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  <div class="section" id="couchdb-externals-api">
<span id="externals"></span><h1>7. CouchDB Externals API<a class="headerlink" href="#couchdb-externals-api" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Author:</th><td class="field-body">Paul Joseph Davis</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Date:</th><td class="field-body">2010-09-26</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Source:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://davispj.com/2010/09/26/new-couchdb-externals-api.html">http://davispj.com/2010/09/26/new-couchdb-externals-api.html</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>For a bit of background, CouchDB has had an API for managing <a class="reference external" href="http://wiki.apache.org/couchdb/ExternalProcesses">external OS
processes</a> that are capable of handling HTTP requests for a given
URL prefix. These OS processes communicate with CouchDB using JSON over
stdio. They&#8217;re dead simple to write and provide CouchDB users an easy way to
extend CouchDB functionality.</p>
<p>Even though they&#8217;re dead simple to write, there are a few issues. The
implementation in CouchDB does not provide fancy pooling semantics. The
current API is explicitly synchronous which prevents people from writing
event driven code in an external handler. In the end, they may be simple,
but their simplicity is also quite limiting.</p>
<p>During CouchCamp a few weeks ago I had multiple discussions with various people
that wanted to see the _externals API modified in slight ways that weren&#8217;t
mutually compatible. After having multiple discussions with multiple people
we formed a general consensus on what a new API could look like.</p>
<div class="section" id="the-new-hotness">
<h2>7.1. The New Hotness<a class="headerlink" href="#the-new-hotness" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>So the first idea for improving the _external API was to make CouchDB act as
a reverse proxy. This would allow people to write an HTTP server that was as
simple or as complicated as they wanted. It will allow people to change their
networking configuration more easily and also allow for external processes to
be hosted on nodes other than the one running CouchDB. Bottom line, it not
only allows us to have similar semantics as _externals, it provides a lot more
fringe benefits as well. I&#8217;m always a fan of extra awesomeness.</p>
<p>After hitting on the idea of adding a reverse proxy, people quickly pointed
out that it would require users to start manually managing their external
processes using something like <a class="reference external" href="http://smarden.org/runit/">Runit</a> or <a class="reference external" href="http://supervisord.org/">Supervisord</a>. After some
more discussions I ran into people that wanted something like _externals that
didn&#8217;t handle HTTP requests. After that it was easy to see that adding a second
feature that managed OS processes was the way to go.</p>
<p>I spent this weekend implementing both of these features. Both are at the stage
of working but requiring more testing. In the case of the HTTP proxy I have no
tests because I can&#8217;t decide how to test the thing. If you have ideas, I&#8217;d
sure like to hear them.</p>
<p><strong>[Update]</strong>: I woke up the other morning realizing that I was being an idiot
and that Erlang is awesome. There&#8217;s no reason that I can&#8217;t have an HTTP client,
proxy, and server all hosted in the same process. So that&#8217;s what I did. It
turns out to be a fairly nice way of configuring matching assertions between
the client and the server to test the proxy transmissions.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="how-does-it-work-http-proxying">
<h2>7.2. How does it work? - HTTP Proxying<a class="headerlink" href="#how-does-it-work-http-proxying" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>To configure a <a class="reference internal" href="config/proxying.html#config-proxy"><em>proxy handler</em></a>, edit your <cite>local.ini</cite> and
add a section like such:</p>
<div class="highlight-json"><div class="highlight"><pre>[httpd_global_handlers]
_fti = {couch_httpd_proxy, handle_proxy_req, &lt;&lt;&quot;http://127.0.0.1:5985&quot;&gt;&gt;}
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This would be approximately what you&#8217;d need to do to get <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/rnewson/couchdb-lucene">CouchDB-Lucene</a>
handled through this interface. The URL you use to access a query would be:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><a class="reference external" href="http://127.0.0.1:5984/_fti/db_name/_design/foo/by_content?q=hello">http://127.0.0.1:5984/_fti/db_name/_design/foo/by_content?q=hello</a></div></blockquote>
<p>A couple things to note here. Anything in the path after the configured proxy
name (&#8220;_fti&#8221; in this case) will be appended to the configured destination URL
(&#8220;<a class="reference external" href="http://127.0.0.1:5985">http://127.0.0.1:5985</a>&#8221; in this case). The query string and any associated
body will also be proxied transparently.</p>
<p>Also, of note is that there&#8217;s nothing that limits on what resources can be
proxied. You&#8217;re free to choose any destination that the CouchDB node is capable
of communicating with.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="how-does-it-work-os-daemons">
<h2>7.3. How does it work? - OS Daemons<a class="headerlink" href="#how-does-it-work-os-daemons" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The second part of the new API gives CouchDB simple OS process management. When
CouchDB boots it will start each configured OS daemon. If one of these daemons
fails at some point, it will be restarted. If one of these daemons fails too
often, CouchDB will stop attempting to start it.</p>
<p>OS daemons are one-to-one. For each daemon, CouchDB will make sure that exactly
one instance of it is alive. If you have something where you want multiple
processes, you need to either tell CouchDB about each one, or have a main
process that forks off the required sub-processes.</p>
<p>To configure an <a class="reference internal" href="config/externals.html#os_daemons" title="[os_daemons]"><tt class="xref config config-section docutils literal"><span class="pre">OS</span> <span class="pre">daemon</span></tt></a>, add this to your
<cite>local.ini</cite>:</p>
<div class="highlight-json"><div class="highlight"><pre>[os_daemons]
my_daemon = /path/to/command -with args
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="configuration-api">
<h3>7.3.1. Configuration API<a class="headerlink" href="#configuration-api" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>As an added benefit, because stdio is now free, I implemented a simple API
that OS daemons can use to read the configuration of their CouchDB host. This
way you can have them store their configuration inside CouchDB&#8217;s config system
if you desire. Or they can peek at things like the
<a class="reference internal" href="config/http.html#httpd/bind_address" title="bind_address"><tt class="xref config config-option docutils literal"><span class="pre">httpd/bind_address</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="config/http.html#httpd/port" title="port"><tt class="xref config config-option docutils literal"><span class="pre">httpd/port</span></tt></a> that CouchDB
is using.</p>
<p>A request for a config section looks like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-json"><div class="highlight"><pre>[&quot;get&quot;, &quot;os_daemons&quot;]\n
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>And the response:</p>
<div class="highlight-json"><div class="highlight"><pre>{&quot;my_daemon&quot;: &quot;/path/to/command -with args&quot;}\n
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Or to get a specific key:</p>
<div class="highlight-json"><div class="highlight"><pre>[&quot;get&quot;, &quot;os_daemons&quot;, &quot;my_daemon&quot;]\n
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>And the response:</p>
<div class="highlight-json"><div class="highlight"><pre>&quot;/path/to/command -with args&quot;\n
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>All requests and responses are terminated with a newline (indicated by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">\n</span></tt>).</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="logging-api">
<h3>7.3.2. Logging API<a class="headerlink" href="#logging-api" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>There&#8217;s also an API for adding messages to CouchDB&#8217;s logs. Its simply:</p>
<div class="highlight-json"><div class="highlight"><pre>[&quot;log&quot;, $MESG]\n
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Where <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$MESG</span></tt> is any arbitrary JSON. There is no response from this command. As
with the config API, the trailing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">\n</span></tt> represents a newline byte.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="dynamic-daemons">
<h3>7.3.3. Dynamic Daemons<a class="headerlink" href="#dynamic-daemons" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>The OS daemons react in real time to changes to the configuration system. If
you set or delete keys in the <a class="reference internal" href="config/externals.html#os_daemons" title="[os_daemons]"><tt class="xref config config-section docutils literal"><span class="pre">os_daemons</span></tt></a> section,
the corresponding daemons will be started or killed as appropriate.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="neat-but-so-what">
<h2>7.4. Neat. But So What?<a class="headerlink" href="#neat-but-so-what" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>It was suggested that a good first demo would be a <a class="reference external" href="http://nodejs.org/">Node.js</a> handler. So, I
present to you a &#8220;Hello, World&#8221; Node.js handler. Also, remember that this
currently relies on code in my fork on <a class="reference external" href="http://github.com/davisp/couchdb/tree/new_externals">GitHub</a>.</p>
<p>File <cite>node-hello-world.js</cite>:</p>
<div class="highlight-javascript"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">http</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;http&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">sys</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;sys&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>

<span class="c1">// Send a log message to be included in CouchDB&#39;s</span>
<span class="c1">// log files.</span>

<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">log</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">mesg</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
  <span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">JSON</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">stringify</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s2">&quot;log&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">mesg</span><span class="p">]));</span>
<span class="p">}</span>

<span class="c1">// The Node.js example HTTP server</span>

<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">server</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">http</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">createServer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">function</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">req</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">resp</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
  <span class="nx">resp</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">writeHead</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;Content-Type&#39;</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;text/plain&#39;</span><span class="p">});</span>
  <span class="nx">resp</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">end</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Hello World\n&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
  <span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">req</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">method</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s2">&quot; &quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="nx">req</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">})</span>

<span class="c1">// We use stdin in a couple ways. First, we</span>
<span class="c1">// listen for data that will be the requested</span>
<span class="c1">// port information. We also listen for it</span>
<span class="c1">// to close which indicates that CouchDB has</span>
<span class="c1">// exited and that means its time for us to</span>
<span class="c1">// exit as well.</span>

<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">stdin</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">process</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">openStdin</span><span class="p">();</span>

<span class="nx">stdin</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">on</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;data&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
  <span class="nx">server</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">listen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">parseInt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">JSON</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">)));</span>
<span class="p">});</span>

<span class="nx">stdin</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">on</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;end&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kd">function</span> <span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
  <span class="nx">process</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">});</span>

<span class="c1">// Send the request for the port to listen on.</span>

<span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">JSON</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">stringify</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s2">&quot;get&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;node_hello&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;port&quot;</span><span class="p">]));</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>File <cite>local.ini</cite> (Just add these to what you have):</p>
<div class="highlight-ini"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">[log]</span>
<span class="na">level</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">info</span>

<span class="k">[os_daemons]</span>
<span class="na">node_hello</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">/path/to/node-hello-world.js</span>

<span class="k">[node_hello]</span>
<span class="na">port</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">8000</span>

<span class="k">[httpd_global_handlers]</span>
<span class="na">_hello</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">{couch_httpd_proxy, handle_proxy_req, &lt;&lt;&quot;http://127.0.0.1:8000&quot;&gt;&gt;}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>And then start CouchDB and try:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>curl -v http://127.0.0.1:5984/_hello
* About to connect<span class="o">()</span> to 127.0.0.1 port <span class="m">5984</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="c">#0)</span>
*   Trying 127.0.0.1... connected
* Connected to 127.0.0.1 <span class="o">(</span>127.0.0.1<span class="o">)</span> port <span class="m">5984</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="c">#0)</span>
&gt; GET /_hello HTTP/1.1
&gt; User-Agent: curl/7.19.7 <span class="o">(</span>universal-apple-darwin10.0<span class="o">)</span> libcurl/7.19.7 OpenSSL/0.9.8l zlib/1.2.3
&gt; Host: 127.0.0.1:5984
&gt; Accept: */*
&gt;
&lt; HTTP/1.1 200
&lt; Transfer-Encoding: chunked
&lt; Server: CouchDB <span class="o">(</span>Erlang/OTP<span class="o">)</span>
&lt; Date: Mon, <span class="m">27</span> Sep <span class="m">2010</span> 01:13:37 GMT
&lt; Content-Type: text/plain
&lt; Connection: keep-alive
&lt;
Hello World
* Connection <span class="c">#0 to host 127.0.0.1 left intact</span>
* Closing connection <span class="c">#0</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The corresponding CouchDB logs look like:</p>
<div class="highlight-json"><div class="highlight"><pre>Apache CouchDB 1.5.0 (LogLevel=info) is starting.
Apache CouchDB has started. Time to relax.
[info] [&lt;0.31.0&gt;] Apache CouchDB has started on http://127.0.0.1:5984/
[info] [&lt;0.105.0&gt;] 127.0.0.1 - - &#39;GET&#39; /_hello 200
[info] [&lt;0.95.0&gt;] Daemon &quot;node-hello&quot; :: GET /
</pre></div>
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  <h3><a href="contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">7. CouchDB Externals API</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-new-hotness">7.1. The New Hotness</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-does-it-work-http-proxying">7.2. How does it work? - HTTP Proxying</a></li>
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