/usr/share/perl5/Lingua/EN/Inflect.pm is in liblingua-en-inflect-perl 1.899-1.
This file is owned by root:root, with mode 0o644.
The actual contents of the file can be viewed below.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 1377 1378 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 1389 1390 1391 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411 1412 1413 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418 1419 1420 1421 1422 1423 1424 1425 1426 1427 1428 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1440 1441 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456 1457 1458 1459 1460 1461 1462 1463 1464 1465 1466 1467 1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498 1499 1500 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2073 2074 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079 2080 2081 2082 2083 2084 2085 2086 2087 2088 2089 2090 2091 2092 2093 2094 2095 2096 2097 2098 2099 2100 2101 2102 2103 2104 2105 2106 2107 2108 2109 2110 2111 2112 2113 2114 2115 2116 2117 2118 2119 2120 2121 2122 2123 2124 2125 2126 2127 2128 2129 2130 2131 2132 2133 2134 2135 2136 2137 2138 2139 2140 2141 2142 2143 2144 2145 2146 2147 2148 2149 2150 2151 2152 2153 2154 2155 2156 2157 2158 2159 2160 2161 2162 2163 2164 2165 2166 2167 2168 2169 2170 2171 2172 2173 2174 2175 2176 2177 2178 2179 2180 2181 2182 2183 2184 2185 2186 2187 2188 2189 2190 2191 2192 2193 2194 2195 2196 2197 2198 2199 2200 2201 2202 2203 2204 2205 2206 2207 2208 2209 2210 2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217 2218 2219 2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226 2227 2228 2229 2230 2231 2232 2233 2234 2235 2236 2237 2238 2239 2240 2241 2242 2243 2244 2245 2246 2247 2248 2249 2250 2251 2252 2253 2254 2255 2256 2257 2258 2259 2260 2261 2262 2263 2264 2265 2266 2267 2268 2269 2270 2271 2272 2273 2274 2275 2276 2277 2278 2279 2280 2281 2282 2283 2284 2285 2286 2287 2288 2289 2290 2291 2292 2293 2294 2295 2296 2297 2298 2299 2300 2301 2302 2303 2304 2305 2306 2307 2308 2309 2310 2311 2312 2313 2314 2315 2316 2317 2318 2319 2320 2321 2322 2323 2324 2325 2326 2327 2328 2329 2330 2331 2332 2333 2334 2335 2336 2337 2338 2339 2340 2341 2342 2343 2344 2345 2346 2347 2348 2349 2350 2351 2352 2353 2354 2355 2356 2357 2358 2359 2360 2361 2362 2363 2364 2365 2366 2367 2368 2369 2370 2371 2372 2373 2374 2375 2376 2377 2378 2379 2380 2381 2382 2383 2384 2385 2386 2387 2388 2389 2390 2391 2392 2393 2394 2395 2396 2397 2398 2399 2400 2401 2402 2403 2404 2405 2406 2407 2408 2409 2410 2411 2412 2413 2414 2415 2416 2417 2418 2419 2420 2421 2422 2423 2424 2425 2426 2427 2428 2429 2430 2431 2432 2433 2434 2435 2436 2437 2438 2439 2440 2441 2442 2443 2444 2445 2446 2447 2448 2449 2450 2451 2452 2453 2454 2455 2456 2457 2458 2459 2460 2461 2462 2463 2464 2465 2466 2467 2468 2469 2470 2471 2472 2473 2474 2475 2476 2477 2478 2479 2480 2481 2482 2483 2484 2485 2486 2487 2488 2489 2490 2491 2492 2493 2494 2495 2496 2497 2498 2499 2500 2501 2502 2503 2504 2505 2506 2507 2508 2509 2510 2511 2512 2513 2514 2515 2516 2517 2518 2519 2520 2521 2522 2523 2524 2525 2526 2527 2528 2529 2530 2531 2532 2533 2534 2535 2536 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554 2555 2556 2557 2558 2559 2560 2561 2562 2563 2564 2565 2566 2567 2568 2569 2570 2571 2572 2573 2574 2575 2576 2577 2578 2579 2580 2581 2582 2583 2584 2585 2586 2587 2588 2589 2590 2591 2592 2593 2594 2595 2596 2597 2598 2599 2600 2601 2602 2603 2604 2605 2606 2607 2608 2609 2610 2611 2612 2613 2614 2615 2616 2617 2618 2619 2620 2621 2622 2623 2624 2625 2626 2627 2628 2629 2630 2631 2632 2633 2634 2635 2636 2637 2638 2639 2640 2641 2642 2643 2644 2645 2646 2647 2648 2649 2650 2651 2652 2653 2654 2655 2656 2657 2658 2659 2660 2661 2662 2663 2664 2665 2666 2667 2668 2669 2670 2671 2672 2673 2674 2675 2676 2677 2678 2679 2680 2681 2682 2683 2684 2685 2686 2687 2688 2689 2690 2691 2692 2693 2694 2695 2696 2697 2698 2699 2700 2701 2702 2703 2704 2705 2706 2707 2708 2709 2710 2711 2712 2713 2714 2715 2716 2717 2718 2719 2720 2721 2722 2723 2724 2725 2726 2727 2728 2729 2730 2731 2732 2733 2734 2735 2736 2737 2738 2739 2740 2741 2742 2743 2744 2745 2746 2747 2748 2749 2750 2751 2752 2753 2754 2755 2756 2757 2758 2759 2760 2761 2762 2763 2764 2765 2766 2767 2768 2769 2770 2771 2772 2773 2774 2775 2776 2777 2778 2779 2780 2781 2782 2783 2784 2785 2786 2787 2788 2789 2790 2791 2792 2793 2794 2795 2796 2797 2798 2799 2800 2801 2802 2803 2804 2805 2806 2807 2808 2809 2810 2811 2812 2813 2814 2815 2816 2817 2818 2819 2820 2821 2822 2823 2824 2825 2826 2827 2828 2829 2830 2831 2832 2833 2834 2835 2836 2837 2838 2839 2840 2841 2842 2843 2844 2845 2846 2847 2848 2849 2850 2851 2852 2853 2854 2855 2856 2857 2858 2859 2860 2861 2862 2863 2864 2865 2866 2867 2868 2869 2870 2871 2872 2873 2874 2875 2876 2877 2878 2879 2880 2881 2882 2883 2884 2885 2886 2887 2888 2889 2890 2891 2892 2893 2894 2895 2896 2897 2898 2899 2900 2901 2902 2903 2904 2905 2906 2907 2908 2909 2910 2911 2912 2913 2914 2915 2916 2917 2918 2919 2920 2921 2922 2923 2924 2925 2926 2927 2928 2929 2930 2931 2932 2933 2934 2935 2936 2937 2938 2939 2940 2941 2942 2943 2944 2945 2946 2947 2948 2949 2950 2951 2952 2953 2954 2955 2956 2957 2958 2959 2960 2961 2962 2963 2964 2965 2966 2967 2968 2969 2970 2971 2972 2973 2974 2975 2976 2977 2978 2979 2980 2981 2982 2983 2984 2985 2986 2987 2988 2989 2990 2991 2992 2993 2994 2995 2996 2997 2998 2999 3000 3001 3002 3003 3004 3005 3006 3007 3008 3009 3010 3011 3012 3013 3014 3015 3016 3017 3018 3019 3020 3021 3022 3023 3024 3025 3026 3027 3028 3029 3030 3031 3032 3033 3034 3035 3036 3037 3038 3039 3040 3041 3042 3043 3044 3045 3046 3047 3048 3049 3050 3051 3052 3053 3054 3055 3056 3057 3058 3059 3060 3061 3062 3063 3064 3065 3066 3067 3068 3069 3070 3071 3072 3073 3074 3075 3076 3077 3078 3079 3080 3081 3082 3083 3084 3085 3086 3087 3088 3089 3090 3091 3092 3093 3094 3095 3096 3097 3098 3099 3100 3101 3102 3103 3104 3105 3106 3107 3108 3109 3110 3111 3112 3113 3114 3115 3116 3117 3118 3119 3120 3121 3122 3123 3124 3125 3126 3127 3128 3129 3130 3131 3132 3133 3134 3135 3136 3137 3138 3139 3140 3141 3142 3143 3144 3145 3146 3147 3148 3149 3150 3151 3152 3153 3154 | package Lingua::EN::Inflect;
use strict;
use vars qw($VERSION @EXPORT_OK %EXPORT_TAGS @ISA);
use Env;
require Exporter;
@ISA = qw(Exporter);
our $VERSION = '1.899';
%EXPORT_TAGS =
(
ALL => [ qw( classical inflect
PL PL_N PL_V PL_ADJ NO NUM A AN
PL_eq PL_N_eq PL_V_eq PL_ADJ_eq
PART_PRES
ORD
NUMWORDS
WORDLIST
def_noun def_verb def_adj def_a def_an )],
INFLECTIONS => [ qw( classical inflect
PL PL_N PL_V PL_ADJ PL_eq
NO NUM A AN PART_PRES )],
PLURALS => [ qw( classical inflect
PL PL_N PL_V PL_ADJ NO NUM
PL_eq PL_N_eq PL_V_eq PL_ADJ_eq )],
COMPARISONS => [ qw( classical
PL_eq PL_N_eq PL_V_eq PL_ADJ_eq )],
ARTICLES => [ qw( classical inflect NUM A AN )],
NUMERICAL => [ qw( ORD NUMWORDS )],
USER_DEFINED => [ qw( def_noun def_verb def_adj def_a def_an )],
);
Exporter::export_ok_tags(qw( ALL ));
# SUPPORT CLASSICAL PLURALIZATIONS
my %def_classical = (
all => 0,
zero => 0,
herd => 0,
names => 1,
persons => 0,
ancient => 0,
);
my %all_classical = (
all => 1,
zero => 1,
herd => 1,
names => 1,
persons => 1,
ancient => 1,
noble_and_ancient => 10,
);
my %classical = %def_classical;
my $classical_mode = join '|', keys %all_classical;
$classical_mode = qr/^(?:$classical_mode)$/;
sub classical
{
if (!@_) {
%classical = %all_classical;
return;
}
if (@_==1 && $_[0] !~ $classical_mode) {
%classical = $_[0] ? %all_classical : ();
return;
}
while (@_) {
my $arg = shift;
if ($arg !~ $classical_mode) {
die "Unknown classical mode ($arg)\n";
}
if (@_ && $_[0] !~ $classical_mode) { $classical{$arg} = shift; }
else { $classical{$arg} = 1; }
if ($arg eq 'all') {
%classical = $classical{all} ? %all_classical : ();
}
}
}
my $persistent_count;
sub NUM # (;$count,$show)
{
if (defined $_[0])
{
$persistent_count = $_[0];
return $_[0] if !defined($_[1]) || $_[1];
}
else
{
$persistent_count = undef;
}
return '';
}
# 0. PERFORM GENERAL INFLECTIONS IN A STRING
sub enclose { "(?:$_[0])" }
sub inflect
{
my $save_persistent_count = $persistent_count;
my @sections = split /(NUM\([^)]*\))/, $_[0];
my $inflection = "";
foreach ( @sections )
{
unless (s/NUM\(\s*?(?:([^),]*)(?:,([^)]*))?)?\)/ NUM($1,$2) /xe)
{
1 while
s/\bPL \( ([^),]*) (, ([^)]*) )? \) / PL($1,$3) /xeg
|| s/\bPL_N \( ([^),]*) (, ([^)]*) )? \) / PL_N($1,$3) /xeg
|| s/\bPL_V \( ([^),]*) (, ([^)]*) )? \) / PL_V($1,$3) /xeg
|| s/\bPL_ADJ \( ([^),]*) (, ([^)]*) )? \) / PL_ADJ($1,$3) /xeg
|| s/\bAN? \( ([^),]*) (, ([^)]*) )? \) / A($1,$3) /xeg
|| s/\bNO \( ([^),]*) (, ([^)]*) )? \) / NO($1,$3) /xeg
|| s/\bORD \( ([^)]*) \) / ORD($1) /xeg
|| s/\bNUMWORDS \( ([^)]*) \) / NUMWORDS($1) /xeg
|| s/\bPART_PRES \( ([^)]*) \) / PART_PRES($1) /xeg
}
$inflection .= $_;
}
$persistent_count = $save_persistent_count;
return $inflection;
}
# 1. PLURALS
my %PL_sb_irregular_s =
(
"corpus" => "corpuses|corpora",
"opus" => "opuses|opera",
"magnum opus" => "magnum opuses|magna opera",
"genus" => "genera",
"mythos" => "mythoi",
"penis" => "penises|penes",
"testis" => "testes",
"atlas" => "atlases|atlantes",
"yes" => "yeses",
'editio princeps' => 'editiones principes',
'starets' => 'startsy',
'staretz' => 'startzy',
);
my %PL_sb_irregular =
(
"child" => "children",
"brother" => "brothers|brethren",
"loaf" => "loaves",
"hoof" => "hoofs|hooves",
"beef" => "beefs|beeves",
"thief" => "thiefs|thieves",
"money" => "monies",
"mongoose" => "mongooses",
"ox" => "oxen",
"cow" => "cows|kine",
"graffito" => "graffiti",
"prima donna" => "prima donnas|prime donne",
"octopus" => "octopuses|octopodes",
"genie" => "genies|genii",
"ganglion" => "ganglions|ganglia",
"trilby" => "trilbys",
"turf" => "turfs|turves",
"numen" => "numina",
"atman" => "atmas",
"occiput" => "occiputs|occipita",
'sabretooth' => 'sabretooths',
'sabertooth' => 'sabertooths',
'lowlife' => 'lowlifes',
'flatfoot' => 'flatfoots',
'tenderfoot' => 'tenderfoots',
'Romany' => 'Romanies',
'romany' => 'romanies',
'Tornese' => 'Tornesi',
'Jerry' => 'Jerrys',
'jerry' => 'jerries',
'Mary' => 'Marys',
'mary' => 'maries',
'talouse' => 'talouses',
'blouse' => 'blouses',
'Rom' => 'Roma',
'rom' => 'roma',
'carmen' => 'carmina',
'cheval' => 'chevaux',
'chervonetz' => 'chervontzi',
'kuvasz' => 'kuvaszok',
'felo' => 'felones',
'put-off' => 'put-offs',
'set-off' => 'set-offs',
'set-out' => 'set-outs',
'set-to' => 'set-tos',
'brother-german' => 'brothers-german|brethren-german',
'studium generale' => 'studia generali',
%PL_sb_irregular_s,
);
my $PL_sb_irregular = enclose join '|', reverse sort keys %PL_sb_irregular;
# Z's that don't double
my @PL_sb_z_zes =
(
"batz", "quartz", "topaz", "snooz(?=e)", "kibbutz",
);
my $PL_sb_z_zes = enclose join '|', @PL_sb_z_zes;
# UNCONDITIONAL "..is" -> "..ides"
my @PL_sb_U_is_ides =
(
"aphis",
);
my $PL_sb_U_is_ides = enclose join "|", map { substr($_,0,-2) } @PL_sb_U_is_ides;
# CLASSICAL "..is" -> "..ides"
my @PL_sb_C_is_ides =
(
# GENERAL WORDS...
"ephemeris", "iris", "clitoris",
"chrysalis", "epididymis",
# INFLAMATIONS...
".*itis",
);
my $PL_sb_C_is_ides = enclose join "|", map { substr($_,0,-2) } @PL_sb_C_is_ides;
# UNCONDITIONAL "..a" -> "..ata"
my @PL_sb_U_a_ata =
(
"plasmalemma", "pseudostoma",
);
my $PL_sb_U_a_ata = enclose join "|", map { substr($_,0,-1) } @PL_sb_U_a_ata;
# CLASSICAL "..a" -> "..ata"
my @PL_sb_C_a_ata =
(
"anathema", "bema", "carcinoma", "charisma", "diploma",
"dogma", "drama", "edema", "enema", "enigma", "lemma",
"lymphoma", "magma", "melisma", "miasma", "oedema",
"sarcoma", "schema", "soma", "stigma", "stoma", "trauma",
"gumma", "pragma", "bema",
);
my $PL_sb_C_a_ata = enclose join "|", map { substr($_,0,-1) } @PL_sb_C_a_ata;
# UNCONDITIONAL "..a" -> "..ae"
my $PL_sb_U_a_ae = enclose join "|",
(
"alumna", "alga", "vertebra", "persona"
);
# CLASSICAL "..a" -> "..ae"
my $PL_sb_C_a_ae = enclose join "|",
(
"amoeba", "antenna", "formula", "hyperbola",
"medusa", "nebula", "parabola", "abscissa",
"hydra", "nova", "lacuna", "aurora", ".*umbra",
"flora", "fauna",
);
# CLASSICAL "..en" -> "..ina"
my $PL_sb_C_en_ina = enclose join "|", map { substr($_,0,-2) }
(
"stamen", "foramen", "lumen"
);
# UNCONDITIONAL "..um" -> "..a"
my $PL_sb_U_um_a = enclose join "|", map { substr($_,0,-2) }
(
"bacterium", "agendum", "desideratum", "erratum",
"stratum", "datum", "ovum", "extremum",
"candelabrum", "intermedium", "malum", "Progymnasium",
);
# CLASSICAL "..um" -> "..a"
my $PL_sb_C_um_a = enclose join "|", map { substr($_,0,-2) }
(
"maximum", "minimum", "momentum", "optimum",
"quantum", "cranium", "curriculum", "dictum",
"phylum", "aquarium", "compendium", "emporium",
"enconium", "gymnasium", "honorarium", "interregnum",
"lustrum", "memorandum", "millennium", "rostrum",
"spectrum", "speculum", "stadium", "trapezium",
"ultimatum", "medium", "vacuum", "velum",
"consortium",
);
# UNCONDITIONAL "..us" -> "i"
my $PL_sb_U_us_i = enclose join "|", map { substr($_,0,-2) }
(
"alumnus", "alveolus", "bacillus", "bronchus",
"locus", "nucleus", "stimulus", "meniscus",
"sarcophagus", "interradius", "perradius", "triradius",
);
# CLASSICAL "..us" -> "..i"
my $PL_sb_C_us_i = enclose join "|", map { substr($_,0,-2) }
(
"focus", "radius", "genius",
"incubus", "succubus", "nimbus",
"fungus", "nucleolus", "stylus",
"torus", "umbilicus", "uterus",
"hippopotamus", "cactus",
);
# CLASSICAL "..us" -> "..us" (ASSIMILATED 4TH DECLENSION LATIN NOUNS)
my $PL_sb_C_us_us = enclose join "|",
(
"status", "apparatus", "prospectus", "sinus",
"hiatus", "impetus", "plexus",
);
# UNCONDITIONAL "..on" -> "a"
my $PL_sb_U_on_a = enclose join "|", map { substr($_,0,-2) }
(
"criterion", "perihelion", "aphelion",
"phenomenon", "prolegomenon", "noumenon",
"organon", "asyndeton", "hyperbaton",
"legomenon",
);
# CLASSICAL "..on" -> "..a"
my $PL_sb_C_on_a = enclose join "|", map { substr($_,0,-2) }
(
"oxymoron",
);
# CLASSICAL "..o" -> "..i" (BUT NORMALLY -> "..os")
my @PL_sb_C_o_i =
(
"solo", "soprano", "basso", "alto",
"contralto", "tempo", "piano", "virtuoso",
);
my $PL_sb_C_o_i = enclose join "|", map { substr($_,0,-1) } @PL_sb_C_o_i;
# ALWAYS "..o" -> "..os"
my $PL_sb_U_o_os = enclose join "|",
(
"^ado", "aficionado", "aggro",
"albino", "allegro", "ammo",
"Antananarivo", "archipelago", "armadillo",
"auto", "avocado", "Bamako",
"Barquisimeto", "bimbo", "bingo",
"Biro", "bolero", "Bolzano",
"bongo", "Boto", "burro",
"Cairo", "canto", "cappuccino",
"casino", "cello", "Chicago",
"Chimango", "cilantro", "cochito",
"coco", "Colombo", "Colorado",
"commando", "concertino", "contango",
"credo", "crescendo", "cyano",
"demo", "ditto", "Draco",
"dynamo", "embryo", "Esperanto",
"espresso", "euro", "falsetto",
"Faro", "fiasco", "Filipino",
"flamenco", "furioso", "generalissimo",
"Gestapo", "ghetto", "gigolo",
"gizmo", "Greensboro", "gringo",
"Guaiabero", "guano", "gumbo",
"gyro", "hairdo", "hippo",
"Idaho", "impetigo", "inferno",
"info", "intermezzo", "intertrigo",
"Iquico", "^ISO", "jumbo",
"junto", "Kakapo", "kilo",
"Kinkimavo", "Kokako", "Kosovo",
"Lesotho", "libero", "libido",
"libretto", "lido", "Lilo",
"limbo", "limo", "lineno",
"lingo", "lino", "livedo",
"loco", "logo", "lumbago",
"macho", "macro", "mafioso",
"magneto", "magnifico", "Majuro",
"Malabo", "manifesto", "Maputo",
"Maracaibo", "medico", "memo",
"metro", "Mexico", "micro",
"Milano", "Monaco", "mono",
"Montenegro", "Morocco", "Muqdisho",
"myo", "^NATO", "^NCO",
"neutrino", "^NGO", "Ningbo",
"octavo", "oregano", "Orinoco",
"Orlando", "Oslo", "^oto",
"panto", "Paramaribo", "Pardusco",
"pedalo", "photo", "pimento",
"pinto", "pleco", "Pluto",
"pogo", "polo", "poncho",
"Porto-Novo", "Porto", "pro",
"psycho", "pueblo", "quarto",
"Quito", "rhino", "risotto",
"rococo", "rondo", "Sacramento",
"saddo", "sago", "salvo",
"Santiago", "Sapporo", "Sarajevo",
"scherzando", "scherzo", "silo",
"sirocco", "sombrero", "staccato",
"sterno", "stucco", "stylo",
"sumo", "Taiko", "techno",
"terrazzo", "testudo", "timpano",
"tiro", "tobacco", "Togo",
"Tokyo", "torero", "Torino",
"Toronto", "torso", "tremolo",
"typo", "tyro", "ufo",
"UNESCO", "vaquero", "vermicello",
"verso", "vibrato", "violoncello",
"Virgo", "weirdo", "WHO",
"WTO", "Yamoussoukro", "yo-yo",
"zero", "Zibo",
@PL_sb_C_o_i,
);
# UNCONDITIONAL "..ch" -> "..chs"
my $PL_sb_U_ch_chs = enclose join "|", map { substr($_,0,-2) }
qw(
czech eunuch stomach
);
# UNCONDITIONAL "..[ei]x" -> "..ices"
my $PL_sb_U_ex_ices = enclose join "|", map { substr($_,0,-2) }
(
"codex", "murex", "silex",
);
my $PL_sb_U_ix_ices = enclose join "|", map { substr($_,0,-2) }
(
"radix", "helix",
);
# CLASSICAL "..[ei]x" -> "..ices"
my $PL_sb_C_ex_ices = enclose join "|", map { substr($_,0,-2) }
(
"vortex", "vertex", "cortex", "latex",
"pontifex", "apex", "index", "simplex",
);
my $PL_sb_C_ix_ices = enclose join "|", map { substr($_,0,-2) }
(
"appendix",
);
# ARABIC: ".." -> "..i"
my $PL_sb_C_i = enclose join "|",
(
"afrit", "afreet", "efreet",
);
# HEBREW: ".." -> "..im"
my $PL_sb_C_im = enclose join "|",
(
"goy", "seraph", "cherub", "zuz", "kibbutz",
);
# UNCONDITIONAL "..man" -> "..mans"
my $PL_sb_U_man_mans = enclose join "|",
qw(
\bataman caiman cayman ceriman
\bdesman \bdolman \bfarman \bharman \bhetman
human \bleman ottoman shaman talisman
Alabaman Bahaman Burman German
Hiroshiman Liman Nakayaman Norman Oklahoman
Panaman Roman Selman Sonaman Tacoman Yakiman
Yokohaman Yuman
);
my @PL_sb_uninflected_s =
(
# PAIRS OR GROUPS SUBSUMED TO A SINGULAR...
"breeches", "britches", "pajamas", "pyjamas", "clippers", "gallows",
"hijinks", "headquarters", "pliers", "scissors", "testes", "herpes",
"pincers", "shears", "proceedings", "trousers",
# UNASSIMILATED LATIN 4th DECLENSION
"cantus", "coitus", "nexus",
# RECENT IMPORTS...
"contretemps", "corps", "debris",
".*ois", "siemens",
# DISEASES
".*measles", "mumps",
# MISCELLANEOUS OTHERS...
"diabetes", "jackanapes", ".*series", "species", "rabies",
"chassis", "innings", "news", "mews", "haggis",
);
my $PL_sb_uninflected_herd = enclose join "|",
# DON'T INFLECT IN CLASSICAL MODE, OTHERWISE NORMAL INFLECTION
(
"wildebeest", "swine", "eland", "bison", "buffalo",
"elk", "rhinoceros", 'zucchini',
'caribou', 'dace', 'grouse', 'guinea[- ]fowl',
'haddock', 'hake', 'halibut', 'herring', 'mackerel',
'pickerel', 'pike', 'roe', 'seed', 'shad',
'snipe', 'teal', 'turbot', 'water[- ]fowl',
);
my $PL_sb_lese_lesen = enclose join "|",
(
'Auslese',
'beerenauslese',
'Spaetlese',
'trockenbeerenauslese',
);
my $PL_sb_uninflected = enclose join "|",
(
# SOME FISH AND HERD ANIMALS
".*fish", "tuna", "salmon", "mackerel", "trout",
"bream", "sea[- ]bass", "carp", "cod", "flounder", "whiting",
".*deer", ".*sheep", "moose",
# ALL NATIONALS ENDING IN -ese
"Portuguese", "Amoyese", "Borghese", "Congoese", "Faroese",
"Foochowese", "Genevese", "Genoese", "Gilbertese", "Hottentotese",
"Kiplingese", "Kongoese", "Lucchese", "Maltese", "Nankingese",
"Niasese", "Pekingese", "Piedmontese", "Pistoiese", "Sarawakese",
"Shavese", "Vermontese", "Wenchowese", "Yengeese",
".*[nrlm]ese",
# SOME WORDS ENDING IN ...s (OFTEN PAIRS TAKEN AS A WHOLE)
@PL_sb_uninflected_s,
# DISEASES
".*pox",
# OTHER ODDITIES
"graffiti", "djinn", 'samuri',
'.*craft$', 'offspring', 'pence', 'quid', 'hertz',
);
# SINGULAR WORDS ENDING IN ...s (ALL INFLECT WITH ...es)
my $PL_sb_singular_s = enclose join '|',
(
".*ss",
"acropolis", "aegis", "alias", "asbestos", "bathos", "bias",
"bronchitis", "bursitis", "caddis", "cannabis",
"canvas", "chaos", "cosmos", "dais", "digitalis",
"epidermis", "ethos", "eyas", "gas", "glottis",
"hubris", "ibis", "lens", "mantis", "marquis", "metropolis",
"pathos", "pelvis", "polis", "rhinoceros",
"sassafras", "trellis", ".*us", "[A-Z].*es",
@PL_sb_C_is_ides,
@PL_sb_U_is_ides,
);
my $PL_v_special_s = enclose join '|',
(
$PL_sb_singular_s,
@PL_sb_uninflected_s,
keys %PL_sb_irregular_s,
'(.*[csx])is',
'(.*)ceps',
'[A-Z].*s',
);
my %PL_sb_postfix_adj = (
'general' => ['(?!major|lieutenant|brigadier|adjutant|.*star)\S+'],
'martial' => [qw(court)],
);
foreach (keys %PL_sb_postfix_adj) {
$PL_sb_postfix_adj{$_} = enclose
enclose(join('|', @{$PL_sb_postfix_adj{$_}}))
. "(?=(?:-|\\s+)$_)";
}
my $PL_sb_postfix_adj = '(' . join('|', values %PL_sb_postfix_adj) . ')(.*)';
my $PL_prep = enclose join '|', qw (
about above across after against amid amidst among around as at athwart atop
barring before behind below beneath beside besides between betwixt beyond but by
circa
despite down during
except
failing for from
given
in inside into
like
minus
near next
of off on onto out outside over
pace past per plus pro
qua
round
sans save since
than through throughout thru thruout till times to toward towards
under underneath unlike until unto up upon
versus via vs
with within without worth
);
my $PL_sb_prep_dual_compound = '(.*?)((?:-|\s+)(?:'.$PL_prep.'|d[eua])(?:-|\s+))a(?:-|\s+)(.*)';
my $PL_sb_prep_compound = '(.*?)((-|\s+)('.$PL_prep.'|d[eua])((-|\s+)(.*))?)';
my %PL_pron_nom =
(
# NOMINATIVE REFLEXIVE
"i" => "we", "myself" => "ourselves",
"you" => "you", "yourself" => "yourselves",
"she" => "they", "herself" => "themselves",
"he" => "they", "himself" => "themselves",
"it" => "they", "itself" => "themselves",
"they" => "they", "themself" => "themselves",
# POSSESSIVE
"mine" => "ours",
"yours" => "yours",
"hers" => "theirs",
"his" => "theirs",
"its" => "theirs",
"theirs" => "theirs",
);
my %PL_pron_acc =
(
# ACCUSATIVE REFLEXIVE
"me" => "us", "myself" => "ourselves",
"you" => "you", "yourself" => "yourselves",
"her" => "them", "herself" => "themselves",
"him" => "them", "himself" => "themselves",
"it" => "them", "itself" => "themselves",
"them" => "them", "themself" => "themselves",
);
my $PL_pron_acc = enclose join '|', keys %PL_pron_acc;
my %PL_v_irregular_pres =
(
# 1st PERS. SING. 2ND PERS. SING. 3RD PERS. SINGULAR
# 3RD PERS. (INDET.)
"am" => "are", "are" => "are", "is" => "are",
"was" => "were", "were" => "were", "was" => "were",
"have" => "have", "have" => "have", "has" => "have",
"do" => "do", "do" => "do", "does" => "do",
);
my $PL_v_irregular_pres = enclose join '|', keys %PL_v_irregular_pres;
my %PL_v_ambiguous_pres =
(
# 1st PERS. SING. 2ND PERS. SING. 3RD PERS. SINGULAR
# 3RD PERS. (INDET.)
"act" => "act", "act" => "act", "acts" => "act",
"blame" => "blame", "blame" => "blame", "blames" => "blame",
"can" => "can", "can" => "can", "can" => "can",
"must" => "must", "must" => "must", "must" => "must",
"fly" => "fly", "fly" => "fly", "flies" => "fly",
"copy" => "copy", "copy" => "copy", "copies" => "copy",
"drink" => "drink", "drink" => "drink", "drinks" => "drink",
"fight" => "fight", "fight" => "fight", "fights" => "fight",
"fire" => "fire", "fire" => "fire", "fires" => "fire",
"like" => "like", "like" => "like", "likes" => "like",
"look" => "look", "look" => "look", "looks" => "look",
"make" => "make", "make" => "make", "makes" => "make",
"reach" => "reach", "reach" => "reach", "reaches" => "reach",
"run" => "run", "run" => "run", "runs" => "run",
"sink" => "sink", "sink" => "sink", "sinks" => "sink",
"sleep" => "sleep", "sleep" => "sleep", "sleeps" => "sleep",
"view" => "view", "view" => "view", "views" => "view",
);
my $PL_v_ambiguous_pres = enclose join '|', keys %PL_v_ambiguous_pres;
my $PL_v_irregular_non_pres = enclose join '|',
(
"did", "had", "ate", "made", "put",
"spent", "fought", "sank", "gave", "sought",
"shall", "could", "ought", "should",
);
my $PL_v_ambiguous_non_pres = enclose join '|',
(
"thought", "saw", "bent", "will", "might", "cut",
);
# "..oes" -> "..oe" (the rest are "..oes" -> "o")
my $PL_v_oes_oe = enclose join "|",
qw(
.*shoes .*hoes .*toes
canoes floes oboes roes throes woes
);
my $PL_count_zero = enclose join '|',
(
0, "no", "zero", "nil"
);
my $PL_count_one = enclose join '|',
(
1, "a", "an", "one", "each", "every", "this", "that",
);
my %PL_adj_special =
(
"a" => "some", "an" => "some",
"this" => "these", "that" => "those",
);
my $PL_adj_special = enclose join '|', keys %PL_adj_special;
my %PL_adj_poss =
(
"my" => "our",
"your" => "your",
"its" => "their",
"her" => "their",
"his" => "their",
"their" => "their",
);
my $PL_adj_poss = enclose join '|', keys %PL_adj_poss;
sub checkpat
{
local $SIG{__WARN__} = sub {0};
do {$@ =~ s/at.*?$//;
die "\nBad user-defined singular pattern:\n\t$@\n"}
if (!eval "'' =~ m/$_[0]/; 1;" or $@);
return @_;
}
sub checkpatsubs
{
checkpat($_[0]);
if (defined $_[1])
{
local $SIG{__WARN__} = sub {0};
do {$@ =~ s/at.*?$//;
die "\nBad user-defined plural string: '$_[1]'\n\t$@\n"}
if (!eval "qq{$_[1]}; 1;" or $@);
}
return @_;
}
my @PL_sb_user_defined = ();
my @PL_v_user_defined = ();
my @PL_adj_user_defined = ();
my @A_a_user_defined = ();
sub def_noun
{
unshift @PL_sb_user_defined, checkpatsubs(@_);
return 1;
}
sub def_verb
{
unshift @PL_v_user_defined, checkpatsubs(@_[4,5]);
unshift @PL_v_user_defined, checkpatsubs(@_[2,3]);
unshift @PL_v_user_defined, checkpatsubs(@_[0,1]);
return 1;
}
sub def_adj
{
unshift @PL_adj_user_defined, checkpatsubs(@_);
return 1;
}
sub def_a
{
unshift @A_a_user_defined, checkpat(@_,'a');
return 1;
}
sub def_an
{
unshift @A_a_user_defined, checkpat(@_,'an');
return 1;
}
sub ud_match
{
my $word = shift;
for (my $i=0; $i < @_; $i+=2)
{
if ($word =~ /^(?:$_[$i])$/i)
{
last unless defined $_[$i+1];
return eval '"'.$_[$i+1].'"';
}
}
return undef;
}
do
{
local $SIG{__WARN__} = sub {0};
my $rcfile;
$rcfile = $INC{'Lingua//EN/Inflect.pm'} || '';
$rcfile =~ s/Inflect.pm$/.inflectrc/;
do $rcfile or die "\nBad .inflectrc file ($rcfile):\n\t$@\n"
if $rcfile && -r $rcfile && -s $rcfile;
$rcfile = "$ENV{HOME}/.inflectrc" || '';
do $rcfile or die "\nBad .inflectrc file ($rcfile):\n\t$@\n"
if $rcfile && -r $rcfile && -s $rcfile;
};
sub postprocess # FIX PEDANTRY AND CAPITALIZATION :-)
{
my ($orig, $inflected) = @_;
$inflected =~ s/([^|]+)\|(.+)/ $classical{all}?$2:$1 /e;
return $orig =~ /^I$/ ? $inflected
: $orig =~ /^[A-Z]+$/ ? uc $inflected
: $orig =~ /^[A-Z]/ ? ucfirst $inflected
: $inflected;
}
sub PL
# PL($word,$number)
{
my ($str, $count) = @_;
my ($pre, $word, $post) = ($str =~ m/\A(\s*)(.+?)(\s*)\Z/);
return $str unless $word;
my $plural = postprocess $word, _PL_special_adjective($word,$count)
|| _PL_special_verb($word,$count)
|| _PL_noun($word,$count);
return $pre.$plural.$post;
}
sub PL_N
# PL_N($word,$number)
{
my ($str, $count) = @_;
my ($pre, $word, $post) = ($str =~ m/\A(\s*)(.+?)(\s*)\Z/);
return $str unless $word;
my $plural = postprocess $word, _PL_noun($word,$count);
return $pre.$plural.$post;
}
sub PL_V
# PL_V($word,$number)
{
my ($str, $count) = @_;
my ($pre, $word, $post) = ($str =~ m/\A(\s*)(.+?)(\s*)\Z/);
return $str unless $word;
my $plural = postprocess $word, _PL_special_verb($word,$count)
|| _PL_general_verb($word,$count);
return $pre.$plural.$post;
}
sub PL_ADJ
# PL_ADJ($word,$number)
{
my ($str, $count) = @_;
my ($pre, $word, $post) = ($str =~ m/\A(\s*)(.+?)(\s*)\Z/);
return $str unless $word;
my $plural = postprocess $word, _PL_special_adjective($word,$count)
|| $word;
return $pre.$plural.$post;
}
sub PL_eq { _PL_eq(@_, \&PL_N) || _PL_eq(@_, \&PL_V) || _PL_eq(@_, \&PL_ADJ); }
sub PL_N_eq { _PL_eq(@_, \&PL_N); }
sub PL_V_eq { _PL_eq(@_, \&PL_V); }
sub PL_ADJ_eq { _PL_eq(@_, \&PL_ADJ); }
sub _PL_eq
{
my ( $word1, $word2, $PL ) = @_;
my %classval = %classical;
%classical = %all_classical;
my $result = "";
$result = "eq" if !$result && $word1 eq $word2;
$result = "p:s" if !$result && $word1 eq &$PL($word2);
$result = "s:p" if !$result && &$PL($word1) eq $word2;
%classical = ();
$result = "p:s" if !$result && $word1 eq &$PL($word2);
$result = "s:p" if !$result && &$PL($word1) eq $word2;
%classical = %classval;
if ($PL == \&PL || $PL == \&PL_N)
{
$result = "p:p"
if !$result && _PL_check_plurals_N($word1,$word2);
$result = "p:p"
if !$result && _PL_check_plurals_N($word2,$word1);
}
if ($PL == \&PL || $PL == \&PL_ADJ)
{
$result = "p:p"
if !$result && _PL_check_plurals_ADJ($word1,$word2,$PL);
}
return $result;
}
sub _PL_reg_plurals
{
$_[0] =~ /($_[1])($_[2]\|\1$_[3]|$_[3]\|\1$_[2])/
}
sub _PL_check_plurals_N
{
my $pair = "$_[0]|$_[1]";
foreach ( values %PL_sb_irregular_s ) { return 1 if $_ eq $pair; }
foreach ( values %PL_sb_irregular ) { return 1 if $_ eq $pair; }
return 1 if
_PL_reg_plurals($pair, $PL_sb_U_a_ata, "as","ata")
|| _PL_reg_plurals($pair, $PL_sb_C_a_ata, "as","ata")
|| _PL_reg_plurals($pair, $PL_sb_U_is_ides, "is","ides")
|| _PL_reg_plurals($pair, $PL_sb_C_is_ides, "is","ides")
|| _PL_reg_plurals($pair, $PL_sb_C_a_ae, "s","e")
|| _PL_reg_plurals($pair, $PL_sb_C_en_ina, "ens","ina")
|| _PL_reg_plurals($pair, $PL_sb_C_um_a, "ums","a")
|| _PL_reg_plurals($pair, $PL_sb_C_us_i, "uses","i")
|| _PL_reg_plurals($pair, $PL_sb_C_on_a, "ons","a")
|| _PL_reg_plurals($pair, $PL_sb_C_o_i, "os","i")
|| _PL_reg_plurals($pair, $PL_sb_C_ex_ices, "exes","ices")
|| _PL_reg_plurals($pair, $PL_sb_C_ix_ices, "ixes","ices")
|| _PL_reg_plurals($pair, $PL_sb_C_i, "s","i")
|| _PL_reg_plurals($pair, $PL_sb_C_im, "s","im")
|| _PL_reg_plurals($pair, '.*eau', "s","x")
|| _PL_reg_plurals($pair, '.*ieu', "s","x")
|| _PL_reg_plurals($pair, '.*tri', "xes","ces")
|| _PL_reg_plurals($pair, '.{2,}[yia]n', "xes","ges");
return 0;
}
sub _PL_check_plurals_ADJ
{
my ( $word1a, $word2a ) = @_;
my ( $word1b, $word2b ) = @_;
$word1a = '' unless $word1a =~ s/'s?$//;
$word2a = '' unless $word2a =~ s/'s?$//;
$word1b = '' unless $word1b =~ s/s'$//;
$word2b = '' unless $word2b =~ s/s'$//;
if ($word1a)
{
return 1 if $word2a && ( _PL_check_plurals_N($word1a, $word2a)
|| _PL_check_plurals_N($word2a, $word1a) );
return 1 if $word2b && ( _PL_check_plurals_N($word1a, $word2b)
|| _PL_check_plurals_N($word2b, $word1a) );
}
if ($word1b)
{
return 1 if $word2a && ( _PL_check_plurals_N($word1b, $word2a)
|| _PL_check_plurals_N($word2a, $word1b) );
return 1 if $word2b && ( _PL_check_plurals_N($word1b, $word2b)
|| _PL_check_plurals_N($word2b, $word1b) );
}
return "";
}
sub _PL_noun
{
my ( $word, $count ) = @_;
my $value; # UTILITY VARIABLE
# DEFAULT TO PLURAL
$count = $persistent_count
if !defined($count) && defined($persistent_count);
$count = (defined $count and $count=~/^($PL_count_one)$/io
or defined $count and $classical{zero}
and $count=~/^($PL_count_zero)$/io)
? 1
: 2;
return $word if $count==1;
# HANDLE USER-DEFINED NOUNS
return $value if defined($value = ud_match($word, @PL_sb_user_defined));
# HANDLE EMPTY WORD, SINGULAR COUNT AND UNINFLECTED PLURALS
$word eq '' and return $word;
$word =~ /^($PL_sb_uninflected)$/i && !exists $PL_sb_irregular{$word} && $word !~ /^($PL_sb_lese_lesen)$/i
and return $word;
$classical{herd} and $word =~ /^($PL_sb_uninflected_herd)$/i
and return $word;
# HANDLE ISOLATED IRREGULAR PLURALS
$word =~ /^($PL_sb_irregular)$/i
and return ( $PL_sb_irregular{$1} || $PL_sb_irregular{lc $1} );
$word =~ /(.*)\b($PL_sb_irregular)$/i
and return $1 . ( $PL_sb_irregular{$2} || $PL_sb_irregular{lc $2} );
# HANDLE COMPOUNDS ("Governor General", "mother-in-law", "aide-de-camp", ETC.)
$word =~ /^(?:$PL_sb_postfix_adj)$/i
and $value = $2
and return _PL_noun($1,2)
. $value;
$word =~ /^(?:$PL_sb_prep_dual_compound)$/i
and $value = [$2,$3]
and return _PL_noun($1,2)
. $value->[0]
. _PL_noun($value->[1]);
$word =~ /^(?:$PL_sb_prep_compound)$/i
and $value = $2
and return _PL_noun($1,2)
. $value;
# HANDLE PRONOUNS
$word =~ /^((?:$PL_prep)\s+)($PL_pron_acc)$/i
and return $1.$PL_pron_acc{lc($2)};
$value = $PL_pron_nom{lc($word)}
and return $value;
$word =~ /^($PL_pron_acc)$/i
and return $PL_pron_acc{lc($1)};
# HANDLE FAMILIES OF IRREGULAR PLURALS
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_U_man_mans)$/i
and return "$1s";
$word =~ /(\S*)quy$/i
and return "$1quies";
$word =~ /(\S*)(person)$/i and return $classical{persons}?"$1persons":"$1people";
$word =~ /(.*)man$/i and return "$1men";
$word =~ /(.*[ml])ouse$/i and return "$1ice";
$word =~ /(.*)goose$/i and return "$1geese";
$word =~ /(.*)tooth$/i and return "$1teeth";
$word =~ /(.*)foot$/i and return "$1feet";
# HANDLE UNASSIMILATED IMPORTS
$word =~ /(.*)ceps$/i and return $word;
$word =~ /(.*)zoon$/i and return "$1zoa";
$word =~ /(.*[csx])is$/i and return "$1es";
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_U_a_ata)a$/i and return "$1ata";
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_U_is_ides)is$/i and return "$1ides";
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_U_ch_chs)ch$/i and return "$1chs";
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_U_ex_ices)ex$/i and return "$1ices";
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_U_ix_ices)ix$/i and return "$1ices";
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_U_um_a)um$/i and return "$1a";
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_U_us_i)us$/i and return "$1i";
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_U_on_a)on$/i and return "$1a";
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_U_a_ae)$/i and return "$1e";
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_lese_lesen)$/i and return "$1n";
# HANDLE INCOMPLETELY ASSIMILATED IMPORTS
if ($classical{ancient})
{
$word =~ /(.*)trix$/i and return "$1trices";
$word =~ /(.*)eau$/i and return "$1eaux";
$word =~ /(.*)ieu$/i and return "$1ieux";
$word =~ /(.{2,}[yia])nx$/i and return "$1nges";
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_C_en_ina)en$/i and return "$1ina";
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_C_ex_ices)ex$/i and return "$1ices";
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_C_ix_ices)ix$/i and return "$1ices";
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_C_um_a)um$/i and return "$1a";
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_C_us_i)us$/i and return "$1i";
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_C_us_us)$/i and return "$1";
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_C_a_ae)$/i and return "$1e";
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_C_a_ata)a$/i and return "$1ata";
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_C_is_ides)is$/i and return "$1ides";
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_C_o_i)o$/i and return "$1i";
$word =~ /(.*$PL_sb_C_on_a)on$/i and return "$1a";
$word =~ /$PL_sb_C_im$/i and return "${word}im";
$word =~ /$PL_sb_C_i$/i and return "${word}i";
}
# HANDLE SINGULAR NOUNS ENDING IN ...s OR OTHER SILIBANTS
$word =~ /^($PL_sb_singular_s)$/i and return "$1es";
$word =~ /^([A-Z].*s)$/ and $classical{names} and return "$1es";
$word =~ /^($PL_sb_z_zes)$/i and return "$1es";
$word =~ /^(.*[^z])(z)$/i and return "$1zzes";
$word =~ /^(.*)([cs]h|x|zz|ss)$/i and return "$1$2es";
# $word =~ /(.*)(us)$/i and return "$1$2es";
# HANDLE ...f -> ...ves
$word =~ /(.*[eao])lf$/i and return "$1lves";
$word =~ /(.*[^d])eaf$/i and return "$1eaves";
$word =~ /(.*[nlw])ife$/i and return "$1ives";
$word =~ /(.*)arf$/i and return "$1arves";
# HANDLE ...y
$word =~ /(.*[aeiou])y$/i and return "$1ys";
$word =~ /([A-Z].*y)$/ and $classical{names} and return "$1s";
$word =~ /(.*)y$/i and return "$1ies";
# HANDLE ...o
$word =~ /$PL_sb_U_o_os$/i and return "${word}s";
$word =~ /[aeiou]o$/i and return "${word}s";
$word =~ /o$/i and return "${word}es";
# OTHERWISE JUST ADD ...s
return "${word}s";
}
sub _PL_special_verb
{
my ( $word, $count ) = @_;
$count = $persistent_count
if !defined($count) && defined($persistent_count);
$count = (defined $count and $count=~/^($PL_count_one)$/io or
defined $count and $classical{zero} and $count=~/^($PL_count_zero)$/io) ? 1
: 2;
return undef if $count=~/^($PL_count_one)$/io;
my $value; # UTILITY VARIABLE
# HANDLE USER-DEFINED VERBS
return $value if defined($value = ud_match($word, @PL_v_user_defined));
# HANDLE IRREGULAR PRESENT TENSE (SIMPLE AND COMPOUND)
$word =~ /^($PL_v_irregular_pres)((\s.*)?)$/i
and return $PL_v_irregular_pres{lc $1}.$2;
# HANDLE IRREGULAR FUTURE, PRETERITE AND PERFECT TENSES
$word =~ /^($PL_v_irregular_non_pres)((\s.*)?)$/i
and return $word;
# HANDLE PRESENT NEGATIONS (SIMPLE AND COMPOUND)
$word =~ /^($PL_v_irregular_pres)(n't(\s.*)?)$/i
and return $PL_v_irregular_pres{lc $1}.$2;
$word =~ /^\S+n't\b/i
and return $word;
# HANDLE SPECIAL CASES
$word =~ /^($PL_v_special_s)$/ and return undef;
$word =~ /\s/ and return undef;
$word =~ /^quizzes$/i and return "quiz";
# HANDLE STANDARD 3RD PERSON (CHOP THE ...(e)s OFF SINGLE WORDS)
$word =~ /^(.*)([cs]h|[x]|zz|ss)es$/i and return "$1$2";
$word =~ /^(..+)ies$/i and return "$1y";
$word =~ /($PL_v_oes_oe)$/ and return substr($1,0,-1);
$word =~ /^(.+)oes$/i and return "$1o";
$word =~ /^(.*[^s])s$/i and return $1;
# OTHERWISE, A REGULAR VERB (HANDLE ELSEWHERE)
return undef;
}
sub _PL_general_verb
{
my ( $word, $count ) = @_;
$count = $persistent_count
if !defined($count) && defined($persistent_count);
$count = (defined $count and $count=~/^($PL_count_one)$/io or
defined $count and $classical{zero} and $count=~/^($PL_count_zero)$/io) ? 1
: 2;
return $word if $count=~/^($PL_count_one)$/io;
# HANDLE AMBIGUOUS PRESENT TENSES (SIMPLE AND COMPOUND)
$word =~ /^($PL_v_ambiguous_pres)((\s.*)?)$/i
and return $PL_v_ambiguous_pres{lc $1}.$2;
# HANDLE AMBIGUOUS PRETERITE AND PERFECT TENSES
$word =~ /^($PL_v_ambiguous_non_pres)((\s.*)?)$/i
and return $word;
# OTHERWISE, 1st OR 2ND PERSON IS UNINFLECTED
return $word;
}
sub _PL_special_adjective
{
my ( $word, $count ) = @_;
$count = $persistent_count
if !defined($count) && defined($persistent_count);
$count = (defined $count and $count=~/^($PL_count_one)$/io or
defined $count and $classical{zero} and $count=~/^($PL_count_zero)$/io) ? 1
: 2;
return $word if $count=~/^($PL_count_one)$/io;
# HANDLE USER-DEFINED ADJECTIVES
my $value;
return $value if defined($value = ud_match($word, @PL_adj_user_defined));
# HANDLE KNOWN CASES
$word =~ /^($PL_adj_special)$/i
and return $PL_adj_special{lc $1};
# HANDLE POSSESSIVES
$word =~ /^($PL_adj_poss)$/i
and return $PL_adj_poss{lc $1};
$word =~ /^(.*)'s?$/ and do { my $pl = PL_N($1);
return "$pl'" . ($pl =~ m/s$/ ? "" : "s");
};
# OTHERWISE, NO IDEA
return undef;
}
# 2. INDEFINITE ARTICLES
# THIS PATTERN MATCHES STRINGS OF CAPITALS STARTING WITH A "VOWEL-SOUND"
# CONSONANT FOLLOWED BY ANOTHER CONSONANT, AND WHICH ARE NOT LIKELY
# TO BE REAL WORDS (OH, ALL RIGHT THEN, IT'S JUST MAGIC!)
my $A_abbrev = q{
(?! FJO | [HLMNS]Y. | RY[EO] | SQU
| ( F[LR]? | [HL] | MN? | N | RH? | S[CHKLMNPTVW]? | X(YL)?) [AEIOU])
[FHLMNRSX][A-Z]
};
# THIS PATTERN CODES THE BEGINNINGS OF ALL ENGLISH WORDS BEGINING WITH A
# 'y' FOLLOWED BY A CONSONANT. ANY OTHER Y-CONSONANT PREFIX THEREFORE
# IMPLIES AN ABBREVIATION.
my $A_y_cons = 'y(b[lor]|cl[ea]|fere|gg|p[ios]|rou|tt)';
# EXCEPTIONS TO EXCEPTIONS
my $A_explicit_an = enclose join '|',
(
"euler",
"hour(?!i)", "heir", "honest", "hono",
);
my $A_ordinal_an = enclose join '|',
(
"[aefhilmnorsx]-?th",
);
my $A_ordinal_a = enclose join '|',
(
"[bcdgjkpqtuvwyz]-?th",
);
sub A {
my ($str, $count) = @_;
my ($pre, $word, $post) = ( $str =~ m/\A(\s*)(?:an?\s+)?(.+?)(\s*)\Z/i );
return $str unless $word;
my $result = _indef_article($word,$count);
return $pre.$result.$post;
}
sub AN { goto &A }
sub _indef_article {
my ( $word, $count ) = @_;
$count = $persistent_count
if !defined($count) && defined($persistent_count);
return "$count $word"
if defined $count && $count!~/^($PL_count_one)$/io;
# HANDLE USER-DEFINED VARIANTS
my $value;
return "$value $word"
if defined($value = ud_match($word, @A_a_user_defined));
# HANDLE ORDINAL FORMS
$word =~ /^($A_ordinal_a)/i and return "a $word";
$word =~ /^($A_ordinal_an)/i and return "an $word";
# HANDLE SPECIAL CASES
$word =~ /^($A_explicit_an)/i and return "an $word";
$word =~ /^[aefhilmnorsx]$/i and return "an $word";
$word =~ /^[bcdgjkpqtuvwyz]$/i and return "a $word";
# HANDLE ABBREVIATIONS
$word =~ /^($A_abbrev)/ox and return "an $word";
$word =~ /^[aefhilmnorsx][.-]/i and return "an $word";
$word =~ /^[a-z][.-]/i and return "a $word";
# HANDLE CONSONANTS
$word =~ /^[^aeiouy]/i and return "a $word";
# HANDLE SPECIAL VOWEL-FORMS
$word =~ /^e[uw]/i and return "a $word";
$word =~ /^onc?e\b/i and return "a $word";
$word =~ /^uni([^nmd]|mo)/i and return "a $word";
$word =~ /^ut[th]/i and return "an $word";
$word =~ /^u[bcfhjkqrst][aeiou]/i and return "a $word";
# HANDLE SPECIAL CAPITALS
$word =~ /^U[NK][AIEO]?/ and return "a $word";
# HANDLE VOWELS
$word =~ /^[aeiou]/i and return "an $word";
# HANDLE y... (BEFORE CERTAIN CONSONANTS IMPLIES (UNNATURALIZED) "i.." SOUND)
$word =~ /^($A_y_cons)/io and return "an $word";
# OTHERWISE, GUESS "a"
return "a $word";
}
# 2. TRANSLATE ZERO-QUANTIFIED $word TO "no PL($word)"
sub NO
{
my ($str, $count, $opt_ref) = @_;
my ($pre, $word, $post) = ($str =~ m/\A(\s*)(.+?)(\s*)\Z/);
$count = $persistent_count
if !defined($count) && defined($persistent_count);
$count = 0 unless $count;
if ($count =~ /^$PL_count_zero$/) {
return "${pre}no ". PL($word,0) . $post ;
}
$count =~ s{[^\d.e+-]}{}gi;
1 while $count =~ s{([.].*)[.]}{$1};
$count = defined $opt_ref->{words_below} && $count < $opt_ref->{words_below}
? NUMWORDS($count)
: $count;
if (defined $opt_ref->{comma} || defined $opt_ref->{comma_every}) {
$opt_ref->{comma_every} = 3 if !defined $opt_ref->{comma_every};
$opt_ref->{comma} = ',' if !defined $opt_ref->{comma}
|| $opt_ref->{comma} =~ /^\d+$/;
$count = _commify($count, @{$opt_ref}{'comma','comma_every'});
}
return "$pre$count " . PL($word,$count) . $post
}
sub _commify {
my ($number, $comma, $every) = @_;
return if !defined $comma;
return if !defined $comma;
$number =~ s{(?:(?<=^)|(?<=^-))(\d\d{$every,})}
{ my $n = $1;
$n=~s/(?<=.)(?=(?:.{$every})+$)/$comma/g;
$n;
}e;
return $number;
}
# PARTICIPLES
sub PART_PRES
{
local $_ = PL_V(shift,2);
s/ie$/y/
or s/ue$/u/
or s/([auy])e$/$1/
or s/ski$/ski/
or s/[^b]i$//
or s/^(are|were)$/be/
or s/^(had)$/hav/
or s/(hoe)$/$1/
or s/([^e])e$/$1/
or m/er$/
or s/([^aeiou][aeiouy]([bdgmnprst]))$/$1$2/;
return "${_}ing";
}
# NUMERICAL INFLECTIONS
my %nth =
(
0 => 'th',
1 => 'st',
2 => 'nd',
3 => 'rd',
4 => 'th',
5 => 'th',
6 => 'th',
7 => 'th',
8 => 'th',
9 => 'th',
11 => 'th',
12 => 'th',
13 => 'th',
);
my %ordinal;
@ordinal{qw(ty one two three five eight nine twelve )}=
qw(tieth first second third fifth eighth ninth twelfth);
my $ordinal_suff = join '|', keys %ordinal, "";
$ordinal{""} = 'th';
sub ORD($)
{
my $num = shift;
if ($num =~ /\d/) {
my $tail = substr($num, -3);
return $num . ($nth{$tail%100} || $nth{$tail%10});
}
else {
$num =~ s/($ordinal_suff)\Z/$ordinal{$1}/;
return $num;
}
}
my %default_args =
(
'group' => 0,
'comma' => ',',
'and' => 'and',
'zero' => 'zero',
'one' => 'one',
'decimal' => 'point',
);
my @unit = ('',qw(one two three four five six seven eight nine));
my @teen = qw(ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen
fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen);
my @ten = ('','',qw(twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety));
## From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_large_numbers
our %millmap = (
#num zeros
'0' => { US => q(), UK => q(), EU => q()},
'3' => { US => q(thousand), UK => q(thousand), EU => q(thousand)},
'6' => { US => q(million), UK => q(million), EU => q(million)},
'9' => { US => q(billion), UK => q(thousand million), EU => q(milliard)},
'12' => { US => q(trillion), UK => q(billion), EU => q(billion)},
'15' => { US => q(quadrillion), UK => q(thousand billion), EU => q(billiard)},
'18' => { US => q(quintillion), UK => q(trillion), EU => q(trillion)},
'21' => { US => q(sextillion), UK => q(thousand trillion), EU => q(trilliard)},
'24' => { US => q(septillion), UK => q(quadrillion), EU => q(quadrillion)},
'27' => { US => q(octillion), UK => q(thousand quadrillion), EU => q(quadrilliard)},
'30' => { US => q(nonillion), UK => q(quintillion), EU => q(quintillion)},
'33' => { US => q(decillion), UK => q(thousand quintillion), EU => q(quintilliard)},
'36' => { US => q(undecillion), UK => q(sextillion), EU => q(sextillion)},
'39' => { US => q(duodecillion), UK => q(thousand sextillion), EU => q(sextilliard)},
'42' => { US => q(tredecillion), UK => q(septillion), EU => q(septillion)},
'45' => { US => q(quattuordecillion), UK => q(thousand septillion), EU => q(septilliard)},
'48' => { US => q(quindecillion), UK => q(octillion), EU => q(octillion)},
'51' => { US => q(sedecillion), UK => q(thousand octillion), EU => q(octilliard)},
'54' => { US => q(septendecillion), UK => q(nonillion), EU => q(nonillion)},
'57' => { US => q(octodecillion), UK => q(thousand nonillion), EU => q(nonilliard)},
'60' => { US => q(novendecillion), UK => q(decillion), EU => q(decillion)},
'63' => { US => q(vigintillion), UK => q(thousand decillion), EU => q(decilliard)},
'66' => { US => q(unvigintillion), UK => q(undecillion), EU => q(undecillion)},
'69' => { US => q(duovigintillion), UK => q(thousand undecillion), EU => q(undecilliard)},
'72' => { US => q(tresvigintillion), UK => q(duodecillion), EU => q(duodecillion)},
'75' => { US => q(quattuorvigintillion), UK => q(thousand duodecillion), EU => q(duodecilliard)},
'78' => { US => q(quinquavigintillion), UK => q(tredecillion), EU => q(tredecillion)},
'81' => { US => q(sesvigintillion), UK => q(thousand tredecillion), EU => q(tredecilliard)},
'84' => { US => q(septemvigintillion), UK => q(quattuordecillion), EU => q(quattuordecillion)},
'87' => { US => q(octovigintillion), UK => q(thousand quattuordecillion), EU => q(quattuordecilliard)},
'90' => { US => q(novemvigintillion), UK => q(quindecillion), EU => q(quindecillion)},
'93' => { US => q(trigintillion), UK => q(thousand quindecillion), EU => q(quindecilliard)},
'96' => { US => q(untrigintillion), UK => q(sedecillion), EU => q(sedecillion)},
'99' => { US => q(duotrigintillion), UK => q(thousand sedecillion), EU => q(sedecilliard)},
'102' => { US => q(trestrigintillion), UK => q(septendecillion), EU => q(septendecillion)},
'105' => { US => q(quattuortrigintillion), UK => q(thousand septendecillion), EU => q(septendecilliard)},
'108' => { US => q(quinquatrigintillion), UK => q(octodecillion), EU => q(octodecillion)},
'111' => { US => q(sestrigintillion), UK => q(thousand octodecillion), EU => q(octodecilliard)},
'114' => { US => q(septentrigintillion), UK => q(novendecillion), EU => q(novendecillion)},
'117' => { US => q(octotrigintillion), UK => q(thousand novendecillion), EU => q(novendecilliard)},
'120' => { US => q(noventrigintillion), UK => q(vigintillion), EU => q(vigintillion)},
'123' => { US => q(quadragintillion), UK => q(thousand vigintillion), EU => q(vigintilliard)},
'153' => { US => q(quinquagintillion), UK => q(thousand quinquavigintillion), EU => q(quinquavigintilliard) },
'183' => { US => q(sexagintillion), UK => q(thousand trigintillion), EU => q(trigintilliard) },
'213' => { US => q(septuagintillion), UK => q(thousand quinquatrigintillion), EU => q(quinquatrigintilliard) },
'243' => { US => q(octogintillion), UK => q(thousand quadragintillion), EU => q(quadragintilliard) },
'273' => { US => q(nonagintillion), UK => q(thousand quinquaquadragintillion), EU => q(quinquaquadragintilliard) },
'303' => { US => q(centillion), UK => q(thousand quinquagintillion), EU => q(quinquagintilliard) },
'306' => { US => q(uncentillion), UK => q(unquinquagintillion), EU => q(unquinquagintillion) },
'309' => { US => q(duocentillion), UK => q(thousand unquinquagintillion), EU => q(unquinquagintilliard) },
'312' => { US => q(trescentillion), UK => q(duoquinquagintillion), EU => q(duoquinquagintillion) },
'333' => { US => q(decicentillion), UK => q(thousand quinquaquinquagintillion), EU => q(quinquaquinquagintilliard) },
'336' => { US => q(undecicentillion), UK => q(sesquinquagintillion), EU => q(sesquinquagintillion) },
'363' => { US => q(viginticentillion), UK => q(thousand sexagintillion), EU => q(sexagintilliard) },
'366' => { US => q(unviginticentillion), UK => q(unsexagintillion), EU => q(unsexagintillion) },
'393' => { US => q(trigintacentillion), UK => q(thousand quinquasexagintillion), EU => q(quinquasexagintilliard) },
'423' => { US => q(quadragintacentillion), UK => q(thousand septuagintillion), EU => q(septuagintilliard) },
'453' => { US => q(quinquagintacentillion), UK => q(thousand quinquaseptuagintillion), EU => q(quinquaseptuagintilliard) },
'483' => { US => q(sexagintacentillion), UK => q(thousand octogintillion), EU => q(octogintilliard) },
'513' => { US => q(septuagintacentillion), UK => q(thousand quinquaoctogintillion), EU => q(quinquaoctogintilliard) },
'543' => { US => q(octogintacentillion), UK => q(thousand nonagintillion), EU => q(nonagintilliard) },
'573' => { US => q(nonagintacentillion), UK => q(thousand quinquanonagintillion), EU => q(quinquanonagintilliard) },
'603' => { US => q(ducentillion), UK => q(thousand centillion), EU => q(centilliard) },
'903' => { US => q(trecentillion), UK => q(thousand quinquagintacentillion), EU => q(quinquagintacentilliard) },
'1203' => { US => q(quadringentillion), UK => q(thousand ducentillion), EU => q(ducentilliard) },
'1503' => { US => q(quingentillion), UK => q(thousand quinquagintaducentillion), EU => q(quinquagintaducentilliard) },
'1803' => { US => q(sescentillion), UK => q(thousand trecentillion), EU => q(trecentilliard) },
'2103' => { US => q(septingentillion), UK => q(thousand quinquagintatrecentillion), EU => q(quinquagintatrecentilliard) },
'2403' => { US => q(octingentillion), UK => q(thousand quadringentillion), EU => q(quadringentilliard) },
'2703' => { US => q(nongentillion), UK => q(thousand quinquagintaquadringentillion), EU => q(quinquagintaquadringentilliard) },
'3003' => { US => q(millinillion), UK => q(thousand quingentillion), EU => q(quingentilliard) },
);
my $millchoice = 'US';
my @millkeys = sort {$a <=> $b } keys %millmap;
my $maxmill = (sort {$a <=> $b } keys %millmap)[-1];
our $millast = undef;
our @mill;
for my $numZeros ( 0..$maxmill ) {
next if $numZeros%3 != 0;
my $arraySlot = $numZeros/3;
if( defined( $millmap{$numZeros} ) ) {
$mill[$arraySlot] = " $millmap{$numZeros}->{$millchoice}";
$millast = $arraySlot;
} else {
my $missing = $arraySlot - $millast;
$mill[$arraySlot] = $mill[$missing] . $mill[$millast];
}
}
sub mill { my $ind = $_[0]||0;
die "Number out of range\n" if $ind > $#mill;
return $ind<@mill ? $mill[$ind] : ' ???illion'; }
sub unit { return $unit[$_[0]]. mill($_[1]); }
sub ten
{
return $ten[$_[0]] . ($_[0]&&$_[1]?'-':'') . $unit[$_[1]] . mill($_[2])
if $_[0] ne '1';
return $teen[$_[1]]. $mill[$_[2]||0];
}
sub hund
{
return unit($_[0]) . " hundred" . ($_[1] || $_[2] ? " $_[4] " : '')
. ten($_[1],$_[2]) . mill($_[3]) . ', ' if $_[0];
return ten($_[1],$_[2]) . mill($_[3]) . ', ' if $_[1] || $_[2];
return '';
}
sub enword
{
my ($num,$group,$zero,$one,$comma,$and) = @_;
if ($group==1)
{
$num =~ s/(\d)/ ($1==1 ? " $one" : $1 ? unit($1) :" $zero")."$comma " /eg;
}
elsif ($group==2)
{
$num =~ s/(\d)(\d)/ ($1 ? ten($1,$2) : $2 ? " $zero " . unit($2) : " $zero $zero") . "$comma " /eg;
$num =~ s/(\d)/ ($1 ? unit($1) :" $zero")."$comma " /e;
}
elsif ($group==3)
{
$num =~ s/(\d)(\d)(\d)/ ($1==1 ? " $one" : $1 ? unit($1) :" $zero")." ".($2 ? ten($2,$3) : $3 ? " $zero " . unit($3) : " $zero $zero") . "$comma " /eg;
$num =~ s/(\d)(\d)/ ($1 ? ten($1,$2) : $2 ? " $zero " . unit($2) : " $zero $zero") . "$comma " /e;
$num =~ s/(\d)/ ($1==1 ? " $one" : $1 ? unit($1) :" $zero")."$comma " /e;
}
elsif ($num+0==0) {
$num = $zero;
}
elsif ($num+0==1) {
$num = $one;
}
else {
$num =~ s/\A\s*0+//;
my $mill = 0;
1 while $num =~ s/(\d)(\d)(\d)(?=\D*\Z)/ hund($1,$2,$3,$mill++,$and) /e;
$num =~ s/(\d)(\d)(?=\D*\Z)/ ten($1,$2,$mill)."$comma " /e;
$num =~ s/(\d)(?=\D*\Z)/ unit($1,$mill) . "$comma "/e;
}
return $num;
}
sub NUMWORDS
{
my $num = shift;
if (@_ % 2 and require Carp) {
die "Missing value in option list (odd number of option args) at"
. join ' line ', (caller)[1,2];
}
my %arg = ( %default_args, @_ );
my $group = $arg{group};
# Handle "stylistic" conversions (up to a given threshold)...
if (exists $arg{threshold} && $num > $arg{threshold}) {
my ($whole, $frac) = split /[.]/, $num;
while ($arg{comma}) {
$whole =~ s{ (\d) ( \d{3}(?:,|\z) ) }{$1,$2}xms
or last;
}
return $frac ? "$whole.$frac" : $whole;
}
die "Bad chunking option: $group\n" unless $group =~ /\A[0-3]\Z/;
my $sign = ($num =~ /\A\s*\+/) ? "plus"
: ($num =~ /\A\s*\-/) ? "minus"
: '';
my ($zero, $one) = @arg{'zero','one'};
my $comma = $arg{comma};
my $and = $arg{'and'};
my $ord = $num =~ s/(st|nd|rd|th)\Z//;
my @chunks = ($arg{decimal})
? $group ? split(/\./, $num) : split(/\./, $num, 2)
: ($num);
my $first = 1;
if ($chunks[0] eq '') { $first=0; shift @chunks; }
foreach ( @chunks )
{
s/\D//g;
$_ = '0' unless $_;
if (!$group && !$first) { $_ = enword($_,1,$zero,$one,$comma,$and) }
else { $_ = enword($_,$group,$zero,$one,$comma,$and) }
s/, \Z//;
s/\s+,/,/g;
s/, (\S+)\s+\Z/ $and $1/ if !$group and $first;
s/\s+/ /g;
s/(\A\s|\s\Z)//g;
$first = '' if $first;
}
my @numchunks = ();
if ($first =~ /0/)
{
unshift @chunks, '';
}
else
{
@numchunks = split /\Q$comma /, $chunks[0];
}
$numchunks[-1] =~ s/($ordinal_suff)\Z/$ordinal{$1}/
if $ord and @numchunks;
foreach (@chunks[1..$#chunks])
{
push @numchunks, $arg{decimal};
push @numchunks, split /\Q$comma /;
}
if (wantarray)
{
unshift @numchunks, $sign if $sign;
return @numchunks
}
elsif ($group)
{
return ($sign?"$sign ":'') . join ", ", @numchunks;
}
else
{
$num = ($sign?"$sign ":'') . shift @numchunks;
$first = ($num !~ /$arg{decimal}\Z/);
foreach ( @numchunks )
{
if (/\A$arg{decimal}\Z/)
{
$num .= " $_";
$first = 0;
}
elsif ($first)
{
$num .= "$comma $_";
}
else
{
$num .= " $_";
}
}
return $num;
}
}
# Join words with commas and a trailing 'and' (when appropriate)...
sub WORDLIST {
my %opt;
my @words;
for my $arg (@_) {
if (ref $arg eq 'HASH' ) {
%opt = (%opt, %{$arg});
}
else {
push @words, $arg;
}
}
return "" if @words == 0;
return "$words[0]" if @words == 1;
my $conj = exists($opt{conj}) ? $opt{conj} : 'and';
if (@words == 2) {
$conj =~ s/^ (?=\S) | (?<=\S) $/ /gxms;
return "$words[0]$conj$words[1]";
}
my $sep = exists $opt{sep} ? $opt{sep}
: grep(/,/, @words) ? q{; }
: q{, }
;
my $final_sep = !exists $opt{final_sep} ? "$sep $conj"
: length($opt{final_sep}) == 0 ? $conj
: "$opt{final_sep} $conj"
;
$final_sep =~ s/\s+/ /gmxs;
$final_sep =~ s/^ (?=[^\W\d_]) | (?<=\S) $/ /gxms;
return join($sep, @words[0..@words-2]) . "$final_sep$words[-1]";
}
1;
__END__
=head1 NAME
Lingua::EN::Inflect - Convert singular to plural. Select "a" or "an".
=head1 VERSION
This document describes version 1.899 of Lingua::EN::Inflect
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use Lingua::EN::Inflect qw ( PL PL_N PL_V PL_ADJ NO NUM
PL_eq PL_N_eq PL_V_eq PL_ADJ_eq
A AN
PART_PRES
ORD NUMWORDS
WORDLIST
inflect classical
def_noun def_verb def_adj def_a def_an );
# UNCONDITIONALLY FORM THE PLURAL
print "The plural of ", $word, " is ", PL($word), "\n";
# CONDITIONALLY FORM THE PLURAL
print "I saw $cat_count ", PL("cat",$cat_count), "\n";
# FORM PLURALS FOR SPECIFIC PARTS OF SPEECH
print PL_N("I",$N1), PL_V("saw",$N1),
PL_ADJ("my",$N2), PL_N("saw",$N2), "\n";
# DEAL WITH "0/1/N" -> "no/1/N" TRANSLATION:
print "There ", PL_V("was",$errors), NO(" error",$errors), "\n";
# USE DEFAULT COUNTS:
print NUM($N1,""), PL("I"), PL_V(" saw"), NUM($N2), PL_N(" saw");
print "There ", NUM($errors,''), PL_V("was"), NO(" error"), "\n";
# COMPARE TWO WORDS "NUMBER-INSENSITIVELY":
print "same\n" if PL_eq($word1, $word2);
print "same noun\n" if PL_N_eq($word1, $word2);
print "same verb\n" if PL_V_eq($word1, $word2);
print "same adj.\n" if PL_ADJ_eq($word1, $word2);
# ADD CORRECT "a" OR "an" FOR A GIVEN WORD:
print "Did you want ", A($thing), " or ", AN($idea), "\n";
# CONVERT NUMERALS INTO ORDINALS (i.e. 1->1st, 2->2nd, 3->3rd, etc.)
print "It was", ORD($position), " from the left\n";
# CONVERT NUMERALS TO WORDS (i.e. 1->"one", 101->"one hundred and one", etc.)
# IN A SCALAR CONTEXT: GET BACK A SINGLE STRING...
$words = NUMWORDS(1234); # "one thousand, two hundred and thirty-four"
$words = NUMWORDS(ORD(1234)); # "one thousand, two hundred and thirty-fourth"
# IN A LIST CONTEXT: GET BACK A LIST OF STRINGSi, ONE FOR EACH "CHUNK"...
@words = NUMWORDS(1234); # ("one thousand","two hundred and thirty-four")
# OPTIONAL PARAMETERS CHANGE TRANSLATION:
$words = NUMWORDS(12345, group=>1);
# "one, two, three, four, five"
$words = NUMWORDS(12345, group=>2);
# "twelve, thirty-four, five"
$words = NUMWORDS(12345, group=>3);
# "one twenty-three, forty-five"
$words = NUMWORDS(1234, 'and'=>'');
# "one thousand, two hundred thirty-four"
$words = NUMWORDS(1234, 'and'=>', plus');
# "one thousand, two hundred, plus thirty-four"
$words = NUMWORDS(555_1202, group=>1, zero=>'oh');
# "five, five, five, one, two, oh, two"
$words = NUMWORDS(555_1202, group=>1, one=>'unity');
# "five, five, five, unity, two, oh, two"
$words = NUMWORDS(123.456, group=>1, decimal=>'mark');
# "one two three mark four five six"
# LITERAL STYLE ONLY NAMES NUMBERS LESS THAN A CERTAIN THRESHOLD...
$words = NUMWORDS( 9, threshold=>10); # "nine"
$words = NUMWORDS( 10, threshold=>10); # "ten"
$words = NUMWORDS( 11, threshold=>10); # "11"
$words = NUMWORDS(1000, threshold=>10); # "1,000"
# JOIN WORDS INTO A LIST:
$list = WORDLIST("apple", "banana", "carrot");
# "apple, banana, and carrot"
$list = WORDLIST("apple", "banana");
# "apple and banana"
$list = WORDLIST("apple", "banana", "carrot", {final_sep=>""});
# "apple, banana and carrot"
# REQUIRE "CLASSICAL" PLURALS (EG: "focus"->"foci", "cherub"->"cherubim")
classical; # USE ALL CLASSICAL PLURALS
classical 1; # USE ALL CLASSICAL PLURALS
classical 0; # USE ALL MODERN PLURALS (DEFAULT)
classical 'zero'; # "no error" INSTEAD OF "no errors"
classical zero=>1; # "no error" INSTEAD OF "no errors"
classical zero=>0; # "no errors" INSTEAD OF "no error"
classical 'herd'; # "2 buffalo" INSTEAD OF "2 buffalos"
classical herd=>1; # "2 buffalo" INSTEAD OF "2 buffalos"
classical herd=>0; # "2 buffalos" INSTEAD OF "2 buffalo"
classical 'persons'; # "2 chairpersons" INSTEAD OF "2 chairpeople"
classical persons=>1; # "2 chairpersons" INSTEAD OF "2 chairpeople"
classical persons=>0; # "2 chairpeople" INSTEAD OF "2 chairpersons"
classical 'ancient'; # "2 formulae" INSTEAD OF "2 formulas"
classical ancient=>1; # "2 formulae" INSTEAD OF "2 formulas"
classical ancient=>0; # "2 formulas" INSTEAD OF "2 formulae"
# INTERPOLATE "PL()", "PL_N()", "PL_V()", "PL_ADJ()", A()", "AN()"
# "NUM()" AND "ORD()" WITHIN STRINGS:
print inflect("The plural of $word is PL($word)\n");
print inflect("I saw $cat_count PL("cat",$cat_count)\n");
print inflect("PL(I,$N1) PL_V(saw,$N1) PL(a,$N2) PL_N(saw,$N2)");
print inflect("NUM($N1,)PL(I) PL_V(saw) NUM($N2,)PL(a) PL_N(saw)");
print inflect("I saw NUM($cat_count) PL("cat")\nNUM()");
print inflect("There PL_V(was,$errors) NO(error,$errors)\n");
print inflect("There NUM($errors,) PL_V(was) NO(error)\n";
print inflect("Did you want A($thing) or AN($idea)\n");
print inflect("It was ORD($position) from the left\n");
# ADD USER-DEFINED INFLECTIONS (OVERRIDING INBUILT RULES):
def_noun "VAX" => "VAXen"; # SINGULAR => PLURAL
def_verb "will" => "shall", # 1ST PERSON SINGULAR => PLURAL
"will" => "will", # 2ND PERSON SINGULAR => PLURAL
"will" => "will", # 3RD PERSON SINGULAR => PLURAL
def_adj "hir" => "their", # SINGULAR => PLURAL
def_a "h" # "AY HALWAYS SEZ 'HAITCH'!"
def_an "horrendous.*" # "AN HORRENDOUS AFFECTATION"
=head1 DESCRIPTION
B<< [I<Note:> This module is strictly in maintenance mode now. If you're
mostly interested in singular/plural and a/an inflections, take a look
at the newer Lingua::EN::Inflexion module, which offers a cleaner and
more convenient interface, has many more features (including
plural->singular inflexions), and is also much better tested.] >>
The exportable subroutines of Lingua::EN::Inflect provide plural
inflections, "a"/"an" selection for English words, and manipulation
of numbers as words
Plural forms of all nouns, most verbs, and some adjectives are
provided. Where appropriate, "classical" variants (for example: "brother" ->
"brethren", "dogma" -> "dogmata", etc.) are also provided.
Pronunciation-based "a"/"an" selection is provided for all English
words, and most initialisms.
It is also possible to inflect numerals (1,2,3) to ordinals (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
and to English words ("one", "two", "three).
In generating these inflections, Lingua::EN::Inflect follows the Oxford
English Dictionary and the guidelines in Fowler's Modern English
Usage, preferring the former where the two disagree.
The module is built around standard British spelling, but is designed
to cope with common American variants as well. Slang, jargon, and
other English dialects are I<not> explicitly catered for.
Where two or more inflected forms exist for a single word (typically a
"classical" form and a "modern" form), Lingua::EN::Inflect prefers the
more common form (typically the "modern" one), unless "classical"
processing has been specified
(see L<"MODERN VS CLASSICAL INFLECTIONS">).
=head1 FORMING PLURALS
=head2 Inflecting Plurals
All of the C<PL_...> plural inflection subroutines take the word to be
inflected as their first argument and return the corresponding inflection.
Note that all such subroutines expect the I<singular> form of the word. The
results of passing a plural form are undefined (and unlikely to be correct).
The C<PL_...> subroutines also take an optional second argument,
which indicates the grammatical "number" of the word (or of another word
with which the word being inflected must agree). If the "number" argument is
supplied and is not C<1> (or C<"one"> or C<"a">, or some other adjective that
implies the singular), the plural form of the word is returned. If the
"number" argument I<does> indicate singularity, the (uninflected) word
itself is returned. If the number argument is omitted, the plural form
is returned unconditionally.
The various subroutines are:
=over 8
=item C<PL_N($;$)>
The exportable subroutine C<PL_N()> takes a I<singular> English noun or
pronoun and returns its plural. Pronouns in the nominative ("I" ->
"we") and accusative ("me" -> "us") cases are handled, as are
possessive pronouns ("mine" -> "ours").
=item C<PL_V($;$)>
The exportable subroutine C<PL_V()> takes the I<singular> form of a
conjugated verb (that is, one which is already in the correct "person"
and "mood") and returns the corresponding plural conjugation.
=item C<PL_ADJ($;$)>
The exportable subroutine C<PL_ADJ()> takes the I<singular> form of
certain types of adjectives and returns the corresponding plural form.
Adjectives that are correctly handled include: "numerical" adjectives
("a" -> "some"), demonstrative adjectives ("this" -> "these", "that" ->
"those"), and possessives ("my" -> "our", "cat's" -> "cats'", "child's"
-> "childrens'", etc.)
=item C<PL($;$)>
The exportable subroutine C<PL()> takes a I<singular> English noun,
pronoun, verb, or adjective and returns its plural form. Where a word
has more than one inflection depending on its part of speech (for
example, the noun "thought" inflects to "thoughts", the verb "thought"
to "thought"), the (singular) noun sense is preferred to the (singular)
verb sense.
Hence C<PL("knife")> will return "knives" ("knife" having been treated
as a singular noun), whereas C<PL("knifes")> will return "knife"
("knifes" having been treated as a 3rd person singular verb).
The inherent ambiguity of such cases suggests that,
where the part of speech is known, C<PL_N>, C<PL_V>, and
C<PL_ADJ> should be used in preference to C<PL>.
=back
Note that all these subroutines ignore any whitespace surrounding the
word being inflected, but preserve that whitespace when the result is
returned. For example, C<S<PL(" cat ")>> returns S<" cats ">.
=head2 Numbered plurals
The C<PL_...> subroutines return only the inflected word, not the count that
was used to inflect it. Thus, in order to produce "I saw 3 ducks", it
is necessary to use:
print "I saw $N ", PL_N($animal,$N), "\n";
Since the usual purpose of producing a plural is to make it agree with
a preceding count, Lingua::EN::Inflect provides an exportable subroutine
(C<NO($;$)>) which, given a word and a(n optional) count, returns the
count followed by the correctly inflected word. Hence the previous
example can be rewritten:
print "I saw ", NO($animal,$N), "\n";
In addition, if the count is zero (or some other term which implies
zero, such as C<"zero">, C<"nil">, etc.) the count is replaced by the
word "no". Hence, if C<$N> had the value zero, the previous example
would print the somewhat more elegant:
I saw no animals
rather than:
I saw 0 animals
Note that the name of the subroutine is a pun: the subroutine
returns either a number (a I<No.>) or a C<"no">, in front of the
inflected word.
=head3 Wordy and comma'd plurals
The C<NO()> subroutine takes an optional third argument: a hash of named
options that configure its behaviour.
The C<'words_below'> option informs C<NO()> what other numbers (i.e.
apart from zero) it should convert to words. For example:S
for my $count (0..12) {
print NO('cat', $count, {words_below => 10}), "\n";
}
would print:
no cats
one cat
two cats
three cats
four cats
five cats
six cats
seven cats
eight cats
nine cats
10 cats
11 cats
12 cats
The C<'comma'> and C<'comma_every'> options determine whether or
not the numbers produced by C<NO()> have commas in them. That is:
2001 space odysseys
versus:
2,001 space odysseys
Normally, numbers are produced without commas, but if C<'comma'> or
C<'comma_every'> is specified, then commas are added as requested.
The C<'comma'> option specifies which character to use as a comma.
It defaults to C<','>, but may be set to anything convenient:
print NO('Euro', $amount, {comma=>'.'});
# prints: 1.000.000 Euros
The C<'comma_every'> option specifies how many characters between commas.
It defaults to 3, but may be set to any positive number:
print NO('Euro', $amount, {comma_every=>4});
# prints: 100,0000 Euros
Note that you can set both options at once, if you wish:
print NO('Euro', $amount, {comma_every=>2, comma=>'_'});
# prints: 1_00_00_00 Euros
=head2 Reducing the number of counts required
In some contexts, the need to supply an explicit count to the various
C<PL_...> subroutines makes for tiresome repetition. For example:
print PL_ADJ("This",$errors), PL_N(" error",$errors),
PL_V(" was",$errors), " fatal.\n";
Lingua::EN::Inflect therefore provides an exportable subroutine
(C<NUM($;$)>) that may be used to set a persistent "default number"
value. If such a value is set, it is subsequently used whenever an
optional second "number" argument is omitted. The default value thus set
can subsequently be removed by calling C<NUM()> with no arguments.
Hence we could rewrite the previous example:
NUM($errors);
print PL_ADJ("This"), PL_N(" error"), PL_V(" was"), "fatal.\n";
NUM();
Normally, C<NUM()> returns its first argument, so that it may also
be "inlined" in contexts like:
print NUM($errors), PL_N(" error"), PL_V(" was"), " detected.\n"
print PL_ADJ("This"), PL_N(" error"), PL_V(" was"), "fatal.\n"
if $severity > 1;
However, in certain contexts (see L<"INTERPOLATING INFLECTIONS IN STRINGS">)
it is preferable that C<NUM()> return an empty string. Hence C<NUM()>
provides an optional second argument. If that argument is supplied (that is, if
it is defined) and evaluates to false, C<NUM> returns an empty string
instead of its first argument. For example:
print NUM($errors,0), NO("error"), PL_V(" was"), " detected.\n";
print PL_ADJ("This"), PL_N(" error"), PL_V(" was"), "fatal.\n"
if $severity > 1;
=head2 Number-insensitive equality
Lingua::EN::Inflect also provides a solution to the problem
of comparing words of differing plurality through the exportable subroutines
C<PL_eq($$)>, C<PL_N_eq($$)>, C<PL_V_eq($$)>, and C<PL_ADJ_eq($$)>.
Each of these subroutines takes two strings, and compares them
using the corresponding plural-inflection subroutine (C<PL()>, C<PL_N()>,
C<PL_V()>, and C<PL_ADJ()> respectively).
The comparison returns true if:
=over 8
=item *
the strings are C<eq>-equal, or
=item *
one string is C<eq>-equal to a plural form of the other, or
=item *
the strings are two different plural forms of the one word.
=back
Hence all of the following return true:
PL_eq("index","index") # RETURNS "eq"
PL_eq("index","indexes") # RETURNS "s:p"
PL_eq("index","indices") # RETURNS "s:p"
PL_eq("indexes","index") # RETURNS "p:s"
PL_eq("indices","index") # RETURNS "p:s"
PL_eq("indices","indexes") # RETURNS "p:p"
PL_eq("indexes","indices") # RETURNS "p:p"
PL_eq("indices","indices") # RETURNS "eq"
As indicated by the comments in the previous example, the actual value
returned by the various C<PL_eq> subroutines encodes which of the
three equality rules succeeded: "eq" is returned if the strings were
identical, "s:p" if the strings were singular and plural respectively,
"p:s" for plural and singular, and "p:p" for two distinct plurals.
Inequality is indicated by returning an empty string.
It should be noted that two distinct singular words which happen to take
the same plural form are I<not> considered equal, nor are cases where
one (singular) word's plural is the other (plural) word's singular.
Hence all of the following return false:
PL_eq("base","basis") # ALTHOUGH BOTH -> "bases"
PL_eq("syrinx","syringe") # ALTHOUGH BOTH -> "syringes"
PL_eq("she","he") # ALTHOUGH BOTH -> "they"
PL_eq("opus","operas") # ALTHOUGH "opus" -> "opera" -> "operas"
PL_eq("taxi","taxes") # ALTHOUGH "taxi" -> "taxis" -> "taxes"
Note too that, although the comparison is "number-insensitive" it is I<not>
case-insensitive (that is, C<PL("time","Times")> returns false. To obtain
both number and case insensitivity, prefix both arguments with C<lc>
(that is, C<PL(lc "time", lc "Times")> returns true).
=head1 OTHER VERB FORMS
=head2 Present participles
C<Lingua::EN::Inflect> also provides the C<PART_PRES> subroutine,
which can take a 3rd person singular verb and
correctly inflect it to its present participle:
PART_PRES("runs") # "running"
PART_PRES("loves") # "loving"
PART_PRES("eats") # "eating"
PART_PRES("bats") # "batting"
PART_PRES("spies") # "spying"
=head1 PROVIDING INDEFINITE ARTICLES
=head2 Selecting indefinite articles
Lingua::EN::Inflect provides two exportable subroutines (C<A($;$)> and
C<AN($;$)>) which will correctly prepend the appropriate indefinite
article to a word, depending on its pronunciation. For example:
A("cat") # -> "a cat"
AN("cat") # -> "a cat"
A("euphemism") # -> "a euphemism"
A("Euler number") # -> "an Euler number"
A("hour") # -> "an hour"
A("houri") # -> "a houri"
The two subroutines are I<identical> in function and may be used
interchangeably. The only reason that two versions are provided is to
enhance the readability of code such as:
print "That is ", AN($errortype), " error\n;
print "That is ", A($fataltype), " fatal error\n;
Note that in both cases the actual article provided depends I<only> on
the pronunciation of the first argument, I<not> on the name of the
subroutine.
C<A()> and C<AN()> will ignore any indefinite article that already
exists at the start of the string. Thus:
@half_arked = (
"a elephant",
"a giraffe",
"an ewe",
"a orangutan",
);
print A($_), "\n" for @half_arked;
# prints:
# an elephant
# a giraffe
# a ewe
# an orangutan
C<A()> and C<AN()> both take an optional second argument. As with the
C<PL_...> subroutines, this second argument is a "number" specifier. If
its value is C<1> (or some other value implying singularity), C<A()> and
C<AN()> insert "a" or "an" as appropriate. If the number specifier
implies plurality, (C<A()> and C<AN()> insert the actual second argument instead.
For example:
A("cat",1) # -> "a cat"
A("cat",2) # -> "2 cat"
A("cat","one") # -> "one cat"
A("cat","no") # -> "no cat"
Note that, as implied by the previous examples, C<A()> and
C<AN()> both assume that their job is merely to provide the correct
qualifier for a word (that is: "a", "an", or the specified count).
In other words, they assume that the word they are given has
already been correctly inflected for plurality. Hence, if C<$N>
has the value 2, then:
print A("cat",$N);
prints "2 cat", instead of "2 cats". The correct approach is to use:
print A(PL("cat",$N),$N);
or, better still:
print NO("cat",$N);
Note too that, like the various C<PL_...> subroutines, whenever C<A()>
and C<AN()> are called with only one argument they are subject to the
effects of any preceding call to C<NUM()>. Hence, another possible
solution is:
NUM($N);
print A(PL("cat"));
=head2 Indefinite articles and initialisms
"Initialisms" (sometimes inaccurately called "acronyms") are terms which
have been formed from the initial letters of words in a phrase (for
example, "NATO", "NBL", "S.O.S.", "SCUBA", etc.)
Such terms present a particular challenge when selecting between "a"
and "an", since they are sometimes pronounced as if they were a single
word ("nay-tow", "sku-ba") and sometimes as a series of letter names
("en-eff-ell", "ess-oh-ess").
C<A()> and C<AN()> cope with this dichotomy using a series of inbuilt
rules, which may be summarized as:
=over 8
=item 1.
If the word starts with a single letter, followed by a period or dash
(for example, "R.I.P.", "C.O.D.", "e-mail", "X-ray", "T-square"), then
choose the appropriate article for the I<sound> of the first letter
("an R.I.P.", "a C.O.D.", "an e-mail", "an X-ray", "a T-square").
=item 2.
If the first two letters of the word are capitals,
consonants, and do not appear at the start of any known English word,
(for example, "LCD", "XML", "YWCA"), then once again choose "a" or
"an" depending on the I<sound> of the first letter ("an LCD", "an
XML", "a YWCA").
=item 3.
Otherwise, assume the string is a capitalized word or a
pronounceable initialism (for example, "LED", "OPEC", "FAQ", "UNESCO"), and
therefore takes "a" or "an" according to the (apparent) pronunciation of
the entire word ("a LED", "an OPEC", "a FAQ", "a UNESCO").
=back
Note that rules 1 and 3 together imply that the presence or absence of
punctuation may change the selection of indefinite article for a
particular initialism (for example, "a FAQ" but "an F.A.Q.").
=head2 Indefinite articles and "soft H's"
Words beginning in the letter 'H' present another type of difficulty
when selecting a suitable indefinite article. In a few such words
(for example, "hour", "honour", "heir") the 'H' is not voiced at
all, and so such words inflect with "an". The remaining cases
("voiced H's") may be divided into two categories:
"hard H's" (such as "hangman", "holograph", "hat", etc.) and
"soft H's" (such as "hysterical", "horrendous", "holy", etc.)
Hard H's always take "a" as their indefinite article, and soft
H's normally do so as well. But I<some> English speakers prefer
"an" for soft H's (although the practice is now generally considered an
affectation, rather than a legitimate grammatical alternative).
At present, the C<A()> and C<AN()> subroutines ignore soft H's and use
"a" for any voiced 'H'. The author would, however, welcome feedback on
this decision (envisaging a possible future "soft H" mode).
=head1 INFLECTING ORDINALS
Occasionally it is useful to present an integer value as an ordinal
rather than as a numeral. For example:
Enter password (1st attempt): ********
Enter password (2nd attempt): *********
Enter password (3rd attempt): *********
No 4th attempt. Access denied.
To this end, Lingua::EN::Inflect provides the C<ORD()> subroutine.
<ORD()> takes a single argument and forms its ordinal equivalent.
If the argument isn't a numerical integer, it just adds "-th".
=head1 CONVERTING NUMBERS TO WORDS
The exportable subroutine C<NUMWORDS> takes a number (cardinal or ordinal)
and returns an English representation of that number. In a scalar context
a string is returned. Hence:
use Lingua::EN::Inflect qw( NUMWORDS );
$words = NUMWORDS(1234567);
puts the string:
"one million, two hundred and thirty-four thousand, five hundred and sixty-seven"
into $words.
In a list context each comma-separated chunk is returned as a separate element.
Hence:
@words = NUMWORDS(1234567);
puts the list:
("one million",
"two hundred and thirty-four thousand",
"five hundred and sixty-seven")
into @words.
Note that this also means that:
print NUMWORDS(1234567);
will (misprint) print:
one milliontwo hundred and thirty-four thousandfive hundred and sixty-seven
To get readable output, make sure the call in in scalar context:
print scalar NUMWORDS(1234567);
Non-digits (apart from an optional leading plus or minus sign,
any decimal points, and ordinal suffixes -- see below) are silently
ignored, so the following all produce identical results:
NUMWORDS(5551202);
NUMWORDS(5_551_202);
NUMWORDS("5,551,202");
NUMWORDS("555-1202");
That last case is a little awkward since it's almost certainly a phone number,
and "five million, five hundred and fifty-one thousand, two hundred and two"
probably isn't what's wanted.
To overcome this, C<NUMWORDS()> takes an optional named argument, 'group',
which changes how numbers are translated. The argument must be a
positive integer less than four, which indicated how the digits of the
number are to be grouped. If the argument is C<1>, then each digit is
translated separately. If the argument is C<2>, pairs of digits
(starting from the I<left>) are grouped together. If the argument is
C<3>, triples of numbers (again, from the I<left>) are grouped. Hence:
NUMWORDS("555-1202", group=>1)
returns C<"five, five, five, one, two, zero, two">, whilst:
NUMWORDS("555-1202", group=>2)
returns C<"fifty-five, fifty-one, twenty, two">, and:
NUMWORDS("555-1202", group=>3)
returns C<"five fifty-five, one twenty, two">.
Phone numbers are often written in words as
C<"five..five..five..one..two..zero..two">, which is also easy to
achieve:
join '..', NUMWORDS("555-1202", group=>1)
C<NUMWORDS> also handles decimal fractions. Hence:
NUMWORDS("1.2345")
returns C<"one point two three four five"> in a scalar context
and C<("one","point","two","three","four","five")>) in an array context.
Exponent form (C<"1.234e56">) is not yet handled.
Multiple decimal points are only translated in one of the "grouping" modes.
Hence:
NUMWORDS(101.202.303)
returns C<"one hundred and one point two zero two three zero three">,
whereas:
NUMWORDS(101.202.303, group=>1)
returns C<"one zero one point two zero two point three zero three">.
The digit C<'0'> is unusual in that in may be translated to English as "zero",
"oh", or "nought". To cater for this diversity, C<NUMWORDS> may be passed
a named argument, 'zero', which may be set to
the desired translation of C<'0'>. For example:
print join "..", NUMWORDS("555-1202", group=>3, zero=>'oh')
prints C<"five..five..five..one..two..oh..two">.
By default, zero is rendered as "zero".
Likewise, the digit C<'1'> may be rendered as "one" or "a/an" (or very
occasionally other variants), depending on the context. So there is a
C<'one'> argument as well:
print NUMWORDS($_, one=>'a solitary', zero=>'no more'),
PL(" bottle of beer on the wall\n", $_)
for (3,2,1,0);
# prints:
# three bottles of beer on the wall
# two bottles of beer on the wall
# a solitary bottle of beer on the wall
# no more bottles of beer on the wall
Care is needed if the word "a/an" is to be used as a C<'one'> value.
Unless the next word is known in advance, it's almost always necessary
to use the C<A> function as well:
print A( NUMWORDS(1, one=>'a') . " $_\n")
for qw(cat aardvark ewe hour);
# prints:
# a cat
# an aardvark
# a ewe
# an hour
Another major regional variation in number translation is the use of
"and" in certain contexts. The named argument 'and'
allows the programmer to specify how "and" should be handled. Hence:
print scalar NUMWORDS("765", 'and'=>'')
prints "seven hundred sixty-five", instead of "seven hundred and sixty-five".
By default, the "and" is included.
The translation of the decimal point is also subject to variation
(with "point", "dot", and "decimal" being the favorites).
The named argument 'decimal' allows the
programmer to how the decimal point should be rendered. Hence:
print scalar NUMWORDS("666.124.64.101", group=>3, decimal=>'dot')
prints "six sixty-six, dot, one twenty-four, dot, sixty-four, dot, one zero one"
By default, the decimal point is rendered as "point".
C<NUMWORDS> also handles the ordinal forms of numbers. So:
print scalar NUMWORDS('1st');
print scalar NUMWORDS('3rd');
print scalar NUMWORDS('202nd');
print scalar NUMWORDS('1000000th');
print:
first
third
two hundred and twenty-second
one millionth
Two common idioms in this regard are:
print scalar NUMWORDS(ORD($number));
and:
print scalar ORD(NUMWORDS($number));
These are identical in effect, except when $number contains a decimal:
$number = 99.09;
print scalar NUMWORDS(ORD($number)); # ninety-ninth point zero nine
print scalar ORD(NUMWORDS($number)); # ninety-nine point zero ninth
Use whichever you feel is most appropriate.
=head1 CONVERTING LISTS OF WORDS TO PHRASES
When creating a list of words, commas are used between adjacent items,
except if the items contain commas, in which case semicolons are used.
But if there are less than two items, the commas/semicolons are omitted
entirely. The final item also has a conjunction (usually "and" or "or")
before it. And although it's technically incorrect (and sometimes
misleading), some people prefer to omit the comma before that final
conjunction, even when there are more than two items.
That's complicated enough to warrant its own subroutine: C<WORDLIST()>.
This subroutine expects a list of words, possibly with one or more hash
references containing options. It returns a string that joins the list
together in the normal English usage. For example:
print "You chose ", WORDLIST(@selected_items), "\n";
# You chose barley soup, roast beef, and Yorkshire pudding
print "You chose ", WORDLIST(@selected_items, {final_sep=>""}), "\n";
# You chose barley soup, roast beef and Yorkshire pudding
print "Please chose ", WORDLIST(@side_orders, {conj=>"or"}), "\n";
# Please chose salad, vegetables, or ice-cream
The available options are:
Option named Specifies Default value
conj Final conjunction "and"
sep Inter-item separator ","
last_sep Final separator value of 'sep' option
=head1 INTERPOLATING INFLECTIONS IN STRINGS
By far the commonest use of the inflection subroutines is to
produce message strings for various purposes. For example:
print NUM($errors), PL_N(" error"), PL_V(" was"), " detected.\n";
print PL_ADJ("This"), PL_N(" error"), PL_V(" was"), "fatal.\n"
if $severity > 1;
Unfortunately the need to separate each subroutine call detracts
significantly from the readability of the resulting code. To ameliorate
this problem, Lingua::EN::Inflect provides an exportable string-interpolating
subroutine (C<inflect($)>), which recognizes calls to the various inflection
subroutines within a string and interpolates them appropriately.
Using C<inflect> the previous example could be rewritten:
print inflect "NUM($errors) PL_N(error) PL_V(was) detected.\n";
print inflect "PL_ADJ(This) PL_N(error) PL_V(was) fatal.\n"
if $severity > 1;
Note that C<inflect> also correctly handles calls to the C<NUM()> subroutine
(whether interpolated or antecedent). The C<inflect()> subroutine has
a related extra feature, in that it I<automatically> cancels any "default
number" value before it returns its interpolated string. This means that
calls to C<NUM()> which are embedded in an C<inflect()>-interpolated
string do not "escape" and interfere with subsequent inflections.
=head1 MODERN VS CLASSICAL INFLECTIONS
Certain words, mainly of Latin or Ancient Greek origin, can form
plurals either using the standard English "-s" suffix, or with
their original Latin or Greek inflections. For example:
PL("stigma") # -> "stigmas" or "stigmata"
PL("torus") # -> "toruses" or "tori"
PL("index") # -> "indexes" or "indices"
PL("millennium") # -> "millenniums" or "millennia"
PL("ganglion") # -> "ganglions" or "ganglia"
PL("octopus") # -> "octopuses" or "octopodes"
Lingua::EN::Inflect caters to such words by providing an
"alternate state" of inflection known as "classical mode".
By default, words are inflected using their contemporary English
plurals, but if classical mode is invoked, the more traditional
plural forms are returned instead.
The exportable subroutine C<classical()> controls this feature.
If C<classical()> is called with no arguments, it unconditionally
invokes classical mode. If it is called with a single argument, it
turns all classical inflects on or off (depending on whether the argument is
true or false). If called with two or more arguments, those arguments
specify which aspects of classical behaviour are to be used.
Thus:
classical; # SWITCH ON CLASSICAL MODE
print PL("formula"); # -> "formulae"
classical 0; # SWITCH OFF CLASSICAL MODE
print PL("formula"); # -> "formulas"
classical $cmode; # CLASSICAL MODE IFF $cmode
print PL("formula"); # -> "formulae" (IF $cmode)
# -> "formulas" (OTHERWISE)
classical herd=>1; # SWITCH ON CLASSICAL MODE FOR "HERD" NOUNS
print PL("wilderbeest"); # -> "wilderbeest"
classical names=>1; # SWITCH ON CLASSICAL MODE FOR NAMES
print PL("sally"); # -> "sallies"
print PL("Sally"); # -> "Sallys"
Note however that C<classical()> has no effect on the inflection of words which
are now fully assimilated. Hence:
PL("forum") # ALWAYS -> "forums"
PL("criterion") # ALWAYS -> "criteria"
LEI assumes that a capitalized word is a person's name. So it forms the
plural according to the rules for names (which is that you don't
inflect, you just add -s or -es). You can choose to turn that behaviour
off (it's on by the default, even when the module isn't in classical
mode) by calling C<< classical(names=>0) >>.
=head1 USER-DEFINED INFLECTIONS
=head2 Adding plurals at run-time
Lingua::EN::Inflect provides five exportable subroutines which allow
the programmer to override the module's behaviour for specific cases:
=over 8
=item C<def_noun($$)>
The C<def_noun> subroutine takes a pair of string arguments: the singular and
plural forms of the noun being specified. The singular form
specifies a pattern to be interpolated (as C<m/^(?:$first_arg)$/i>).
Any noun matching this pattern is then replaced by the string in the
second argument. The second argument specifies a string which is
interpolated after the match succeeds, and is then used as the plural
form. For example:
def_noun 'cow' => 'kine';
def_noun '(.+i)o' => '$1i';
def_noun 'spam(mer)?' => '\\$\\%\\@#\\$\\@#!!';
Note that both arguments should usually be specified in single quotes,
so that they are not interpolated when they are specified, but later (when
words are compared to them). As indicated by the last example, care
also needs to be taken with certain characters in the second argument,
to ensure that they are not unintentionally interpolated during comparison.
The second argument string may also specify a second variant of the plural
form, to be used when "classical" plurals have been requested. The beginning
of the second variant is marked by a '|' character:
def_noun 'cow' => 'cows|kine';
def_noun '(.+i)o' => '$1os|$1i';
def_noun 'spam(mer)?' => '\\$\\%\\@#\\$\\@#!!|varmints';
If no classical variant is given, the specified plural form is used in
both normal and "classical" modes.
If the second argument is C<undef> instead of a string, then the
current user definition for the first argument is removed, and the
standard plural inflection(s) restored.
Note that in all cases, later plural definitions for a particular
singular form replace earlier definitions of the same form. For example:
# FIRST, HIDE THE MODERN FORM....
def_noun 'aviatrix' => 'aviatrices';
# LATER, HIDE THE CLASSICAL FORM...
def_noun 'aviatrix' => 'aviatrixes';
# FINALLY, RESTORE THE DEFAULT BEHAVIOUR...
def_noun 'aviatrix' => undef;
Special care is also required when defining general patterns and
associated specific exceptions: put the more specific cases I<after>
the general pattern. For example:
def_noun '(.+)us' => '$1i'; # EVERY "-us" TO "-i"
def_noun 'bus' => 'buses'; # EXCEPT FOR "bus"
This "try-most-recently-defined-first" approach to matching
user-defined words is also used by C<def_verb>, C<def_a> and C<def_an>.
=item C<def_verb($$$$$$)>
The C<def_verb> subroutine takes three pairs of string arguments (that is, six
arguments in total), specifying the singular and plural forms of the three
"persons" of verb. As with C<def_noun>, the singular forms are specifications of
run-time-interpolated patterns, whilst the plural forms are specifications of
(up to two) run-time-interpolated strings:
def_verb 'am' => 'are',
'are' => 'are|art',
'is' => 'are';
def_verb 'have' => 'have',
'have' => 'have',
'ha(s|th)' => 'have';
Note that as with C<def_noun>, modern/classical variants of plurals
may be separately specified, subsequent definitions replace previous
ones, and C<undef>'ed plural forms revert to the standard behaviour.
=item C<def_adj($$)>
The C<def_adj> subroutine takes a pair of string arguments, which specify
the singular and plural forms of the adjective being defined.
As with C<def_noun> and C<def_adj>, the singular forms are specifications of
run-time-interpolated patterns, whilst the plural forms are specifications of
(up to two) run-time-interpolated strings:
def_adj 'this' => 'these',
def_adj 'red' => 'red|gules',
As previously, modern/classical variants of plurals
may be separately specified, subsequent definitions replace previous
ones, and C<undef>'ed plural forms revert to the standard behaviour.
=item C<def_a($)> and C<def_an($)>
The C<def_a> and C<def_an> subroutines each take a single argument, which
specifies a pattern. If a word passed to C<A()> or C<AN()> matches this
pattern, it will be prefixed (unconditionally) with the corresponding indefinite
article. For example:
def_a 'error';
def_a 'in.+';
def_an 'mistake';
def_an 'error';
As with the other C<def_...> subroutines, such redefinitions are sequential
in effect so that, after the above example, "error" will be inflected with "an".
=back
=head2 The F<$HOME/.inflectrc> file
When it is imported, Lingua::EN::Inflect executes (as Perl code)
the contents of any file named F<.inflectrc> which it finds in the
in the directory where F<Lingua/EN/Inflect.pm> is installed,
or in the current home directory (C<$ENV{HOME}>), or in both.
Note that the code is executed within the Lingua::EN::Inflect
namespace.
Hence the user or the local Perl guru can make appropriate calls to
C<def_noun>, C<def_verb>, etc. in one of these F<.inflectrc> files, to
permanently and universally modify the behaviour of the module. For example
> cat /usr/local/lib/perl5/Text/Inflect/.inflectrc
def_noun "UNIX" => "UN*X|UNICES";
def_verb "teco" => "teco", # LITERALLY: "to edit with TECO"
"teco" => "teco",
"tecos" => "teco";
def_a "Euler.*"; # "Yewler" TURNS IN HIS GRAVE
Note that calls to the C<def_...> subroutines from within a program
will take precedence over the contents of the home directory
F<.inflectrc> file, which in turn takes precedence over the system-wide
F<.inflectrc> file.
=head1 DIAGNOSTICS
On loading, if the Perl code in a F<.inflectrc> file is invalid
(syntactically or otherwise), an appropriate fatal error is issued.
A common problem is not ending the file with something that
evaluates to true (as the five C<def_...> subroutines do).
Using the five C<def_...> subroutines directly in a program may also
result in fatal diagnostics, if a (singular) pattern or an interpolated
(plural) string is somehow invalid.
Specific diagnostics related to user-defined inflections are:
=over 8
=item C<"Bad user-defined singular pattern:\n\t %s">
The singular form of a user-defined noun or verb
(as defined by a call to C<def_noun>, C<def_verb>, C<def_adj>,
C<def_a> or C<def_an>) is not a valid Perl regular expression. The
actual Perl error message is also given.
=item C<"Bad user-defined plural string: '%s'">
The plural form(s) of a user-defined noun or verb
(as defined by a call to C<def_noun>, C<def_verb> or C<def_adj>)
is not a valid Perl interpolated string (usually because it
interpolates some undefined variable).
=item C<"Bad .inflectrc file (%s):\n %s">
Some other problem occurred in loading the named local
or global F<.inflectrc> file. The Perl error message (including
the line number) is also given.
=back
There are I<no> diagnosable run-time error conditions for the actual
inflection subroutines, except C<NUMWORDS> and hence no run-time
diagnostics. If the inflection subroutines are unable to form a plural
via a user-definition or an inbuilt rule, they just "guess" the
commonest English inflection: adding "-s" for nouns, removing "-s" for
verbs, and no inflection for adjectives.
C<Lingua::EN::Inflect::NUMWORDS()> can C<die> with the following messages:
=over 8
=item C<"Bad grouping option: %s">
The optional argument to C<NUMWORDS()> wasn't 1, 2 or 3.
=item C<"Number out of range">
C<NUMWORDS()> was passed a number larger than the number represented
by 3006 consecutive nines. The words representing that number are
63,681 characters long, including commas and spaces. If you're
interested in the actual value, see t/numwords.t.
The reference for the names is http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_large_numbers
There are no names for any higher numbers.
=back
=head1 OTHER ISSUES
=head2 2nd Person precedence
If a verb has identical 1st and 2nd person singular forms, but
different 1st and 2nd person plural forms, then when its plural is
constructed, the 2nd person plural form is always preferred.
The author is not currently aware of any such verbs in English, but is
not quite arrogant enough to assume I<ipso facto> that none exist.
=head2 Nominative precedence
The singular pronoun "it" presents a special problem because its plural form
can vary, depending on its "case". For example:
It ate my homework -> They ate my homework
It ate it -> They ate them
I fed my homework to it -> I fed my homework to them
As a consequence of this ambiguity, C<PL()> or C<PL_N> have been implemented
so that they always return the I<nominative> plural (that is, "they").
However, when asked for the plural of an unambiguously I<accusative>
"it" (namely, C<PL("to it")>, C<PL_N("from it")>, C<PL("with it")>,
etc.), both subroutines will correctly return the accusative plural
("to them", "from them", "with them", etc.)
=head2 The plurality of zero
The rules governing the choice between:
There were no errors.
and
There was no error.
are complex and often depend more on I<intent> rather than I<content>.
Hence it is infeasible to specify such rules algorithmically.
Therefore, Lingua::EN::Text contents itself with the following compromise: If
the governing number is zero, inflections always return the plural form
unless the appropriate "classical" inflection is in effect, in which case the
singular form is always returned.
Thus, the sequence:
NUM(0);
print inflect "There PL(was) NO(choice)";
produces "There were no choices", whereas:
classical 'zero'; # or: classical(zero=>1);
NUM(0);
print inflect "There PL(was) NO(choice)";
it will print "There was no choice".
=head2 Homographs with heterogeneous plurals
Another context in which intent (and not content) sometimes determines
plurality is where two distinct meanings of a word require different
plurals. For example:
Three basses were stolen from the band's equipment trailer.
Three bass were stolen from the band's aquarium.
I put the mice next to the cheese.
I put the mouses next to the computers.
Several thoughts about leaving crossed my mind.
Several thought about leaving across my lawn.
Lingua::EN::Inflect handles such words in two ways:
=over 8
=item *
If both meanings of the word are the I<same> part of speech (for
example, "bass" is a noun in both sentences above), then one meaning
is chosen as the "usual" meaning, and only that meaning's plural is
ever returned by any of the inflection subroutines.
=item *
If each meaning of the word is a different part of speech (for
example, "thought" is both a noun and a verb), then the noun's
plural is returned by C<PL()> and C<PL_N()> and the verb's plural is
returned only by C<PL_V()>.
=back
Such contexts are, fortunately, uncommon (particularly
"same-part-of-speech" examples). An informal study of nearly 600
"difficult plurals" indicates that C<PL()> can be relied upon to "get
it right" about 98% of the time (although, of course, ichthyophilic
guitarists or cyber-behaviouralists may experience higher rates of
confusion).
If the choice of a particular "usual inflection" is considered
inappropriate, it can always be reversed with a preliminary call
to the corresponding C<def_...> subroutine.
=head1 NOTE
I'm not taking any further correspondence on:
=over
=item "octopi".
Despite the populist pandering of certain New World dictionaries, the
plural is "octopuses" or (for the pedantic classicist) "octopodes". The
suffix "-pus" is Greek, not Latin, so the plural is "-podes", not "pi".
=item "virus".
Had no plural in Latin (possibly because it was a mass noun).
The only plural is the Anglicized "viruses".
=back
=head1 AUTHOR
Damian Conway (damian@conway.org)
=head1 BUGS AND IRRITATIONS
The endless inconsistencies of English.
(I<Please> report words for which the correct plural or
indefinite article is not formed, so that the reliability
of Lingua::EN::Inflect can be improved.)
=head1 COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 1997-2009, Damian Conway. All Rights Reserved.
This module is free software. It may be used, redistributed
and/or modified under the same terms as Perl itself.
|