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<div class="section" id="example">
<h1>Example<a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="Permalink to this headline">ΒΆ</a></h1>
<p>This code demonstrates usage of the APSW api. It gives you a good
overview of all the things that can be done. Also included is output
so you can see what gets printed when you run the code.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">sys</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">apsw</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### Check we have the expected version of apsw and sqlite</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">" Using APSW file"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__file__</span> <span class="c"># from the extension module</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">" APSW version"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">apswversion</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c"># from the extension module</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">" SQLite lib version"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sqlitelibversion</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c"># from the sqlite library code</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"SQLite header version"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER</span> <span class="c"># from the sqlite header file at compile time</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>| Using APSW file /space/apsw/apsw.so
| APSW version 3.8.11.1-r1
| SQLite lib version 3.8.11.1
| SQLite header version 3008011
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### Opening/creating database</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Connection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"dbfile"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python" id="example-cursor"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### simple statement</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"create table foo(x,y,z)"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### using different types</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"insert into foo values(?,?,?)"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">1.1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c"># integer, float/real, Null</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"insert into foo(x) values(?)"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"abc"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">))</span> <span class="c"># string (note trailing comma to ensure tuple!)</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"insert into foo(x) values(?)"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c"># a blob (binary data)</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">buffer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"abc</span><span class="se">\xff\xfe</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">))</span> <span class="c"># Use b"abc\xff\xfe" for Python 3</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### multiple statements</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"delete from foo; insert into foo values(1,2,3); create table bar(a,b,c) ; insert into foo values(4, 'five', 6.0)"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### iterator</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">z</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"select x,y,z from foo"</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getdescription</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c"># shows column names and declared types</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">z</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### iterator - multiple statements</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">o</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"select x,y,z from foo ; select a,b,c from bar"</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">o</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### bindings - sequence</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"insert into foo values(?,?,?)"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'eight'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"insert into foo values(?,?,?1)"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'one'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'two'</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c"># nb sqlite does the numbers from 1</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### bindings - dictionary</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"insert into foo values(:alpha, :beta, :gamma)"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'alpha'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'beta'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'gamma'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'three'</span><span class="p">})</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python" id="example-exectrace"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### tracing execution</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">mytrace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">statement</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bindings</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="s">"Called just before executing each statement"</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"SQL:"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">statement</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">bindings</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"Bindings:"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">bindings</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">True</span> <span class="c"># if you return False then execution is aborted</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setexectrace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mytrace</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"drop table bar ; create table bar(x,y,z); select * from foo where x=?"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>| SQL: drop table bar ;
| SQL: create table bar(x,y,z);
| SQL: select * from foo where x=?
| Bindings: (3,)
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python" id="example-rowtrace"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### tracing results</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">rowtrace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">row</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="sd">"""Called with each row of results before they are handed off. You can return None to</span>
<span class="sd"> cause the row to be skipped or a different set of values to return"""</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"Row:"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">row</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">row</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setrowtrace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rowtrace</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">row</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"select x,y from foo where x>3"</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>| SQL: select x,y from foo where x>3
| Row: (4, 'five')
| Row: (7, 'eight')
| Row: ('one', 'two')
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Clear tracers</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setrowtrace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setexectrace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### executemany</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c"># (This will work correctly with multiple statements, as well as statements that</span>
<span class="c"># return data. The second argument can be anything that is iterable.)</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">executemany</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"insert into foo (x) values(?)"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># You can also use it for statements that return data</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">row</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">executemany</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"select * from foo where x=?"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">row</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python" id="scalar-example"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### defining your own functions</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">ilove7</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="s">"a scalar function"</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"ilove7 got"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">"but I love 7"</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">7</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">createscalarfunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"seven"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ilove7</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">row</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"select seven(x,y) from foo"</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">row</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>| ilove7 got (1, 2) but I love 7
| (7,)
| ilove7 got (4, 'five') but I love 7
| (7,)
| ilove7 got (7, 'eight') but I love 7
| (7,)
| ilove7 got ('one', 'two') but I love 7
| (7,)
| ilove7 got (1, 2) but I love 7
| (7,)
| ilove7 got (1, None) but I love 7
| (7,)
| ilove7 got (2, None) but I love 7
| (7,)
| ilove7 got (3, None) but I love 7
| (7,)
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python" id="aggregate-example"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### aggregate functions are more complex</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c"># Here we return the longest item when represented as a string.</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">longest</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">longest</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">""</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">step</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">arg</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="nb">len</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">longest</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">longest</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">final</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">longest</span>
<span class="c"># Under Python 2.3 remove the following line and add</span>
<span class="c"># factory=classmethod(factory) at the end</span>
<span class="nd">@classmethod</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">factory</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cls</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">cls</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">cls</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">step</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cls</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">final</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">createaggregatefunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"longest"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">longest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">factory</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">row</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"select longest(x,y) from foo"</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">row</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>| ('eight',)
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python" id="collation-example"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### Defining collations.</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c"># The default sorting mechanisms don't understand numbers at the end of strings</span>
<span class="c"># so here we define a collation that does</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"create table s(str)"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">executemany</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"insert into s values(?)"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">(</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">"file1"</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">"file7"</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">"file17"</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">"file20"</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">"file3"</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">row</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"select * from s order by str"</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">row</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>| ('file1',)
| ('file17',)
| ('file20',)
| ('file3',)
| ('file7',)
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">strnumcollate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">s2</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="c"># return -1 if s1<s2, +1 if s1>s2 else 0</span>
<span class="c"># split values into two parts - the head and the numeric tail</span>
<span class="n">values</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">s1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">s2</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">vn</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">v</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">enumerate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="s">"01234567890"</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">break</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">v</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">:])</span> <span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">v</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="bp">None</span> <span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">vn</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">v</span>
<span class="c"># compare</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]:</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">></span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]:</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">createcollation</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"strnum"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">strnumcollate</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">row</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"select * from s order by str collate strnum"</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">row</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>| ('file1',)
| ('file3',)
| ('file7',)
| ('file17',)
| ('file20',)
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python" id="authorizer-example"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### Authorizer (eg if you want to control what user supplied SQL can do)</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">authorizer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">operation</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">paramone</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">paramtwo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">databasename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">triggerorview</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="sd">"""Called when each operation is prepared. We can return SQLITE_OK, SQLITE_DENY or</span>
<span class="sd"> SQLITE_IGNORE"""</span>
<span class="c"># find the operation name</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mapping_authorizer_function</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">operation</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">paramone</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">paramtwo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">databasename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">triggerorview</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">operation</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SQLITE_CREATE_TABLE</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">paramone</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">startswith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"private"</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SQLITE_DENY</span> <span class="c"># not allowed to create tables whose names start with private</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SQLITE_OK</span> <span class="c"># always allow</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setauthorizer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">authorizer</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"insert into s values('foo')"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"select str from s limit 1"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>| SQLITE_INSERT s None main None
| SQLITE_SELECT None None None None
| SQLITE_READ s str main None
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Cancel authorizer</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setauthorizer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python" id="example-progress-handler"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### progress handler (SQLite 3 experimental feature)</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c"># something to give us large numbers of random numbers</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">random</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">randomintegers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">howmany</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">xrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">howmany</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">yield</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">9999999999</span><span class="p">),)</span>
<span class="c"># create a table with 100 random numbers</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"begin ; create table bigone(x)"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">executemany</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"insert into bigone values(?)"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">randomintegers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"commit"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># display an ascii spinner</span>
<span class="n">_phcount</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="n">_phspinner</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"|/-</span><span class="se">\\</span><span class="s">"</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">progresshandler</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">global</span> <span class="n">_phcount</span>
<span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_phspinner</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">_phcount</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_phspinner</span><span class="p">)]</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nb">chr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c"># chr(8) is backspace</span>
<span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">flush</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">_phcount</span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># deliberate delay so we can see the spinner (SQLite is too fast otherwise!)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="c"># returning non-zero aborts</span>
<span class="c"># register progresshandler every 20 instructions</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setprogresshandler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">progresshandler</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># see it in action - sorting 100 numbers to find the biggest takes a while</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"spinny thing -> "</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"select max(x) from bigone"</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="c"># newline</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="c"># and the maximum number</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setprogresshandler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python" id="example-commithook"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### commit hook (SQLite3 experimental feature)</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">mycommithook</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"in commit hook"</span>
<span class="n">hour</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">localtime</span><span class="p">()[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">hour</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="mi">8</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">hour</span><span class="o">></span><span class="mi">17</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"no commits out of hours"</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="c"># abort commits outside of 8am through 6pm</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"commits okay at this time"</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="c"># let commit go ahead</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setcommithook</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mycommithook</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"begin; create table example(x,y,z); insert into example values (3,4,5) ; commit"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ConstraintError</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"commit was not allowed"</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setcommithook</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>| in commit hook
| no commits out of hours
| commit was not allowed
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python" id="example-updatehook"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### update hook</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">myupdatehook</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">databasename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tablename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">rowid</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"Updated: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s"> database </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">, table </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">, row </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mapping_authorizer_function</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">databasename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tablename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">rowid</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setupdatehook</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">myupdatehook</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"insert into s values(?)"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"file93"</span><span class="p">,))</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"update s set str=? where str=?"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"file94"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"file93"</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"delete from s where str=?"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"file94"</span><span class="p">,))</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setupdatehook</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>| Updated: SQLITE_INSERT database main, table s, row 7
| Updated: SQLITE_UPDATE database main, table s, row 7
| Updated: SQLITE_DELETE database main, table s, row 7
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python" id="example-blobio"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### Blob I/O</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"create table blobby(x,y)"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Add a blob we will fill in later</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"insert into blobby values(1,zeroblob(10000))"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Or as a binding</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"insert into blobby values(2,?)"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">zeroblob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">20000</span><span class="p">),))</span>
<span class="c"># Open a blob for writing. We need to know the rowid</span>
<span class="n">rowid</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"select ROWID from blobby where x=1"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">()[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">blob</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">blobopen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"main"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"blobby"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"y"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">rowid</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># 1 is for read/write</span>
<span class="n">blob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"hello world"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">blob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seek</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2000</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">blob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"hello world, again"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">blob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python" id="example-vtable"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### Virtual tables</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c"># This virtual table stores information about files in a set of</span>
<span class="c"># directories so you can execute SQL queries</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">getfiledata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">directories</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">columns</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span>
<span class="n">data</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="n">counter</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">directory</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">directories</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">f</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">directory</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isfile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">directory</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">)):</span>
<span class="k">continue</span>
<span class="n">counter</span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="n">st</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">directory</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">columns</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">columns</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">"rowid"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"name"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"directory"</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">st</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">startswith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"st_"</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">counter</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">directory</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">getattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">st</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:]]</span> <span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span>
<span class="c"># This gets registered with the Connection</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Source</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">modulename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dbname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tablename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">getfiledata</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="nb">eval</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="se">\\</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"</span><span class="se">\\\\</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="c"># eval strips off layer of quotes</span>
<span class="n">schema</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"create table foo("</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="s">','</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">"'</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">'"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:]])</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="s">")"</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">schema</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">Table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">Connect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Create</span>
<span class="c"># Represents a table</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Table</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">columns</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">data</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">BestIndex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">Open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Cursor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">Disconnect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="n">Destroy</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Disconnect</span>
<span class="c"># Represents a cursor</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Cursor</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">table</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">table</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">table</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">Filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">Eof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="o">>=</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">table</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">Rowid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">table</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">col</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">table</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">Next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">Close</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="c"># Register the module as filesource</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">createmodule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"filesource"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Source</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="c"># Arguments to module - all directories in sys.path</span>
<span class="n">sysdirs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">","</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">"'</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">'"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:]</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)])</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"create virtual table sysfiles using filesource("</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">sysdirs</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="s">")"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Which 3 files are the biggest?</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">directory</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nb">file</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"select st_size,directory,name from sysfiles order by st_size desc limit 3"</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nb">file</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">directory</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>| 24882176 testdb /space/apsw
| 4045200 apsw.so /space/apsw
| 915015 _yaml.so /home/rogerb/.local/lib/python2.7/site-packages
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Which 3 files are the oldest?</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">ctime</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">directory</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nb">file</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"select st_ctime,directory,name from sysfiles order by st_ctime limit 3"</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">ctime</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nb">file</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">directory</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>| 1388285092.49 setup.cfg /space/apsw
| 1391490876.74 .gitignore /space/apsw
| 1391584463.54 README.rst /space/apsw
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python" id="example-vfs"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### A VFS that "obfuscates" the database file contents. The scheme</span>
<span class="c">### used is to xor all bytes with 0xa5. This scheme honours that used</span>
<span class="c">### for MAPI and SQL Server.</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">encryptme</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">data</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">""</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="nb">chr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">ord</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">^</span><span class="mh">0xa5</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="c"># Inheriting from a base of "" means the default vfs</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ObfuscatedVFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">VFS</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">vfsname</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"obfu"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">basevfs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">""</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vfsname</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">vfsname</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">basevfs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">basevfs</span>
<span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">VFS</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vfsname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">basevfs</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># We want to return our own file implmentation, but also</span>
<span class="c"># want it to inherit</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">xOpen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">flags</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="c"># We can look at uri parameters</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">URIFilename</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"fast is"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">uri_parameter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"fast"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"level is"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">uri_int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"level"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"warp is"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">uri_boolean</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"warp"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"notpresent is"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">uri_parameter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"notpresent"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>| fast is speed
| level is 7
| warp is True
| notpresent is None
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ObfuscatedVFSFile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">basevfs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">flags</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># The file implementation where we override xRead and xWrite to call our</span>
<span class="c"># encryption routine</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ObfuscatedVFSFile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">VFSFile</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">inheritfromvfsname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">flags</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">VFSFile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">inheritfromvfsname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">flags</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">xRead</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">amount</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">offset</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">encryptme</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ObfuscatedVFSFile</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xRead</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">amount</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">offset</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">xWrite</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">offset</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ObfuscatedVFSFile</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xWrite</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">encryptme</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">offset</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># To register the VFS we just instantiate it</span>
<span class="n">obfuvfs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ObfuscatedVFS</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c"># Lets see what vfs are now available?</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vfsnames</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>| ['unix', 'obfu', 'unix-excl', 'unix-dotfile', 'unix-none']
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Make an obfuscated db, passing in some URI parameters</span>
<span class="n">obfudb</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Connection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"file:myobfudb?fast=speed&level=7&warp=on"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">flags</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SQLITE_OPEN_URI</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">vfs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">obfuvfs</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vfsname</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Check it works</span>
<span class="n">obfudb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"create table foo(x,y); insert into foo values(1,2)"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Check it really is obfuscated on disk</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="sb">`open("myobfudb", "rb").read()[:20]`</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>| '\xf6\xf4\xe9\xcc\xd1\xc0\x85\xc3\xca\xd7\xc8\xc4\xd1\x85\x96\xa5\xa1\xa5\xa4\xa4'
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># And unobfuscating it</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="sb">`encryptme(open("myobfudb", "rb").read()[:20])`</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>| 'SQLite format 3\x00\x04\x00\x01\x01'
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Tidy up</span>
<span class="n">obfudb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"myobfudb"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python" id="example-limit"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### Limits</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c"># Print some limits</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">limit</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"LENGTH"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"COLUMN"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"ATTACHED"</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"SQLITE_LIMIT_"</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">limit</span>
<span class="n">maxname</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"SQLITE_MAX_"</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">limit</span> <span class="c"># compile time</span>
<span class="n">orig</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">getattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">apsw</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">orig</span>
<span class="c"># To get the maximum, set to 0x7fffffff and then read value back</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">getattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">apsw</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="mh">0x7fffffff</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">max</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">getattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">apsw</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">maxname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">max</span>
<span class="c"># Set limit for size of a string</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"create table testlimit(s)"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"insert into testlimit values(?)"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="s">"x"</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">))</span> <span class="c"># 1024 char string</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1023</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># limit is now 1023</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"insert into testlimit values(?)"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="s">"y"</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"string exceeding limit was inserted"</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TooBigError</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"Caught toobig exception"</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x7fffffff</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>| SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH 1000000000
| SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH 1000000000
| SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN 2000
| SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN 2000
| SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED 10
| SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED 10
| Caught toobig exception
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python" id="example-backup"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### Backup to memory</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c"># We will copy the disk database into a memory database</span>
<span class="n">memcon</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Connection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">":memory:"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Copy into memory</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">memcon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">backup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"main"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"main"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">backup</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">backup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">step</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c"># copy whole database in one go</span>
<span class="c"># There will be no disk accesses for this query</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">row</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">memcon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"select * from s"</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python" id="example-shell"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### Shell</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c"># Here we use the shell to do a csv export providing the existing db</span>
<span class="c"># connection</span>
<span class="c"># Export to a StringIO</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">StringIO</span> <span class="kn">as</span> <span class="nn">io</span> <span class="c"># use io in Python 3</span>
<span class="n">output</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">io</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">StringIO</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">shell</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Shell</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">output</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># How to execute a dot command</span>
<span class="n">shell</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">process_command</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">".mode csv"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">shell</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">process_command</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">".headers on"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># How to execute SQL</span>
<span class="n">shell</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">process_sql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"create table csvtest(col1,col2); insert into csvtest values(3,4); insert into csvtest values('a b', NULL)"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Let the shell figure out SQL vs dot command</span>
<span class="n">shell</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">process_complete_line</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"select * from csvtest"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Verify output</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">output</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getvalue</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>| col1,col2
| 3,4
| a b,
|
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python" id="example-status"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### Statistics</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"SQLite memory usage current </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s"> max </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">apsw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>| SQLite memory usage current 420072 max 494080
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c">### Cleanup</span>
<span class="c">###</span>
<span class="c"># We can close connections manually (useful if you want to catch exceptions)</span>
<span class="c"># but you don't have to</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># force it since we want to exit</span>
<span class="c"># Delete database - we don't need it any more</span>
<span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"dbfile"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
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