "maxLength",
		cellspacing: "cellSpacing",
		cellpadding: "cellPadding",
		rowspan: "rowSpan",
		colspan: "colSpan",
		usemap: "useMap",
		frameborder: "frameBorder",
		contenteditable: "contentEditable"
	},

	prop: function( elem, name, value ) {
		var ret, hooks, notxml,
			nType = elem.nodeType;

		// don't get/set properties on text, comment and attribute nodes
		if ( !elem || nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) {
			return;
		}

		notxml = nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem );

		if ( notxml ) {
			// Fix name and attach hooks
			name = jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name;
			hooks = jQuery.propHooks[ name ];
		}

		if ( value !== undefined ) {
			if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && (ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name )) !== undefined ) {
				return ret;

			} else {
				return ( elem[ name ] = value );
			}

		} else {
			if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && (ret = hooks.get( elem, name )) !== null ) {
				return ret;

			} else {
				return elem[ name ];
			}
		}
	},

	propHooks: {
		tabIndex: {
			get: function( elem ) {
				// elem.tabIndex doesn't always return the correct value when it hasn't been explicitly set
				// http://fluidproject.org/blog/2008/01/09/getting-setting-and-removing-tabindex-values-with-javascript/
				var attributeNode = elem.getAttributeNode("tabindex");

				return attributeNode && attributeNode.specified ?
					parseInt( attributeNode.value, 10 ) :
					rfocusable.test( elem.nodeName ) || rclickable.test( elem.nodeName ) && elem.href ?
						0 :
						undefined;
			}
		}
	}
});

// Add the tabIndex propHook to attrHooks for back-compat (different case is intentional)
jQuery.attrHooks.tabindex = jQuery.propHooks.tabIndex;

// Hook for boolean attributes
boolHook = {
	get: function( elem, name ) {
		// Align boolean attributes with corresponding properties
		// Fall back to attribute presence where some booleans are not supported
		var attrNode,
			property = jQuery.prop( elem, name );
		return property === true || typeof property !== "boolean" && ( attrNode = elem.getAttributeNode(name) ) && attrNode.nodeValue !== false ?
			name.toLowerCase() :
			undefined;
	},
	set: function( elem, value, name ) {
		var propName;
		if ( value === false ) {
			// Remove boolean attributes when set to false
			jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name );
		} else {
			// value is true since we know at this point it's type boolean and not false
			// Set boolean attributes to the same name and set the DOM property
			propName = jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name;
			if ( propName in elem ) {
				// Only set the IDL specifically if it already exists on the element
				elem[ propName ] = true;
			}

			elem.setAttribute( name, name.toLowerCase() );
		}
		return name;
	}
};

// IE6/7 do not support getting/setting some attributes with get/setAttribute
if ( !getSetAttribute ) {

	fixSpecified = {
		name: true,
		id: true,
		coords: true
	};

	// Use this for any attribute in IE6/7
	// This fixes almost every IE6/7 issue
	nodeHook = jQuery.valHooks.button = {
		get: function( elem, name ) {
			var ret;
			ret = elem.getAttributeNode( name );
			return ret && ( fixSpecified[ name ] ? ret.nodeValue !== "" : ret.specified ) ?
				ret.nodeValue :
				undefined;
		},
		set: function( elem, value, name ) {
			// Set the existing or create a new attribute node
			var ret = elem.getAttributeNode( name );
			if ( !ret ) {
				ret = document.createAttribute( name );
				elem.setAttributeNode( ret );
			}
			return ( ret.nodeValue = value + "" );
		}
	};

	// Apply the nodeHook to tabindex
	jQuery.attrHooks.tabindex.set = nodeHook.set;

	// Set width and height to auto instead of 0 on empty string( Bug #8150 )
	// This is for removals
	jQuery.each([ "width", "height" ], function( i, name ) {
		jQuery.attrHooks[ name ] = jQuery.extend( jQuery.attrHooks[ name ], {
			set: function( elem, value ) {
				if ( value === "" ) {
					elem.setAttribute( name, "auto" );
					return value;
				}
			}
		});
	});

	// Set contenteditable to false on removals(#10429)
	// Setting to empty string throws an error as an invalid value
	jQuery.attrHooks.contenteditable = {
		get: nodeHook.get,
		set: function( elem, value, name ) {
			if ( value === "" ) {
				value = "false";
			}
			nodeHook.set( elem, value, name );
		}
	};
}


// Some attributes require a special call on IE
if ( !jQuery.support.hrefNormalized ) {
	jQuery.each([ "href", "src", "width", "height" ], function( i, name ) {
		jQuery.attrHooks[ name ] = jQuery.extend( jQuery.attrHooks[ name ], {
			get: function( elem ) {
				var ret = elem.getAttribute( name, 2 );
				return ret === null ? undefined : ret;
			}
		});
	});
}

if ( !jQuery.support.style ) {
	jQuery.attrHooks.style = {
		get: function( elem ) {
			// Return undefined in the case of empty string
			// Normalize to lowercase since IE uppercases css property names
			return elem.style.cssText.toLowerCase() || undefined;
		},
		set: function( elem, value ) {
			return ( elem.style.cssText = "" + value );
		}
	};
}

// Safari mis-reports the default selected property of an option
// Accessing the parent's selectedIndex property fixes it
if ( !jQuery.support.optSelected ) {
	jQuery.propHooks.selected = jQuery.extend( jQuery.propHooks.selected, {
		get: function( elem ) {
			var parent = elem.parentNode;

			if ( parent ) {
				parent.selectedIndex;

				// Make sure that it also works with optgroups, see #5701
				if ( parent.parentNode ) {
					parent.parentNode.selectedIndex;
				}
			}
			return null;
		}
	});
}

// IE6/7 call enctype encoding
if ( !jQuery.support.enctype ) {
	jQuery.propFix.enctype = "encoding";
}

// Radios and checkboxes getter/setter
if ( !jQuery.support.checkOn ) {
	jQuery.each([ "radio", "checkbox" ], function() {
		jQuery.valHooks[ this ] = {
			get: function( elem ) {
				// Handle the case where in Webkit "" is returned instead of "on" if a value isn't specified
				return elem.getAttribute("value") === null ? "on" : elem.value;
			}
		};
	});
}
jQuery.each([ "radio", "checkbox" ], function() {
	jQuery.valHooks[ this ] = jQuery.extend( jQuery.valHooks[ this ], {
		set: function( elem, value ) {
			if ( jQuery.isArray( value ) ) {
				return ( elem.checked = jQuery.inArray( jQuery(elem).val(), value ) >= 0 );
			}
		}
	});
});




var rformElems = /^(?:textarea|input|select)$/i,
	rtypenamespace = /^([^\.]*)?(?:\.(.+))?$/,
	rhoverHack = /(?:^|\s)hover(\.\S+)?\b/,
	rkeyEvent = /^key/,
	rmouseEvent = /^(?:mouse|contextmenu)|click/,
	rfocusMorph = /^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/,
	rquickIs = /^(\w*)(?:#([\w\-]+))?(?:\.([\w\-]+))?$/,
	quickParse = function( selector ) {
		var quick = rquickIs.exec( selector );
		if ( quick ) {
			//   0  1    2   3
			// [ _, tag, id, class ]
			quick[1] = ( quick[1] || "" ).toLowerCase();
			quick[3] = quick[3] && new RegExp( "(?:^|\\s)" + quick[3] + "(?:\\s|$)" );
		}
		return quick;
	},
	quickIs = function( elem, m ) {
		var attrs = elem.attributes || {};
		return (
			(!m[1] || elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === m[1]) &&
			(!m[2] || (attrs.id || {}).value === m[2]) &&
			(!m[3] || m[3].test( (attrs[ "class" ] || {}).value ))
		);
	},
	hoverHack = function( events ) {
		return jQuery.event.special.hover ? events : events.replace( rhoverHack, "mouseenter$1 mouseleave$1" );
	};

/*
 * Helper functions for managing events -- not part of the public interface.
 * Props to Dean Edwards' addEvent library for many of the ideas.
 */
jQuery.event = {

	add: function( elem, types, handler, data, selector ) {

		var elemData, eventHandle, events,
			t, tns, type, namespaces, handleObj,
			handleObjIn, quick, handlers, special;

		// Don't attach events to noData or text/comment nodes (allow plain objects tho)
		if ( elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 || !types || !handler || !(elemData = jQuery._data( elem )) ) {
			return;
		}

		// Caller can pass in an object of custom data in lieu of the handler
		if ( handler.handler ) {
			handleObjIn = handler;
			handler = handleObjIn.handler;
			selector = handleObjIn.selector;
		}

		// Make sure that the handler has a unique ID, used to find/remove it later
		if ( !handler.guid ) {
			handler.guid = jQuery.guid++;
		}

		// Init the element's event structure and main handler, if this is the first
		events = elemData.events;
		if ( !events ) {
			elemData.events = events = {};
		}
		eventHandle = elemData.handle;
		if ( !eventHandle ) {
			elemData.handle = eventHandle = function( e ) {
				// Discard the second event of a jQuery.event.trigger() and
				// when an event is called after a page has unloaded
				return typeof jQuery !== "undefined" && (!e || jQuery.event.triggered !== e.type) ?
					jQuery.event.dispatch.apply( eventHandle.elem, arguments ) :
					undefined;
			};
			// Add elem as a property of the handle fn to prevent a memory leak with IE non-native events
			eventHandle.elem = elem;
		}

		// Handle multiple events separated by a space
		// jQuery(...).bind("mouseover mouseout", fn);
		types = jQuery.trim( hoverHack(types) ).split( " " );
		for ( t = 0; t < types.length; t++ ) {

			tns = rtypenamespace.exec( types[t] ) || [];
			type = tns[1];
			namespaces = ( tns[2] || "" ).split( "." ).sort();

			// If event changes its type, use the special event handlers for the changed type
			special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {};

			// If selector defined, determine special event api type, otherwise given type
			type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type;

			// Update special based on newly reset type
			special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {};

			// handleObj is passed to all event handlers
			handleObj = jQuery.extend({
				type: type,
				origType: tns[1],
				data: data,
				handler: handler,
				guid: handler.guid,
				selector: selector,
				quick: selector && quickParse( selector ),
				namespace: namespaces.join(".")
			}, handleObjIn );

			// Init the event handler queue if we're the first
			handlers = events[ type ];
			if ( !handlers ) {
				handlers = events[ type ] = [];
				handlers.delegateCount = 0;

				// Only use addEventListener/attachEvent if the special events handler returns false
				if ( !special.setup || special.setup.call( elem, data, namespaces, eventHandle ) === false ) {
					// Bind the global event handler to the element
					if ( elem.addEventListener ) {
						elem.addEventListener( type, eventHandle, false );

					} else if ( elem.attachEvent ) {
						elem.attachEvent( "on" + type, eventHandle );
					}
				}
			}

			if ( special.add ) {
				special.add.call( elem, handleObj );

				if ( !handleObj.handler.guid ) {
					handleObj.handler.guid = handler.guid;
				}
			}

			// Add to the element's handler list, delegates in front
			if ( selector ) {
				handlers.splice( handlers.delegateCount++, 0, handleObj );
			} else {
				handlers.push( handleObj );
			}

			// Keep track of which events have ever been used, for event optimization
			jQuery.event.global[ type ] = true;
		}

		// Nullify elem to prevent memory leaks in IE
		elem = null;
	},

	global: {},

	// Detach an event or set of events from an element
	remove: function( elem, types, handler, selector, mappedTypes ) {

		var elemData = jQuery.hasData( elem ) && jQuery._data( elem ),
			t, tns, type, origType, namespaces, origCount,
			j, events, special, handle, eventType, handleObj;

		if ( !elemData || !(events = elemData.events) ) {
			return;
		}

		// Once for each type.namespace in types; type may be omitted
		types = jQuery.trim( hoverHack( types || "" ) ).split(" ");
		for ( t = 0; t < types.length; t++ ) {
			tns = rtypenamespace.exec( types[t] ) || [];
			type = origType = tns[1];
			namespaces = tns[2];

			// Unbind all events (on this namespace, if provided) for the element
			if ( !type ) {
				for ( type in events ) {
					jQuery.event.remove( elem, type + types[ t ], handler, selector, true );
				}
				continue;
			}

			special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {};
			type = ( selector? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type;
			eventType = events[ type ] || [];
			origCount = eventType.length;
			namespaces = namespaces ? new RegExp("(^|\\.)" + namespaces.split(".").sort().join("\\.(?:.*\\.)?") + "(\\.|$)") : null;

			// Remove matching events
			for ( j = 0; j < eventType.length; j++ ) {
				handleObj = eventType[ j ];

				if ( ( mappedTypes || origType === handleObj.origType ) &&
					 ( !handler || handler.guid === handleObj.guid ) &&
					 ( !namespaces || namespaces.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) &&
					 ( !selector || selector === handleObj.selector || selector === "**" && handleObj.selector ) ) {
					eventType.splice( j--, 1 );

					if ( handleObj.selector ) {
						eventType.delegateCount--;
					}
					if ( special.remove ) {
						special.remove.call( elem, handleObj );
					}
				}
			}

			// Remove generic event handler if we removed something and no more handlers exist
			// (avoids potential for endless recursion during removal of special event handlers)
			if ( eventType.length === 0 && origCount !== eventType.length ) {
				if ( !special.teardown || special.teardown.call( elem, namespaces ) === false ) {
					jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, elemData.handle );
				}

				delete events[ type ];
			}
		}

		// Remove the expando if it's no longer used
		if ( jQuery.isEmptyObject( events ) ) {
			handle = elemData.handle;
			if ( handle ) {
				handle.elem = null;
			}

			// removeData also checks for emptiness and clears the expando if empty
			// so use it instead of delete
			jQuery.removeData( elem, [ "events", "handle" ], true );
		}
	},

	// Events that are safe to short-circuit if no handlers are attached.
	// Native DOM events should not be added, they may have inline handlers.
	customEvent: {
		"getData": true,
		"setData": true,
		"changeData": true
	},

	trigger: function( event, data, elem, onlyHandlers ) {
		// Don't do events on text and comment nodes
		if ( elem && (elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8) ) {
			return;
		}

		// Event object or event type
		var type = event.type || event,
			namespaces = [],
			cache, exclusive, i, cur, old, ontype, special, handle, eventPath, bubbleType;

		// focus/blur morphs to focusin/out; ensure we're not firing them right now
		if ( rfocusMorph.test( type + jQuery.event.triggered ) ) {
			return;
		}

		if ( type.indexOf( "!" ) >= 0 ) {
			// Exclusive events trigger only for the exact event (no namespaces)
			type = type.slice(0, -1);
			exclusive = true;
		}

		if ( type.indexOf( "." ) >= 0 ) {
			// Namespaced trigger; create a regexp to match event type in handle()
			namespaces = type.split(".");
			type = namespaces.shift();
			namespaces.sort();
		}

		if ( (!elem || jQuery.event.customEvent[ type ]) && !jQuery.event.global[ type ] ) {
			// No jQuery handlers for this event type, and it can't have inline handlers
			return;
		}

		// Caller can pass in an Event, Object, or just an event type string
		event = typeof event === "object" ?
			// jQuery.Event object
			event[ jQuery.expando ] ? event :
			// Object literal
			new jQuery.Event( type, event ) :
			// Just the event type (string)
			new jQuery.Event( type );

		event.type = type;
		event.isTrigger = true;
		event.exclusive = exclusive;
		event.namespace = namespaces.join( "." );
		event.namespace_re = event.namespace? new RegExp("(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join("\\.(?:.*\\.)?") + "(\\.|$)") : null;
		ontype = type.indexOf( ":" ) < 0 ? "on" + type : "";

		// Handle a global trigger
		if ( !elem ) {

			// TODO: Stop taunting the data cache; remove global events and always attach to document
			cache = jQuery.cache;
			for ( i in cache ) {
				if ( cache[ i ].events && cache[ i ].events[ type ] ) {
					jQuery.event.trigger( event, data, cache[ i ].handle.elem, true );
				}
			}
			return;
		}

		// Clean up the event in case it is being reused
		event.result = undefined;
		if ( !event.target ) {
			event.target = elem;
		}

		// Clone any incoming data and prepend the event, creating the handler arg list
		data = data != null ? jQuery.makeArray( data ) : [];
		data.unshift( event );

		// Allow special events to draw outside the lines
		special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {};
		if ( special.trigger && special.trigger.apply( elem, data ) === false ) {
			return;
		}

		// Determine event propagation path in advance, per W3C events spec (#9951)
		// Bubble up to document, then to window; watch for a global ownerDocument var (#9724)
		eventPath = [[ elem, special.bindType || type ]];
		if ( !onlyHandlers && !special.noBubble && !jQuery.isWindow( elem ) ) {

			bubbleType = special.delegateType || type;
			cur = rfocusMorph.test( bubbleType + type ) ? elem : elem.parentNode;
			old = null;
			for ( ; cur; cur = cur.parentNode ) {
				eventPath.push([ cur, bubbleType ]);
				old = cur;
			}

			// Only add window if we got to document (e.g., not plain obj or detached DOM)
			if ( old && old === elem.ownerDocument ) {
				eventPath.push([ old.defaultView || old.parentWindow || window, bubbleType ]);
			}
		}

		// Fire handlers on the event path
		for ( i = 0; i < eventPath.length && !event.isPropagationStopped(); i++ ) {

			cur = eventPath[i][0];
			event.type = eventPath[i][1];

			handle = ( jQuery._data( cur, "events" ) || {} )[ event.type ] && jQuery._data( cur, "handle" );
			if ( handle ) {
				handle.apply( cur, data );
			}
			// Note that this is a bare JS function and not a jQuery handler
			handle = ontype && cur[ ontype ];
			if ( handle && jQuery.acceptData( cur ) && handle.apply( cur, data ) === false ) {
				event.preventDefault();
			}
		}
		event.type = type;

		// If nobody prevented the default action, do it now
		if ( !onlyHandlers && !event.isDefaultPrevented() ) {

			if ( (!special._default || special._default.apply( elem.ownerDocument, data ) === false) &&
				!(type === "click" && jQuery.nodeName( elem, "a" )) && jQuery.acceptData( elem ) ) {

				// Call a native DOM method on the target with the same name name as the event.
				// Can't use an .isFunction() check here because IE6/7 fails that test.
				// Don't do default actions on window, that's where global variables be (#6170)
				// IE<9 dies on focus/blur to hidden element (#1486)
				if ( ontype && elem[ type ] && ((type !== "focus" && type !== "blur") || event.target.offsetWidth !== 0) && !jQuery.isWindow( elem ) ) {

					// Don't re-trigger an onFOO event when we call its FOO() method
					old = elem[ ontype ];

					if ( old ) {
						elem[ ontype ] = null;
					}

					// Prevent re-triggering of the same event, since we already bubbled it above
					jQuery.event.triggered = type;
					elem[ type ]();
					jQuery.event.triggered = undefined;

					if ( old ) {
						elem[ ontype ] = old;
					}
				}
			}
		}

		return event.result;
	},

	dispatch: function( event ) {

		// Make a writable jQuery.Event from the native event object
		event = jQuery.event.fix( event || window.event );

		var handlers = ( (jQuery._data( this, "events" ) || {} )[ event.type ] || []),
			delegateCount = handlers.delegateCount,
			args = [].slice.call( arguments, 0 ),
			run_all = !event.exclusive && !event.namespace,
			special = jQuery.event.special[ event.type ] || {},
			handlerQueue = [],
			i, j, cur, jqcur, ret, selMatch, matched, matches, handleObj, sel, related;

		// Use the fix-ed jQuery.Event rather than the (read-only) native event
		args[0] = event;
		event.delegateTarget = this;

		// Call the preDispatch hook for the mapped type, and let it bail if desired
		if ( special.preDispatch && special.preDispatch.call( this, event ) === false ) {
			return;
		}

		// Determine handlers that should run if there are delegated events
		// Avoid non-left-click bubbling in Firefox (#3861)
		if ( delegateCount && !(event.button && event.type === "click") ) {

			// Pregenerate a single jQuery object for reuse with .is()
			jqcur = jQuery(this);
			jqcur.context = this.ownerDocument || this;

			for ( cur = event.target; cur != this; cur = cur.parentNode || this ) {

				// Don't process events on disabled elements (#6911, #8165)
				if ( cur.disabled !== true ) {
					selMatch = {};
					matches = [];
					jqcur[0] = cur;
					for ( i = 0; i < delegateCount; i++ ) {
						handleObj = handlers[ i ];
						sel = handleObj.selector;

						if ( selMatch[ sel ] === undefined ) {
							selMatch[ sel ] = (
								handleObj.quick ? quickIs( cur, handleObj.quick ) : jqcur.is( sel )
							);
						}
						if ( selMatch[ sel ] ) {
							matches.push( handleObj );
						}
					}
					if ( matches.length ) {
						handlerQueue.push({ elem: cur, matches: matches });
					}
				}
			}
		}

		// Add the remaining (directly-bound) handlers
		if ( handlers.length > delegateCount ) {
			handlerQueue.push({ elem: this, matches: handlers.slice( delegateCount ) });
		}

		// Run delegates first; they may want to stop propagation beneath us
		for ( i = 0; i < handlerQueue.length && !event.isPropagationStopped(); i++ ) {
			matched = handlerQueue[ i ];
			event.currentTarget = matched.elem;

			for ( j = 0; j < matched.matches.length && !event.isImmediatePropagationStopped(); j++ ) {
				handleObj = matched.matches[ j ];

				// Triggered event must either 1) be non-exclusive and have no namespace, or
				// 2) have namespace(s) a subset or equal to those in the bound event (both can have no namespace).
				if ( run_all || (!event.namespace && !handleObj.namespace) || event.namespace_re && event.namespace_re.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) {

					event.data = handleObj.data;
					event.handleObj = handleObj;

					ret = ( (jQuery.event.special[ handleObj.origType ] || {}).handle || handleObj.handler )
							.apply( matched.elem, args );

					if ( ret !== undefined ) {
						event.result = ret;
						if ( ret === false ) {
							event.preventDefault();
							event.stopPropagation();
						}
					}
				}
			}
		}

		// Call the postDispatch hook for the mapped type
		if ( special.postDispatch ) {
			special.postDispatch.call( this, event );
		}

		return event.result;
	},

	// Includes some event props shared by KeyEvent and MouseEvent
	// *** attrChange attrName relatedNode srcElement  are not normalized, non-W3C, deprecated, will be removed in 1.8 ***
	props: "attrChange attrName relatedNode srcElement altKey bubbles cancelable ctrlKey currentTarget eventPhase metaKey relatedTarget shiftKey target timeStamp view which".split(" "),

	fixHooks: {},

	keyHooks: {
		props: "char charCode key keyCode".split(" "),
		filter: function( event, original ) {

			// Add which for key events
			if ( event.which == null ) {
				event.which = original.charCode != null ? original.charCode : original.keyCode;
			}

			return event;
		}
	},

	mouseHooks: {
		props: "button buttons clientX clientY fromElement offsetX offsetY pageX pageY screenX screenY toElement".split(" "),
		filter: function( event, original ) {
			var eventDoc, doc, body,
				button = original.button,
				fromElement = original.fromElement;

			// Calculate pageX/Y if missing and clientX/Y available
			if ( event.pageX == null && original.clientX != null ) {
				eventDoc = event.target.ownerDocument || document;
				doc = eventDoc.documentElement;
				body = eventDoc.body;

				event.pageX = original.clientX + ( doc && doc.scrollLeft || body && body.scrollLeft || 0 ) - ( doc && doc.clientLeft || body && body.clientLeft || 0 );
				event.pageY = original.clientY + ( doc && doc.scrollTop  || body && body.scrollTop  || 0 ) - ( doc && doc.clientTop  || body && body.clientTop  || 0 );
			}

			// Add relatedTarget, if necessary
			if ( !event.relatedTarget && fromElement ) {
				event.relatedTarget = fromElement === event.target ? original.toElement : fromElement;
			}

			// Add which for click: 1 === left; 2 === middle; 3 === right
			// Note: button is not normalized, so don't use it
			if ( !event.which && button !== undefined ) {
				event.which = ( button & 1 ? 1 : ( button & 2 ? 3 : ( button & 4 ? 2 : 0 ) ) );
			}

			return event;
		}
	},

	fix: function( event ) {
		if ( event[ jQuery.expando ] ) {
			return event;
		}

		// Create a writable copy of the event object and normalize some properties
		var i, prop,
			originalEvent = event,
			fixHook = jQuery.event.fixHooks[ event.type ] || {},
			copy = fixHook.props ? this.props.concat( fixHook.props ) : this.props;

		event = jQuery.Event( originalEvent );

		for ( i = copy.length; i; ) {
			prop = copy[ --i ];
			event[ prop ] = originalEvent[ prop ];
		}

		// Fix target property, if necessary (#1925, IE 6/7/8 & Safari2)
		if ( !event.target ) {
			event.target = originalEvent.srcElement || document;
		}

		// Target should not be a text node (#504, Safari)
		if ( event.target.nodeType === 3 ) {
			event.target = event.target.parentNode;
		}

		// For mouse/key events; add metaKey if it's not there (#3368, IE6/7/8)
		if ( event.metaKey === undefined ) {
			event.metaKey = event.ctrlKey;
		}

		return fixHook.filter? fixHook.filter( event, originalEvent ) : event;
	},

	special: {
		ready: {
			// Make sure the ready event is setup
			setup: jQuery.bindReady
		},

		load: {
			// Prevent triggered image.load events from bubbling to window.load
			noBubble: true
		},

		focus: {
			delegateType: "focusin"
		},
		blur: {
			delegateType: "focusout"
		},

		beforeunload: {
			setup: function( data, namespaces, eventHandle ) {
				// We only want to do this special case on windows
				if ( jQuery.isWindow( this ) ) {
					this.onbeforeunload = eventHandle;
				}
			},

			teardown: function( namespaces, eventHandle ) {
				if ( this.onbeforeunload === eventHandle ) {
					this.onbeforeunload = null;
				}
			}
		}
	},

	simulate: function( type, elem, event, bubble ) {
		// Piggyback on a donor event to simulate a different one.
		// Fake originalEvent to avoid donor's stopPropagation, but if the
		// simulated event prevents default then we do the same on the donor.
		var e = jQuery.extend(
			new jQuery.Event(),
			event,
			{ type: type,
				isSimulated: true,
				originalEvent: {}
			}
		);
		if ( bubble ) {
			jQuery.event.trigger( e, null, elem );
		} else {
			jQuery.event.dispatch.call( elem, e );
		}
		if ( e.isDefaultPrevented() ) {
			event.preventDefault();
		}
	}
};

// Some plugins are using, but it's undocumented/deprecated and will be removed.
// The 1.7 special event interface should provide all the hooks needed now.
jQuery.event.handle = jQuery.event.dispatch;

jQuery.removeEvent = document.removeEventListener ?
	function( elem, type, handle ) {
		if ( elem.removeEventListener ) {
			elem.removeEventListener( type, handle, false );
		}
	} :
	function( elem, type, handle ) {
		if ( elem.detachEvent ) {
			elem.detachEvent( "on" + type, handle );
		}
	};

jQuery.Event = function( src, props ) {
	// Allow instantiation without the 'new' keyword
	if ( !(this instanceof jQuery.Event) ) {
		return new jQuery.Event( src, props );
	}

	// Event object
	if ( src && src.type ) {
		this.originalEvent = src;
		this.type = src.type;

		// Events bubbling up the document may have been marked as prevented
		// by a handler lower down the tree; reflect the correct value.
		this.isDefaultPrevented = ( src.defaultPrevented || src.returnValue === false ||
			src.getPreventDefault && src.getPreventDefault() ) ? returnTrue : returnFalse;

	// Event type
	} else {
		this.type = src;
	}

	// Put explicitly provided properties onto the event object
	if ( props ) {
		jQuery.extend( this, props );
	}

	// Create a timestamp if incoming event doesn't have one
	this.timeStamp = src && src.timeStamp || jQuery.now();

	// Mark it as fixed
	this[ jQuery.expando ] = true;
};

function returnFalse() {
	return false;
}
function returnTrue() {
	return true;
}

// jQuery.Event is based on DOM3 Events as specified by the ECMAScript Language Binding
// http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-DOM-Level-3-Events-20030331/ecma-script-binding.html
jQuery.Event.prototype = {
	preventDefault: function() {
		this.isDefaultPrevented = returnTrue;

		var e = this.originalEvent;
		if ( !e ) {
			return;
		}

		// if preventDefault exists run it on the original event
		if ( e.preventDefault ) {
			e.preventDefault();

		// otherwise set the returnValue property of the original event to false (IE)
		} else {
			e.returnValue = false;
		}
	},
	stopPropagation: function() {
		this.isPropagationStopped = returnTrue;

		var e = this.originalEvent;
		if ( !e ) {
			return;
		}
		// if stopPropagation exists run it on the original event
		if ( e.stopPropagation ) {
			e.stopPropagation();
		}
		// otherwise set the cancelBubble property of the original event to true (IE)
		e.cancelBubble = true;
	},
	stopImmediatePropagation: function() {
		this.isImmediatePropagationStopped = returnTrue;
		this.stopPropagation();
	},
	isDefaultPrevented: returnFalse,
	isPropagationStopped: returnFalse,
	isImmediatePropagationStopped: returnFalse
};

// Create mouseenter/leave events using mouseover/out and event-time checks
jQuery.each({
	mouseenter: "mouseover",
	mouseleave: "mouseout"
}, function( orig, fix ) {
	jQuery.event.special[ orig ] = {
		delegateType: fix,
		bindType: fix,

		handle: function( event ) {
			var target = this,
				related = event.relatedTarget,
				handleObj = event.handleObj,
				selector = handleObj.selector,
				ret;

			// For mousenter/leave call the handler if related is outside the target.
			// NB: No relatedTarget if the mouse left/entered the browser window
			if ( !related || (related !== target && !jQuery.contains( target, related )) ) {
				event.type = handleObj.origType;
				ret = handleObj.handler.apply( this, arguments );
				event.type = fix;
			}
			return ret;
		}
	};
});

// IE submit delegation
if ( !jQuery.support.submitBubbles ) {

	jQuery.event.special.submit = {
		setup: function() {
			// Only need this for delegated form submit events
			if ( jQuery.nodeName( this, "form" ) ) {
				return false;
			}

			// Lazy-add a submit handler when a descendant form may potentially be submitted
			jQuery.event.add( this, "click._submit keypress._submit", function( e ) {
				// Node name check avoids a VML-related crash in IE (#9807)
				var elem = e.target,
					form = jQuery.nodeName( elem, "input" ) || jQuery.nodeName( elem, "button" ) ? elem.form : undefined;
				if ( form && !form._submit_attached ) {
					jQuery.event.add( form, "submit._submit", function( event ) {
						event._submit_bubble = true;
					});
					form._submit_attached = true;
				}
			});
			// return undefined since we don't need an event listener
		},
		
		postDispatch: function( event ) {
			// If form was submitted by the user, bubble the event up the tree
			if ( event._submit_bubble ) {
				delete event._submit_bubble;
				if ( this.parentNode && !event.isTrigger ) {
					jQuery.event.simulate( "submit", this.parentNode, event, true );
				}
			}
		},

		teardown: function() {
			// Only need this for delegated form submit events
			if ( jQuery.nodeName( this, "form" ) ) {
				return false;
			}

			// Remove delegated handlers; cleanData eventually reaps submit handlers attached above
			jQuery.event.remove( this, "._submit" );
		}
	};
}

// IE change delegation and checkbox/radio fix
if ( !jQuery.support.changeBubbles ) {

	jQuery.event.special.change = {

		setup: function() {

			if ( rformElems.test( this.nodeName ) ) {
				// IE doesn't fire change on a check/radio until blur; trigger it on click
				// after a propertychange. Eat the blur-change in special.change.handle.
				// This still fires onchange a second time for check/radio after blur.
				if ( this.type === "checkbox" || this.type === "radio" ) {
					jQuery.event.add( this, "propertychange._change", function( event ) {
						if ( event.originalEvent.propertyName === "checked" ) {
							this._just_changed = true;
						}
					});
					jQuery.event.add( this, "click._change", function( event ) {
						if ( this._just_changed && !event.isTrigger ) {
							this._just_changed = false;
							jQuery.event.simulate( "change", this, event, true );
						}
					});
				}
				return false;
			}
			// Delegated event; lazy-add a change handler on descendant inputs
			jQuery.event.add( this, "beforeactivate._change", function( e ) {
				var elem = e.target;

				if ( rformElems.test( elem.nodeName ) && !elem._change_attached ) {
					jQuery.event.add( elem, "change._change", function( event ) {
						if ( this.parentNode && !event.isSimulated && !event.isTrigger ) {
							jQuery.event.simulate( "change", this.parentNode, event, true );
						}
					});
					elem._change_attached = true;
				}
			});
		},

		handle: function( event ) {
			var elem = event.target;

			// Swallow native change events from checkbox/radio, we already triggered them above
			if ( this !== elem || event.isSimulated || event.isTrigger || (elem.type !== "radio" && elem.type !== "checkbox") ) {
				return event.handleObj.handler.apply( this, arguments );
			}
		},

		teardown: function() {
			jQuery.event.remove( this, "._change" );

			return rformElems.test( this.nodeName );
		}
	};
}

// Create "bubbling" focus and blur events
if ( !jQuery.support.focusinBubbles ) {
	jQuery.each({ focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( orig, fix ) {

		// Attach a single capturing handler while someone wants focusin/focusout
		var attaches = 0,
			handler = function( event ) {
				jQuery.event.simulate( fix, event.target, jQuery.event.fix( event ), true );
			};

		jQuery.event.special[ fix ] = {
			setup: function() {
				if ( attaches++ === 0 ) {
					document.addEventListener( orig, handler, true );
				}
			},
			teardown: function() {
				if ( --attaches === 0 ) {
					document.removeEventListener( orig, handler, true );
				}
			}
		};
	});
}

jQuery.fn.extend({

	on: function( types, selector, data, fn, /*INTERNAL*/ one ) {
		var origFn, type;

		// Types can be a map of types/handlers
		if ( typeof types === "object" ) {
			// ( types-Object, selector, data )
			if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) { // && selector != null
				// ( types-Object, data )
				data = data || selector;
				selector = undefined;
			}
			for ( type in types ) {
				this.on( type, selector, data, types[ type ], one );
			}
			return this;
		}

		if ( data == null && fn == null ) {
			// ( types, fn )
			fn = selector;
			data = selector = undefined;
		} else if ( fn == null ) {
			if ( typeof selector === "string" ) {
				// ( types, selector, fn )
				fn = data;
				data = undefined;
			} else {
				// ( types, data, fn )
				fn = data;
				data = selector;
				selector = undefined;
			}
		}
		if ( fn === false ) {
			fn = returnFalse;
		} else if ( !fn ) {
			return this;
		}

		if ( one === 1 ) {
			origFn = fn;
			fn = function( event ) {
				// Can use an empty set, since event contains the info
				jQuery().off( event );
				return origFn.apply( this, arguments );
			};
			// Use same guid so caller can remove using origFn
			fn.guid = origFn.guid || ( origFn.guid = jQuery.guid++ );
		}
		return this.each( function() {
			jQuery.event.add( this, types, fn, data, selector );
		});
	},
	one: function( types, selector, data, fn ) {
		return this.on( types, selector, data, fn, 1 );
	},
	off: function( types, selector, fn ) {
		if ( types && types.preventDefault && types.handleObj ) {
			// ( event )  dispatched jQuery.Event
			var handleObj = types.handleObj;
			jQuery( types.delegateTarget ).off(
				handleObj.namespace ? handleObj.origType + "." + handleObj.namespace : handleObj.origType,
				handleObj.selector,
				handleObj.handler
			);
			return this;
		}
		if ( typeof types === "object" ) {
			// ( types-object [, selector] )
			for ( var type in types ) {
				this.off( type, selector, types[ type ] );
			}
			return this;
		}
		if ( selector === false || typeof selector === "function" ) {
			// ( types [, fn] )
			fn = selector;
			selector = undefined;
		}
		if ( fn === false ) {
			fn = returnFalse;
		}
		return this.each(function() {
			jQuery.event.remove( this, types, fn, selector );
		});
	},

	bind: function( types, data, fn ) {
		return this.on( types, null, data, fn );
	},
	unbind: function( types, fn ) {
		return this.off( types, null, fn );
	},

	live: function( types, data, fn ) {
		jQuery( this.context ).on( types, this.selector, data, fn );
		return this;
	},
	die: function( types, fn ) {
		jQuery( this.context ).off( types, this.selector || "**", fn );
		return this;
	},

	delegate: function( selector, types, data, fn ) {
		return this.on( types, selector, data, fn );
	},
	undelegate: function( selector, types, fn ) {
		// ( namespace ) or ( selector, types [, fn] )
		return arguments.length == 1? this.off( selector, "**" ) : this.off( types, selector, fn );
	},

	trigger: function( type, data ) {
		return this.each(function() {
			jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this );
		});
	},
	triggerHandler: function( type, data ) {
		if ( this[0] ) {
			return jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this[0], true );
		}
	},

	toggle: function( fn ) {
		// Save reference to arguments for access in closure
		var args = arguments,
			guid = fn.guid || jQuery.guid++,
			i = 0,
			toggler = function( event ) {
				// Figure out which function to execute
				var lastToggle = ( jQuery._data( this, "lastToggle" + fn.guid ) || 0 ) % i;
				jQuery._data( this, "lastToggle" + fn.guid, lastToggle + 1 );

				// Make sure that clicks stop
				event.preventDefault();

				// and execute the function
				return args[ lastToggle ].apply( this, arguments ) || false;
			};

		// link all the functions, so any of them can unbind this click handler
		toggler.guid = guid;
		while ( i < args.length ) {
			args[ i++ ].guid = guid;
		}

		return this.click( toggler );
	},

	hover: function( fnOver, fnOut ) {
		return this.mouseenter( fnOver ).mouseleave( fnOut || fnOver );
	}
});

jQuery.each( ("blur focus focusin focusout load resize scroll unload click dblclick " +
	"mousedown mouseup mousemove mouseover mouseout mouseenter mouseleave " +
	"change select submit keydown keypress keyup error contextmenu").split(" "), function( i, name ) {

	// Handle event binding
	jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( data, fn ) {
		if ( fn == null ) {
			fn = data;
			data = null;
		}

		return arguments.length > 0 ?
			this.on( name, null, data, fn ) :
			this.trigger( name );
	};

	if ( jQuery.attrFn ) {
		jQuery.attrFn[ name ] = true;
	}

	if ( rkeyEvent.test( name ) ) {
		jQuery.event.fixHooks[ name ] = jQuery.event.keyHooks;
	}

	if ( rmouseEvent.test( name ) ) {
		jQuery.event.fixHooks[ name ] = jQuery.event.mouseHooks;
	}
});



/*!
 * Sizzle CSS Selector Engine
 *  Copyright 2011, The Dojo Foundation
 *  Released under the MIT, BSD, and GPL Licenses.
 *  More information: http://sizzlejs.com/
 */
(function(){

var chunker = /((?:\((?:\([^()]+\)|[^()]+)+\)|\[(?:\[[^\[\]]*\]|['"][^'"]*['"]|[^\[\]'"]+)+\]|\\.|[^ >+~,(\[\\]+)+|[>+~])(\s*,\s*)?((?:.|\r|\n)*)/g,
	expando = "sizcache" + (Math.random() + '').replace('.', ''),
	done = 0,
	toString = Object.prototype.toString,
	hasDuplicate = false,
	baseHasDuplicate = true,
	rBackslash = /\\/g,
	rReturn = /\r\n/g,
	rNonWord = /\W/;

// Here we check if the JavaScript engine is using some sort of
// optimization where it does not always call our comparision
// function. If that is the case, discard the hasDuplicate value.
//   Thus far that includes Google Chrome.
[0, 0].sort(function() {
	baseHasDuplicate = false;
	return 0;
});

var Sizzle = function( selector, context, results, seed ) {
	results = results || [];
	context = context || document;

	var origContext = context;

	if ( context.nodeType !== 1 && context.nodeType !== 9 ) {
		return [];
	}

	if ( !selector || typeof selector !== "string" ) {
		return results;
	}

	var m, set, checkSet, extra, ret, cur, pop, i,
		prune = true,
		contextXML = Sizzle.isXML( context ),
		parts = [],
		soFar = selector;

	// Reset the position of the chunker regexp (start from head)
	do {
		chunker.exec( "" );
		m = chunker.exec( soFar );

		if ( m ) {
			soFar = m[3];

			parts.push( m[1] );

			if ( m[2] ) {
				extra = m[3];
				break;
			}
		}
	} while ( m );

	if ( parts.length > 1 && origPOS.exec( selector ) ) {

		if ( parts.length === 2 && Expr.relative[ parts[0] ] ) {
			set = posProcess( parts[0] + parts[1], context, seed );

		} else {
			set = Expr.relative[ parts[0] ] ?
				[ context ] :
				Sizzle( parts.shift(), context );

			while ( parts.length ) {
				selector = parts.shift();

				if ( Expr.relative[ selector ] ) {
					selector += parts.shift();
				}

				set = posProcess( selector, set, seed );
			}
		}

	} else {
		// Take a shortcut and set the context if the root selector is an ID
		// (but not if it'll be faster if the inner selector is an ID)
		if ( !seed && parts.length > 1 && context.nodeType === 9 && !contextXML &&
				Expr.match.ID.test(parts[0]) && !Expr.match.ID.test(parts[parts.length - 1]) ) {

			ret = Sizzle.find( parts.shift(), context, contextXML );
			context = ret.expr ?
				Sizzle.filter( ret.expr, ret.set )[0] :
				ret.set[0];
		}

		if ( context ) {
			ret = seed ?
				{ expr: parts.pop(), set: makeArray(seed) } :
				Sizzle.find( parts.pop(), parts.length === 1 && (parts[0] === "~" || parts[0] === "+") && context.parentNode ? context.parentNode : context, contextXML );

			set = ret.expr ?
				Sizzle.filter( ret.expr, ret.set ) :
				ret.set;

			if ( parts.length > 0 ) {
				checkSet = makeArray( set );

			} else {
				prune = false;
			}

			while ( parts.length ) {
				cur = parts.pop();
				pop = cur;

				if ( !Expr.relative[ cur ] ) {
					cur = "";
				} else {
					pop = parts.pop();
				}

				if ( pop == null ) {
					pop = context;
				}

				Expr.relative[ cur ]( checkSet, pop, contextXML );
			}

		} else {
			checkSet = parts = [];
		}
	}

	if ( !checkSet ) {
		checkSet = set;
	}

	if ( !checkSet ) {
		Sizzle.error( cur || selector );
	}

	if ( toString.call(checkSet) === "[object Array]" ) {
		if ( !prune ) {
			results.push.apply( results, checkSet );

		} else if ( context && context.nodeType === 1 ) {
			for ( i = 0; checkSet[i] != null; i++ ) {
				if ( checkSet[i] && (checkSet[i] === true || checkSet[i].nodeType === 1 && Sizzle.contains(context, checkSet[i])) ) {
					results.push( set[i] );
				}
			}

		} else {
			for ( i = 0; checkSet[i] != null; i++ ) {
				if ( checkSet[i] && checkSet[i].nodeType === 1 ) {
					results.push( set[i] );
				}
			}
		}

	} else {
		makeArray( checkSet, results );
	}

	if ( extra ) {
		Sizzle( extra, origContext, results, seed );
		Sizzle.uniqueSort( results );
	}

	return results;
};

Sizzle.uniqueSort = function( results ) {
	if ( sortOrder ) {
		hasDuplicate = baseHasDuplicate;
		results.sort( sortOrder );

		if ( hasDuplicate ) {
			for ( var i = 1; i < results.length; i++ ) {
				if ( results[i] === results[ i - 1 ] ) {
					results.splice( i--, 1 );
				}
			}
		}
	}

	return results;
};

Sizzle.matches = function( expr, set ) {
	return Sizzle( expr, null, null, set );
};

Sizzle.matchesSelector = function( node, expr ) {
	return Sizzle( expr, null, null, [node] ).length > 0;
};

Sizzle.find = function( expr, context, isXML ) {
	var set, i, len, match, type, left;

	if ( !expr ) {
		return [];
	}

	for ( i = 0, len = Expr.order.length; i < len; i++ ) {
		type = Expr.order[i];

		if ( (match = Expr.leftMatch[ type ].exec( expr )) ) {
			left = match[1];
			match.splice( 1, 1 );

			if ( left.substr( left.length - 1 ) !== "\\" ) {
				match[1] = (match[1] || "").replace( rBackslash, "" );
				set = Expr.find[ type ]( match, context, isXML );

				if ( set != null ) {
					expr = expr.replace( Expr.match[ type ], "" );
					break;
				}
			}
		}
	}

	if ( !set ) {
		set = typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ?
			context.getElementsByTagName( "*" ) :
			[];
	}

	return { set: set, expr: expr };
};

Sizzle.filter = function( expr, set, inplace, not ) {
	var match, anyFound,
		type, found, item, filter, left,
		i, pass,
		old = expr,
		result = [],
		curLoop = set,
		isXMLFilter = set && set[0] && Sizzle.isXML( set[0] );

	while ( expr && set.length ) {
		for ( type in Expr.filter ) {
			if ( (match = Expr.leftMatch[ type ].exec( expr )) != null && match[2] ) {
				filter = Expr.filter[ type ];
				left = match[1];

				anyFound = false;

				match.splice(1,1);

				if ( left.substr( left.length - 1 ) === "\\" ) {
					continue;
				}

				if ( curLoop === result ) {
					result = [];
				}

				if ( Expr.preFilter[ type ] ) {
					match = Expr.preFilter[ type ]( match, curLoop, inplace, result, not, isXMLFilter );

					if ( !match ) {
						anyFound = found = true;

					} else if ( match === true ) {
						continue;
					}
				}

				if ( match ) {
					for ( i = 0; (item = curLoop[i]) != null; i++ ) {
						if ( item ) {
							found = filter( item, match, i, curLoop );
							pass = not ^ found;

							if ( inplace && found != null ) {
								if ( pass ) {
									anyFound = true;

								} else {
									curLoop[i] = false;
								}

							} else if ( pass ) {
								result.push( item );
								anyFound = true;
							}
						}
					}
				}

				if ( found !== undefined ) {
					if ( !inplace ) {
						curLoop = result;
					}

					expr = expr.replace( Expr.match[ type ], "" );

					if ( !anyFound ) {
						return [];
					}

					break;
				}
			}
		}

		// Improper expression
		if ( expr === old ) {
			if ( anyFound == null ) {
				Sizzle.error( expr );

			} else {
				break;
			}
		}

		old = expr;
	}

	return curLoop;
};

Sizzle.error = function( msg ) {
	throw new Error( "Syntax error, unrecognized expression: " + msg );
};

/**
 * Utility function for retreiving the text value of an array of DOM nodes
 * @param {Array|Element} elem
 */
var getText = Sizzle.getText = function( elem ) {
    var i, node,
		nodeType = elem.nodeType,
		ret = "";

	if ( nodeType ) {
		if ( nodeType === 1 || nodeType === 9 || nodeType === 11 ) {
			// Use textContent || innerText for elements
			if ( typeof elem.textContent === 'string' ) {
				return elem.textContent;
			} else if ( typeof elem.innerText === 'string' ) {
				// Replace IE's carriage returns
				return elem.innerText.replace( rReturn, '' );
			} else {
				// Traverse it's children
				for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling) {
					ret += getText( elem );
				}
			}
		} else if ( nodeType === 3 || nodeType === 4 ) {
			return elem.nodeValue;
		}
	} else {

		// If no nodeType, this is expected to be an array
		for ( i = 0; (node = elem[i]); i++ ) {
			// Do not traverse comment nodes
			if ( node.nodeType !== 8 ) {
				ret += getText( node );
			}
		}
	}
	return ret;
};

var Expr = Sizzle.selectors = {
	order: [ "ID", "NAME", "TAG" ],

	match: {
		ID: /#((?:[\w\u00c0-\uFFFF\-]|\\.)+)/,
		CLASS: /\.((?:[\w\u00c0-\uFFFF\-]|\\.)+)/,
		NAME: /\[name=['"]*((?:[\w\u00c0-\uFFFF\-]|\\.)+)['"]*\]/,
		ATTR: /\[\s*((?:[\w\u00c0-\uFFFF\-]|\\.)+)\s*(?:(\S?=)\s*(?:(['"])(.*?)\3|(#?(?:[\w\u00c0-\uFFFF\-]|\\.)*)|)|)\s*\]/,
		TAG: /^((?:[\w\u00c0-\uFFFF\*\-]|\\.)+)/,
		CHILD: /:(only|nth|last|first)-child(?:\(\s*(even|odd|(?:[+\-]?\d+|(?:[+\-]?\d*)?n\s*(?:[+\-]\s*\d+)?))\s*\))?/,
		POS: /:(nth|eq|gt|lt|first|last|even|odd)(?:\((\d*)\))?(?=[^\-]|$)/,
		PSEUDO: /:((?:[\w\u00c0-\uFFFF\-]|\\.)+)(?:\((['"]?)((?:\([^\)]+\)|[^\(\)]*)+)\2\))?/
	},

	leftMatch: {},

	attrMap: {
		"class": "className",
		"for": "htmlFor"
	},

	attrHandle: {
		href: function( elem ) {
			return elem.getAttribute( "href" );
		},
		type: function( elem ) {
			return elem.getAttribute( "type" );
		}
	},

	relative: {
		"+": function(checkSet, part){
			var isPartStr = typeof part === "string",
				isTag = isPartStr && !rNonWord.test( part ),
				isPartStrNotTag = isPartStr && !isTag;

			if ( isTag ) {
				part = part.toLowerCase();
			}

			for ( var i = 0, l = checkSet.length, elem; i < l; i++ ) {
				if ( (elem = checkSet[i]) ) {
					while ( (elem = elem.previousSibling) && elem.nodeType !== 1 ) {}

					checkSet[i] = isPartStrNotTag || elem && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === part ?
						elem || false :
						elem === part;
				}
			}

			if ( isPartStrNotTag ) {
				Sizzle.filter( part, checkSet, true );
			}
		},

		">": function( checkSet, part ) {
			var elem,
				isPartStr = typeof part === "string",
				i = 0,
				l = checkSet.length;

			if ( isPartStr && !rNonWord.test( part ) ) {
				part = part.toLowerCase();

				for ( ; i < l; i++ ) {
					elem = checkSet[i];

					if ( elem ) {
						var parent = elem.parentNode;
						checkSet[i] = parent.nodeName.toLowerCase() === part ? parent : false;
					}
				}

			} else {
				for ( ; i < l; i++ ) {
					elem = checkSet[i];

					if ( elem ) {
						checkSet[i] = isPartStr ?
							elem.parentNode :
							elem.parentNode === part;
					}
				}

				if ( isPartStr ) {
					Sizzle.filter( part, checkSet, true );
				}
			}
		},

		"": function(checkSet, part, isXML){
			var nodeCheck,
				doneName = done++,
				checkFn = dirCheck;

			if ( typeof part === "string" && !rNonWord.test( part ) ) {
				part = part.toLowerCase();
				nodeCheck = part;
				checkFn = dirNodeCheck;
			}

			checkFn( "parentNode", part, doneName, checkSet, nodeCheck, isXML );
		},

		"~": function( checkSet, part, isXML ) {
			var nodeCheck,
				doneName = done++,
				checkFn = dirCheck;

			if ( typeof part === "string" && !rNonWord.test( part ) ) {
				part = part.toLowerCase();
				nodeCheck = part;
				checkFn = dirNodeCheck;
			}

			checkFn( "previousSibling", part, doneName, checkSet, nodeCheck, isXML );
		}
	},

	find: {
		ID: function( match, context, isXML ) {
			if ( typeof context.getElementById !== "undefined" && !isXML ) {
				var m = context.getElementById(match[1]);
				// Check parentNode to catch when Blackberry 4.6 returns
				// nodes that are no longer in the document #6963
				return m && m.parentNode ? [m] : [];
			}
		},

		NAME: function( match, context ) {
			if ( typeof context.getElementsByName !== "undefined" ) {
				var ret = [],
					results = context.getElementsByName( match[1] );

				for ( var i = 0, l = results.length; i < l; i++ ) {
					if ( results[i].getAttribute("name") === match[1] ) {
						ret.push( results[i] );
					}
				}

				return ret.length === 0 ? null : ret;
			}
		},

		TAG: function( match, context ) {
			if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) {
				return context.getElementsByTagName( match[1] );
			}
		}
	},
	preFilter: {
		CLASS: function( match, curLoop, inplace, result, not, isXML ) {
			match = " " + match[1].replace( rBackslash, "" ) + " ";

			if ( isXML ) {
				return match;
			}

			for ( var i = 0, elem; (elem = curLoop[i]) != null; i++ ) {
				if ( elem ) {
					if ( not ^ (elem.className && (" " + elem.className + " ").replace(/[\t\n\r]/g, " ").indexOf(match) >= 0) ) {
						if ( !inplace ) {
							result.push( elem );
						}

					} else if ( inplace ) {
						curLoop[i] = false;
					}
				}
			}

			return false;
		},

		ID: function( match ) {
			return match[1].replace( rBackslash, "" );
		},

		TAG: function( match, curLoop ) {
			return match[1].replace( rBackslash, "" ).toLowerCase();
		},

		CHILD: function( match ) {
			if ( match[1] === "nth" ) {
				if ( !match[2] ) {
					Sizzle.error( match[0] );
				}

				match[2] = match[2].replace(/^\+|\s*/g, '');

				// parse equations like 'even', 'odd', '5', '2n', '3n+2', '4n-1', '-n+6'
				var test = /(-?)(\d*)(?:n([+\-]?\d*))?/.exec(
					match[2] === "even" && "2n" || match[2] === "odd" && "2n+1" ||
					!/\D/.test( match[2] ) && "0n+" + match[2] || match[2]);

				// calculate the numbers (first)n+(last) including if they are negative
				match[2] = (test[1] + (test[2] || 1)) - 0;
				match[3] = test[3] - 0;
			}
			else if ( match[2] ) {
				Sizzle.error( match[0] );
			}

			// TODO: Move to normal caching system
			match[0] = done++;

			return match;
		},

		ATTR: function( match, curLoop, inplace, result, not, isXML ) {
			var name = match[1] = match[1].replace( rBackslash, "" );

			if ( !isXML && Expr.attrMap[name] ) {
				match[1] = Expr.attrMap[name];
			}

			// Handle if an un-quoted value was used
			match[4] = ( match[4] || match[5] || "" ).replace( rBackslash, "" );

			if ( match[2] === "~=" ) {
				match[4] = " " + match[4] + " ";
			}

			return match;
		},

		PSEUDO: function( match, curLoop, inplace, result, not ) {
			if ( match[1] === "not" ) {
				// If we're dealing with a complex expression, or a simple one
				if ( ( chunker.exec(match[3]) || "" ).length > 1 || /^\w/.test(match[3]) ) {
					match[3] = Sizzle(match[3], null, null, curLoop);

				} else {
					var ret = Sizzle.filter(match[3], curLoop, inplace, true ^ not);

					if ( !inplace ) {
						result.push.apply( result, ret );
					}

					return false;
				}

			} else if ( Expr.match.POS.test( match[0] ) || Expr.match.CHILD.test( match[0] ) ) {
				return true;
			}

			return match;
		},

		POS: function( match ) {
			match.unshift( true );

			return match;
		}
	},

	filters: {
		enabled: function( elem ) {
			return elem.disabled === false && elem.type !== "hidden";
		},

		disabled: function( elem ) {
			return elem.disabled === true;
		},

		checked: function( elem ) {
			return elem.checked === true;
		},

		selected: function( elem ) {
			// Accessing this property makes selected-by-default
			// options in Safari work properly
			if ( elem.parentNode ) {
				elem.parentNode.selectedIndex;
			}

			return elem.selected === true;
		},

		parent: function( elem ) {
			return !!elem.firstChild;
		},

		empty: function( elem ) {
			return !elem.firstChild;
		},

		has: function( elem, i, match ) {
			return !!Sizzle( match[3], elem ).length;
		},

		header: function( elem ) {
			return (/h\d/i).test( elem.nodeName );
		},

		text: function( elem ) {
			var attr = elem.getAttribute( "type" ), type = elem.type;
			// IE6 and 7 will map elem.type to 'text' for new HTML5 types (search, etc)
			// use getAttribute instead to test this case
			return elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" && "text" === type && ( attr === type || attr === null );
		},

		radio: function( elem ) {
			return elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" && "radio" === elem.type;
		},

		checkbox: function( elem ) {
			return elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" && "checkbox" === elem.type;
		},

		file: function( elem ) {
			return elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" && "file" === elem.type;
		},

		password: function( elem ) {
			return elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" && "password" === elem.type;
		},

		submit: function( elem ) {
			var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
			return (name === "input" || name === "button") && "submit" === elem.type;
		},

		image: function( elem ) {
			return elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" && "image" === elem.type;
		},

		reset: function( elem ) {
			var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
			return (name === "input" || name === "button") && "reset" === elem.type;
		},

		button: function( elem ) {
			var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
			return name === "input" && "button" === elem.type || name === "button";
		},

		input: function( elem ) {
			return (/input|select|textarea|button/i).test( elem.nodeName );
		},

		focus: function( elem ) {
			return elem === elem.ownerDocument.activeElement;
		}
	},
	setFilters: {
		first: function( elem, i ) {
			return i === 0;
		},

		last: function( elem, i, match, array ) {
			return i === array.length - 1;
		},

		even: function( elem, i ) {
			return i % 2 === 0;
		},

		odd: function( elem, i ) {
			return i % 2 === 1;
		},

		lt: function( elem, i, match ) {
			return i < match[3] - 0;
		},

		gt: function( elem, i, match ) {
			return i > match[3] - 0;
		},

		nth: function( elem, i, match ) {
			return match[3] - 0 === i;
		},

		eq: function( elem, i, match ) {
			return match[3] - 0 === i;
		}
	},
	filter: {
		PSEUDO: function( elem, match, i, array ) {
			var name = match[1],
				filter = Expr.filters[ name ];

			if ( filter ) {
				return filter( elem, i, match, array );

			} else if ( name === "contains" ) {
				return (elem.textContent || elem.innerText || getText([ elem ]) || "").indexOf(match[3]) >= 0;

			} else if ( name === "not" ) {
				var not = match[3];

				for ( var j = 0, l = not.length; j < l; j++ ) {
					if ( not[j] === elem ) {
						return false;
					}
				}

				return true;

			} else {
				Sizzle.error( name );
			}
		},

		CHILD: function( elem, match ) {
			var first, last,
				doneName, parent, cache,
				count, diff,
				type = match[1],
				node = elem;

			switch ( type ) {
				case "only":
				case "first":
					while ( (node = node.previousSibling) ) {
						if ( node.nodeType === 1 ) {
							return false;
						}
					}

					if ( type === "first" ) {
						return true;
					}

					node = elem;

					/* falls through */
				case "last":
					while ( (node = node.nextSibling) ) {
						if ( node.nodeType === 1 ) {
							return false;
						}
					}

					return true;

				case "nth":
					first = match[2];
					last = match[3];

					if ( first === 1 && last === 0 ) {
						return true;
					}

					doneName = match[0];
					parent = elem.parentNode;

					if ( parent && (parent[ expando ] !== doneName || !elem.nodeIndex) ) {
						count = 0;

						for ( node = parent.firstChild; node; node = node.nextSibling ) {
							if ( node.nodeType === 1 ) {
								node.nodeIndex = ++count;
							}
						}

						parent[ expando ] = doneName;
					}

					diff = elem.nodeIndex - last;

					if ( first === 0 ) {
						return diff === 0;

					} else {
						return ( diff % first === 0 && diff / first >= 0 );
					}
			}
		},

		ID: function( elem, match ) {
			return elem.nodeType === 1 && elem.getAttribute("id") === match;
		},

		TAG: function( elem, match ) {
			return (match === "*" && elem.nodeType === 1) || !!elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === match;
		},

		CLASS: function( elem, match ) {
			return (" " + (elem.className || elem.getAttribute("class")) + " ")
				.indexOf( match ) > -1;
		},

		ATTR: function( elem, match ) {
			var name = match[1],
				result = Sizzle.attr ?
					Sizzle.attr( elem, name ) :
					Expr.attrHandle[ name ] ?
					Expr.attrHandle[ name ]( elem ) :
					elem[ name ] != null ?
						elem[ name ] :
						elem.getAttribute( name ),
				value = result + "",
				type = match[2],
				check = match[4];

			return result == null ?
				type === "!=" :
				!type && Sizzle.attr ?
				result != null :
				type === "=" ?
				value === check :
				type === "*=" ?
				value.indexOf(check) >= 0 :
				type === "~=" ?
				(" " + value + " ").indexOf(check) >= 0 :
				!check ?
				value && result !== false :
				type === "!=" ?
				value !== check :
				type === "^=" ?
				value.indexOf(check) === 0 :
				type === "$=" ?
				value.substr(value.length - check.length) === check :
				type === "|=" ?
				value === check || value.substr(0, check.length + 1) === check + "-" :
				false;
		},

		POS: function( elem, match, i, array ) {
			var name = match[2],
				filter = Expr.setFilters[ name ];

			if ( filter ) {
				return filter( elem, i, match, array );
			}
		}
	}
};

var origPOS = Expr.match.POS,
	fescape = function(all, num){
		return "\\" + (num - 0 + 1);
	};

for ( var type in Expr.match ) {
	Expr.match[ type ] = new RegExp( Expr.match[ type ].source + (/(?![^\[]*\])(?![^\(]*\))/.source) );
	Expr.leftMatch[ type ] = new RegExp( /(^(?:.|\r|\n)*?)/.source + Expr.match[ type ].source.replace(/\\(\d+)/g, fescape) );
}
// Expose origPOS
// "global" as in regardless of relation to brackets/parens
Expr.match.globalPOS = origPOS;

var makeArray = function( array, results ) {
	array = Array.prototype.slice.call( array, 0 );

	if ( results ) {
		results.push.apply( results, array );
		return results;
	}

	return array;
};

// Perform a simple check to determine if the browser is capable of
// converting a NodeList to an array using builtin methods.
// Also verifies that the returned array holds DOM nodes
// (which is not the case in the Blackberry browser)
try {
	Array.prototype.slice.call( document.documentElement.childNodes, 0 )[0].nodeType;

// Provide a fallback method if it does not work
} catch( e ) {
	makeArray = function( array, results ) {
		var i = 0,
			ret = results || [];

		if ( toString.call(array) === "[object Array]" ) {
			Array.prototype.push.apply( ret, array );

		} else {
			if ( typeof array.length === "number" ) {
				for ( var l = array.length; i < l; i++ ) {
					ret.push( array[i] );
				}

			} else {
				for ( ; array[i]; i++ ) {
					ret.push( array[i] );
				}
			}
		}

		return ret;
	};
}

var sortOrder, siblingCheck;

if ( document.documentElement.compareDocumentPosition ) {
	sortOrder = function( a, b ) {
		if ( a === b ) {
			hasDuplicate = true;
			return 0;
		}

		if ( !a.compareDocumentPosition || !b.compareDocumentPosition ) {
			return a.compareDocumentPosition ? -1 : 1;
		}

		return a.compareDocumentPosition(b) & 4 ? -1 : 1;
	};

} else {
	sortOrder = function( a, b ) {
		// The nodes are identical, we can exit early
		if ( a === b ) {
			hasDuplicate = true;
			return 0;

		// Fallback to using sourceIndex (in IE) if it's available on both nodes
		} else if ( a.sourceIndex && b.sourceIndex ) {
			return a.sourceIndex - b.sourceIndex;
		}

		var al, bl,
			ap = [],
			bp = [],
			aup = a.parentNode,
			bup = b.parentNode,
			cur = aup;

		// If the nodes are siblings (or identical) we can do a quick check
		if ( aup === bup ) {
			return siblingCheck( a, b );

		// If no parents were found then the nodes are disconnected
		} else if ( !aup ) {
			return -1;

		} else if ( !bup ) {
			return 1;
		}

		// Otherwise they're somewhere else in the tree so we need
		// to build up a full list of the parentNodes for comparison
		while ( cur ) {
			ap.unshift( cur );
			cur = cur.parentNode;
		}

		cur = bup;

		while ( cur ) {
			bp.unshift( cur );
			cur = cur.parentNode;
		}

		al = ap.length;
		bl = bp.length;

		// Start walking down the tree looking for a discrepancy
		for ( var i = 0; i < al && i < bl; i++ ) {
			if ( ap[i] !== bp[i] ) {
				return siblingCheck( ap[i], bp[i] );
			}
		}

		// We ended someplace up the tree so do a sibling check
		return i === al ?
			siblingCheck( a, bp[i], -1 ) :
			siblingCheck( ap[i], b, 1 );
	};

	siblingCheck = function( a, b, ret ) {
		if ( a === b ) {
			return ret;
		}

		var cur = a.nextSibling;

		while ( cur ) {
			if ( cur === b ) {
				return -1;
			}

			cur = cur.nextSibling;
		}

		return 1;
	};
}

// Check to see if the browser returns elements by name when
// querying by getElementById (and provide a workaround)
(function(){
	// We're going to inject a fake input element with a specified name
	var form = document.createElement("div"),
		id = "script" + (new Date()).getTime(),
		root = document.documentElement;

	form.innerHTML = "<a name='" + id + "'/>";

	// Inject it into the root element, check its status, and remove it quickly
	root.insertBefore( form, root.firstChild );

	// The workaround has to do additional checks after a getElementById
	// Which slows things down for other browsers (hence the branching)
	if ( document.getElementById( id ) ) {
		Expr.find.ID = function( match, context, isXML ) {
			if ( typeof context.getElementById !== "undefined" && !isXML ) {
				var m = context.getElementById(match[1]);

				return m ?
					m.id === match[1] || typeof m.getAttributeNode !== "undefined" && m.getAttributeNode("id").nodeValue === match[1] ?
						[m] :
						undefined :
					[];
			}
		};

		Expr.filter.ID = function( elem, match ) {
			var node = typeof elem.getAttributeNode !== "undefined" && elem.getAttributeNode("id");

			return elem.nodeType === 1 && node && node.nodeValue === match;
		};
	}

	root.removeChild( form );

	// release memory in IE
	root = form = null;
})();

(function(){
	// Check to see if the browser returns only elements
	// when doing getElementsByTagName("*")

	// Create a fake element
	var div = document.createElement("div");
	div.appendChild( document.createComment("") );

	// Make sure no comments are found
	if ( div.getElementsByTagName("*").length > 0 ) {
		Expr.find.TAG = function( match, context ) {
			var results = context.getElementsByTagName( match[1] );

			// Filter out possible comments
			if ( match[1] === "*" ) {
				var tmp = [];

				for ( var i = 0; results[i]; i++ ) {
					if ( results[i].nodeType === 1 ) {
						tmp.push( results[i] );
					}
				}

				results = tmp;
			}

			return results;
		};
	}

	// Check to see if an attribute returns normalized href attributes
	div.innerHTML = "<a href='#'></a>";

	if ( div.firstChild && typeof div.firstChild.getAttribute !== "undefined" &&
			div.firstChild.getAttribute("href") !== "#" ) {

		Expr.attrHandle.href = function( elem ) {
			return elem.getAttribute( "href", 2 );
		};
	}

	// release memory in IE
	div = null;
})();

if ( document.querySelectorAll ) {
	(function(){
		var oldSizzle = Sizzle,
			div = document.createElement("div"),
			id = "__sizzle__";

		div.innerHTML = "<p class='TEST'></p>";

		// Safari can't handle uppercase or unicode characters when
		// in quirks mode.
		if ( div.querySelectorAll && div.querySelectorAll(".TEST").length === 0 ) {
			return;
		}

		Sizzle = function( query, context, extra, seed ) {
			context = context || document;

			// Only use querySelectorAll on non-XML documents
			// (ID selectors don't work in non-HTML documents)
			if ( !seed && !Sizzle.isXML(context) ) {
				// See if we find a selector to speed up
				var match = /^(\w+$)|^\.([\w\-]+$)|^#([\w\-]+$)/.exec( query );

				if ( match && (context.nodeType === 1 || context.nodeType === 9) ) {
					// Speed-up: Sizzle("TAG")
					if ( match[1] ) {
						return makeArray( context.getElementsByTagName( query ), extra );

					// Speed-up: Sizzle(".CLASS")
					} else if ( match[2] && Expr.find.CLASS && context.getElementsByClassName ) {
						return makeArray( context.getElementsByClassName( match[2] ), extra );
					}
				}

				if ( context.nodeType === 9 ) {
					// Speed-up: Sizzle("body")
					// The body element only exists once, optimize finding it
					if ( query === "body" && context.body ) {
						return makeArray( [ context.body ], extra );

					// Speed-up: Sizzle("#ID")
					} else if ( match && match[3] ) {
						var elem = context.getElementById( match[3] );

						// Check parentNode to catch when Blackberry 4.6 returns
						// nodes that are no longer in the document #6963
						if ( elem && elem.parentNode ) {
							// Handle the case where IE and Opera return items
							// by name instead of ID
							if ( elem.id === match[3] ) {
								return makeArray( [ elem ], extra );
							}

						} else {
							return makeArray( [], extra );
						}
					}

					try {
						return makeArray( context.querySelectorAll(query), extra );
					} catch(qsaError) {}

				// qSA works strangely on Element-rooted queries
				// We can work around this by specifying an extra ID on the root
				// and working up from there (Thanks to Andrew Dupont for the technique)
				// IE 8 doesn't work on object elements
				} else if ( context.nodeType === 1 && context.nodeName.toLowerCase() !== "object" ) {
					var oldContext = context,
						old = context.getAttribute( "id" ),
						nid = old || id,
						hasParent = context.parentNode,
						relativeHierarchySelector = /^\s*[+~]/.test( query );

					if ( !old ) {
						context.setAttribute( "id", nid );
					} else {
						nid = nid.replace( /'/g, "\\$&" );
					}
					if ( relativeHierarchySelector && hasParent ) {
						context = context.parentNode;
					}

					try {
						if ( !relativeHierarchySelector || hasParent ) {
							return makeArray( context.querySelectorAll( "[id='" + nid + "'] " + query ), extra );
						}

					} catch(pseudoError) {
					} finally {
						if ( !old ) {
							oldContext.removeAttribute( "id" );
						}
					}
				}
			}

			return oldSizzle(query, context, extra, seed);
		};

		for ( var prop in oldSizzle ) {
			Sizzle[ prop ] = oldSizzle[ prop ];
		}

		// release memory in IE
		div = null;
	})();
}

(function(){
	var html = document.documentElement,
		matches = html.matchesSelector || html.mozMatchesSelector || html.webkitMatchesSelector || html.msMatchesSelector;

	if ( matches ) {
		// Check to see if it's possible to do matchesSelector
		// on a disconnected node (IE 9 fails this)
		var disconnectedMatch = !matches.call( document.createElement( "div" ), "div" ),
			pseudoWorks = false;

		try {
			// This should fail with an exception
			// Gecko does not error, returns false instead
			matches.call( document.documentElement, "[test!='']:sizzle" );

		} catch( pseudoError ) {
			pseudoWorks = true;
		}

		Sizzle.matchesSelector = function( node, expr ) {
			// Make sure that attribute selectors are quoted
			expr = expr.replace(/\=\s*([^'"\]]*)\s*\]/g, "='$1']");

			if ( !Sizzle.isXML( node ) ) {
				try {
					if ( pseudoWorks || !Expr.match.PSEUDO.test( expr ) && !/!=/.test( expr ) ) {
						var ret = matches.call( node, expr );

						// IE 9's matchesSelector returns false on disconnected nodes
						if ( ret || !disconnectedMatch ||
								// As well, disconnected nodes are said to be in a document
								// fragment in IE 9, so check for that
								node.document && node.document.nodeType !== 11 ) {
							return ret;
						}
					}
				} catch(e) {}
			}

			return Sizzle(expr, null, null, [node]).length > 0;
		};
	}
})();

(function(){
	var div = document.createElement("div");

	div.innerHTML = "<div class='test e'></div><div class='test'></div>";

	// Opera can't find a second classname (in 9.6)
	// Also, make sure that getElementsByClassName actually exists
	if ( !div.getElementsByClassName || div.getElementsByClassName("e").length === 0 ) {
		return;
	}

	// Safari caches class attributes, doesn't catch changes (in 3.2)
	div.lastChild.className = "e";

	if ( div.getElementsByClassName("e").length === 1 ) {
		return;
	}

	Expr.order.splice(1, 0, "CLASS");
	Expr.find.CLASS = function( match, context, isXML ) {
		if ( typeof context.getElementsByClassName !== "undefined" && !isXML ) {
			return context.getElementsByClassName(match[1]);
		}
	};

	// release memory in IE
	div = null;
})();

function dirNodeCheck( dir, cur, doneName, checkSet, nodeCheck, isXML ) {
	for ( var i = 0, l = checkSet.length; i < l; i++ ) {
		var elem = checkSet[i];

		if ( elem ) {
			var match = false;

			elem = elem[dir];

			while ( elem ) {
				if ( elem[ expando ] === doneName ) {
					match = checkSet[elem.sizset];
					break;
				}

				if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && !isXML ){
					elem[ expando ] = doneName;
					elem.sizset = i;
				}

				if ( elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === cur ) {
					match = elem;
					break;
				}

				elem = elem[dir];
			}

			checkSet[i] = match;
		}
	}
}

function dirCheck( dir, cur, doneName, checkSet, nodeCheck, isXML ) {
	for ( var i = 0, l = checkSet.length; i < l; i++ ) {
		var elem = checkSet[i];

		if ( elem ) {
			var match = false;

			elem = elem[dir];

			while ( elem ) {
				if ( elem[ expando ] === doneName ) {
					match = checkSet[elem.sizset];
					break;
				}

				if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
					if ( !isXML ) {
						elem[ expando ] = doneName;
						elem.sizset = i;
					}

					if ( typeof cur !== "string" ) {
						if ( elem === cur ) {
							match = true;
							break;
						}

					} else if ( Sizzle.filter( cur, [elem] ).length > 0 ) {
						match = elem;
						break;
					}
				}

				elem = elem[dir];
			}

			checkSet[i] = match;
		}
	}
}

if ( document.documentElement.contains ) {
	Sizzle.contains = function( a, b ) {
		return a !== b && (a.contains ? a.contains(b) : true);
	};

} else if ( document.documentElement.compareDocumentPosition ) {
	Sizzle.contains = function( a, b ) {
		return !!(a.compareDocumentPosition(b) & 16);
	};

} else {
	Sizzle.contains = function() {
		return false;
	};
}

Sizzle.isXML = function( elem ) {
	// documentElement is verified for cases where it doesn't yet exist
	// (such as loading iframes in IE - #4833)
	var documentElement = (elem ? elem.ownerDocument || elem : 0).documentElement;

	return documentElement ? documentElement.nodeName !== "HTML" : false;
};

var posProcess = function( selector, context, seed ) {
	var match,
		tmpSet = [],
		later = "",
		root = context.nodeType ? [context] : context;

	// Position selectors must be done after the filter
	// And so must :not(positional) so we move all PSEUDOs to the end
	while ( (match = Expr.match.PSEUDO.exec( selector )) ) {
		later += match[0];
		selector = selector.replace( Expr.match.PSEUDO, "" );
	}

	selector = Expr.relative[selector] ? selector + "*" : selector;

	for ( var i = 0, l = root.length; i < l; i++ ) {
		Sizzle( selector, root[i], tmpSet, seed );
	}

	return Sizzle.filter( later, tmpSet );
};

// EXPOSE
// Override sizzle attribute retrieval
Sizzle.attr = jQuery.attr;
Sizzle.selectors.attrMap = {};
jQuery.find = Sizzle;
jQuery.expr = Sizzle.selectors;
jQuery.expr[":"] = jQuery.expr.filters;
jQuery.unique = Sizzle.uniqueSort;
jQuery.text = Sizzle.getText;
jQuery.isXMLDoc = Sizzle.isXML;
jQuery.contains = Sizzle.contains;


})();


var runtil = /Until$/,
	rparentsprev = /^(?:parents|prevUntil|prevAll)/,
	// Note: This RegExp should be improved, or likely pulled from Sizzle
	rmultiselector = /,/,
	isSimple = /^.[^:#\[\.,]*$/,
	slice = Array.prototype.slice,
	POS = jQuery.expr.match.globalPOS,
	// methods guaranteed to produce a unique set when starting from a unique set
	guaranteedUnique = {
		children: true,
		contents: true,
		next: true,
		prev: true
	};

jQuery.fn.extend({
	find: function( selector ) {
		var self = this,
			i, l;

		if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) {
			return jQuery( selector ).filter(function() {
				for ( i = 0, l = self.length; i < l; i++ ) {
					if ( jQuery.contains( self[ i ], this ) ) {
						return true;
					}
				}
			});
		}

		var ret = this.pushStack( "", "find", selector ),
			length, n, r;

		for ( i = 0, l = this.length; i < l; i++ ) {
			length = ret.length;
			jQuery.find( selector, this[i], ret );

			if ( i > 0 ) {
				// Make sure that the results are unique
				for ( n = length; n < ret.length; n++ ) {
					for ( r = 0; r < length; r++ ) {
						if ( ret[r] === ret[n] ) {
							ret.splice(n--, 1);
							break;
						}
					}
				}
			}
		}

		return ret;
	},

	has: function( target ) {
		var targets = jQuery( target );
		return this.filter(function() {
			for ( var i = 0, l = targets.length; i < l; i++ ) {
				if ( jQuery.contains( this, targets[i] ) ) {
					return true;
				}
			}
		});
	},

	not: function( selector ) {
		return this.pushStack( winnow(this, selector, false), "not", selector);
	},

	filter: function( selector ) {
		return this.pushStack( winnow(this, selector, true), "filter", selector );
	},

	is: function( selector ) {
		return !!selector && (
			typeof selector === "string" ?
				// If this is a positional selector, check membership in the returned set
				// so $("p:first").is("p:last") won't return true for a doc with two "p".
				POS.test( selector ) ?
					jQuery( selector, this.context ).index( this[0] ) >= 0 :
					jQuery.filter( selector, this ).length > 0 :
				this.filter( selector ).length > 0 );
	},

	closest: function( selectors, context ) {
		var ret = [], i, l, cur = this[0];

		// Array (deprecated as of jQuery 1.7)
		if ( jQuery.isArray( selectors ) ) {
			var level = 1;

			while ( cur && cur.ownerDocument && cur !== context ) {
				for ( i = 0; i < selectors.length; i++ ) {

					if ( jQuery( cur ).is( selectors[ i ] ) ) {
						ret.push({ selector: selectors[ i ], elem: cur, level: level });
					}
				}

				cur = cur.parentNode;
				level++;
			}

			return ret;
		}

		// String
		var pos = POS.test( selectors ) || typeof selectors !== "string" ?
				jQuery( selectors, context || this.context ) :
				0;

		for ( i = 0, l = this.length; i < l; i++ ) {
			cur = this[i];

			while ( cur ) {
				if ( pos ? pos.index(cur) > -1 : jQuery.find.matchesSelector(cur, selectors) ) {
					ret.push( cur );
					break;

				} else {
					cur = cur.parentNode;
					if ( !cur || !cur.ownerDocument || cur === context || cur.nodeType === 11 ) {
						break;
					}
				}
			}
		}

		ret = ret.length > 1 ? jQuery.unique( ret ) : ret;

		return this.pushStack( ret, "closest", selectors );
	},

	// Determine the position of an element within
	// the matched set of elements
	index: function( elem ) {

		// No argument, return index in parent
		if ( !elem ) {
			return ( this[0] && this[0].parentNode ) ? this.prevAll().length : -1;
		}

		// index in selector
		if ( typeof elem === "string" ) {
			return jQuery.inArray( this[0], jQuery( elem ) );
		}

		// Locate the position of the desired element
		return jQuery.inArray(
			// If it receives a jQuery object, the first element is used
			elem.jquery ? elem[0] : elem, this );
	},

	add: function( selector, context ) {
		var set = typeof selector === "string" ?
				jQuery( selector, context ) :
				jQuery.makeArray( selector && selector.nodeType ? [ selector ] : selector ),
			all = jQuery.merge( this.get(), set );

		return this.pushStack( isDisconnected( set[0] ) || isDisconnected( all[0] ) ?
			all :
			jQuery.unique( all ) );
	},

	andSelf: function() {
		return this.add( this.prevObject );
	}
});

// A painfully simple check to see if an element is disconnected
// from a document (should be improved, where feasible).
function isDisconnected( node ) {
	return !node || !node.parentNode || node.parentNode.nodeType === 11;
}

jQuery.each({
	parent: function( elem ) {
		var parent = elem.parentNode;
		return parent && parent.nodeType !== 11 ? parent : null;
	},
	parents: function( elem ) {
		return jQuery.dir( elem, "parentNode" );
	},
	parentsUntil: function( elem, i, until ) {
		return jQuery.dir( elem, "parentNode", until );
	},
	next: function( elem ) {
		return jQuery.nth( elem, 2, "nextSibling" );
	},
	prev: function( elem ) {
		return jQuery.nth( elem, 2, "previousSibling" );
	},
	nextAll: function( elem ) {
		return jQuery.dir( elem, "nextSibling" );
	},
	prevAll: function( elem ) {
		return jQuery.dir( elem, "previousSibling" );
	},
	nextUntil: function( elem, i, until ) {
		return jQuery.dir( elem, "nextSibling", until );
	},
	prevUntil: function( elem, i, until ) {
		return jQuery.dir( elem, "previousSibling", until );
	},
	siblings: function( elem ) {
		return jQuery.sibling( ( elem.parentNode || {} ).firstChild, elem );
	},
	children: function( elem ) {
		return jQuery.sibling( elem.firstChild );
	},
	contents: function( elem ) {
		return jQuery.nodeName( elem, "iframe" ) ?
			elem.contentDocument || elem.contentWindow.document :
			jQuery.makeArray( elem.childNodes );
	}
}, function( name, fn ) {
	jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( until, selector ) {
		var ret = jQuery.map( this, fn, until );

		if ( !runtil.test( name ) ) {
			selector = until;
		}

		if ( selector && typeof selector === "string" ) {
			ret = jQuery.filter( selector, ret );
		}

		ret = this.length > 1 && !guaranteedUnique[ name ] ? jQuery.unique( ret ) : ret;

		if ( (this.length > 1 || rmultiselector.test( selector )) && rparentsprev.test( name ) ) {
			ret = ret.reverse();
		}

		return this.pushStack( ret, name, slice.call( arguments ).join(",") );
	};
});

jQuery.extend({
	filter: function( expr, elems, not ) {
		if ( not ) {
			expr = ":not(" + expr + ")";
		}

		return elems.length === 1 ?
			jQuery.find.matchesSelector(elems[0], expr) ? [ elems[0] ] : [] :
			jQuery.find.matches(expr, elems);
	},

	dir: function( elem, dir, until ) {
		var matched = [],
			cur = elem[ dir ];

		while ( cur && cur.nodeType !== 9 && (until === undefined || cur.nodeType !== 1 || !jQuery( cur ).is( until )) ) {
			if ( cur.nodeType === 1 ) {
				matched.push( cur );
			}
			cur = cur[dir];
		}
		return matched;
	},

	nth: function( cur, result, dir, elem ) {
		result = result || 1;
		var num = 0;

		for ( ; cur; cur = cur[dir] ) {
			if ( cur.nodeType === 1 && ++num === result ) {
				break;
			}
		}

		return cur;
	},

	sibling: function( n, elem ) {
		var r = [];

		for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling ) {
			if ( n.nodeType === 1 && n !== elem ) {
				r.push( n );
			}
		}

		return r;
	}
});

// Implement the identical functionality for filter and not
function winnow( elements, qualifier, keep ) {

	// Can't pass null or undefined to indexOf in Firefox 4
	// Set to 0 to skip string check
	qualifier = qualifier || 0;

	if ( jQuery.isFunction( qualifier ) ) {
		return jQuery.grep(elements, function( elem, i ) {
			var retVal = !!qualifier.call( elem, i, elem );
			return retVal === keep;
		});

	} else if ( qualifier.nodeType ) {
		return jQuery.grep(elements, function( elem, i ) {
			return ( elem === qualifier ) === keep;
		});

	} else if ( typeof qualifier === "string" ) {
		var filtered = jQuery.grep(elements, function( elem ) {
			return elem.nodeType === 1;
		});

		if ( isSimple.test( qualifier ) ) {
			return jQuery.filter(qualifier, filtered, !keep);
		} else {
			qualifier = jQuery.filter( qualifier, filtered );
		}
	}

	return jQuery.grep(elements, function( elem, i ) {
		return ( jQuery.inArray( elem, qualifier ) >= 0 ) === keep;
	});
}




function createSafeFragment( document ) {
	var list = nodeNames.split( "|" ),
	safeFrag = document.createDocumentFragment();

	if ( safeFrag.createElement ) {
		while ( list.length ) {
			safeFrag.createElement(
				list.pop()
			);
		}
	}
	return safeFrag;
}

var nodeNames = "abbr|article|aside|audio|bdi|canvas|data|datalist|details|figcaption|figure|footer|" +
		"header|hgroup|mark|meter|nav|output|progress|section|summary|time|video",
	rinlinejQuery = / jQuery\d+="(?:\d+|null)"/g,
	rleadingWhitespace = /^\s+/,
	rxhtmlTag = /<(?!area|br|col|embed|hr|img|input|link|meta|param)(([\w:]+)[^>]*)\/>/ig,
	rtagName = /<([\w:]+)/,
	rtbody = /<tbody/i,
	rhtml = /<|&#?\w+;/,
	rnoInnerhtml = /<(?:script|style)/i,
	rnocache = /<(?:script|object|embed|option|style)/i,
	rnoshimcache = new RegExp("<(?:" + nodeNames + ")[\\s/>]", "i"),
	// checked="checked" or checked
	rchecked = /checked\s*(?:[^=]|=\s*.checked.)/i,
	rscriptType = /\/(java|ecma)script/i,
	rcleanScript = /^\s*<!(?:\[CDATA\[|\-\-)/,
	wrapMap = {
		option: [ 1, "<select multiple='multiple'>", "</select>" ],
		legend: [ 1, "<fieldset>", "</fieldset>" ],
		thead: [ 1, "<table>", "</table>" ],
		tr: [ 2, "<table><tbody>", "</tbody></table>" ],
		td: [ 3, "<table><tbody><tr>", "</tr></tbody></table>" ],
		col: [ 2, "<table><tbody></tbody><colgroup>", "</colgroup></table>" ],
		area: [ 1, "<map>", "</map>" ],
		_default: [ 0, "", "" ]
	},
	safeFragment = createSafeFragment( document );

wrapMap.optgroup = wrapMap.option;
wrapMap.tbody = wrapMap.tfoot = wrapMap.colgroup = wrapMap.caption = wrapMap.thead;
wrapMap.th = wrapMap.td;

// IE can't serialize <link> and <script> tags normally
if ( !jQuery.support.htmlSerialize ) {
	wrapMap._default = [ 1, "div<div>", "</div>" ];
}

jQuery.fn.extend({
	text: function( value ) {
		return jQuery.access( this, function( value ) {
			return value === undefined ?
				jQuery.text( this ) :
				this.empty().append( ( this[0] && this[0].ownerDocument || document ).createTextNode( value ) );
		}, null, value, arguments.length );
	},

	wrapAll: function( html ) {
		if ( jQuery.isFunction( html ) ) {
			return this.each(function(i) {
				jQuery(this).wrapAll( html.call(this, i) );
			});
		}

		if ( this[0] ) {
			// The elements to wrap the target around
			var wrap = jQuery( html, this[0].ownerDocument ).eq(0).clone(true);

			if ( this[0].parentNode ) {
				wrap.insertBefore( this[0] );
			}

			wrap.map(function() {
				var elem = this;

				while ( elem.firstChild && elem.firstChild.nodeType === 1 ) {
					elem = elem.firstChild;
				}

				return elem;
			}).append( this );
		}

		return this;
	},

	wrapInner: function( html ) {
		if ( jQuery.isFunction( html ) ) {
			return this.each(function(i) {
				jQuery(this).wrapInner( html.call(this, i) );
			});
		}

		return this.each(function() {
			var self = jQuery( this ),
				contents = self.contents();

			if ( contents.length ) {
				contents.wrapAll( html );

			} else {
				self.append( html );
			}
		});
	},

	wrap: function( html ) {
		var isFunction = jQuery.isFunction( html );

		return this.each(function(i) {
			jQuery( this ).wrapAll( isFunction ? html.call(this, i) : html );
		});
	},

	unwrap: function() {
		return this.parent().each(function() {
			if ( !jQuery.nodeName( this, "body" ) ) {
				jQuery( this ).replaceWith( this.childNodes );
			}
		}).end();
	},

	append: function() {
		return this.domManip(arguments, true, function( elem ) {
			if ( this.nodeType === 1 ) {
				this.appendChild( elem );
			}
		});
	},

	prepend: function() {
		return this.domManip(arguments, true, function( elem ) {
			if ( this.nodeType === 1 ) {
				this.insertBefore( elem, this.firstChild );
			}
		});
	},

	before: function() {
		if ( this[0] && this[0].parentNode ) {
			return this.domManip(arguments, false, function( elem ) {
				this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this );
			});
		} else if ( arguments.length ) {
			var set = jQuery.clean( arguments );
			set.push.apply( set, this.toArray() );
			return this.pushStack( set, "before", arguments );
		}
	},

	after: function() {
		if ( this[0] && this[0].parentNode ) {
			return this.domManip(arguments, false, function( elem ) {
				this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this.nextSibling );
			});
		} else if ( arguments.length ) {
			var set = this.pushStack( this, "after", arguments );
			set.push.apply( set, jQuery.clean(arguments) );
			return set;
		}
	},

	// keepData is for internal use only--do not document
	remove: function( selector, keepData ) {
		for ( var i = 0, elem; (elem = this[i]) != null; i++ ) {
			if ( !selector || jQuery.filter( selector, [ elem ] ).length ) {
				if ( !keepData && elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
					jQuery.cleanData( elem.getElementsByTagName("*") );
					jQuery.cleanData( [ elem ] );
				}

				if ( elem.parentNode ) {
					elem.parentNode.removeChild( elem );
				}
			}
		}

		return this;
	},

	empty: function() {
		for ( var i = 0, elem; (elem = this[i]) != null; i++ ) {
			// Remove element nodes and prevent memory leaks
			if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
				jQuery.cleanData( elem.getElementsByTagName("*") );
			}

			// Remove any remaining nodes
			while ( elem.firstChild ) {
				elem.removeChild( elem.firstChild );
			}
		}

		return this;
	},

	clone: function( dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) {
		dataAndEvents = dataAndEvents == null ? false : dataAndEvents;
		deepDataAndEvents = deepDataAndEvents == null ? dataAndEvents : deepDataAndEvents;

		return this.map( function () {
			return jQuery.clone( this, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents );
		});
	},

	html: function( value ) {
		return jQuery.access( this, function( value ) {
			var elem = this[0] || {},
				i = 0,
				l = this.length;

			if ( value === undefined ) {
				return elem.nodeType === 1 ?
					elem.innerHTML.replace( rinlinejQuery, "" ) :
					null;
			}


			if ( typeof value === "string" && !rnoInnerhtml.test( value ) &&
				( jQuery.support.leadingWhitespace || !rleadingWhitespace.test( value ) ) &&
				!wrapMap[ ( rtagName.exec( value ) || ["", ""] )[1].toLowerCase() ] ) {

				value = value.replace( rxhtmlTag, "<$1></$2>" );

				try {
					for (; i < l; i++ ) {
						// Remove element nodes and prevent memory leaks
						elem = this[i] || {};
						if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
							jQuery.cleanData( elem.getElementsByTagName( "*" ) );
							elem.innerHTML = value;
						}
					}

					elem = 0;

				// If using innerHTML throws an exception, use the fallback method
				} catch(e) {}
			}

			if ( elem ) {
				this.empty().append( value );
			}
		}, null, value, arguments.length );
	},

	replaceWith: function( value ) {
		if ( this[0] && this[0].parentNode ) {
			// Make sure that the elements are removed from the DOM before they are inserted
			// this can help fix replacing a parent with child elements
			if ( jQuery.isFunction( value ) ) {
				return this.each(function(i) {
					var self = jQuery(this), old = self.html();
					self.replaceWith( value.call( this, i, old ) );
				});
			}

			if ( typeof value !== "string" ) {
				value = jQuery( value ).detach();
			}

			return this.each(function() {
				var next = this.nextSibling,
					parent = this.parentNode;

				jQuery( this ).remove();

				if ( next ) {
					jQuery(next).before( value );
				} else {
					jQuery(parent).append( value );
				}
			});
		} else {
			return this.length ?
				this.pushStack( jQuery(jQuery.isFunction(value) ? value() : value), "replaceWith", value ) :
				this;
		}
	},

	detach: function( selector ) {
		return this.remove( selector, true );
	},

	domManip: function( args, table, callback ) {
		var results, first, fragment, parent,
			value = args[0],
			scripts = [];

		// We can't cloneNode fragments that contain checked, in WebKit
		if ( !jQuery.support.checkClone && arguments.length === 3 && typeof value === "string" && rchecked.test( value ) ) {
			return this.each(function() {
				jQuery(this).domManip( args, table, callback, true );
			});
		}

		if ( jQuery.isFunction(value) ) {
			return this.each(function(i) {
				var self = jQuery(this);
				args[0] = value.call(this, i, table ? self.html() : undefined);
				self.domManip( args, table, callback );
			});
		}

		if ( this[0] ) {
			parent = value && value.parentNode;

			// If we're in a fragment, just use that instead of building a new one
			if ( jQuery.support.parentNode && parent && parent.nodeType === 11 && parent.childNodes.length === this.length ) {
				results = { fragment: parent };

			} else {
				results = jQuery.buildFragment( args, this, scripts );
			}

			fragment = results.fragment;

			if ( fragment.childNodes.length === 1 ) {
				first = fragment = fragment.firstChild;
			} else {
				first = fragment.firstChild;
			}

			if ( first ) {
				table = table && jQuery.nodeName( first, "tr" );

				for ( var i = 0, l = this.length, lastIndex = l - 1; i < l; i++ ) {
					callback.call(
						table ?
							root(this[i], first) :
							this[i],
						// Make sure that we do not leak memory by inadvertently discarding
						// the original fragment (which might have attached data) instead of
						// using it; in addition, use the original fragment object for the last
						// item instead of first because it can end up being emptied incorrectly
						// in certain situations (Bug #8070).
						// Fragments from the fragment cache must always be cloned and never used
						// in place.
						results.cacheable || ( l > 1 && i < lastIndex ) ?
							jQuery.clone( fragment, true, true ) :
							fragment
					);
				}
			}

			if ( scripts.length ) {
				jQuery.each( scripts, function( i, elem ) {
					if ( elem.src ) {
						jQuery.ajax({
							type: "GET",
							global: false,
							url: elem.src,
							async: false,
							dataType: "script"
						});
					} else {
						jQuery.globalEval( ( elem.text || elem.textContent || elem.innerHTML || "" ).replace( rcleanScript, "/*$0*/" ) );
					}

					if ( elem.parentNode ) {
						elem.parentNode.removeChild( elem );
					}
				});
			}
		}

		return this;
	}
});

function root( elem, cur ) {
	return jQuery.nodeName(elem, "table") ?
		(elem.getElementsByTagName("tbody")[0] ||
		elem.appendChild(elem.ownerDocument.createElement("tbody"))) :
		elem;
}

function cloneCopyEvent( src, dest ) {

	if ( dest.nodeType !== 1 || !jQuery.hasData( src ) ) {
		return;
	}

	var type, i, l,
		oldData = jQuery._data( src ),
		curData = jQuery._data( dest, oldData ),
		events = oldData.events;

	if ( events ) {
		delete curData.handle;
		curData.events = {};

		for ( type in events ) {
			for ( i = 0, l = events[ type ].length; i < l; i++ ) {
				jQuery.event.add( dest, type, events[ type ][ i ] );
			}
		}
	}

	// make the cloned public data object a copy from the original
	if ( curData.data ) {
		curData.data = jQuery.extend( {}, curData.data );
	}
}

function cloneFixAttributes( src, dest ) {
	var nodeName;

	// We do not need to do anything for non-Elements
	if ( dest.nodeType !== 1 ) {
		return;
	}

	// clearAttributes removes the attributes, which we don't want,
	// but also removes the attachEvent events, which we *do* want
	if ( dest.clearAttributes ) {
		dest.clearAttributes();
	}

	// mergeAttributes, in contrast, only merges back on the
	// original attributes, not the events
	if ( dest.mergeAttributes ) {
		dest.mergeAttributes( src );
	}

	nodeName = dest.nodeName.toLowerCase();

	// IE6-8 fail to clone children inside object elements that use
	// the proprietary classid attribute value (rather than the type
	// attribute) to identify the type of content to display
	if ( nodeName === "object" ) {
		dest.outerHTML = src.outerHTML;

	} else if ( nodeName === "input" && (src.type === "checkbox" || src.type === "radio") ) {
		// IE6-8 fails to persist the checked state of a cloned checkbox
		// or radio button. Worse, IE6-7 fail to give the cloned element
		// a checked appearance if the defaultChecked value isn't also set
		if ( src.checked ) {
			dest.defaultChecked = dest.checked = src.checked;
		}

		// IE6-7 get confused and end up setting the value of a cloned
		// checkbox/radio button to an empty string instead of "on"
		if ( dest.value !== src.value ) {
			dest.value = src.value;
		}

	// IE6-8 fails to return the selected option to the default selected
	// state when cloning options
	} else if ( nodeName === "option" ) {
		dest.selected = src.defaultSelected;

	// IE6-8 fails to set the defaultValue to the correct value when
	// cloning other types of input fields
	} else if ( nodeName === "input" || nodeName === "textarea" ) {
		dest.defaultValue = src.defaultValue;

	// IE blanks contents when cloning scripts
	} else if ( nodeName === "script" && dest.text !== src.text ) {
		dest.text = src.text;
	}

	// Event data gets referenced instead of copied if the expando
	// gets copied too
	dest.removeAttribute( jQuery.expando );

	// Clear flags for bubbling special change/submit events, they must
	// be reattached when the newly cloned events are first activated
	dest.removeAttribute( "_submit_attached" );
	dest.removeAttribute( "_change_attached" );
}

jQuery.buildFragment = function( args, nodes, scripts ) {
	var fragment, cacheable, cacheresults, doc,
	first = args[ 0 ];

	// nodes may contain either an explicit document object,
	// a jQuery collection or context object.
	// If nodes[0] contains a valid object to assign to doc
	if ( nodes && nodes[0] ) {
		doc = nodes[0].ownerDocument || nodes[0];
	}

	// Ensure that an attr object doesn't incorrectly stand in as a document object
	// Chrome and Firefox seem to allow this to occur and will throw exception
	// Fixes #8950
	if ( !doc.createDocumentFragment ) {
		doc = document;
	}

	// Only cache "small" (1/2 KB) HTML strings that are associated with the main document
	// Cloning options loses the selected state, so don't cache them
	// IE 6 doesn't like it when you put <object> or <embed> elements in a fragment
	// Also, WebKit does not clone 'checked' attributes on cloneNode, so don't cache
	// Lastly, IE6,7,8 will not correctly reuse cached fragments that were created from unknown elems #10501
	if ( args.length === 1 && typeof first === "string" && first.length < 512 && doc === document &&
		first.charAt(0) === "<" && !rnocache.test( first ) &&
		(jQuery.support.checkClone || !rchecked.test( first )) &&
		(jQuery.support.html5Clone || !rnoshimcache.test( first )) ) {

		cacheable = true;

		cacheresults = jQuery.fragments[ first ];
		if ( cacheresults && cacheresults !== 1 ) {
			fragment = cacheresults;
		}
	}

	if ( !fragment ) {
		fragment = doc.createDocumentFragment();
		jQuery.clean( args, doc, fragment, scripts );
	}

	if ( cacheable ) {
		jQuery.fragments[ first ] = cacheresults ? fragment : 1;
	}

	return { fragment: fragment, cacheable: cacheable };
};

jQuery.fragments = {};

jQuery.each({
	appendTo: "append",
	prependTo: "prepend",
	insertBefore: "before",
	insertAfter: "after",
	replaceAll: "replaceWith"
}, function( name, original ) {
	jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( selector ) {
		var ret = [],
			insert = jQuery( selector ),
			parent = this.length === 1 && this[0].parentNode;

		if ( parent && parent.nodeType === 11 && parent.childNodes.length === 1 && insert.length === 1 ) {
			insert[ original ]( this[0] );
			return this;

		} else {
			for ( var i = 0, l = insert.length; i < l; i++ ) {
				var elems = ( i > 0 ? this.clone(true) : this ).get();
				jQuery( insert[i] )[ original ]( elems );
				ret = ret.concat( elems );
			}

			return this.pushStack( ret, name, insert.selector );
		}
	};
});

function getAll( elem ) {
	if ( typeof elem.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) {
		return elem.getElementsByTagName( "*" );

	} else if ( typeof elem.querySelectorAll !== "undefined" ) {
		return elem.querySelectorAll( "*" );

	} else {
		return [];
	}
}

// Used in clean, fixes the defaultChecked property
function fixDefaultChecked( elem ) {
	if ( elem.type === "checkbox" || elem.type === "radio" ) {
		elem.defaultChecked = elem.checked;
	}
}
// Finds all inputs and passes them to fixDefaultChecked
function findInputs( elem ) {
	var nodeName = ( elem.nodeName || "" ).toLowerCase();
	if ( nodeName === "input" ) {
		fixDefaultChecked( elem );
	// Skip scripts, get other children
	} else if ( nodeName !== "script" && typeof elem.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) {
		jQuery.grep( elem.getElementsByTagName("input"), fixDefaultChecked );
	}
}

// Derived From: http://www.iecss.com/shimprove/javascript/shimprove.1-0-1.js
function shimCloneNode( elem ) {
	var div = document.createElement( "div" );
	safeFragment.appendChild( div );

	div.innerHTML = elem.outerHTML;
	return div.firstChild;
}

jQuery.extend({
	clone: function( elem, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) {
		var srcElements,
			destElements,
			i,
			// IE<=8 does not properly clone detached, unknown element nodes
			clone = jQuery.support.html5Clone || jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem) || !rnoshimcache.test( "<" + elem.nodeName + ">" ) ?
				elem.cloneNode( true ) :
				shimCloneNode( elem );

		if ( (!jQuery.support.noCloneEvent || !jQuery.support.noCloneChecked) &&
				(elem.nodeType === 1 || elem.nodeType === 11) && !jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem) ) {
			// IE copies events bound via attachEvent when using cloneNode.
			// Calling detachEvent on the clone will also remove the events
			// from the original. In order to get around this, we use some
			// proprietary methods to clear the events. Thanks to MooTools
			// guys for this hotness.

			cloneFixAttributes( elem, clone );

			// Using Sizzle here is crazy slow, so we use getElementsByTagName instead
			srcElements = getAll( elem );
			destElements = getAll( clone );

			// Weird iteration because IE will replace the length property
			// with an element if you are cloning the body and one of the
			// elements on the page has a name or id of "length"
			for ( i = 0; srcElements[i]; ++i ) {
				// Ensure that the destination node is not null; Fixes #9587
				if ( destElements[i] ) {
					cloneFixAttributes( srcElements[i], destElements[i] );
				}
			}
		}

		// Copy the events from the original to the clone
		if ( dataAndEvents ) {
			cloneCopyEvent( elem, clone );

			if ( deepDataAndEvents ) {
				srcElements = getAll( elem );
				destElements = getAll( clone );

				for ( i = 0; srcElements[i]; ++i ) {
					cloneCopyEvent( srcElements[i], destElements[i] );
				}
			}
		}

		srcElements = destElements = null;

		// Return the cloned set
		return clone;
	},

	clean: function( elems, context, fragment, scripts ) {
		var checkScriptType, script, j,
				ret = [];

		context = context || document;

		// !context.createElement fails in IE with an error but returns typeof 'object'
		if ( typeof context.createElement === "undefined" ) {
			context = context.ownerDocument || context[0] && context[0].ownerDocument || document;
		}

		for ( var i = 0, elem; (elem = elems[i]) != null; i++ ) {
			if ( typeof elem === "number" ) {
				elem += "";
			}

			if ( !elem ) {
				continue;
			}

			// Convert html string into DOM nodes
			if ( typeof elem === "string" ) {
				if ( !rhtml.test( elem ) ) {
					elem = context.createTextNode( elem );
				} else {
					// Fix "XHTML"-style tags in all browsers
					elem = elem.replace(rxhtmlTag, "<$1></$2>");

					// Trim whitespace, otherwise indexOf won't work as expected
					var tag = ( rtagName.exec( elem ) || ["", ""] )[1].toLowerCase(),
						wrap = wrapMap[ tag ] || wrapMap._default,
						depth = wrap[0],
						div = context.createElement("div"),
						safeChildNodes = safeFragment.childNodes,
						remove;

					// Append wrapper element to unknown element safe doc fragment
					if ( context === document ) {
						// Use the fragment we've already created for this document
						safeFragment.appendChild( div );
					} else {
						// Use a fragment created with the owner document
						createSafeFragment( context ).appendChild( div );
					}

					// Go to html and back, then peel off extra wrappers
					div.innerHTML = wrap[1] + elem + wrap[2];

					// Move to the right depth
					while ( depth-- ) {
						div = div.lastChild;
					}

					// Remove IE's autoinserted <tbody> from table fragments
					if ( !jQuery.support.tbody ) {

						// String was a <table>, *may* have spurious <tbody>
						var hasBody = rtbody.test(elem),
							tbody = tag === "table" && !hasBody ?
								div.firstChild && div.firstChild.childNodes :

								// String was a bare <thead> or <tfoot>
								wrap[1] === "<table>" && !hasBody ?
									div.childNodes :
									[];

						for ( j = tbody.length - 1; j >= 0 ; --j ) {
							if ( jQuery.nodeName( tbody[ j ], "tbody" ) && !tbody[ j ].childNodes.length ) {
								tbody[ j ].parentNode.removeChild( tbody[ j ] );
							}
						}
					}

					// IE completely kills leading whitespace when innerHTML is used
					if ( !jQuery.support.leadingWhitespace && rleadingWhitespace.test( elem ) ) {
						div.insertBefore( context.createTextNode( rleadingWhitespace.exec(elem)[0] ), div.firstChild );
					}

					elem = div.childNodes;

					// Clear elements from DocumentFragment (safeFragment or otherwise)
					// to avoid hoarding elements. Fixes #11356
					if ( div ) {
						div.parentNode.removeChild( div );

						// Guard against -1 index exceptions in FF3.6
						if ( safeChildNodes.length > 0 ) {
							remove = safeChildNodes[ safeChildNodes.length - 1 ];

							if ( remove && remove.parentNode ) {
								remove.parentNode.removeChild( remove );
							}
						}
					}
				}
			}

			// Resets defaultChecked for any radios and checkboxes
			// about to be appended to the DOM in IE 6/7 (#8060)
			var len;
			if ( !jQuery.support.appendChecked ) {
				if ( elem[0] && typeof (len = elem.length) === "number" ) {
					for ( j = 0; j < len; j++ ) {
						findInputs( elem[j] );
					}
				} else {
					findInputs( elem );
				}
			}

			if ( elem.nodeType ) {
				ret.push( elem );
			} else {
				ret = jQuery.merge( ret, elem );
			}
		}

		if ( fragment ) {
			checkScriptType = function( elem ) {
				return !elem.type || rscriptType.test( elem.type );
			};
			for ( i = 0; ret[i]; i++ ) {
				script = ret[i];
				if ( scripts && jQuery.nodeName( script, "script" ) && (!script.type || rscriptType.test( script.type )) ) {
					scripts.push( script.parentNode ? script.parentNode.removeChild( script ) : script );

				} else {
					if ( script.nodeType === 1 ) {
						var jsTags = jQuery.grep( script.getElementsByTagName( "script" ), checkScriptType );

						ret.splice.apply( ret, [i + 1, 0].concat( jsTags ) );
					}
					fragment.appendChild( script );
				}
			}
		}

		return ret;
	},

	cleanData: function( elems ) {
		var data, id,
			cache = jQuery.cache,
			special = jQuery.event.special,
			deleteExpando = jQuery.support.deleteExpando;

		for ( var i = 0, elem; (elem = elems[i]) != null; i++ ) {
			if ( elem.nodeName && jQuery.noData[elem.nodeName.toLowerCase()] ) {
				continue;
			}

			id = elem[ jQuery.expando ];

			if ( id ) {
				data = cache[ id ];

				if ( data && data.events ) {
					for ( var type in data.events ) {
						if ( special[ type ] ) {
							jQuery.event.remove( elem, type );

						// This is a shortcut to avoid jQuery.event.remove's overhead
						} else {
							jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, data.handle );
						}
					}

					// Null the DOM reference to avoid IE6/7/8 leak (#7054)
					if ( data.handle ) {
						data.handle.elem = null;
					}
				}

				if ( deleteExpando ) {
					delete elem[ jQuery.expando ];

				} else if ( elem.removeAttribute ) {
					elem.removeAttribute( jQuery.expando );
				}

				delete cache[ id ];
			}
		}
	}
});




var ralpha = /alpha\([^)]*\)/i,
	ropacity = /opacity=([^)]*)/,
	// fixed for IE9, see #8346
	rupper = /([A-Z]|^ms)/g,
	rnum = /^[\-+]?(?:\d*\.)?\d+$/i,
	rnumnonpx = /^-?(?:\d*\.)?\d+(?!px)[^\d\s]+$/i,
	rrelNum = /^([\-+])=([\-+.\de]+)/,
	rmargin = /^margin/,

	cssShow = { position: "absolute", visibility: "hidden", display: "block" },

	// order is important!
	cssExpand = [ "Top", "Right", "Bottom", "Left" ],

	curCSS,

	getComputedStyle,
	currentStyle;

jQuery.fn.css = function( name, value ) {
	return jQuery.access( this, function( elem, name, value ) {
		return value !== undefined ?
			jQuery.style( elem, name, value ) :
			jQuery.css( elem, name );
	}, name, value, arguments.length > 1 );
};

jQuery.extend({
	// Add in style property hooks for overriding the default
	// behavior of getting and setting a style property
	cssHooks: {
		opacity: {
			get: function( elem, computed ) {
				if ( computed ) {
					// We should always get a number back from opacity
					var ret = curCSS( elem, "opacity" );
					return ret === "" ? "1" : ret;

				} else {
					return elem.style.opacity;
				}
			}
		}
	},

	// Exclude the following css properties to add px
	cssNumber: {
		"fillOpacity": true,
		"fontWeight": true,
		"lineHeight": true,
		"opacity": true,
		"orphans": true,
		"widows": true,
		"zIndex": true,
		"zoom": true
	},

	// Add in properties whose names you wish to fix before
	// setting or getting the value
	cssProps: {
		// normalize float css property
		"float": jQuery.support.cssFloat ? "cssFloat" : "styleFloat"
	},

	// Get and set the style property on a DOM Node
	style: function( elem, name, value, extra ) {
		// Don't set styles on text and comment nodes
		if ( !elem || elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 || !elem.style ) {
			return;
		}

		// Make sure that we're working with the right name
		var ret, type, origName = jQuery.camelCase( name ),
			style = elem.style, hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ];

		name = jQuery.cssProps[ origName ] || origName;

		// Check if we're setting a value
		if ( value !== undefined ) {
			type = typeof value;

			// convert relative number strings (+= or -=) to relative numbers. #7345
			if ( type === "string" && (ret = rrelNum.exec( value )) ) {
				value = ( +( ret[1] + 1) * +ret[2] ) + parseFloat( jQuery.css( elem, name ) );
				// Fixes bug #9237
				type = "number";
			}

			// Make sure that NaN and null values aren't set. See: #7116
			if ( value == null || type === "number" && isNaN( value ) ) {
				return;
			}

			// If a number was passed in, add 'px' to the (except for certain CSS properties)
			if ( type === "number" && !jQuery.cssNumber[ origName ] ) {
				value += "px";
			}

			// If a hook was provided, use that value, otherwise just set the specified value
			if ( !hooks || !("set" in hooks) || (value = hooks.set( elem, value )) !== undefined ) {
				// Wrapped to prevent IE from throwing errors when 'invalid' values are provided
				// Fixes bug #5509
				try {
					style[ name ] = value;
				} catch(e) {}
			}

		} else {
			// If a hook was provided get the non-computed value from there
			if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && (ret = hooks.get( elem, false, extra )) !== undefined ) {
				return ret;
			}

			// Otherwise just get the value from the style object
			return style[ name ];
		}
	},

	css: function( elem, name, extra ) {
		var ret, hooks;

		// Make sure that we're working with the right name
		name = jQuery.camelCase( name );
		hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ];
		name = jQuery.cssProps[ name ] || name;

		// cssFloat needs a special treatment
		if ( name === "cssFloat" ) {
			name = "float";
		}

		// If a hook was provided get the computed value from there
		if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && (ret = hooks.get( elem, true, extra )) !== undefined ) {
			return ret;

		// Otherwise, if a way to get the computed value exists, use that
		} else if ( curCSS ) {
			return curCSS( elem, name );
		}
	},

	// A method for quickly swapping in/out CSS properties to get correct calculations
	swap: function( elem, options, callback ) {
		var old = {},
			ret, name;

		// Remember the old values, and insert the new ones
		for ( name in options ) {
			old[ name ] = elem.style[ name ];
			elem.style[ name ] = options[ name ];
		}

		ret = callback.call( elem );

		// Revert the old values
		for ( name in options ) {
			elem.style[ name ] = old[ name ];
		}

		return ret;
	}
});

// DEPRECATED in 1.3, Use jQuery.css() instead
jQuery.curCSS = jQuery.css;

if ( document.defaultView && document.defaultView.getComputedStyle ) {
	getComputedStyle = function( elem, name ) {
		var ret, defaultView, computedStyle, width,
			style = elem.style;

		name = name.replace( rupper, "-$1" ).toLowerCase();

		if ( (defaultView = elem.ownerDocument.defaultView) &&
				(computedStyle = defaultView.getComputedStyle( elem, null )) ) {

			ret = computedStyle.getPropertyValue( name );
			if ( ret === "" && !jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument.documentElement, elem ) ) {
				ret = jQuery.style( elem, name );
			}
		}

		// A tribute to the "awesome hack by Dean Edwards"
		// WebKit uses "computed value (percentage if specified)" instead of "used value" for margins
		// which is against the CSSOM draft spec: http://dev.w3.org/csswg/cssom/#resolved-values
		if ( !jQuery.support.pixelMargin && computedStyle && rmargin.test( name ) && rnumnonpx.test( ret ) ) {
			width = style.width;
			style.width = ret;
			ret = computedStyle.width;
			style.width = width;
		}

		return ret;
	};
}

if ( document.documentElement.currentStyle ) {
	currentStyle = function( elem, name ) {
		var left, rsLeft, uncomputed,
			ret = elem.currentStyle && elem.currentStyle[ name ],
			style = elem.style;

		// Avoid setting ret to empty string here
		// so we don't default to auto
		if ( ret == null && style && (uncomputed = style[ name ]) ) {
			ret = uncomputed;
		}

		// From the awesome hack by Dean Edwards
		// http://erik.eae.net/archives/2007/07/27/18.54.15/#comment-102291

		// If we're not dealing with a regular pixel number
		// but a number that has a weird ending, we need to convert it to pixels
		if ( rnumnonpx.test( ret ) ) {

			// Remember the original values
			left = style.left;
			rsLeft = elem.runtimeStyle && elem.runtimeStyle.left;

			// Put in the new values to get a computed value out
			if ( rsLeft ) {
				elem.runtimeStyle.left = elem.currentStyle.left;
			}
			style.left = name === "fontSize" ? "1em" : ret;
			ret = style.pixelLeft + "px";

			// Revert the changed values
			style.left = left;
			if ( rsLeft ) {
				elem.runtimeStyle.left = rsLeft;
			}
		}

		return ret === "" ? "auto" : ret;
	};
}

curCSS = getComputedStyle || currentStyle;

function getWidthOrHeight( elem, name, extra ) {

	// Start with offset property
	var val = name === "width" ? elem.offsetWidth : elem.offsetHeight,
		i = name === "width" ? 1 : 0,
		len = 4;

	if ( val > 0 ) {
		if ( extra !== "border" ) {
			for ( ; i < len; i += 2 ) {
				if ( !extra ) {
					val -= parseFloat( jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ] ) ) || 0;
				}
				if ( extra === "margin" ) {
					val += parseFloat( jQuery.css( elem, extra + cssExpand[ i ] ) ) || 0;
				} else {
					val -= parseFloat( jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width" ) ) || 0;
				}
			}
		}

		return val + "px";
	}

	// Fall back to computed then uncomputed css if necessary
	val = curCSS( elem, name );
	if ( val < 0 || val == null ) {
		val = elem.style[ name ];
	}

	// Computed unit is not pixels. Stop here and return.
	if ( rnumnonpx.test(val) ) {
		return val;
	}

	// Normalize "", auto, and prepare for extra
	val = parseFloat( val ) || 0;

	// Add padding, border, margin
	if ( extra ) {
		for ( ; i < len; i += 2 ) {
			val += parseFloat( jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ] ) ) || 0;
			if ( extra !== "padding" ) {
				val += parseFloat( jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width" ) ) || 0;
			}
			if ( extra === "margin" ) {
				val += parseFloat( jQuery.css( elem, extra + cssExpand[ i ]) ) || 0;
			}
		}
	}

	return val + "px";
}

jQuery.each([ "height", "width" ], function( i, name ) {
	jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] = {
		get: function( elem, computed, extra ) {
			if ( computed ) {
				if ( elem.offsetWidth !== 0 ) {
					return getWidthOrHeight( elem, name, extra );
				} else {
					return jQuery.swap( elem, cssShow, function() {
						return getWidthOrHeight( elem, name, extra );
					});
				}
			}
		},

		set: function( elem, value ) {
			return rnum.test( value ) ?
				value + "px" :
				value;
		}
	};
});

if ( !jQuery.support.opacity ) {
	jQuery.cssHooks.opacity = {
		get: function( elem, computed ) {
			// IE uses filters for opacity
			return ropacity.test( (computed && elem.currentStyle ? elem.currentStyle.filter : elem.style.filter) || "" ) ?
				( parseFloat( RegExp.$1 ) / 100 ) + "" :
				computed ? "1" : "";
		},

		set: function( elem, value ) {
			var style = elem.style,
				currentStyle = elem.currentStyle,
				opacity = jQuery.isNumeric( value ) ? "alpha(opacity=" + value * 100 + ")" : "",
				filter = currentStyle && currentStyle.filter || style.filter || "";

			// IE has trouble with opacity if it does not have layout
			// Force it by setting the zoom level
			style.zoom = 1;

			// if setting opacity to 1, and no other filters exist - attempt to remove filter attribute #6652
			if ( value >= 1 && jQuery.trim( filter.replace( ralpha, "" ) ) === "" ) {

				// Setting style.filter to null, "" & " " still leave "filter:" in the cssText
				// if "filter:" is present at all, clearType is disabled, we want to avoid this
				// style.removeAttribute is IE Only, but so apparently is this code path...
				style.removeAttribute( "filter" );

				// if there there is no filter style applied in a css rule, we are done
				if ( currentStyle && !currentStyle.filter ) {
					return;
				}
			}

			// otherwise, set new filter values
			style.filter = ralpha.test( filter ) ?
				filter.replace( ralpha, opacity ) :
				filter + " " + opacity;
		}
	};
}

jQuery(function() {
	// This hook cannot be added until DOM ready because the support test
	// for it is not run until after DOM ready
	if ( !jQuery.support.reliableMarginRight ) {
		jQuery.cssHooks.marginRight = {
			get: function( elem, computed ) {
				// WebKit Bug 13343 - getComputedStyle returns wrong value for margin-right
				// Work around by temporarily setting element display to inline-block
				return jQuery.swap( elem, { "display": "inline-block" }, function() {
					if ( computed ) {
						return curCSS( elem, "margin-right" );
					} else {
						return elem.style.marginRight;
					}
				});
			}
		};
	}
});

if ( jQuery.expr && jQuery.expr.filters ) {
	jQuery.expr.filters.hidden = function( elem ) {
		var width = elem.offsetWidth,
			height = elem.offsetHeight;

		return ( width === 0 && height === 0 ) || (!jQuery.support.reliableHiddenOffsets && ((elem.style && elem.style.display) || jQuery.css( elem, "display" )) === "none");
	};

	jQuery.expr.filters.visible = function( elem ) {
		return !jQuery.expr.filters.hidden( elem );
	};
}

// These hooks are used by animate to expand properties
jQuery.each({
	margin: "",
	padding: "",
	border: "Width"
}, function( prefix, suffix ) {

	jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ] = {
		expand: function( value ) {
			var i,

				// assumes a single number if not a string
				parts = typeof value === "string" ? value.split(" ") : [ value ],
				expanded = {};

			for ( i = 0; i < 4; i++ ) {
				expanded[ prefix + cssExpand[ i ] + suffix ] =
					parts[ i ] || parts[ i - 2 ] || parts[ 0 ];
			}

			return expanded;
		}
	};
});




var r20 = /%20/g,
	rbracket = /\[\]$/,
	rCRLF = /\r?\n/g,
	rhash = /#.*$/,
	rheaders = /^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)\r?$/mg, // IE leaves an \r character at EOL
	rinput = /^(?:color|date|datetime|datetime-local|email|hidden|month|number|password|range|search|tel|text|time|url|week)$/i,
	// #7653, #8125, #8152: local protocol detection
	rlocalProtocol = /^(?:about|app|app\-storage|.+\-extension|file|res|widget):$/,
	rnoContent = /^(?:GET|HEAD)$/,
	rprotocol = /^\/\//,
	rquery = /\?/,
	rscript = /<script\b[^<]*(?:(?!<\/script>)<[^<]*)*<\/script>/gi,
	rselectTextarea = /^(?:select|textarea)/i,
	rspacesAjax = /\s+/,
	rts = /([?&])_=[^&]*/,
	rurl = /^([\w\+\.\-]+:)(?:\/\/([^\/?#:]*)(?::(\d+))?)?/,

	// Keep a copy of the old load method
	_load = jQuery.fn.load,

	/* Prefilters
	 * 1) They are useful to introduce custom dataTypes (see ajax/jsonp.js for an example)
	 * 2) These are called:
	 *    - BEFORE asking for a transport
	 *    - AFTER param serialization (s.data is a string if s.processData is true)
	 * 3) key is the dataType
	 * 4) the catchall symbol "*" can be used
	 * 5) execution will start with transport dataType and THEN continue down to "*" if needed
	 */
	prefilters = {},

	/* Transports bindings
	 * 1) key is the dataType
	 * 2) the catchall symbol "*" can be used
	 * 3) selection will start with transport dataType and THEN go to "*" if needed
	 */
	transports = {},

	// Document location
	ajaxLocation,

	// Document location segments
	ajaxLocParts,

	// Avoid comment-prolog char sequence (#10098); must appease lint and evade compression
	allTypes = ["*/"] + ["*"];

// #8138, IE may throw an exception when accessing
// a field from window.location if document.domain has been set
try {
	ajaxLocation = location.href;
} catch( e ) {
	// Use the href attribute of an A element
	// since IE will modify it given document.location
	ajaxLocation = document.createElement( "a" );
	ajaxLocation.href = "";
	ajaxLocation = ajaxLocation.href;
}

// Segment location into parts
ajaxLocParts = rurl.exec( ajaxLocation.toLowerCase() ) || [];

// Base "constructor" for jQuery.ajaxPrefilter and jQuery.ajaxTransport
function addToPrefiltersOrTransports( structure ) {

	// dataTypeExpression is optional and defaults to "*"
	return function( dataTypeExpression, func ) {

		if ( typeof dataTypeExpression !== "string" ) {
			func = dataTypeExpression;
			dataTypeExpression = "*";
		}

		if ( jQuery.isFunction( func ) ) {
			var dataTypes = dataTypeExpression.toLowerCase().split( rspacesAjax ),
				i = 0,
				length = dataTypes.length,
				dataType,
				list,
				placeBefore;

			// For each dataType in the dataTypeExpression
			for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
				dataType = dataTypes[ i ];
				// We control if we're asked to add before
				// any existing element
				placeBefore = /^\+/.test( dataType );
				if ( placeBefore ) {
					dataType = dataType.substr( 1 ) || "*";
				}
				list = structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || [];
				// then we add to the structure accordingly
				list[ placeBefore ? "unshift" : "push" ]( func );
			}
		}
	};
}

// Base inspection function for prefilters and transports
function inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( structure, options, originalOptions, jqXHR,
		dataType /* internal */, inspected /* internal */ ) {

	dataType = dataType || options.dataTypes[ 0 ];
	inspected = inspected || {};

	inspected[ dataType ] = true;

	var list = structure[ dataType ],
		i = 0,
		length = list ? list.length : 0,
		executeOnly = ( structure === prefilters ),
		selection;

	for ( ; i < length && ( executeOnly || !selection ); i++ ) {
		selection = list[ i ]( options, originalOptions, jqXHR );
		// If we got redirected to another dataType
		// we try there if executing only and not done already
		if ( typeof selection === "string" ) {
			if ( !executeOnly || inspected[ selection ] ) {
				selection = undefined;
			} else {
				options.dataTypes.unshift( selection );
				selection = inspectPrefiltersOrTransports(
						structure, options, originalOptions, jqXHR, selection, inspected );
			}
		}
	}
	// If we're only executing or nothing was selected
	// we try the catchall dataType if not done already
	if ( ( executeOnly || !selection ) && !inspected[ "*" ] ) {
		selection = inspectPrefiltersOrTransports(
				structure, options, originalOptions, jqXHR, "*", inspected );
	}
	// unnecessary when only executing (prefilters)
	// but it'll be ignored by the caller in that case
	return selection;
}

// A special extend for ajax options
// that takes "flat" options (not to be deep extended)
// Fixes #9887
function ajaxExtend( target, src ) {
	var key, deep,
		flatOptions = jQuery.ajaxSettings.flatOptions || {};
	for ( key in src ) {
		if ( src[ key ] !== undefined ) {
			( flatOptions[ key ] ? target : ( deep || ( deep = {} ) ) )[ key ] = src[ key ];
		}
	}
	if ( deep ) {
		jQuery.extend( true, target, deep );
	}
}

jQuery.fn.extend({
	load: function( url, params, callback ) {
		if ( typeof url !== "string" && _load ) {
			return _load.apply( this, arguments );

		// Don't do a request if no elements are being requested
		} else if ( !this.length ) {
			return this;
		}

		var off = url.indexOf( " " );
		if ( off >= 0 ) {
			var selector = url.slice( off, url.length );
			url = url.slice( 0, off );
		}

		// Default to a GET request
		var type = "GET";

		// If the second parameter was provided
		if ( params ) {
			// If it's a function
			if ( jQuery.isFunction( params ) ) {
				// We assume that it's the callback
				callback = params;
				params = undefined;

			// Otherwise, build a param string
			} else if ( typeof params === "object" ) {
				params = jQuery.param( params, jQuery.ajaxSettings.traditional );
				type = "POST";
			}
		}

		var self = this;

		// Request the remote document
		jQuery.ajax({
			url: url,
			type: type,
			dataType: "html",
			data: params,
			// Complete callback (responseText is used internally)
			complete: function( jqXHR, status, responseText ) {
				// Store the response as specified by the jqXHR object
				responseText = jqXHR.responseText;
				// If successful, inject the HTML into all the matched elements
				if ( jqXHR.isResolved() ) {
					// #4825: Get the actual response in case
					// a dataFilter is present in ajaxSettings
					jqXHR.done(function( r ) {
						responseText = r;
					});
					// See if a selector was specified
					self.html( selector ?
						// Create a dummy div to hold the results
						jQuery("<div>")
							// inject the contents of the document in, removing the scripts
							// to avoid any 'Permission Denied' errors in IE
							.append(responseText.replace(rscript, ""))

							// Locate the specified elements
							.find(selector) :

						// If not, just inject the full result
						responseText );
				}

				if ( callback ) {
					self.each( callback, [ responseText, status, jqXHR ] );
				}
			}
		});

		return this;
	},

	serialize: function() {
		return jQuery.param( this.serializeArray() );
	},

	serializeArray: function() {
		return this.map(function(){
			return this.elements ? jQuery.makeArray( this.elements ) : this;
		})
		.filter(function(){
			return this.name && !this.disabled &&
				( this.checked || rselectTextarea.test( this.nodeName ) ||
					rinput.test( this.type ) );
		})
		.map(function( i, elem ){
			var val = jQuery( this ).val();

			return val == null ?
				null :
				jQuery.isArray( val ) ?
					jQuery.map( val, function( val, i ){
						return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) };
					}) :
					{ name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) };
		}).get();
	}
});

// Attach a bunch of functions for handling common AJAX events
jQuery.each( "ajaxStart ajaxStop ajaxComplete ajaxError ajaxSuccess ajaxSend".split( " " ), function( i, o ){
	jQuery.fn[ o ] = function( f ){
		return this.on( o, f );
	};
});

jQuery.each( [ "get", "post" ], function( i, method ) {
	jQuery[ method ] = function( url, data, callback, type ) {
		// shift arguments if data argument was omitted
		if ( jQuery.isFunction( data ) ) {
			type = type || callback;
			callback = data;
			data = undefined;
		}

		return jQuery.ajax({
			type: method,
			url: url,
			data: data,
			success: callback,
			dataType: type
		});
	};
});

jQuery.extend({

	getScript: function( url, callback ) {
		return jQuery.get( url, undefined, callback, "script" );
	},

	getJSON: function( url, data, callback ) {
		return jQuery.get( url, data, callback, "json" );
	},

	// Creates a full fledged settings object into target
	// with both ajaxSettings and settings fields.
	// If target is omitted, writes into ajaxSettings.
	ajaxSetup: function( target, settings ) {
		if ( settings ) {
			// Building a settings object
			ajaxExtend( target, jQuery.ajaxSettings );
		} else {
			// Extending ajaxSettings
			settings = target;
			target = jQuery.ajaxSettings;
		}
		ajaxExtend( target, settings );
		return target;
	},

	ajaxSettings: {
		url: ajaxLocation,
		isLocal: rlocalProtocol.test( ajaxLocParts[ 1 ] ),
		global: true,
		type: "GET",
		contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8",
		processData: true,
		async: true,
		/*
		timeout: 0,
		data: null,
		dataType: null,
		username: null,
		password: null,
		cache: null,
		traditional: false,
		headers: {},
		*/

		accepts: {
			xml: "application/xml, text/xml",
			html: "text/html",
			text: "text/plain",
			json: "application/json, text/javascript",
			"*": allTypes
		},

		contents: {
			xml: /xml/,
			html: /html/,
			json: /json/
		},

		responseFields: {
			xml: "responseXML",
			text: "responseText"
		},

		// List of data converters
		// 1) key format is "source_type destination_type" (a single space in-between)
		// 2) the catchall symbol "*" can be used for source_type
		converters: {

			// Convert anything to text
			"* text": window.String,

			// Text to html (true = no transformation)
			"text html": true,

			// Evaluate text as a json expression
			"text json": jQuery.parseJSON,

			// Parse text as xml
			"text xml": jQuery.parseXML
		},

		// For options that shouldn't be deep extended:
		// you can add your own custom options here if
		// and when you create one that shouldn't be
		// deep extended (see ajaxExtend)
		flatOptions: {
			context: true,
			url: true
		}
	},

	ajaxPrefilter: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters ),
	ajaxTransport: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( transports ),

	// Main method
	ajax: function( url, options ) {

		// If url is an object, simulate pre-1.5 signature
		if ( typeof url === "object" ) {
			options = url;
			url = undefined;
		}

		// Force options to be an object
		options = options || {};

		var // Create the final options object
			s = jQuery.ajaxSetup( {}, options ),
			// Callbacks context
			callbackContext = s.context || s,
			// Context for global events
			// It's the callbackContext if one was provided in the options
			// and if it's a DOM node or a jQuery collection
			globalEventContext = callbackContext !== s &&
				( callbackContext.nodeType || callbackContext instanceof jQuery ) ?
						jQuery( callbackContext ) : jQuery.event,
			// Deferreds
			deferred = jQuery.Deferred(),
			completeDeferred = jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ),
			// Status-dependent callbacks
			statusCode = s.statusCode || {},
			// ifModified key
			ifModifiedKey,
			// Headers (they are sent all at once)
			requestHeaders = {},
			requestHeadersNames = {},
			// Response headers
			responseHeadersString,
			responseHeaders,
			// transport
			transport,
			// timeout handle
			timeoutTimer,
			// Cross-domain detection vars
			parts,
			// The jqXHR state
			state = 0,
			// To know if global events are to be dispatched
			fireGlobals,
			// Loop variable
			i,
			// Fake xhr
			jqXHR = {

				readyState: 0,

				// Caches the header
				setRequestHeader: function( name, value ) {
					if ( !state ) {
						var lname = name.toLowerCase();
						name = requestHeadersNames[ lname ] = requestHeadersNames[ lname ] || name;
						requestHeaders[ name ] = value;
					}
					return this;
				},

				// Raw string
				getAllResponseHeaders: function() {
					return state === 2 ? responseHeadersString : null;
				},

				// Builds headers hashtable if needed
				getResponseHeader: function( key ) {
					var match;
					if ( state === 2 ) {
						if ( !responseHeaders ) {
							responseHeaders = {};
							while( ( match = rheaders.exec( responseHeadersString ) ) ) {
								responseHeaders[ match[1].toLowerCase() ] = match[ 2 ];
							}
						}
						match = responseHeaders[ key.toLowerCase() ];
					}
					return match === undefined ? null : match;
				},

				// Overrides response content-type header
				overrideMimeType: function( type ) {
					if ( !state ) {
						s.mimeType = type;
					}
					return this;
				},

				// Cancel the request
				abort: function( statusText ) {
					statusText = statusText || "abort";
					if ( transport ) {
						transport.abort( statusText );
					}
					done( 0, statusText );
					return this;
				}
			};

		// Callback for when everything is done
		// It is defined here because jslint complains if it is declared
		// at the end of the function (which would be more logical and readable)
		function done( status, nativeStatusText, responses, headers ) {

			// Called once
			if ( state === 2 ) {
				return;
			}

			// State is "done" now
			state = 2;

			// Clear timeout if it exists
			if ( timeoutTimer ) {
				clearTimeout( timeoutTimer );
			}

			// Dereference transport for early garbage collection
			// (no matter how long the jqXHR object will be used)
			transport = undefined;

			// Cache response headers
			responseHeadersString = headers || "";

			// Set readyState
			jqXHR.readyState = status > 0 ? 4 : 0;

			var isSuccess,
				success,
				error,
				statusText = nativeStatusText,
				response = responses ? ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ) : undefined,
				lastModified,
				etag;

			// If successful, handle type chaining
			if ( status >= 200 && status < 300 || status === 304 ) {

				// Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode.
				if ( s.ifModified ) {

					if ( ( lastModified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "Last-Modified" ) ) ) {
						jQuery.lastModified[ ifModifiedKey ] = lastModified;
					}
					if ( ( etag = jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "Etag" ) ) ) {
						jQuery.etag[ ifModifiedKey ] = etag;
					}
				}

				// If not modified
				if ( status === 304 ) {

					statusText = "notmodified";
					isSuccess = true;

				// If we have data
				} else {

					try {
						success = ajaxConvert( s, response );
						statusText = "success";
						isSuccess = true;
					} catch(e) {
						// We have a parsererror
						statusText = "parsererror";
						error = e;
					}
				}
			} else {
				// We extract error from statusText
				// then normalize statusText and status for non-aborts
				error = statusText;
				if ( !statusText || status ) {
					statusText = "error";
					if ( status < 0 ) {
						status = 0;
					}
				}
			}

			// Set data for the fake xhr object
			jqXHR.status = status;
			jqXHR.statusText = "" + ( nativeStatusText || statusText );

			// Success/Error
			if ( isSuccess ) {
				deferred.resolveWith( callbackContext, [ success, statusText, jqXHR ] );
			} else {
				deferred.rejectWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText, error ] );
			}

			// Status-dependent callbacks
			jqXHR.statusCode( statusCode );
			statusCode = undefined;

			if ( fireGlobals ) {
				globalEventContext.trigger( "ajax" + ( isSuccess ? "Success" : "Error" ),
						[ jqXHR, s, isSuccess ? success : error ] );
			}

			// Complete
			completeDeferred.fireWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText ] );

			if ( fireGlobals ) {
				globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxComplete", [ jqXHR, s ] );
				// Handle the global AJAX counter
				if ( !( --jQuery.active ) ) {
					jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStop" );
				}
			}
		}

		// Attach deferreds
		deferred.promise( jqXHR );
		jqXHR.success = jqXHR.done;
		jqXHR.error = jqXHR.fail;
		jqXHR.complete = completeDeferred.add;

		// Status-dependent callbacks
		jqXHR.statusCode = function( map ) {
			if ( map ) {
				var tmp;
				if ( state < 2 ) {
					for ( tmp in map ) {
						statusCode[ tmp ] = [ statusCode[tmp], map[tmp] ];
					}
				} else {
					tmp = map[ jqXHR.status ];
					jqXHR.then( tmp, tmp );
				}
			}
			return this;
		};

		// Remove hash character (#7531: and string promotion)
		// Add protocol if not provided (#5866: IE7 issue with protocol-less urls)
		// We also use the url parameter if available
		s.url = ( ( url || s.url ) + "" ).replace( rhash, "" ).replace( rprotocol, ajaxLocParts[ 1 ] + "//" );

		// Extract dataTypes list
		s.dataTypes = jQuery.trim( s.dataType || "*" ).toLowerCase().split( rspacesAjax );

		// Determine if a cross-domain request is in order
		if ( s.crossDomain == null ) {
			parts = rurl.exec( s.url.toLowerCase() );
			s.crossDomain = !!( parts &&
				( parts[ 1 ] != ajaxLocParts[ 1 ] || parts[ 2 ] != ajaxLocParts[ 2 ] ||
					( parts[ 3 ] || ( parts[ 1 ] === "http:" ? 80 : 443 ) ) !=
						( ajaxLocParts[ 3 ] || ( ajaxLocParts[ 1 ] === "http:" ? 80 : 443 ) ) )
			);
		}

		// Convert data if not already a string
		if ( s.data && s.processData && typeof s.data !== "string" ) {
			s.data = jQuery.param( s.data, s.traditional );
		}

		// Apply prefilters
		inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters, s, options, jqXHR );

		// If request was aborted inside a prefilter, stop there
		if ( state === 2 ) {
			return false;
		}

		// We can fire global events as of now if asked to
		fireGlobals = s.global;

		// Uppercase the type
		s.type = s.type.toUpperCase();

		// Determine if request has content
		s.hasContent = !rnoContent.test( s.type );

		// Watch for a new set of requests
		if ( fireGlobals && jQuery.active++ === 0 ) {
			jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStart" );
		}

		// More options handling for requests with no content
		if ( !s.hasContent ) {

			// If data is available, append data to url
			if ( s.data ) {
				s.url += ( rquery.test( s.url ) ? "&" : "?" ) + s.data;
				// #9682: remove data so that it's not used in an eventual retry
				delete s.data;
			}

			// Get ifModifiedKey before adding the anti-cache parameter
			ifModifiedKey = s.url;

			// Add anti-cache in url if needed
			if ( s.cache === false ) {

				var ts = jQuery.now(),
					// try replacing _= if it is there
					ret = s.url.replace( rts, "$1_=" + ts );

				// if nothing was replaced, add timestamp to the end
				s.url = ret + ( ( ret === s.url ) ? ( rquery.test( s.url ) ? "&" : "?" ) + "_=" + ts : "" );
			}
		}

		// Set the correct header, if data is being sent
		if ( s.data && s.hasContent && s.contentType !== false || options.contentType ) {
			jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "Content-Type", s.contentType );
		}

		// Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode.
		if ( s.ifModified ) {
			ifModifiedKey = ifModifiedKey || s.url;
			if ( jQuery.lastModified[ ifModifiedKey ] ) {
				jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-Modified-Since", jQuery.lastModified[ ifModifiedKey ] );
			}
			if ( jQuery.etag[ ifModifiedKey ] ) {
				jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-None-Match", jQuery.etag[ ifModifiedKey ] );
			}
		}

		// Set the Accepts header for the server, depending on the dataType
		jqXHR.setRequestHeader(
			"Accept",
			s.dataTypes[ 0 ] && s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[0] ] ?
				s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[0] ] + ( s.dataTypes[ 0 ] !== "*" ? ", " + allTypes + "; q=0.01" : "" ) :
				s.accepts[ "*" ]
		);

		// Check for headers option
		for ( i in s.headers ) {
			jqXHR.setRequestHeader( i, s.headers[ i ] );
		}

		// Allow custom headers/mimetypes and early abort
		if ( s.beforeSend && ( s.beforeSend.call( callbackContext, jqXHR, s ) === false || state === 2 ) ) {
				// Abort if not done already
				jqXHR.abort();
				return false;

		}

		// Install callbacks on deferreds
		for ( i in { success: 1, error: 1, complete: 1 } ) {
			jqXHR[ i ]( s[ i ] );
		}

		// Get transport
		transport = inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( transports, s, options, jqXHR );

		// If no transport, we auto-abort
		if ( !transport ) {
			done( -1, "No Transport" );
		} else {
			jqXHR.readyState = 1;
			// Send global event
			if ( fireGlobals ) {
				globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxSend", [ jqXHR, s ] );
			}
			// Timeout
			if ( s.async && s.timeout > 0 ) {
				timeoutTimer = setTimeout( function(){
					jqXHR.abort( "timeout" );
				}, s.timeout );
			}

			try {
				state = 1;
				transport.send( requestHeaders, done );
			} catch (e) {
				// Propagate exception as error if not done
				if ( state < 2 ) {
					done( -1, e );
				// Simply rethrow otherwise
				} else {
					throw e;
				}
			}
		}

		return jqXHR;
	},

	// Serialize an array of form elements or a set of
	// key/values into a query string
	param: function( a, traditional ) {
		var s = [],
			add = function( key, value ) {
				// If value is a function, invoke it and return its value
				value = jQuery.isFunction( value ) ? value() : value;
				s[ s.length ] = encodeURIComponent( key ) + "=" + encodeURIComponent( value );
			};

		// Set traditional to true for jQuery <= 1.3.2 behavior.
		if ( traditional === undefined ) {
			traditional = jQuery.ajaxSettings.traditional;
		}

		// If an array was passed in, assume that it is an array of form elements.
		if ( jQuery.isArray( a ) || ( a.jquery && !jQuery.isPlainObject( a ) ) ) {
			// Serialize the form elements
			jQuery.each( a, function() {
				add( this.name, this.value );
			});

		} else {
			// If traditional, encode the "old" way (the way 1.3.2 or older
			// did it), otherwise encode params recursively.
			for ( var prefix in a ) {
				buildParams( prefix, a[ prefix ], traditional, add );
			}
		}

		// Return the resulting serialization
		return s.join( "&" ).replace( r20, "+" );
	}
});

function buildParams( prefix, obj, traditional, add ) {
	if ( jQuery.isArray( obj ) ) {
		// Serialize array item.
		jQuery.each( obj, function( i, v ) {
			if ( traditional || rbracket.test( prefix ) ) {
				// Treat each array item as a scalar.
				add( prefix, v );

			} else {
				// If array item is non-scalar (array or object), encode its
				// numeric index to resolve deserialization ambiguity issues.
				// Note that rack (as of 1.0.0) can't currently deserialize
				// nested arrays properly, and attempting to do so may cause
				// a server error. Possible fixes are to modify rack's
				// deserialization algorithm or to provide an option or flag
				// to force array serialization to be shallow.
				buildParams( prefix + "[" + ( typeof v === "object" ? i : "" ) + "]", v, traditional, add );
			}
		});

	} else if ( !traditional && jQuery.type( obj ) === "object" ) {
		// Serialize object item.
		for ( var name in obj ) {
			buildParams( prefix + "[" + name + "]", obj[ name ], traditional, add );
		}

	} else {
		// Serialize scalar item.
		add( prefix, obj );
	}
}

// This is still on the jQuery object... for now
// Want to move this to jQuery.ajax some day
jQuery.extend({

	// Counter for holding the number of active queries
	active: 0,

	// Last-Modified header cache for next request
	lastModified: {},
	etag: {}

});

/* Handles responses to an ajax request:
 * - sets all responseXXX fields accordingly
 * - finds the right dataType (mediates between content-type and expected dataType)
 * - returns the corresponding response
 */
function ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ) {

	var contents = s.contents,
		dataTypes = s.dataTypes,
		responseFields = s.responseFields,
		ct,
		type,
		finalDataType,
		firstDataType;

	// Fill responseXXX fields
	for ( type in responseFields ) {
		if ( type in responses ) {
			jqXHR[ responseFields[type] ] = responses[ type ];
		}
	}

	// Remove auto dataType and get content-type in the process
	while( dataTypes[ 0 ] === "*" ) {
		dataTypes.shift();
		if ( ct === undefined ) {
			ct = s.mimeType || jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "content-type" );
		}
	}

	// Check if we're dealing with a known content-type
	if ( ct ) {
		for ( type in contents ) {
			if ( contents[ type ] && contents[ type ].test( ct ) ) {
				dataTypes.unshift( type );
				break;
			}
		}
	}

	// Check to see if we have a response for the expected dataType
	if ( dataTypes[ 0 ] in responses ) {
		finalDataType = dataTypes[ 0 ];
	} else {
		// Try convertible dataTypes
		for ( type in responses ) {
			if ( !dataTypes[ 0 ] || s.converters[ type + " " + dataTypes[0] ] ) {
				finalDataType = type;
				break;
			}
			if ( !firstDataType ) {
				firstDataType = type;
			}
		}
		// Or just use first one
		finalDataType = finalDataType || firstDataType;
	}

	// If we found a dataType
	// We add the dataType to the list if needed
	// and return the corresponding response
	if ( finalDataType ) {
		if ( finalDataType !== dataTypes[ 0 ] ) {
			dataTypes.unshift( finalDataType );
		}
		return responses[ finalDataType ];
	}
}

// Chain conversions given the request and the original response
function ajaxConvert( s, response ) {

	// Apply the dataFilter if provided
	if ( s.dataFilter ) {
		response = s.dataFilter( response, s.dataType );
	}

	var dataTypes = s.dataTypes,
		converters = {},
		i,
		key,
		length = dataTypes.length,
		tmp,
		// Current and previous dataTypes
		current = dataTypes[ 0 ],
		prev,
		// Conversion expression
		conversion,
		// Conversion function
		conv,
		// Conversion functions (transitive conversion)
		conv1,
		conv2;

	// For each dataType in the chain
	for ( i = 1; i < length; i++ ) {

		// Create converters map
		// with lowercased keys
		if ( i === 1 ) {
			for ( key in s.converters ) {
				if ( typeof key === "string" ) {
					converters[ key.toLowerCase() ] = s.converters[ key ];
				}
			}
		}

		// Get the dataTypes
		prev = current;
		current = dataTypes[ i ];

		// If current is auto dataType, update it to prev
		if ( current === "*" ) {
			current = prev;
		// If no auto and dataTypes are actually different
		} else if ( prev !== "*" && prev !== current ) {

			// Get the converter
			conversion = prev + " " + current;
			conv = converters[ conversion ] || converters[ "* " + current ];

			// If there is no direct converter, search transitively
			if ( !conv ) {
				conv2 = undefined;
				for ( conv1 in converters ) {
					tmp = conv1.split( " " );
					if ( tmp[ 0 ] === prev || tmp[ 0 ] === "*" ) {
						conv2 = converters[ tmp[1] + " " + current ];
						if ( conv2 ) {
							conv1 = converters[ conv1 ];
							if ( conv1 === true ) {
								conv = conv2;
							} else if ( conv2 === true ) {
								conv = conv1;
							}
							break;
						}
					}
				}
			}
			// If we found no converter, dispatch an error
			if ( !( conv || conv2 ) ) {
				jQuery.error( "No conversion from " + conversion.replace(" "," to ") );
			}
			// If found converter is not an equivalence
			if ( conv !== true ) {
				// Convert with 1 or 2 converters accordingly
				response = conv ? conv( response ) : conv2( conv1(response) );
			}
		}
	}
	return response;
}




var jsc = jQuery.now(),
	jsre = /(\=)\?(&|$)|\?\?/i;

// Default jsonp settings
jQuery.ajaxSetup({
	jsonp: "callback",
	jsonpCallback: function() {
		return jQuery.expando + "_" + ( jsc++ );
	}
});

// Detect, normalize options and install callbacks for jsonp requests
jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( "json jsonp", function( s, originalSettings, jqXHR ) {

	var inspectData = ( typeof s.data === "string" ) && /^application\/x\-www\-form\-urlencoded/.test( s.contentType );

	if ( s.dataTypes[ 0 ] === "jsonp" ||
		s.jsonp !== false && ( jsre.test( s.url ) ||
				inspectData && jsre.test( s.data ) ) ) {

		var responseContainer,
			jsonpCallback = s.jsonpCallback =
				jQuery.isFunction( s.jsonpCallback ) ? s.jsonpCallback() : s.jsonpCallback,
			previous = window[ jsonpCallback ],
			url = s.url,
			data = s.data,
			replace = "$1" + jsonpCallback + "$2";

		if ( s.jsonp !== false ) {
			url = url.replace( jsre, replace );
			if ( s.url === url ) {
				if ( inspectData ) {
					data = data.replace( jsre, replace );
				}
				if ( s.data === data ) {
					// Add callback manually
					url += (/\?/.test( url ) ? "&" : "?") + s.jsonp + "=" + jsonpCallback;
				}
			}
		}

		s.url = url;
		s.data = data;

		// Install callback
		window[ jsonpCallback ] = function( response ) {
			responseContainer = [ response ];
		};

		// Clean-up function
		jqXHR.always(function() {
			// Set callback back to previous value
			window[ jsonpCallback ] = previous;
			// Call if it was a function and we have a response
			if ( responseContainer && jQuery.isFunction( previous ) ) {
				window[ jsonpCallback ]( responseContainer[ 0 ] );
			}
		});

		// Use data converter to retrieve json after script execution
		s.converters["script json"] = function() {
			if ( !responseContainer ) {
				jQuery.error( jsonpCallback + " was not called" );
			}
			return responseContainer[ 0 ];
		};

		// force json dataType
		s.dataTypes[ 0 ] = "json";

		// Delegate to script
		return "script";
	}
});




// Install script dataType
jQuery.ajaxSetup({
	accepts: {
		script: "text/javascript, application/javascript, application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript"
	},
	contents: {
		script: /javascript|ecmascript/
	},
	converters: {
		"text script": function( text ) {
			jQuery.globalEval( text );
			return text;
		}
	}
});

// Handle cache's special case and global
jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( "script", function( s ) {
	if ( s.cache === undefined ) {
		s.cache = false;
	}
	if ( s.crossDomain ) {
		s.type = "GET";
		s.global = false;
	}
});

// Bind script tag hack transport
jQuery.ajaxTransport( "script", function(s) {

	// This transport only deals with cross domain requests
	if ( s.crossDomain ) {

		var script,
			head = document.head || document.getElementsByTagName( "head" )[0] || document.documentElement;

		return {

			send: function( _, callback ) {

				script = document.createElement( "script" );

				script.async = "async";

				if ( s.scriptCharset ) {
					script.charset = s.scriptCharset;
				}

				script.src = s.url;

				// Attach handlers for all browsers
				script.onload = script.onreadystatechange = function( _, isAbort ) {

					if ( isAbort || !script.readyState || /loaded|complete/.test( script.readyState ) ) {

						// Handle memory leak in IE
						script.onload = script.onreadystatechange = null;

						// Remove the script
						if ( head && script.parentNode ) {
							head.removeChild( script );
						}

						// Dereference the script
						script = undefined;

						// Callback if not abort
						if ( !isAbort ) {
							callback( 200, "success" );
						}
					}
				};
				// Use insertBefore instead of appendChild  to circumvent an IE6 bug.
				// This arises when a base node is used (#2709 and #4378).
				head.insertBefore( script, head.firstChild );
			},

			abort: function() {
				if ( script ) {
					script.onload( 0, 1 );
				}
			}
		};
	}
});




var // #5280: Internet Explorer will keep connections alive if we don't abort on unload
	xhrOnUnloadAbort = window.ActiveXObject ? function() {
		// Abort all pending requests
		for ( var key in xhrCallbacks ) {
			xhrCallbacks[ key ]( 0, 1 );
		}
	} : false,
	xhrId = 0,
	xhrCallbacks;

// Functions to create xhrs
function createStandardXHR() {
	try {
		return new window.XMLHttpRequest();
	} catch( e ) {}
}

function createActiveXHR() {
	try {
		return new window.ActiveXObject( "Microsoft.XMLHTTP" );
	} catch( e ) {}
}

// Create the request object
// (This is still attached to ajaxSettings for backward compatibility)
jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr = window.ActiveXObject ?
	/* Microsoft failed to properly
	 * implement the XMLHttpRequest in IE7 (can't request local files),
	 * so we use the ActiveXObject when it is available
	 * Additionally XMLHttpRequest can be disabled in IE7/IE8 so
	 * we need a fallback.
	 */
	function() {
		return !this.isLocal && createStandardXHR() || createActiveXHR();
	} :
	// For all other browsers, use the standard XMLHttpRequest object
	createStandardXHR;

// Determine support properties
(function( xhr ) {
	jQuery.extend( jQuery.support, {
		ajax: !!xhr,
		cors: !!xhr && ( "withCredentials" in xhr )
	});
})( jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr() );

// Create transport if the browser can provide an xhr
if ( jQuery.support.ajax ) {

	jQuery.ajaxTransport(function( s ) {
		// Cross domain only allowed if supported through XMLHttpRequest
		if ( !s.crossDomain || jQuery.support.cors ) {

			var callback;

			return {
				send: function( headers, complete ) {

					// Get a new xhr
					var xhr = s.xhr(),
						handle,
						i;

					// Open the socket
					// Passing null username, generates a login popup on Opera (#2865)
					if ( s.username ) {
						xhr.open( s.type, s.url, s.async, s.username, s.password );
					} else {
						xhr.open( s.type, s.url, s.async );
					}

					// Apply custom fields if provided
					if ( s.xhrFields ) {
						for ( i in s.xhrFields ) {
							xhr[ i ] = s.xhrFields[ i ];
						}
					}

					// Override mime type if needed
					if ( s.mimeType && xhr.overrideMimeType ) {
						xhr.overrideMimeType( s.mimeType );
					}

					// X-Requested-With header
					// For cross-domain requests, seeing as conditions for a preflight are
					// akin to a jigsaw puzzle, we simply never set it to be sure.
					// (it can always be set on a per-request basis or even using ajaxSetup)
					// For same-domain requests, won't change header if already provided.
					if ( !s.crossDomain && !headers["X-Requested-With"] ) {
						headers[ "X-Requested-With" ] = "XMLHttpRequest";
					}

					// Need an extra try/catch for cross domain requests in Firefox 3
					try {
						for ( i in headers ) {
							xhr.setRequestHeader( i, headers[ i ] );
						}
					} catch( _ ) {}

					// Do send the request
					// This may raise an exception which is actually
					// handled in jQuery.ajax (so no try/catch here)
					xhr.send( ( s.hasContent && s.data ) || null );

					// Listener
					callback = function( _, isAbort ) {

						var status,
							statusText,
							responseHeaders,
							responses,
							xml;

						// Firefox throws exceptions when accessing properties
						// of an xhr when a network error occured
						// http://helpful.knobs-dials.com/index.php/Component_returned_failure_code:_0x80040111_(NS_ERROR_NOT_AVAILABLE)
						try {

							// Was never called and is aborted or complete
							if ( callback && ( isAbort || xhr.readyState === 4 ) ) {

								// Only called once
								callback = undefined;

								// Do not keep as active anymore
								if ( handle ) {
									xhr.onreadystatechange = jQuery.noop;
									if ( xhrOnUnloadAbort ) {
										delete xhrCallbacks[ handle ];
									}
								}

								// If it's an abort
								if ( isAbort ) {
									// Abort it manually if needed
									if ( xhr.readyState !== 4 ) {
										xhr.abort();
									}
								} else {
									status = xhr.status;
									responseHeaders = xhr.getAllResponseHeaders();
									responses = {};
									xml = xhr.responseXML;

									// Construct response list
									if ( xml && xml.documentElement /* #4958 */ ) {
										responses.xml = xml;
									}

									// When requesting binary data, IE6-9 will throw an exception
									// on any attempt to access responseText (#11426)
									try {
										responses.text = xhr.responseText;
									} catch( _ ) {
									}

									// Firefox throws an exception when accessing
									// statusText for faulty cross-domain requests
									try {
										statusText = xhr.statusText;
									} catch( e ) {
										// We normalize with Webkit giving an empty statusText
										statusText = "";
									}

									// Filter status for non standard behaviors

									// If the request is local and we have data: assume a success
									// (success with no data won't get notified, that's the best we
									// can do given current implementations)
									if ( !status && s.isLocal && !s.crossDomain ) {
										status = responses.text ? 200 : 404;
									// IE - #1450: sometimes returns 1223 when it should be 204
									} else if ( status === 1223 ) {
										status = 204;
									}
								}
							}
						} catch( firefoxAccessException ) {
							if ( !isAbort ) {
								complete( -1, firefoxAccessException );
							}
						}

						// Call complete if needed
						if ( responses ) {
							complete( status, statusText, responses, responseHeaders );
						}
					};

					// if we're in sync mode or it's in cache
					// and has been retrieved directly (IE6 & IE7)
					// we need to manually fire the callback
					if ( !s.async || xhr.readyState === 4 ) {
						callback();
					} else {
						handle = ++xhrId;
						if ( xhrOnUnloadAbort ) {
							// Create the active xhrs callbacks list if needed
							// and attach the unload handler
							if ( !xhrCallbacks ) {
								xhrCallbacks = {};
								jQuery( window ).unload( xhrOnUnloadAbort );
							}
							// Add to list of active xhrs callbacks
							xhrCallbacks[ handle ] = callback;
						}
						xhr.onreadystatechange = callback;
					}
				},

				abort: function() {
					if ( callback ) {
						callback(0,1);
					}
				}
			};
		}
	});
}




var elemdisplay = {},
	iframe, iframeDoc,
	rfxtypes = /^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/,
	rfxnum = /^([+\-]=)?([\d+.\-]+)([a-z%]*)$/i,
	timerId,
	fxAttrs = [
		// height animations
		[ "height", "marginTop", "marginBottom", "paddingTop", "paddingBottom" ],
		// width animations
		[ "width", "marginLeft", "marginRight", "paddingLeft", "paddingRight" ],
		// opacity animations
		[ "opacity" ]
	],
	fxNow;

jQuery.fn.extend({
	show: function( speed, easing, callback ) {
		var elem, display;

		if ( speed || speed === 0 ) {
			return this.animate( genFx("show", 3), speed, easing, callback );

		} else {
			for ( var i = 0, j = this.length; i < j; i++ ) {
				elem = this[ i ];

				if ( elem.style ) {
					display = elem.style.display;

					// Reset the inline display of this element to learn if it is
					// being hidden by cascaded rules or not
					if ( !jQuery._data(elem, "olddisplay") && display === "none" ) {
						display = elem.style.display = "";
					}

					// Set elements which have been overridden with display: none
					// in a stylesheet to whatever the default browser style is
					// for such an element
					if ( (display === "" && jQuery.css(elem, "display") === "none") ||
						!jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument.documentElement, elem ) ) {
						jQuery._data( elem, "olddisplay", defaultDisplay(elem.nodeName) );
					}
				}
			}

			// Set the display of most of the elements in a second loop
			// to avoid the constant reflow
			for ( i = 0; i < j; i++ ) {
				elem = this[ i ];

				if ( elem.style ) {
					display = elem.style.display;

					if ( display === "" || display === "none" ) {
						elem.style.display = jQuery._data( elem, "olddisplay" ) || "";
					}
				}
			}

			return this;
		}
	},

	hide: function( speed, easing, callback ) {
		if ( speed || speed === 0 ) {
			return this.animate( genFx("hide", 3), speed, easing, callback);

		} else {
			var elem, display,
				i = 0,
				j = this.length;

			for ( ; i < j; i++ ) {
				elem = this[i];
				if ( elem.style ) {
					display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" );

					if ( display !== "none" && !jQuery._data( elem, "olddisplay" ) ) {
						jQuery._data( elem, "olddisplay", display );
					}
				}
			}

			// Set the display of the elements in a second loop
			// to avoid the constant reflow
			for ( i = 0; i < j; i++ ) {
				if ( this[i].style ) {
					this[i].style.display = "none";
				}
			}

			return this;
		}
	},

	// Save the old toggle function
	_toggle: jQuery.fn.toggle,

	toggle: function( fn, fn2, callback ) {
		var bool = typeof fn === "boolean";

		if ( jQuery.isFunction(fn) && jQuery.isFunction(fn2) ) {
			this._toggle.apply( this, arguments );

		} else if ( fn == null || bool ) {
			this.each(function() {
				var state = bool ? fn : jQuery(this).is(":hidden");
				jQuery(this)[ state ? "show" : "hide" ]();
			});

		} else {
			this.animate(genFx("toggle", 3), fn, fn2, callback);
		}

		return this;
	},

	fadeTo: function( speed, to, easing, callback ) {
		return this.filter(":hidden").css("opacity", 0).show().end()
					.animate({opacity: to}, speed, easing, callback);
	},

	animate: function( prop, speed, easing, callback ) {
		var optall = jQuery.speed( speed, easing, callback );

		if ( jQuery.isEmptyObject( prop ) ) {
			return this.each( optall.complete, [ false ] );
		}

		// Do not change referenced properties as per-property easing will be lost
		prop = jQuery.extend( {}, prop );

		function doAnimation() {
			// XXX 'this' does not always have a nodeName when running the
			// test suite

			if ( optall.queue === false ) {
				jQuery._mark( this );
			}

			var opt = jQuery.extend( {}, optall ),
				isElement = this.nodeType === 1,
				hidden = isElement && jQuery(this).is(":hidden"),
				name, val, p, e, hooks, replace,
				parts, start, end, unit,
				method;

			// will store per property easing and be used to determine when an animation is complete
			opt.animatedProperties = {};

			// first pass over propertys to expand / normalize
			for ( p in prop ) {
				name = jQuery.camelCase( p );
				if ( p !== name ) {
					prop[ name ] = prop[ p ];
					delete prop[ p ];
				}

				if ( ( hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] ) && "expand" in hooks ) {
					replace = hooks.expand( prop[ name ] );
					delete prop[ name ];

					// not quite $.extend, this wont overwrite keys already present.
					// also - reusing 'p' from above because we have the correct "name"
					for ( p in replace ) {
						if ( ! ( p in prop ) ) {
							prop[ p ] = replace[ p ];
						}
					}
				}
			}

			for ( name in prop ) {
				val = prop[ name ];
				// easing resolution: per property > opt.specialEasing > opt.easing > 'swing' (default)
				if ( jQuery.isArray( val ) ) {
					opt.animatedProperties[ name ] = val[ 1 ];
					val = prop[ name ] = val[ 0 ];
				} else {
					opt.animatedProperties[ name ] = opt.specialEasing && opt.specialEasing[ name ] || opt.easing || 'swing';
				}

				if ( val === "hide" && hidden || val === "show" && !hidden ) {
					return opt.complete.call( this );
				}

				if ( isElement && ( name === "height" || name === "width" ) ) {
					// Make sure that nothing sneaks out
					// Record all 3 overflow attributes because IE does not
					// change the overflow attribute when overflowX and
					// overflowY are set to the same value
					opt.overflow = [ this.style.overflow, this.style.overflowX, this.style.overflowY ];

					// Set display property to inline-block for height/width
					// animations on inline elements that are having width/height animated
					if ( jQuery.css( this, "display" ) === "inline" &&
							jQuery.css( this, "float" ) === "none" ) {

						// inline-level elements accept inline-block;
						// block-level elements need to be inline with layout
						if ( !jQuery.support.inlineBlockNeedsLayout || defaultDisplay( this.nodeName ) === "inline" ) {
							this.style.display = "inline-block";

						} else {
							this.style.zoom = 1;
						}
					}
				}
			}

			if ( opt.overflow != null ) {
				this.style.overflow = "hidden";
			}

			for ( p in prop ) {
				e = new jQuery.fx( this, opt, p );
				val = prop[ p ];

				if ( rfxtypes.test( val ) ) {

					// Tracks whether to show or hide based on private
					// data attached to the element
					method = jQuery._data( this, "toggle" + p ) || ( val === "toggle" ? hidden ? "show" : "hide" : 0 );
					if ( method ) {
						jQuery._data( this, "toggle" + p, method === "show" ? "hide" : "show" );
						e[ method ]();
					} else {
						e[ val ]();
					}

				} else {
					parts = rfxnum.exec( val );
					start = e.cur();

					if ( parts ) {
						end = parseFloat( parts[2] );
						unit = parts[3] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ p ] ? "" : "px" );

						// We need to compute starting value
						if ( unit !== "px" ) {
							jQuery.style( this, p, (end || 1) + unit);
							start = ( (end || 1) / e.cur() ) * start;
							jQuery.style( this, p, start + unit);
						}

						// If a +=/-= token was provided, we're doing a relative animation
						if ( parts[1] ) {
							end = ( (parts[ 1 ] === "-=" ? -1 : 1) * end ) + start;
						}

						e.custom( start, end, unit );

					} else {
						e.custom( start, val, "" );
					}
				}
			}

			// For JS strict compliance
			return true;
		}

		return optall.queue === false ?
			this.each( doAnimation ) :
			this.queue( optall.queue, doAnimation );
	},

	stop: function( type, clearQueue, gotoEnd ) {
		if ( typeof type !== "string" ) {
			gotoEnd = clearQueue;
			clearQueue = type;
			type = undefined;
		}
		if ( clearQueue && type !== false ) {
			this.queue( type || "fx", [] );
		}

		return this.each(function() {
			var index,
				hadTimers = false,
				timers = jQuery.timers,
				data = jQuery._data( this );

			// clear marker counters if we know they won't be
			if ( !gotoEnd ) {
				jQuery._unmark( true, this );
			}

			function stopQueue( elem, data, index ) {
				var hooks = data[ index ];
				jQuery.removeData( elem, index, true );
				hooks.stop( gotoEnd );
			}

			if ( type == null ) {
				for ( index in data ) {
					if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop && index.indexOf(".run") === index.length - 4 ) {
						stopQueue( this, data, index );
					}
				}
			} else if ( data[ index = type + ".run" ] && data[ index ].stop ){
				stopQueue( this, data, index );
			}

			for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) {
				if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && (type == null || timers[ index ].queue === type) ) {
					if ( gotoEnd ) {

						// force the next step to be the last
						timers[ index ]( true );
					} else {
						timers[ index ].saveState();
					}
					hadTimers = true;
					timers.splice( index, 1 );
				}
			}

			// start the next in the queue if the last step wasn't forced
			// timers currently will call their complete callbacks, which will dequeue
			// but only if they were gotoEnd
			if ( !( gotoEnd && hadTimers ) ) {
				jQuery.dequeue( this, type );
			}
		});
	}

});

// Animations created synchronously will run synchronously
function createFxNow() {
	setTimeout( clearFxNow, 0 );
	return ( fxNow = jQuery.now() );
}

function clearFxNow() {
	fxNow = undefined;
}

// Generate parameters to create a standard animation
function genFx( type, num ) {
	var obj = {};

	jQuery.each( fxAttrs.concat.apply([], fxAttrs.slice( 0, num )), function() {
		obj[ this ] = type;
	});

	return obj;
}

// Generate shortcuts for custom animations
jQuery.each({
	slideDown: genFx( "show", 1 ),
	slideUp: genFx( "hide", 1 ),
	slideToggle: genFx( "toggle", 1 ),
	fadeIn: { opacity: "show" },
	fadeOut: { opacity: "hide" },
	fadeToggle: { opacity: "toggle" }
}, function( name, props ) {
	jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) {
		return this.animate( props, speed, easing, callback );
	};
});

jQuery.extend({
	speed: function( speed, easing, fn ) {
		var opt = speed && typeof speed === "object" ? jQuery.extend( {}, speed ) : {
			complete: fn || !fn && easing ||
				jQuery.isFunction( speed ) && speed,
			duration: speed,
			easing: fn && easing || easing && !jQuery.isFunction( easing ) && easing
		};

		opt.duration = jQuery.fx.off ? 0 : typeof opt.duration === "number" ? opt.duration :
			opt.duration in jQuery.fx.speeds ? jQuery.fx.speeds[ opt.duration ] : jQuery.fx.speeds._default;

		// normalize opt.queue - true/undefined/null -> "fx"
		if ( opt.queue == null || opt.queue === true ) {
			opt.queue = "fx";
		}

		// Queueing
		opt.old = opt.complete;

		opt.complete = function( noUnmark ) {
			if ( jQuery.isFunction( opt.old ) ) {
				opt.old.call( this );
			}

			if ( opt.queue ) {
				jQuery.dequeue( this, opt.queue );
			} else if ( noUnmark !== false ) {
				jQuery._unmark( this );
			}
		};

		return opt;
	},

	easing: {
		linear: function( p ) {
			return p;
		},
		swing: function( p ) {
			return ( -Math.cos( p*Math.PI ) / 2 ) + 0.5;
		}
	},

	timers: [],

	fx: function( elem, options, prop ) {
		this.options = options;
		this.elem = elem;
		this.prop = prop;

		options.orig = options.orig || {};
	}

});

jQuery.fx.prototype = {
	// Simple function for setting a style value
	update: function() {
		if ( this.options.step ) {
			this.options.step.call( this.elem, this.now, this );
		}

		( jQuery.fx.step[ this.prop ] || jQuery.fx.step._default )( this );
	},

	// Get the current size
	cur: function() {
		if ( this.elem[ this.prop ] != null && (!this.elem.style || this.elem.style[ this.prop ] == null) ) {
			return this.elem[ this.prop ];
		}

		var parsed,
			r = jQuery.css( this.elem, this.prop );
		// Empty strings, null, undefined and "auto" are converted to 0,
		// complex values such as "rotate(1rad)" are returned as is,
		// simple values such as "10px" are parsed to Float.
		return isNaN( parsed = parseFloat( r ) ) ? !r || r === "auto" ? 0 : r : parsed;
	},

	// Start an animation from one number to another
	custom: function( from, to, unit ) {
		var self = this,
			fx = jQuery.fx;

		this.startTime = fxNow || createFxNow();
		this.end = to;
		this.now = this.start = from;
		this.pos = this.state = 0;
		this.unit = unit || this.unit || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ this.prop ] ? "" : "px" );

		function t( gotoEnd ) {
			return self.step( gotoEnd );
		}

		t.queue = this.options.queue;
		t.elem = this.elem;
		t.saveState = function() {
			if ( jQuery._data( self.elem, "fxshow" + self.prop ) === undefined ) {
				if ( self.options.hide ) {
					jQuery._data( self.elem, "fxshow" + self.prop, self.start );
				} else if ( self.options.show ) {
					jQuery._data( self.elem, "fxshow" + self.prop, self.end );
				}
			}
		};

		if ( t() && jQuery.timers.push(t) && !timerId ) {
			timerId = setInterval( fx.tick, fx.interval );
		}
	},

	// Simple 'show' function
	show: function() {
		var dataShow = jQuery._data( this.elem, "fxshow" + this.prop );

		// Remember where we started, so that we can go back to it later
		this.options.orig[ this.prop ] = dataShow || jQuery.style( this.elem, this.prop );
		this.options.show = true;

		// Begin the animation
		// Make sure that we start at a small width/height to avoid any flash of content
		if ( dataShow !== undefined ) {
			// This show is picking up where a previous hide or show left off
			this.custom( this.cur(), dataShow );
		} else {
			this.custom( this.prop === "width" || this.prop === "height" ? 1 : 0, this.cur() );
		}

		// Start by showing the element
		jQuery( this.elem ).show();
	},

	// Simple 'hide' function
	hide: function() {
		// Remember where we started, so that we can go back to it later
		this.options.orig[ this.prop ] = jQuery._data( this.elem, "fxshow" + this.prop ) || jQuery.style( this.elem, this.prop );
		this.options.hide = true;

		// Begin the animation
		this.custom( this.cur(), 0 );
	},

	// Each step of an animation
	step: function( gotoEnd ) {
		var p, n, complete,
			t = fxNow || createFxNow(),
			done = true,
			elem = this.elem,
			options = this.options;

		if ( gotoEnd || t >= options.duration + this.startTime ) {
			this.now = this.end;
			this.pos = this.state = 1;
			this.update();

			options.animatedProperties[ this.prop ] = true;

			for ( p in options.animatedProperties ) {
				if ( options.animatedProperties[ p ] !== true ) {
					done = false;
				}
			}

			if ( done ) {
				// Reset the overflow
				if ( options.overflow != null && !jQuery.support.shrinkWrapBlocks ) {

					jQuery.each( [ "", "X", "Y" ], function( index, value ) {
						elem.style[ "overflow" + value ] = options.overflow[ index ];
					});
				}

				// Hide the element if the "hide" operation was done
				if ( options.hide ) {
					jQuery( elem ).hide();
				}

				// Reset the properties, if the item has been hidden or shown
				if ( options.hide || options.show ) {
					for ( p in options.animatedProperties ) {
						jQuery.style( elem, p, options.orig[ p ] );
						jQuery.removeData( elem, "fxshow" + p, true );
						// Toggle data is no longer needed
						jQuery.removeData( elem, "toggle" + p, true );
					}
				}

				// Execute the complete function
				// in the event that the complete function throws an exception
				// we must ensure it won't be called twice. #5684

				complete = options.complete;
				if ( complete ) {

					options.complete = false;
					complete.call( elem );
				}
			}

			return false;

		} else {
			// classical easing cannot be used with an Infinity duration
			if ( options.duration == Infinity ) {
				this.now = t;
			} else {
				n = t - this.startTime;
				this.state = n / options.duration;

				// Perform the easing function, defaults to swing
				this.pos = jQuery.easing[ options.animatedProperties[this.prop] ]( this.state, n, 0, 1, options.duration );
				this.now = this.start + ( (this.end - this.start) * this.pos );
			}
			// Perform the next step of the animation
			this.update();
		}

		return true;
	}
};

jQuery.extend( jQuery.fx, {
	tick: function() {
		var timer,
			timers = jQuery.timers,
			i = 0;

		for ( ; i < timers.length; i++ ) {
			timer = timers[ i ];
			// Checks the timer has not already been removed
			if ( !timer() && timers[ i ] === timer ) {
				timers.splice( i--, 1 );
			}
		}

		if ( !timers.length ) {
			jQuery.fx.stop();
		}
	},

	interval: 13,

	stop: function() {
		clearInterval( timerId );
		timerId = null;
	},

	speeds: {
		slow: 600,
		fast: 200,
		// Default speed
		_default: 400
	},

	step: {
		opacity: function( fx ) {
			jQuery.style( fx.elem, "opacity", fx.now );
		},

		_default: function( fx ) {
			if ( fx.elem.style && fx.elem.style[ fx.prop ] != null ) {
				fx.elem.style[ fx.prop ] = fx.now + fx.unit;
			} else {
				fx.elem[ fx.prop ] = fx.now;
			}
		}
	}
});

// Ensure props that can't be negative don't go there on undershoot easing
jQuery.each( fxAttrs.concat.apply( [], fxAttrs ), function( i, prop ) {
	// exclude marginTop, marginLeft, marginBottom and marginRight from this list
	if ( prop.indexOf( "margin" ) ) {
		jQuery.fx.step[ prop ] = function( fx ) {
			jQuery.style( fx.elem, prop, Math.max(0, fx.now) + fx.unit );
		};
	}
});

if ( jQuery.expr && jQuery.expr.filters ) {
	jQuery.expr.filters.animated = function( elem ) {
		return jQuery.grep(jQuery.timers, function( fn ) {
			return elem === fn.elem;
		}).length;
	};
}

// Try to restore the default display value of an element
function defaultDisplay( nodeName ) {

	if ( !elemdisplay[ nodeName ] ) {

		var body = document.body,
			elem = jQuery( "<" + nodeName + ">" ).appendTo( body ),
			display = elem.css( "display" );
		elem.remove();

		// If the simple way fails,
		// get element's real default display by attaching it to a temp iframe
		if ( display === "none" || display === "" ) {
			// No iframe to use yet, so create it
			if ( !iframe ) {
				iframe = document.createElement( "iframe" );
				iframe.frameBorder = iframe.width = iframe.height = 0;
			}

			body.appendChild( iframe );

			// Create a cacheable copy of the iframe document on first call.
			// IE and Opera will allow us to reuse the iframeDoc without re-writing the fake HTML
			// document to it; WebKit & Firefox won't allow reusing the iframe document.
			if ( !iframeDoc || !iframe.createElement ) {
				iframeDoc = ( iframe.contentWindow || iframe.contentDocument ).document;
				iframeDoc.write( ( jQuery.support.boxModel ? "<!doctype html>" : "" ) + "<html><body>" );
				iframeDoc.close();
			}

			elem = iframeDoc.createElement( nodeName );

			iframeDoc.body.appendChild( elem );

			display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" );
			body.removeChild( iframe );
		}

		// Store the correct default display
		elemdisplay[ nodeName ] = display;
	}

	return elemdisplay[ nodeName ];
}




var getOffset,
	rtable = /^t(?:able|d|h)$/i,
	rroot = /^(?:body|html)$/i;

if ( "getBoundingClientRect" in document.documentElement ) {
	getOffset = function( elem, doc, docElem, box ) {
		try {
			box = elem.getBoundingClientRect();
		} catch(e) {}

		// Make sure we're not dealing with a disconnected DOM node
		if ( !box || !jQuery.contains( docElem, elem ) ) {
			return box ? { top: box.top, left: box.left } : { top: 0, left: 0 };
		}

		var body = doc.body,
			win = getWindow( doc ),
			clientTop  = docElem.clientTop  || body.clientTop  || 0,
			clientLeft = docElem.clientLeft || body.clientLeft || 0,
			scrollTop  = win.pageYOffset || jQuery.support.boxModel && docElem.scrollTop  || body.scrollTop,
			scrollLeft = win.pageXOffset || jQuery.support.boxModel && docElem.scrollLeft || body.scrollLeft,
			top  = box.top  + scrollTop  - clientTop,
			left = box.left + scrollLeft - clientLeft;

		return { top: top, left: left };
	};

} else {
	getOffset = function( elem, doc, docElem ) {
		var computedStyle,
			offsetParent = elem.offsetParent,
			prevOffsetParent = elem,
			body = doc.body,
			defaultView = doc.defaultView,
			prevComputedStyle = defaultView ? defaultView.getComputedStyle( elem, null ) : elem.currentStyle,
			top = elem.offsetTop,
			left = elem.offsetLeft;

		while ( (elem = elem.parentNode) && elem !== body && elem !== docElem ) {
			if ( jQuery.support.fixedPosition && prevComputedStyle.position === "fixed" ) {
				break;
			}

			computedStyle = defaultView ? defaultView.getComputedStyle(elem, null) : elem.currentStyle;
			top  -= elem.scrollTop;
			left -= elem.scrollLeft;

			if ( elem === offsetParent ) {
				top  += elem.offsetTop;
				left += elem.offsetLeft;

				if ( jQuery.support.doesNotAddBorder && !(jQuery.support.doesAddBorderForTableAndCells && rtable.test(elem.nodeName)) ) {
					top  += parseFloat( computedStyle.borderTopWidth  ) || 0;
					left += parseFloat( computedStyle.borderLeftWidth ) || 0;
				}

				prevOffsetParent = offsetParent;
				offsetParent = elem.offsetParent;
			}

			if ( jQuery.support.subtractsBorderForOverflowNotVisible && computedStyle.overflow !== "visible" ) {
				top  += parseFloat( computedStyle.borderTopWidth  ) || 0;
				left += parseFloat( computedStyle.borderLeftWidth ) || 0;
			}

			prevComputedStyle = computedStyle;
		}

		if ( prevComputedStyle.position === "relative" || prevComputedStyle.position === "static" ) {
			top  += body.offsetTop;
			left += body.offsetLeft;
		}

		if ( jQuery.support.fixedPosition && prevComputedStyle.position === "fixed" ) {
			top  += Math.max( docElem.scrollTop, body.scrollTop );
			left += Math.max( docElem.scrollLeft, body.scrollLeft );
		}

		return { top: top, left: left };
	};
}

jQuery.fn.offset = function( options ) {
	if ( arguments.length ) {
		return options === undefined ?
			this :
			this.each(function( i ) {
				jQuery.offset.setOffset( this, options, i );
			});
	}

	var elem = this[0],
		doc = elem && elem.ownerDocument;

	if ( !doc ) {
		return null;
	}

	if ( elem === doc.body ) {
		return jQuery.offset.bodyOffset( elem );
	}

	return getOffset( elem, doc, doc.documentElement );
};

jQuery.offset = {

	bodyOffset: function( body ) {
		var top = body.offsetTop,
			left = body.offsetLeft;

		if ( jQuery.support.doesNotIncludeMarginInBodyOffset ) {
			top  += parseFloat( jQuery.css(body, "marginTop") ) || 0;
			left += parseFloat( jQuery.css(body, "marginLeft") ) || 0;
		}

		return { top: top, left: left };
	},

	setOffset: function( elem, options, i ) {
		var position = jQuery.css( elem, "position" );

		// set position first, in-case top/left are set even on static elem
		if ( position === "static" ) {
			elem.style.position = "relative";
		}

		var curElem = jQuery( elem ),
			curOffset = curElem.offset(),
			curCSSTop = jQuery.css( elem, "top" ),
			curCSSLeft = jQuery.css( elem, "left" ),
			calculatePosition = ( position === "absolute" || position === "fixed" ) && jQuery.inArray("auto", [curCSSTop, curCSSLeft]) > -1,
			props = {}, curPosition = {}, curTop, curLeft;

		// need to be able to calculate position if either top or left is auto and position is either absolute or fixed
		if ( calculatePosition ) {
			curPosition = curElem.position();
			curTop = curPosition.top;
			curLeft = curPosition.left;
		} else {
			curTop = parseFloat( curCSSTop ) || 0;
			curLeft = parseFloat( curCSSLeft ) || 0;
		}

		if ( jQuery.isFunction( options ) ) {
			options = options.call( elem, i, curOffset );
		}

		if ( options.top != null ) {
			props.top = ( options.top - curOffset.top ) + curTop;
		}
		if ( options.left != null ) {
			props.left = ( options.left - curOffset.left ) + curLeft;
		}

		if ( "using" in options ) {
			options.using.call( elem, props );
		} else {
			curElem.css( props );
		}
	}
};


jQuery.fn.extend({

	position: function() {
		if ( !this[0] ) {
			return null;
		}

		var elem = this[0],

		// Get *real* offsetParent
		offsetParent = this.offsetParent(),

		// Get correct offsets
		offset       = this.offset(),
		parentOffset = rroot.test(offsetParent[0].nodeName) ? { top: 0, left: 0 } : offsetParent.offset();

		// Subtract element margins
		// note: when an element has margin: auto the offsetLeft and marginLeft
		// are the same in Safari causing offset.left to incorrectly be 0
		offset.top  -= parseFloat( jQuery.css(elem, "marginTop") ) || 0;
		offset.left -= parseFloat( jQuery.css(elem, "marginLeft") ) || 0;

		// Add offsetParent borders
		parentOffset.top  += parseFloat( jQuery.css(offsetParent[0], "borderTopWidth") ) || 0;
		parentOffset.left += parseFloat( jQuery.css(offsetParent[0], "borderLeftWidth") ) || 0;

		// Subtract the two offsets
		return {
			top:  offset.top  - parentOffset.top,
			left: offset.left - parentOffset.left
		};
	},

	offsetParent: function() {
		return this.map(function() {
			var offsetParent = this.offsetParent || document.body;
			while ( offsetParent && (!rroot.test(offsetParent.nodeName) && jQuery.css(offsetParent, "position") === "static") ) {
				offsetParent = offsetParent.offsetParent;
			}
			return offsetParent;
		});
	}
});


// Create scrollLeft and scrollTop methods
jQuery.each( {scrollLeft: "pageXOffset", scrollTop: "pageYOffset"}, function( method, prop ) {
	var top = /Y/.test( prop );

	jQuery.fn[ method ] = function( val ) {
		return jQuery.access( this, function( elem, method, val ) {
			var win = getWindow( elem );

			if ( val === undefined ) {
				return win ? (prop in win) ? win[ prop ] :
					jQuery.support.boxModel && win.document.documentElement[ method ] ||
						win.document.body[ method ] :
					elem[ method ];
			}

			if ( win ) {
				win.scrollTo(
					!top ? val : jQuery( win ).scrollLeft(),
					 top ? val : jQuery( win ).scrollTop()
				);

			} else {
				elem[ method ] = val;
			}
		}, method, val, arguments.length, null );
	};
});

function getWindow( elem ) {
	return jQuery.isWindow( elem ) ?
		elem :
		elem.nodeType === 9 ?
			elem.defaultView || elem.parentWindow :
			false;
}




// Create width, height, innerHeight, innerWidth, outerHeight and outerWidth methods
jQuery.each( { Height: "height", Width: "width" }, function( name, type ) {
	var clientProp = "client" + name,
		scrollProp = "scroll" + name,
		offsetProp = "offset" + name;

	// innerHeight and innerWidth
	jQuery.fn[ "inner" + name ] = function() {
		var elem = this[0];
		return elem ?
			elem.style ?
			parseFloat( jQuery.css( elem, type, "padding" ) ) :
			this[ type ]() :
			null;
	};

	// outerHeight and outerWidth
	jQuery.fn[ "outer" + name ] = function( margin ) {
		var elem = this[0];
		return elem ?
			elem.style ?
			parseFloat( jQuery.css( elem, type, margin ? "margin" : "border" ) ) :
			this[ type ]() :
			null;
	};

	jQuery.fn[ type ] = function( value ) {
		return jQuery.access( this, function( elem, type, value ) {
			var doc, docElemProp, orig, ret;

			if ( jQuery.isWindow( elem ) ) {
				// 3rd condition allows Nokia support, as it supports the docElem prop but not CSS1Compat
				doc = elem.document;
				docElemProp = doc.documentElement[ clientProp ];
				return jQuery.support.boxModel && docElemProp ||
					doc.body && doc.body[ clientProp ] || docElemProp;
			}

			// Get document width or height
			if ( elem.nodeType === 9 ) {
				// Either scroll[Width/Height] or offset[Width/Height], whichever is greater
				doc = elem.documentElement;

				// when a window > document, IE6 reports a offset[Width/Height] > client[Width/Height]
				// so we can't use max, as it'll choose the incorrect offset[Width/Height]
				// instead we use the correct client[Width/Height]
				// support:IE6
				if ( doc[ clientProp ] >= doc[ scrollProp ] ) {
					return doc[ clientProp ];
				}

				return Math.max(
					elem.body[ scrollProp ], doc[ scrollProp ],
					elem.body[ offsetProp ], doc[ offsetProp ]
				);
			}

			// Get width or height on the element
			if ( value === undefined ) {
				orig = jQuery.css( elem, type );
				ret = parseFloat( orig );
				return jQuery.isNumeric( ret ) ? ret : orig;
			}

			// Set the width or height on the element
			jQuery( elem ).css( type, value );
		}, type, value, arguments.length, null );
	};
});




// Expose jQuery to the global object
window.jQuery = window.$ = jQuery;

// Expose jQuery as an AMD module, but only for AMD loaders that
// understand the issues with loading multiple versions of jQuery
// in a page that all might call define(). The loader will indicate
// they have special allowances for multiple jQuery versions by
// specifying define.amd.jQuery = true. Register as a named module,
// since jQuery can be concatenated with other files that may use define,
// but not use a proper concatenation script that understands anonymous
// AMD modules. A named AMD is safest and most robust way to register.
// Lowercase jquery is used because AMD module names are derived from
// file names, and jQuery is normally delivered in a lowercase file name.
// Do this after creating the global so that if an AMD module wants to call
// noConflict to hide this version of jQuery, it will work.
if ( typeof define === "function" && define.amd && define.amd.jQuery ) {
	define( "jquery", [], function () { return jQuery; } );
}



})( window );

/**
 * jQuery hashchange 1.0.0
 * 
 * (based on jquery.history)
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2008 Chris Leishman (chrisleishman.com)
 * Dual licensed under the MIT (MIT-LICENSE.txt)
 * and GPL (GPL-LICENSE.txt) licenses.
 */
(function($) {

$.fn.extend({
    hashchange: function(callback) { this.bind('hashchange', callback) },
    openOnClick: function(href) {
		if (href === undefined || href.length == 0)
			href = '#';
		return this.click(function(ev) {
			if (href && href.charAt(0) == '#') {
				// execute load in separate call stack
				window.setTimeout(function() { $.locationHash(href) }, 0);
			} else {
				window.location(href);
			}
			ev.stopPropagation();
			return false;
		});
    }
});

// IE 8 introduces the hashchange event natively - so nothing more to do
if ($.browser.msie && document.documentMode && document.documentMode >= 8) {
	$.extend({
		locationHash: function(hash) {
	        if (!hash) hash = '#';
	        else if (hash.charAt(0) != '#') hash = '#' + hash;
	        location.hash = hash;
	    }
	});
	return;
}

var curHash;
// hidden iframe for IE (earlier than 8)
var iframe;

$.extend({
	locationHash: function(hash) {
		if (curHash === undefined) return;

		if (!hash) hash = '#';
		else if (hash.charAt(0) != '#') hash = '#' + hash;
		
		location.hash = hash;
		
		if (curHash == hash) return;
		curHash = hash;
		
		if ($.browser.msie) updateIEFrame(hash);
		$.event.trigger('hashchange');
	}
});

$(document).ready(function() {
    curHash = location.hash;
    if ($.browser.msie) {
        // stop the callback firing twice during init if no hash present
        if (curHash == '') curHash = '#';
        // add hidden iframe for IE
        iframe = $('<iframe />').hide().get(0);
        $('body').prepend(iframe);
        updateIEFrame(location.hash);
        setInterval(checkHashIE, 100);
    } else {
        setInterval(checkHash, 100);
    }
});
$(window).unload(function() { iframe = null });

function checkHash() {
    var hash = location.hash;
    if (hash != curHash) {
        curHash = hash;
        $.event.trigger('hashchange');
    }
}

if ($.browser.msie) {
    // Attach a live handler for any anchor links
    $('a[href^=#]').live('click', function() {
        var hash = $(this).attr('href');
        // Don't intercept the click if there is an existing anchor on the page
        // that matches this hash
        if ($(hash).length == 0 && $('a[name='+hash.slice(1)+']').length == 0) {
            $.locationHash(hash);
            return false;
        }
    });
}

function checkHashIE() {
    // On IE, check for location.hash of iframe
    var idoc = iframe.contentDocument || iframe.contentWindow.document;
    var hash = idoc.location.hash;
    if (hash == '') hash = '#';

    if (hash != curHash) {
        if (location.hash != hash) location.hash = hash;
        curHash = hash;
        $.event.trigger('hashchange');
    }
}

function updateIEFrame(hash) {
    if (hash == '#') hash = '';
    var idoc = iframe.contentWindow.document;
    idoc.open();
    idoc.close();
    if (idoc.location.hash != hash) idoc.location.hash = hash;
}

})(jQuery);
// IE...
if (!Date.now) {
	Date.now = function() {
		return new Date().getTime();
	}
}

var Mizuho = {
	/** Cached DOM elements so that we don't have to re-find them over and over. */
	$document: undefined,
	$window: undefined,
	$mainSections: undefined,
	$sectionHeaders: undefined,

	/** Constants */
	MAX_TOC_LEVEL: 3,

	sectionHeadersSelector: undefined,
	scrollMemory: {},
	changingHash: false,
	activeHash: undefined,
	/** Whether in single-page or multi-page mode. Either 'single' or 'multi'. */
	mode: 'single',
	/** Whether smooth scrolling is enabled. It is always enabled except right
	 * after page load: when the page is scrolled to the section as pointed to
	 * by location.hash.
	 */
	smoothScrolling: true,
	
	initialize: function() {
		this.sectionHeadersSelector = '';
		for (var i = 0; i < this.MAX_TOC_LEVEL; i++) {
			if (i != 0) {
				this.sectionHeadersSelector += ', ';
			}
			this.sectionHeadersSelector += 'h' + (i + 2);
		}
		
		this.$document = $(document);
		this.$window = $(window);
		this.$mainSections = $('.sect1');
		this.$sectionHeaders = $(this.sectionHeadersSelector, '#content');
		this.$sectionHeaders.sort(function(a, b) {
			var off_a = $(a).offset();
			var off_b = $(b).offset();
			return off_a.top - off_b.top;
		});
		
		if (this.isMobileDevice()) {
			$(document.body).addClass('mobile');
		}
	},
	

	/********* Generic utility functions *********/

	isMobileDevice: function() {
		return navigator.userAgent.match(
			/(IEMobile|Windows CE|NetFront|PlayStation|PLAYSTATION|like Mac OS X|MIDP|UP\.Browser|Symbian|Nintendo|Android)/
		);
	},
	
	virtualAnimate: function(options) {
		var options = $.extend({
			duration: 1000
		}, options || {});
		var animation_start = Date.now();
		var animation_end = Date.now() + options.duration;
		var interval = animation_end - animation_start;
		this._virtualAnimate_step(animation_start, animation_end, interval, options);
	},

	_virtualAnimate_step: function(animation_start, animation_end, interval, options) {
		var self = this;
		var now = new Date();
		var progress = (now - animation_start) / interval;
		if (progress > 1) {
			progress = 1;
		}
		progress = (1 + Math.sin(-Math.PI / 2 + progress * Math.PI)) / 2;
		options.step(progress);
		if (now < animation_end) {
			setTimeout(function() {
				self._virtualAnimate_step(animation_start,
					animation_end, interval, options);
			}, 15);
		} else {
			options.step(1);
			if (options.finish) {
				options.finish();
			}
		}
	},
	
	smoothlyScrollTo: function(top) {
		if (!this.smoothScrolling) {
			return this.setScrollTop(top);
		}
		
		var self = this;
		var $document = this.$document;
		var current = $document.scrollTop();
		this.virtualAnimate({
			duration: 300,
			step: function(x) {
				$document.scrollTop(Math.floor(
					top + (1 - x) * (current - top)
				));
			},
			finish: function() {
				self.setScrollTop(top);
			}
		});
	},
	
	smoothlyScrollToToc: function() {
		this.smoothlyScrollTo($('#toc').position().top);
	},

	scrollToHeader: function(header) {
		this.smoothlyScrollTo($(header).offset().top - 50);
	},
	
	setScrollTop: function(top, element) {
		// Browsers don't always scroll properly so work around
		// this with a few timers.
		var self = this;
		element = element || this.$document;
		element = $(element);
		element.scrollTop(top);
		setTimeout(function() {
			element.scrollTop(top);
		}, 1);
		setTimeout(function() {
			element.scrollTop(top);
			self.$document.trigger('mizuho:updateTopBar');
		}, 20);
	},
	

	/********* Mizuho-specific functions *********/

	/** Returns the currently displayed section's header DOM element. */
	currentSubsection: function() {
		var $sectionHeaders = this.$sectionHeaders;
		var scrollTop = this.$document.scrollTop();
		var windowHeight = this.$window.height();
		var offset;
		
		var low = 0;
		var high = this.$sectionHeaders.length - 1;
		var mid = 0;
		
		while (low <= high) {
			mid = Math.floor((low + high) / 2);
			offset = $($sectionHeaders[mid]).offset();
			
			if (offset.top >= scrollTop) {
				high = mid - 1;
			} else {
				low = mid + 1;
			}
		}
		
		var $found = $($sectionHeaders[low]);
		if ($found.offset().top > scrollTop + windowHeight) {
			if (low > 0) {
				return $sectionHeaders[low - 1];
			} else {
				return undefined;
			}
		} else {
			return $sectionHeaders[low];
		}
	},
	
	/** Looks up a section's header DOM element corresponding to a hash name. */
	lookupHeader: function(hash) {
		var id = hash.replace(/^#!\//, '#');
		if (id == '') {
			return undefined;
		} else {
			var header = $(id);
			if (header.length == 0) {
				return undefined;
			} else {
				return header;
			}
		}
	}
};

for (var key in Mizuho) {
	if (typeof(Mizuho[key]) == 'function') {
		Mizuho[key] = $.proxy(Mizuho[key], Mizuho);
	}
}
$(document).ready(Mizuho.initialize);
//$(document).ready(Mizuho.installHashbangLinks);

Mizuho.initializeTopBar = $.proxy(function() {
	var $window = this.$window;
	var $document = this.$document;
	var self = this;
	var $topbar = $('#topbar');
	var $title = $('#header h1');
	var $currentSection = $('#current_section');
	var isMobileDevice = this.isMobileDevice();
	var timerId;
	
	// Create the floating table of contents used in the top bar.
	var $floattoc = $('<div id="floattoc"></div>').html($('#toc').html());
	$floattoc.find('#toctitle').remove();
	$floattoc.find('.comments').remove();
	$floattoc.css('visibility', 'hidden');
	$floattoc.insertAfter($topbar);
	var $floattoclinks = $floattoc.find('a');
	$floattoclinks.each(function() {
		// Firefox changes '#!' to '#%21' so change that back.
		var $this = $(this);
		var href = $this.attr('href');
		if (href.match(/^#%21/)) {
			$this.attr('href', href.replace(/^#%21/, '#!'));
		}
	});
	$floattoclinks.click(function(event) {
		self.internalLinkClicked(this, event);
	});
	
	// Callback for when the user clicks on the Table of Contents
	// button on the top bar.
	function showFloatingToc() {
		var scrollUpdateTimerId;
		
		function reposition() {
			if (isMobileDevice) {
				$floattoc.css({
					top: $currentSection.offset().top +
						$currentSection.innerHeight() +
						'px',
					height: $window.height() * 0.7 + 'px'
				});
			}
		}
		
		function highlightCurrentTocEntry() {
			var currentSubsection = self.currentSubsection();
			$floattoclinks.removeClass('current');
			if (currentSubsection) {
				var currentSubsectionTitle = $(currentSubsection).text();
				var $link;
				
				$floattoclinks.each(function() {
					if ($(this).text() == currentSubsectionTitle) {
						$link = $(this);
						return false;
					}
				});
				if ($link) {
					$link.addClass('current');
					self.setScrollTop(
						$floattoc.scrollTop() +
							$link.position().top -
							$floattoc.height() * 0.45,
						$floattoc);
					return false;
				}
			}
		}
		
		function hideFloatingToc() {
			$currentSection.removeClass('pressed');
			$floattoc.css('visibility', 'hidden');
			$floattoclinks.unbind('click', hideFloatingToc);
			$document.unbind('mousedown', onMouseDown);
			$document.unbind('touchdown', onMouseDown);
			$document.unbind('mizuho:hideTopBar', hideFloatingToc);
			$window.unbind('scroll', onScroll);
			if (scrollUpdateTimerId !== undefined) {
				clearTimeout(scrollUpdateTimerId);
				scrollUpdateTimerId = undefined;
			}
		}
		
		function onMouseDown(event) {
			if (event.target != $floattoc[0]
			 && $(event.target).closest('#floattoc').length == 0) {
				hideFloatingToc();
			}
		}
		
		function onScroll(event) {
			if (scrollUpdateTimerId === undefined) {
				scrollUpdateTimerId = setTimeout(function() {
					scrollUpdateTimerId = undefined;
					reposition();
					highlightCurrentTocEntry();
				}, 100);
			}
		}
		
		// Layout and display floating TOC.
		highlightCurrentTocEntry();
		var origScrollTop = $document.scrollTop();
		var windowWidth = $window.width();
		var maxRight = windowWidth - Math.floor(windowWidth * 0.1);
		
		if ($currentSection.offset().left + $floattoc.outerWidth() > maxRight) {
			$floattoc.css('left', maxRight - $floattoc.outerWidth());
		} else {
			$floattoc.css('left', $currentSection.offset().left + 'px');
		}
		reposition();
		$floattoc.css('visibility', 'visible');
		$currentSection.addClass('pressed');
		
		$floattoclinks.bind('click', hideFloatingToc);
		$document.bind('mousedown', onMouseDown)
		$document.bind('touchdown', onMouseDown);
		$document.bind('mizuho:hideTopBar', hideFloatingToc);
		$window.bind('scroll', onScroll);
	}
	
	// Called whenever the user scrolls. Updates the title of the
	// Table of Contents button in the top bar to the section that
	// the user is currently reading.
	function update() {
		if ($title.offset().top + $title.height() < $document.scrollTop()) {
			if (!$topbar.is(':visible')) {
				$topbar.slideDown(250);
				$document.trigger('mizuho:showTopBar');
			}
		} else {
			if ($topbar.is(':visible')) {
				$topbar.slideUp();
				$document.trigger('mizuho:hideTopBar');
			}
		}
		
		if (isMobileDevice) {
			$topbar.css({
				top: $document.scrollTop() + 'px',
				width: $window.width() -
					parseInt($topbar.css('padding-left')) -
					parseInt($topbar.css('padding-right')) +
					'px'
			});
		}
		
		var header = self.currentSubsection();
		var name;
		if (header) {
			name = $(header).text();
		} else {
			name = 'Preamble';
		}
		$currentSection.text(name);
	}
	
	function scheduleUpdate() {
		if (timerId !== undefined) {
			return;
		}
		timerId = setTimeout(function() {
			timerId = undefined;
			update();
		}, 100);
	}
	
	
	if (isMobileDevice) {
		// Mobile devices don't support position fixed.
		$topbar.css('position', 'absolute');
		$floattoc.css('position', 'absolute');
	}
	
	$currentSection.click(showFloatingToc);
	$window.scroll(scheduleUpdate);
	$document.bind('mizuho:updateTopBar', update);
}, Mizuho);

$(document).ready(Mizuho.initializeTopBar);


				var JUVIA_URL = 'http://juvia.phusion.nl';
				var JUVIA_SITE_KEY = '5jpmkyjqlml8rktsfldfpbwth8ig7w9';
			var disqus_identifier;
var disqus_title;
var disqus_url;
var disqus_developer = 1;

Mizuho.initializeCommenting = $.proxy(function() {
	var self = this;
	this.commentBalloons = $('.comments');
	this.commentBalloons.click(function() {
		self.showCommentsPopup(this);
	});
	this.reloadCommentCount();
}, Mizuho);

Mizuho.showLightbox = $.proxy(function(creationCallback, closeCallback) {
	var lightbox = $(
		'<div id="comments_lightbox">' +
		'  <div id="comments_lightbox_shadow"></div>' +
		'  <div id="comments_lightbox_contents"><div class="shell"></div></div>' +
		'</div>');
	var shadow = $('#comments_lightbox_shadow', lightbox);
	var contents = $('#comments_lightbox_contents > .shell', lightbox);
	
	function close() {
		if (lightbox) {
			lightbox.remove();
			lightbox = undefined;
			if (closeCallback) {
				closeCallback();
			}
		}
	}

	shadow.click(close);
	lightbox.bind('lightbox:close', close);
	lightbox.appendTo(document.body);
	creationCallback(contents);
}, Mizuho);

Mizuho.getCommentThreadInfo = $.proxy(function(balloon) {
	var info = {};
	if ($(balloon).closest('#toc').length > 0) {
		info.id = 'toctitle';
		info.topic = 'toctitle';
		info.title = $('#header h1').text() + " - " + $('#toctitle').text();
	} else {
		var header = $(balloon).next('h2, h3, h4');
		if (header.length > 0) {
			info.id = header.attr('id');
			info.topic = header.data('comment-topic');
			info.title = $('#header h1').text() + " - " + header.text();
		} else {
			info = undefined;
		}
	}
	return info;
}, Mizuho);

Mizuho.callJuviaApi = function(action, options) {
	function makeQueryString(options) {
		var key, params = [];
		for (key in options) {
			params.push(
				encodeURIComponent(key) +
				'=' +
				encodeURIComponent(options[key]));
		}
		return params.join('&');
	}

	// Makes sure that each call generates a unique URL, otherwise
	// the browser may not actually perform the request.
	if (!('_juviaRequestCounter' in window)) {
		window._juviaRequestCounter = 0;
	}

	var url =
		JUVIA_URL + '/api/' + action +
		'?_c=' + window._juviaRequestCounter +
		'&' + makeQueryString(options);
	window._juviaRequestCounter++;
	
	var s       = document.createElement('script');
	s.async     = true;
	s.type      = 'text/javascript';
	s.className = 'juvia';
	s.src       = url;
	(document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0] ||
	 document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(s);
}

Mizuho.showCommentsPopup = $.proxy(function(balloon) {
	var info = this.getCommentThreadInfo(balloon);
	if (!info) {
		return;
	}
	
	var self = this;
	this.showLightbox(function(element) {
		// We install a 'Close' button in the Juvia comment form after it has loaded.
		function installCloseButton() {
			if ($('#comments .juvia-form-actions').size() > 0) {
				// The Juvia form is now loaded. Install the button.
				var div = $('<div class="juvia-action" style="margin-left: 0.5em"></div>');
				var button = $('<input type="button" value="Cancel"></div>').appendTo(div);
				div.insertBefore('#comments .juvia-form-actions .juvia-error');
				button.click(function() {
					$(element).trigger('lightbox:close');
				});
			} else {
				// Continue polling.
				setTimeout(installCloseButton, 50);
			}
		}
		setTimeout(installCloseButton, 50);

		// Now load the Juvia comments form.
		element.html('<div id="comments">Loading comments...</div>');
		self.changingHash = true;
		location.hash = '#!/' + info.id;
		self.callJuviaApi('show_topic.js', {
			container   : '#comments',
			site_key    : JUVIA_SITE_KEY,
			topic_key   : info.topic,
			topic_url   : location.href,
			topic_title : info.topic,
			include_base: !window.Juvia,
			include_css : !window.Juvia
		});
	}, function() {
		self.reloadCommentCount();
	});
}, Mizuho);

Mizuho.reloadCommentCount = $.proxy(function() {
	this.callJuviaApi('list_topics.jsonp', {
		site_key: JUVIA_SITE_KEY,
		jsonp   : 'Mizuho.topicListReceived'
	});
}, Mizuho);

Mizuho.topicListReceived = $.proxy(function(result) {
	var self = this;
	var i, topic, map = {};
	for (i = 0; i < result.topics.length; i++) {
		topic = result.topics[i];
		map[topic.key] = topic;
	}

	this.commentBalloons.each(function() {
		var info = self.getCommentThreadInfo(this);
		if (info) {
			topic = map[info.topic];
			if (topic) {
				var balloon = $(this);
				$('.count', balloon).text(topic.comment_count);
				balloon.removeClass('empty');
				balloon.addClass('nonempty');
				balloon.attr('title', null);
			}
		}
	});
}, Mizuho);

$(document).ready(Mizuho.initializeCommenting);

</script>
</body>
</html>
ruby-passenger-doc 4.0.37-2 / usr / share / doc / ruby-passenger-doc / Users guide Apache.html
