python-bobo 0.2.2-3build1 / usr / share / pyshared / bobo.py

##############################################################################
#
# Copyright Zope Corporation and Contributors.
# All Rights Reserved.
#
# This software is subject to the provisions of the Zope Public License,
# Version 2.1 (ZPL).  A copy of the ZPL should accompany this distribution.
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
# WARRANTIES ARE DISCLAIMED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
# WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, AGAINST INFRINGEMENT, AND FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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"""Create WSGI-based web applications.
"""

# Public names:
__all__ = (
    'Application',
    'early',
    'late',
    'NotFound',
    'order',
    'post',
    'preroute',
    'query',
    'redirect',
    'reroute',
    'resource',
    'resources',
    'scan_class',
    'subroute',
    )

__metaclass__ = type

import re
import sys
import webob

bbbbad_errors = KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError

_default_content_type = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8'

_json_content_type = re.compile('application/json;?').match

class Application:
    """Create a WSGI application.

    The DEFAULT argument, if given, is a dictionary of options.
    Keyword options override options given in the DEFAULT options.

    Option values are strings, typically read from ConfigParser files.

    The values used by bobo, ``bobo_resources``, ``bobo_configure``
    and ``bobo_errors``, can have comments.  Lines within these
    values are truncated at the first '#' characters.

    The one required option is bobo_resources:

    bobo_resources
       Specifies resources to be used.

       This option can be used to:

       - Specify modules to be scanned for resources.
       - Include specific resources, rather than all resources in given modules.
       - Override the order of resources given in modules.
       - Override routes used for resources given in modules.

       Resources are specified on separate lines.  Resources take one
       of 4 forms:

       module_name
          Use the resources from the given module.

       resource
          Use the named resource.

          The resource is of the form: modulename:expression.  The
          object is obtained by evaluating the expression in the named
          module.

       route -> resource
          The given route, possibly with placeholders, is
          handled by the given resource.

          The resource is of the form: modulename:expression.

          The object named by the resource must meet one of the following
          conditions:

          - It was created using one of the bobo decorators:
            ``resource``, ``post``, ``query``, or ``subroute``.

          - It has ``bobo_reroute`` method that takes the given route
            and returns a new resource. (The bobo decorators provide this.)

          - It is a class, in which case it is treated as a subroute.

          Newlines may be included between the"->" and the resource, allowing
          the specification to be split over multiple lines.

       route +> resource
          The given route, which may not have placeholder, is added as
          a prefix of the given resource's route.

          The resource is of the form: modulename:expression, or just
          modulename.

          Newlines may be included between the"+>" and the resource, allowing
          the specification to be split over multiple lines.

    Bobo also used the following options:

    bobo_configuration
       Specify one or more (whitespace-delimited) callables to be
       called with the configuration data passed to the application.

       Each callable is of the form: module_name:global_name

    bobo_errors
       Specify an object to be used for generating error responses.
       The value must be a module name or an object name of the form:
       ``modulename:expression``.  The object must have the
       callable attributes:

       not_found(request, method)
          Generate a response when a resource can't be found.

          This should return a 404 response.

       method_not_allowed(request, method, methods)
          Generate a response when the resource found doesn't allow the
          request method.

          This should return a 405 response and set the ``Allowed`` response
          header to the list of allowed headers.

       missing_form_variable(request, method, name)
          Generate a response when a form variable is missing.

          The proper response in this situation isn't obvious.

       exception(request, method, ex_info)
          Generate a response for the exception information given by
          exc_info.  This method is optional.  Bobo's default behavior
          is to simply re-raise the exception.

    """

    def __init__(self, DEFAULT=None, **config):
        if DEFAULT:
            DEFAULT = dict(DEFAULT)
            DEFAULT.update(config)
            config = DEFAULT

        self.config = config

        for name in filter(None, _uncomment(config, 'bobo_configure').split()):
            _get_global(name)(config)

        bobo_errors = _uncomment(config, 'bobo_errors')
        if bobo_errors:
            if ':' in bobo_errors:
                bobo_errors = _get_global(bobo_errors)
            else:
                bobo_errors = _import(bobo_errors)
            self.not_found = bobo_errors.not_found
            self.method_not_allowed = bobo_errors.method_not_allowed
            self.missing_form_variable = bobo_errors.missing_form_variable
            try:
                self.exception = bobo_errors.exception
            except AttributeError:
                pass

        bobo_resources = _uncomment(config, 'bobo_resources', True)
        if bobo_resources:
            self.handlers = _route_config(bobo_resources)
        else:
            raise ValueError("Missing bobo_resources option.")

    def bobo_response(self, request, path, method):
        try:
            for handler in self.handlers:
                response = handler(request, path, method)
                if response is not None:
                    return response
            return self.not_found(request, method)
        except BoboException, exc:
            return self.build_response(request, method, exc)
        except MethodNotAllowed, v:
            return self.method_not_allowed(request, method, v.allowed)
        except MissingFormVariable, v:
            return self.missing_form_variable(request, method, v.name)
        except NotFound, v:
            return self.not_found(request, method)
        except bbbbad_errors:
            raise
        except Exception:
            if not hasattr(self, 'exception'):
                raise
            return self.exception(request, method, sys.exc_info())

    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
        """Handle a WSGI application request.
        """
        request = webob.Request(environ)
        if request.charset is None:
            # Maybe middleware can be more tricky?
            request.charset = 'utf8'

        return self.bobo_response(request, request.path_info, request.method
                                  )(environ, start_response)

    def build_response(self, request, method, data):
        """Build a response object from raw data.

        This method is used by bobo when an application returns data rather
        than a response object.  It can be overridden by subclasses to support
        alternative request implementations. (For example, some implementations
        may have response objects on a request that influence how a response is
        generated.)

        The data object has several attributes:

        status
            Integer HTTP status code

        body
            Raw body data as returned from an application

        content_type
            The desired content type

        headers
            A list of header name/value pairs.
        """

        content_type = data.content_type
        response = webob.Response(status=data.status,
                                  headerlist=data.headers,
                                  content_type=content_type)

        if method == 'HEAD':
            return response

        body = data.body
        if isinstance(body, str):
            response.body = body
        elif _json_content_type(content_type):
            try:
                import json
            except ImportError:
                import simplejson
                sys.modules['json'] = simplejson
                json = simplejson
            response.body = json.dumps(body)
        elif isinstance(body, unicode):
            response.unicode_body = body
        else:
            raise TypeError('bad response', body, content_type)

        return response

    def not_found(self, request, method):
        return _err_response(
            404, method, "Not Found", "Could not find: "+request.path_info)

    def missing_form_variable(self, request, method, name):
        return _err_response(
            403, method,
            "Missing parameter", 'Missing form variable %s' % name)

    def method_not_allowed(self, request, method, methods):
        return _err_response(
            405, method,
            "Method Not Allowed", "Invalid request method: %s" % method,
            [('Allow', ', '.join(sorted(methods)))])

def _err_response(status, method, title, message, headers=()):
    response = webob.Response(status=status, headerlist=headers or [])
    response.content_type = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8'
    if method != 'HEAD':
        response.unicode_body = _html_template % (title, message)
    return response

_html_template = u"""<html>
<head><title>%s</title></head>
<body>%s</body>
</html>
"""

def redirect(url, status=302, body=None,
             content_type="text/html; charset=UTF-8"):
    """Generate a response to redirect to a URL.

    The optional ``status`` argument can be used to supply a status other than
    302.  The optional ``body`` argument can be used to specify a response
    body. If not specified, a default body is generated based on the URL given
    in the ``url`` argument.
    """
    if body is None:
        body = u'See %s' % url
    response = webob.Response(status=status, headerlist=[('Location', url)])
    response.content_type = content_type
    response.unicode_body = body
    return response

class BoboException(Exception):

    def __init__(self, status, body,
                 content_type='text/html; charset=UTF-8', headers=None):
        self.status = status
        self.body = body
        self.content_type = content_type
        self.headers = headers or []

def _scan_module(module_name):
    module = _import(module_name)
    bobo_response = getattr(module, 'bobo_response', None)
    if bobo_response is not None:
        yield bobo_response
        return

    resources = []
    for resource in module.__dict__.itervalues():
        bobo_response = getattr(resource, 'bobo_response', None)
        if bobo_response is None:
            continue
        # Check for unbound handler and skip
        if getattr(bobo_response, 'im_self', bobo_response) is None:
            continue

        order = getattr(resource, 'bobo_order', 0) or _late_base
        resources.append((order, resource, bobo_response))

    resources.sort()
    by_route = {}
    for order, resource, bobo_response in resources:
        route = getattr(resource, 'bobo_route', None)
        if route is not None:
            methods = getattr(resource, 'bobo_methods', 0)
            if methods != 0:
                by_methods = by_route.get(route)
                if not by_methods:
                    by_methods = by_route[route] = {}
                    yield _make_br_function_by_methods(route, by_methods)
                if methods is None:
                    methods = (methods, )
                for method in methods:
                    if method not in by_methods:
                        by_methods[method] = bobo_response
                continue
        yield bobo_response

def _make_br_function_by_methods(route, by_method):

    route_data = _compile_route(route)

    def bobo_response(request, path, method):
        handler = by_method.get(method)
        if handler is None:
            handler = by_method.get(None)
        if handler is None:
            data = route_data(request, path)
            if data is not None:
                raise MethodNotAllowed(by_method)
            return None

        return handler(request, path, method)

    return bobo_response

def _uncomment(config, name, split=False):
    str = config.get(name, '')
    result = filter(None, (
        line.split('#', 1)[0].strip()
        for line in str.strip().split('\n')
        ))
    if split:
        return result
    return '\n'.join(result)

class _MultiResource(list):
    def bobo_response(self, request, path, method):
        for resource in self:
            r = resource(request, path, method)
            if r is not None:
                return r

def resources(resources):
    """Create a resource from multiple resources

    A new resource is returned that works by searching the given resources in
    the order they're given.
    """
    handlers = _MultiResource()
    for resource in resources:
        if isinstance(resource, basestring):
            if ':' in resource:
                resource = _get_global(resource)
            else:
                resource = _MultiResource(_scan_module(resource))
        elif getattr(resource, 'bobo_response', None) is None:
            resource = _MultiResource(_scan_module(resource.__name__))

        handlers.append(resource.bobo_response)

    return handlers

def reroute(route, resource):
    """Create a new resource from a re-routable resource.

    The resource can be a string, in which case it should be a global
    name, of the form ``module:expression``.
    """
    if isinstance(resource, basestring):
        resource = _get_global(resource)

    try:
        bobo_reroute = resource.bobo_reroute
    except AttributeError:
        import types
        if isinstance(resource, (type, types.ClassType)):
            return Subroute(route, resource)
        raise TypeError("Expected a reroutable")
    return bobo_reroute(route)

def preroute(route, resource):
    """Create a new resource by adding a route prefix

    The given route is used as a subroute that is matched before
    matching the given resource's route.

    The resource can be a string, in which case it should be a global
    name, of the form ``module:expression``, or a module name.  If a
    module name is given, and the module doesn't have a
    bobo_response function, then a resource is computed that tries
    each of the resources found in the module in order.
    """
    if isinstance(resource, basestring):
        if ':' in resource:
            resource = _get_global(resource)
        else:
            resource = _MultiResource(_scan_module(resource))
    elif getattr(resource, 'bobo_response', None) is None:
        resource = _MultiResource(_scan_module(resource.__name__))

    return Subroute(route, lambda request: resource)

_resource_re = re.compile('\s*([\S]+)\s*([-+]>)\s*(\S+)?\s*$').match
def _route_config(lines):
    resources = []
    lines.reverse()
    while lines:
        route = lines.pop()
        m = _resource_re(route)
        if m is None:
            sep = resource = None
        else:
            route, sep, resource = m.groups()

        if not resource:
            if not sep:
                # route is the resource.
                if ':' in route:
                    resources.append(_get_global(route).bobo_response)
                else:
                    resources.extend(_scan_module(route))
                continue
            else:
                # line continuation
                resource = lines.pop()

        if sep == '->':
            resource = reroute(route, resource)
        else:
            resource = preroute(route, resource)

        resources.append(resource.bobo_response)

    return resources

def _get_global(attr):
    if ':' in attr:
        mod, attr = attr.split(':', 1)
    elif not mod:
        raise ValueError("No ':' in global name", attr)
    mod = _import(mod)
    return eval(attr, mod.__dict__)

def _import(module_name):
    return __import__(module_name, {}, {}, ['*'])

_order = 0
def order():
    """Return an integer that can be used to order a resource.

    The function returns a larger integer each time it is called.  A
    resource can use this to set it's ``bobo_order`` attribute.
    """
    global _order
    _order += 1
    return _order

_late_base = 1<<99
def late():
    """Return an order used for resources that should be searched late.

    The function returns a larger integer each time it is called.  The
    value is larger than values returned by the order or early
    functions.
    """
    return order() + _late_base

_early_base = -_late_base
def early():
    """Return an order used for resources that should be searched early.

    The function returns a larger integer each time it is called.  The
    value is smaller than values returned by the order or late
    functions.
    """
    return order() + _early_base

class _cached_property(object):
    def __init__(self, func):
        self.func = func
    def __get__(self, inst, class_):
        return self.func(inst)

_ext_re = re.compile('/(\w+)').search
class _Handler:

    partial = False

    def __init__(self, route, handler,
                 method=None, params=None, check=None, content_type=None,
                 order_=None):
        if route is None:
            route = '/'+handler.__name__
            ext = _ext_re(content_type)
            if ext:
                route += '.'+ext.group(1)
        self.bobo_route = route
        if isinstance(method, basestring):
            method = (method, )
        self.bobo_methods = method

        self.handler = handler
        self.bobo_original = getattr(handler, 'bobo_original', handler)
        bobo_sub_find = getattr(handler, 'bobo_response', None)
        if bobo_sub_find is not None:
            self.bobo_sub_find = bobo_sub_find

        self.content_type = content_type
        self.params = params
        self.check = check
        if order_ is None:
            order_ = order()
        self.bobo_order = order_

    @_cached_property
    def bobo_handle(self):
        func = original = self.bobo_original
        if self.params:
            func = _make_caller(func, self.params)
        func = _make_bobo_handle(func, original, self.check, self.content_type)
        self.__dict__['bobo_handle'] = func
        return func

    @_cached_property
    def match(self):
        route_data = _compile_route(self.bobo_route, self.partial)
        methods = self.bobo_methods
        if methods is None:
            return route_data

        def match(request, path, method):
            data = route_data(request, path)
            if data is not None:
                if method not in methods:
                    raise MethodNotAllowed(methods)
                return data

        self.__dict__['match'] = match
        return match

    def bobo_response(self, *args):
        request, path, method = args[-3:]
        route_data = self.match(request, path, method)
        if route_data is None:
            return self.bobo_sub_find(*args)

        return self.bobo_handle(*args[:-2], **route_data)

    def bobo_sub_find(self, *args):
        pass

    def __call__(self, *args, **kw):
        return self.bobo_original(*args, **kw)

    def __get__(self, inst, class_):
        if inst is None:
            return _UnboundHandler(self, class_)
        return _BoundHandler(self, inst, class_)

    @property
    def func_code(self):
        return self.bobo_original.func_code

    @property
    def func_defaults(self):
        return self.bobo_original.func_defaults

    @property
    def __name__(self):
        return self.bobo_original.__name__

    def bobo_reroute(self, route):
        return self.__class__(route, self.bobo_original, self.bobo_methods,
                              self.params, self.check, self.content_type)

class _UnboundHandler:

    im_self = None

    def __init__(self, handler, class_):
        self.im_func = handler
        self.im_class = class_

    def __get__(self, inst, class_):
        self._check_args(args)
        if inst is None:
            return self
        return _BoundHandler(self.im_func, inst, self.im_class_)

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<unbound resource %s.%s>" % (
            self.im_class.__name__,
            self.im_func.__name__,
            )

    def _check_args(self, args):
        if not args or not isinstance(args[0], self.im_class):
            raise TypeError("Need %s initial argument"
                            % self.im_class.__name__)

    def __call__(self, *args, **kw):
        self._check_args(args)
        return self.im_func(*args, **kw)

class _BoundHandler:

    def __init__(self, handler, inst, class_):
        if not isinstance(inst, class_):
            raise TypeError("Can't bind", inst, class_)
        self.im_func = handler
        self.im_self = inst
        self.im_class = class_

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<bound resource %s.%s of %r>" % (
            self.im_class.__name__,
            self.im_func.__name__,
            self.im_self,
            )

    def bobo_response(self, *args):
        return self.im_func.bobo_response(self.im_self, *args)

    def __call__(self, *args, **kw):
        return self.im_func(self.im_self, *args, **kw)

def _handler(route, func=None, **kw):
    if func is None:
        if route is None or isinstance(route, basestring):
            return lambda f: _handler(route, f, **kw)
        func = route
        route = None
    elif route is not None:
        assert isinstance(route, basestring)
        if route and not route.startswith('/'):
            raise ValueError("Non-empty routes must start with '/'.", route)

    return _Handler(route, func, **kw)

def resource(route=None, method=('GET', 'POST', 'HEAD'),
             content_type=_default_content_type, check=None, order=None):
    """Create a resource

    This function is used as a decorator to define a resource. It can be applied
    to any kind of callable, not just a function.

    Arguments:

    route
        The route to match against a request URL to determine
        if the decorated callable should be used to satisfy a
        request.

        if omitted, a route will be computed using the decorated
        callable's name with the content_type subtype used as an extension.

    method
        The HTTP request method or methods that can be used. This can be either
        a string giving a single method name, or a sequence of strings.

    content_type
        The content_type for the response.

        The content type is ignored if the callable returns a response object.

    check
        A check function.

        If provided, the check function (or callable) will be called
        before the decorated callable.  The check function is passed
        an instance, a request, and the decorated callable.  If the
        resource is a method, then first argument is the instance the
        method was called on, otherwise it is None.  If the check
        function returns a response, the response will be used instead
        of calling the decorated callable.

    order
        The order controls how resources are searched when matching
        URLs.  Normally, resources are searched in order of
        evaluation.  Passing the result of calling ``bobo.early`` or
        ``bobo.late`` can cause resources to be searched early or late.

    The function may be used as a decorator directly without calling
    it. For example::

       @bobo.resource
       def example(request):
           ...

    is equivalent to::

       @bobo.resource()
       def example(request):
           ...

    The callable must take a request object as the first argument.  If the
    route has placeholders, then the callable must accept named parameters
    corresponding to the placeholders.  The named parameters must have defaults
    for any optional placeholders.

    Unlike the post and query decorators, this decorator doesn't introspect the
    callable it's applied to.
    """
    return _handler(route, method=method, check=check,
                    content_type=content_type, order_=order)

def post(route=None, method=['POST', 'PUT'],
         content_type=_default_content_type, check=None, order=None):
    """Create a resource that passes POST data as arguments

    This function is used as a function decorator to define a resource.

    Arguments:

    route
        The route to match against a request URL to determine
        if the decorated callable should be used to satisfy a
        request.

        if omitted, a route will be computed using the decorated
        callable's name with the content_type subtype used as an extension.

    method
        The HTTP request method or methods that can be used. This can
        be either a string giving a single method name, or a sequence
        of strings.

        The method argument defaults to the string ``'POST'``.

    content_type
        The content_type for the response.

        The content type is ignored if the callable returns a response object.

    check
        A check function.

        If provided, the check function (or callable) will be called
        before the decorated function.  The check function is passed
        an instance, a request, and the decorated function.  If the
        resource is a method, then first argument is the instance the
        method was called on, otherwise it is None.  If the check
        function returns a response, the response will be used instead
        of calling the decorated function.

    order
        The order controls how resources are searched when matching
        URLs.  Normally, resources are searched in order of
        evaluation.  Passing the result of calling ``bobo.early`` or
        ``bobo.late`` can cause resources to be searched early or late.

    The function may be used as a decorator directly without calling
    it. For example::

       @bobo.post
       def example():
           ...

    is equivalent to::

       @bobo.post()
       def example():
           ...

    The callable the decorator is applied to is analyzed to determine it's
    signature.  When the callable is called, the request, route data and
    request form data are used to satisfy any named arguments in the callable's
    signature.  For example, in the case of::

       @bobo.post('/:a')
       def example(bobo_request, a, b, c=None):
           ...

    when handling a request for: ``http://localhost/x``, with a post
    body of ``b=1``, the request is passed to the ``bobo_request``
    argument. the route data value ``'x'`` is passed to the argument
    ``a``, and the form data ``1`` is passed for ``b``.

    Standard function metadata attributes ``func_code`` and ``func_defaults``
    are used to determine the signature and required arguments. The method
    attribute, ``im_func`` is used to determine if the callable is a method, in
    which case the first argument found in the signature is ignored.
    """
    return _handler(route, method=method, params='POST', check=check,
                    content_type=content_type, order_=order)

def query(route=None, method=('GET', 'POST', 'HEAD'),
          content_type=_default_content_type, check=None, order=None):
    """Create a resource that passes form data as arguments

    Create a decorator that, when applied to a callable, creates a
    resource.

    Arguments:

    route
        The route to match against a request URL to determine if the decorated
        callable should be used to satisfy a request.

        if omitted, a route will be computed using the decorated
        callable's name with the content_type subtype used as an extension.

    method
        The HTTP request method or methods that can be used. This can
        be either a string giving a single method name, or a sequence
        of strings.

        The method argument defaults to the tuple ``('GET', 'HEAD', 'POST')``.

    content_type
        The content_type for the response.

        The content type is ignored if the callable returns a response object.

    check
        A check function.

        If provided, the check function (or callable) will be called
        before the decorated function.  The check function is passed
        an instance, a request, and the decorated function.  If the
        resource is a method, then first argument is the instance the
        method was called on, otherwise it is None.  If the check
        function returns a response, the response will be used instead
        of calling the decorated function.

    order
        The order controls how resources are searched when matching
        URLs.  Normally, resources are searched in order of
        evaluation.  Passing the result of calling ``bobo.early`` or
        ``bobo.late`` can cause resources to be searched early or late.

    The function may be used as a decorator directly without calling
    it. For example::

       @bobo.query
       def example():
           ...

    is equivalent to::

       @bobo.query()
       def example():
           ...

    The callable the decorator is applied to is analyzed to determine it's
    signature.  When the callable is called, the request, route data and
    request form data are used to satisfy any named arguments in the callable's
    signature.  For example, in the case of::

       @bobo.query('/:a')
       def example(bobo_request, a, b, c=None):
           ...

    when handling a request for: ``http://localhost/x?b=1``,
    the request is passed to the ``bobo_request`` argument. the route
    data value ``'x'`` is passed to the argument ``a``, and the form
    data ``1`` is passed for ``b``.

    Standard function metadata attributes ``func_code`` and
    ``func_defaults`` are used to determine the signature and required
    arguments. The method attribute, ``im_func`` is used to determine
    if the callable is a method, in which case the first argument found
    in the signature is ignored.
    """
    return _handler(route, method=method, params='params', check=check,
                    content_type=content_type, order_=order)

route_re = re.compile(r'(/:[a-zA-Z]\w*\??)(\.[^/]+)?')
def _compile_route(route, partial=False):
    assert route.startswith('/') or not route
    pat = route_re.split(route)
    pat.reverse()
    rpat = []
    prefix = pat.pop()
    if prefix:
        rpat.append(re.escape(prefix))
    while pat:
        name = pat.pop()[2:]
        optional = name.endswith('?')
        if optional:
            name = name[:-1]
        name = '/(?P<%s>[^/]*)' % name
        ext = pat.pop()
        if ext:
            name += re.escape(ext)
        if optional:
            name = '(%s)?' % name
        rpat.append(name)
        s = pat.pop()
        if s:
            rpat.append(re.escape(s))

    if partial:
        match = re.compile(''.join(rpat)).match
        def route_data(request, path, method=None):
            m = match(path)
            if m is None:
                return m
            path = path[len(m.group(0)):]
            return (dict(item for item in m.groupdict().iteritems()
                         if item[1] is not None),
                    path,
                    )
    else:
        match = re.compile(''.join(rpat)+'$').match
        def route_data(request, path, method=None):
            m = match(path)
            if m is None:
                return m
            return dict(item for item in m.groupdict().iteritems()
                        if item[1] is not None)

    return route_data

def _make_bobo_handle(func, original, check, content_type):

    def handle(*args, **route):
        if check is not None:
            if len(args) == 1:
                result = check(None, args[0], original)
            else:
                result = check(args[0], args[1], original)
            if result is not None:
                return result
        result = func(*args, **route)
        if hasattr(result, '__call__'):
            return result

        raise BoboException(200, result, content_type)

    return handle

def _make_caller(obj, paramsattr):
    wrapperCount = 0
    unwrapped = obj

    for i in range(10):
        bases = getattr(unwrapped, '__bases__', None)
        if bases is not None:
            raise TypeError("mapply() can not call class constructors")

        im_func = getattr(unwrapped, 'im_func', None)
        if im_func is not None:
            unwrapped = im_func
            wrapperCount += 1
        elif getattr(unwrapped, 'func_code', None) is not None:
            break
        else:
            unwrapped = getattr(unwrapped, '__call__' , None)
            if unwrapped is None:
                raise TypeError("mapply() can not call %s" % repr(obj))
    else:
        raise TypeError("couldn't find callable metadata, mapply() error on %s"
                        % repr(obj))

    code = unwrapped.func_code
    defaults = unwrapped.func_defaults
    names = code.co_varnames[wrapperCount:code.co_argcount]
    nargs = len(names)
    nrequired = len(names)
    if defaults:
        nrequired -= len(defaults)

    # XXX maybe handle f(..., **kw)?

    def bobo_apply(*pargs, **route):
        request = pargs[-1]
        pargs = pargs[:-1] # () or (self, )
        params = getattr(request, paramsattr)
        kw = {}
        for index in range(len(pargs), nargs):
            name = names[index]
            if name == 'bobo_request':
                kw[name] = request
                continue

            v = route.get(name)
            if v is None:
                v = params.getall(name)
                if not v:
                    if index < nrequired:
                        raise MissingFormVariable(name)
                    continue
                if len(v) == 1:
                    v = v[0]

            kw[name] = v

        return obj(*pargs, **kw)

    return bobo_apply

class Subroute(_Handler):

    partial = True

    def __init__(self, route, handler):
        _Handler.__init__(self, route, handler)

    def bobo_response(self, *args):
        request, path, method = args[-3:]
        route_data = self.match(request, path)
        if route_data is None:
            return self.bobo_sub_find(*args)

        route_data, path = route_data
        resource = self.bobo_original(*args[:-2], **route_data)
        if resource is not None:
            return resource.bobo_response(request, path, method)

    def bobo_reroute(self, route):
        return self.__class__(route, self.bobo_original)

def _subroute(route, ob, scan):
    if scan:
        scan_class(ob)
        return _subroute_class(route, ob)

    import types
    if isinstance(ob, (type, types.ClassType)):
        return _subroute_class(route, ob)
    return Subroute(route, ob)

def subroute(route=None, scan=False, order=None):
    """Create a resource that matches a URL in multiple steps

    If called with a route or without any arguments, subroute returns
    an object that should then be called with a resource factory.  The
    resource factory will be called with a request and route data and
    should return a resource object.  For example::

       @subroute('/:employee_id', scan=True)
       class EmployeeView:
           def __init__(self, request, employee_id):
               ...

    If no route is supplied, the ``__name__`` attribute of the callable
    is used.

    The resource factory may return None to indicate that a resource can't be
    found on the subroute.

    The scan argument, if given, should be given as a keyword
    parameter. It defaults to False.  If True, then the callable
    should be a class and a ``bobo_response`` instance method will be
    added to the class that calls resources found by scanning the
    class and its base classes.  Passing a True ``scan``
    argument is equivalent to calling ``scan_class``::

       @subroute('/:employee_id')
       @scan_class
       class EmployeeView:
           def __init__(self, request, employee_id):

    ``subroute`` can be passed a callable directly, as in::

       @subroute
       class Employees:
           def __init__(self, request):
               ...
           def bobo_response(self, request, path, method):
               ...

    Which is equivalent to calling ``subroute`` without the callable
    and then passing the callable to the route::

       @subroute()
       class Employees:
           def __init__(self, request):
               ...
           def bobo_response(self, request, path, method):
               ...

    Note that in the example above, the scan argument isn't passed and
    defaults to False, so the class has to provide it's own
    ``bobo_response`` method (or otherwise arrange that instances have one).

    The optional ``order`` parameter controls how resources are
    searched when matching URLs.  Normally, resources are searched in
    order of evaluation.  Passing the result of calling ``bobo.early``
    or ``bobo.late`` can cause resources to be searched early or late.
    It is usually a good idea to use ``bobo.late`` for subroutes that
    match any URL.
    """

    if route is None:
        return lambda ob: _subroute('/'+ob.__name__, ob, scan)
    if isinstance(route, basestring):
        return lambda ob: _subroute(route, ob, scan)
    return _subroute('/'+route.__name__, route, scan)

class _subroute_class_method(object):
    def __init__(self, class_, class_func, inst_func):
        self.class_ = class_
        self.class_func = class_func
        self.inst_func = inst_func

    def __get__(self, inst, class_):
        if inst is None:
            return self.class_func.__get__(class_, type(class_))
        inst_func = self.inst_func
        if inst_func is None:
            try:
                return super(self.class_, inst).bobo_response
            except TypeError:
                raise AttributeError(
                    "%s instance has no attribute 'bobo_response'"
                    % inst.__class__.__name__)
        return inst_func.__get__(inst, class_)

def _subroute_class(route, ob):
    matchers = ob.__dict__.get('bobo_subroute_matchers', None)
    if matchers is None:
        matchers = ob.bobo_subroute_matchers = []
    matchers.append(_compile_route(route, True))

    br_orig = getattr(ob, 'bobo_response', None)
    if br_orig is not None:
        if br_orig.im_self is not None:
            # we found another class method.
            if len(matchers) > 1:
                # stacked matchers, so we're done
                return ob
            if (('bobo_response' in ob.__dict__)
                or not hasattr(ob, '__mro__')):
                del ob.bobo_subroute_matchers
                raise TypeError("bobo_response class method already defined")
            # ok, it's inherited, we'll use super if necessary
            br_orig = None

    def bobo_response(self, request, path, method):
        for matcher in matchers:
            route_data = matcher(route, path)
            if route_data:
                route_data, path = route_data
                resource = ob(request, **route_data)
                if resource is not None:
                    return resource.bobo_response(request, path, method)

    ob.bobo_response = _subroute_class_method(ob, bobo_response, br_orig)
    return ob

def scan_class(class_):
    """Create an instance bobo_response method for a class

    Scan a class (including its base classes) for resources and generate
    a bobo_response method of the class that calls them.
    """

    try:
        mro = class_.__mro__
    except AttributeError:
        mro = type('C', (object, class_), {}).__mro__

    resources = {}
    for c in reversed(mro):
        for name, resource in c.__dict__.iteritems():
            br = getattr(resource, 'bobo_response', None)
            if br is None:
                continue
            order = getattr(resource, 'bobo_order', 0) or _late_base
            resources[name] = order, resource

    by_route = {}
    handlers = []
    for (order, (name, resource)) in sorted(
        (order, (name, resource))
        for (name, (order, resource)) in resources.iteritems()
        ):
        route = getattr(resource, 'bobo_route', None)
        if route is not None:
            methods = getattr(resource, 'bobo_methods', 0)
            if methods != 0:
                by_methods = by_route.get(route)
                if not by_methods:
                    by_methods = by_route[route] = {}
                    handlers.append(
                        _make_br_method_by_methods(route, by_methods))
                if methods is None:
                    methods = (methods, )
                for method in methods:
                    if method not in by_methods:
                        by_methods[method] = name
                continue

        handlers.append(_make_br_method_for_name(name))

    def bobo_response(self, request, path, method):
        for handler in handlers:
            found = handler(self, request, path, method)
            if found is not None:
                return found

    old = class_.__dict__.get('bobo_response')
    if isinstance(old, _subroute_class_method):
        old.inst_func = bobo_response
    else:
        class_.bobo_response = bobo_response

    return class_

def _make_br_method_for_name(name):
    return (lambda self, request, path, method:
            getattr(self, name).bobo_response(request, path, method)
            )

def _make_br_method_by_methods(route, methods):
    route_data = _compile_route(route)

    def bobo_response(self, request, path, method):
        name = methods.get(method)
        if name is None:
            name = methods.get(None)
        if name is None:
            data = route_data(request, path)
            if data is not None:
                raise MethodNotAllowed(methods)
            return None

        return getattr(self, name).bobo_response(request, path, method)

    return bobo_response

class MissingFormVariable(Exception):
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class MethodNotAllowed(Exception):
    def __init__(self, allowed):
        self.allowed = sorted(allowed)

    def __str__(self):
        return "Allowed: %s" % repr(self.allowed)[1:-1]

class NotFound(Exception):
    """A resource cannot be found.

    This exception can be conveniently raised by application
    code. Bobo will catch it and generate a not-found response object.
    """