/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/dipy/reconst/mapmri.py is in python-dipy 0.10.1-1.
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from dipy.reconst.multi_voxel import multi_voxel_fit
from dipy.reconst.base import ReconstModel, ReconstFit
from scipy.special import hermite, gamma
from scipy.misc import factorial, factorial2
import dipy.reconst.dti as dti
from warnings import warn
from dipy.core.gradients import gradient_table
from ..utils.optpkg import optional_package
cvxopt, have_cvxopt, _ = optional_package("cvxopt")
class MapmriModel(ReconstModel):
r"""Mean Apparent Propagator MRI (MAPMRI) [1]_ of the diffusion signal.
The main idea is to model the diffusion signal as a linear combination of
the continuous functions presented in [2]_ but extending it in three
dimensions.
The main difference with the SHORE proposed in [3]_ is that MAPMRI 3D
extension is provided using a set of three basis functions for the radial
part, one for the signal along x, one for y and one for z, while [3]_
uses one basis function to model the radial part and real Spherical
Harmonics to model the angular part.
From the MAPMRI coefficients is possible to use the analytical formulae
to estimate the ODF.
References
----------
.. [1] Ozarslan E. et. al, "Mean apparent propagator (MAP) MRI: A novel
diffusion imaging method for mapping tissue microstructure",
NeuroImage, 2013.
.. [2] Ozarslan E. et. al, "Simple harmonic oscillator based reconstruction
and estimation for one-dimensional q-space magnetic resonance
1D-SHORE)", eapoc Intl Soc Mag Reson Med, vol. 16, p. 35., 2008.
.. [3] Merlet S. et. al, "Continuous diffusion signal, EAP and ODF
estimation via Compressive Sensing in diffusion MRI", Medical
Image Analysis, 2013.
"""
def __init__(self,
gtab,
radial_order=4,
lambd=1e-16,
eap_cons=False,
anisotropic_scaling=True,
eigenvalue_threshold=1e-04,
bmax_threshold=2000):
r""" Analytical and continuous modeling of the diffusion signal with
respect to the MAPMRI basis [1]_.
The main idea is to model the diffusion signal as a linear combination of
the continuous functions presented in [2]_ but extending it in three
dimensions.
The main difference with the SHORE proposed in [3]_ is that MAPMRI 3D
extension is provided using a set of three basis functions for the radial
part, one for the signal along x, one for y and one for z, while [3]_
uses one basis function to model the radial part and real Spherical
Harmonics to model the angular part.
From the MAPMRI coefficients is possible to use the analytical formulae
to estimate the ODF.
Parameters
----------
gtab : GradientTable,
gradient directions and bvalues container class
radial_order : unsigned int,
an even integer that represent the order of the basis
lambd : float,
radial regularisation constant
eap_cons : bool,
Constrain the propagator to be positive.
anisotropic_scaling : bool,
If false, force the basis function to be identical in the three
dimensions (SHORE like).
eigenvalue_threshold : float,
set the minimum of the tensor eigenvalues in order to avoid
stability problem
bmax_threshold : float,
set the maximum b-value for the tensor estimation
References
----------
.. [1] Ozarslan E. et. al, "Mean apparent propagator (MAP) MRI: A novel
diffusion imaging method for mapping tissue microstructure",
NeuroImage, 2013.
.. [2] Ozarslan E. et. al, "Simple harmonic oscillator based reconstruction
and estimation for one-dimensional q-space magnetic resonance
1D-SHORE)", eapoc Intl Soc Mag Reson Med, vol. 16, p. 35., 2008.
.. [3] Ozarslan E. et. al, "Simple harmonic oscillator based reconstruction
and estimation for three-dimensional q-space mri", ISMRM 2009.
Examples
--------
In this example, where the data, gradient table and sphere tessellation
used for reconstruction are provided, we model the diffusion signal
with respect to the MAPMRI model and compute the analytical ODF.
>>> from dipy.core.gradients import gradient_table
>>> from dipy.data import dsi_voxels, get_sphere
>>> data, gtab = dsi_voxels()
>>> sphere = get_sphere('symmetric724')
>>> from dipy.sims.voxel import SticksAndBall
>>> data, golden_directions = SticksAndBall(gtab, d=0.0015, S0=1, angles=[(0, 0), (90, 0)], fractions=[50, 50], snr=None)
>>> from dipy.reconst.mapmri import MapmriModel
>>> radial_order = 4
>>> map_model = MapmriModel(gtab, radial_order=radial_order)
>>> mapfit = map_model.fit(data)
>>> odf= mapfit.odf(sphere)
"""
self.bvals = gtab.bvals
self.bvecs = gtab.bvecs
self.gtab = gtab
self.radial_order = radial_order
self.lambd = lambd
self.eap_cons = eap_cons
if self.eap_cons:
if not have_cvxopt:
raise ValueError(
'CVXOPT package needed to enforce constraints')
import cvxopt.solvers
self.anisotropic_scaling = anisotropic_scaling
if (gtab.big_delta is None) or (gtab.small_delta is None):
self.tau = 1 / (4 * np.pi ** 2)
else:
self.tau = gtab.big_delta - gtab.small_delta / 3.0
self.eigenvalue_threshold = eigenvalue_threshold
self.ind = self.gtab.bvals <= bmax_threshold
gtab_dti = gradient_table(
self.gtab.bvals[self.ind], self.gtab.bvecs[self.ind, :])
self.tenmodel = dti.TensorModel(gtab_dti)
self.ind_mat = mapmri_index_matrix(self.radial_order)
self.Bm = b_mat(self.ind_mat)
@multi_voxel_fit
def fit(self, data):
tenfit = self.tenmodel.fit(data[self.ind])
evals = tenfit.evals
R = tenfit.evecs
evals = np.clip(evals, self.eigenvalue_threshold, evals.max())
if self.anisotropic_scaling:
mu = np.sqrt(evals * 2 * self.tau)
else:
mumean = np.sqrt(evals.mean() * 2 * self.tau)
mu = np.array([mumean, mumean, mumean])
qvals = np.sqrt(self.gtab.bvals / self.tau) / (2 * np.pi)
qvecs = np.dot(self.gtab.bvecs, R)
q = qvecs * qvals[:, None]
M = mapmri_phi_matrix(self.radial_order, mu, q.T)
# This is a simple empirical regularization, to be replaced
I = np.diag(self.ind_mat.sum(1) ** 2)
if self.eap_cons:
if not have_cvxopt:
raise ValueError(
'CVXOPT package needed to enforce constraints')
w_s = "The implementation of MAPMRI depends on CVXOPT "
w_s += " (http://cvxopt.org/). This software is licensed "
w_s += "under the GPL (see: http://cvxopt.org/copyright.html) "
w_s += " and you may be subject to this license when using MAPMRI."
warn(w_s)
import cvxopt.solvers
rmax = 2 * np.sqrt(10 * evals.max() * self.tau)
r_index, r_grad = create_rspace(11, rmax)
K = mapmri_psi_matrix(
self.radial_order, mu, r_grad[0:len(r_grad) / 2, :])
Q = cvxopt.matrix(np.dot(M.T, M) + self.lambd * I)
p = cvxopt.matrix(-1 * np.dot(M.T, data))
G = cvxopt.matrix(-1 * K)
h = cvxopt.matrix(np.zeros((K.shape[0])), (K.shape[0], 1))
cvxopt.solvers.options['show_progress'] = False
sol = cvxopt.solvers.qp(Q, p, G, h)
if sol['status'] != 'optimal':
warn('Optimization did not find a solution')
coef = np.array(sol['x'])[:, 0]
else:
pseudoInv = np.dot(
np.linalg.inv(np.dot(M.T, M) + self.lambd * I), M.T)
coef = np.dot(pseudoInv, data)
E0 = 0
for i in range(self.ind_mat.shape[0]):
E0 = E0 + coef[i] * self.Bm[i]
coef = coef / E0
return MapmriFit(self, coef, mu, R, self.ind_mat)
class MapmriFit(ReconstFit):
def __init__(self, model, mapmri_coef, mu, R, ind_mat):
""" Calculates diffusion properties for a single voxel
Parameters
----------
model : object,
AnalyticalModel
mapmri_coef : 1d ndarray,
mapmri coefficients
mu : array, shape (3,)
scale parameters vector for x, y and z
R : array, shape (3,3)
rotation matrix
ind_mat : array, shape (N,3)
indices of the basis for x, y and z
"""
self.model = model
self._mapmri_coef = mapmri_coef
self.gtab = model.gtab
self.radial_order = model.radial_order
self.mu = mu
self.R = R
self.ind_mat = ind_mat
@property
def mapmri_mu(self):
"""The MAPMRI scale factors
"""
return self.mu
@property
def mapmri_R(self):
"""The MAPMRI rotation matrix
"""
return self.R
@property
def mapmri_coeff(self):
"""The MAPMRI coefficients
"""
return self._mapmri_coef
def odf(self, sphere, s=0):
r""" Calculates the analytical Orientation Distribution Function (ODF)
from the signal [1]_ Eq. 32.
Parameters
----------
s : unsigned int
radial moment of the ODF
References
----------
.. [1] Ozarslan E. et. al, "Mean apparent propagator (MAP) MRI: A novel
diffusion imaging method for mapping tissue microstructure",
NeuroImage, 2013.
"""
v_ = sphere.vertices
v = np.dot(v_, self.R)
I_s = mapmri_odf_matrix(self.radial_order, self.mu, s, v)
odf = np.dot(I_s, self._mapmri_coef)
return odf
def rtpp(self):
r""" Calculates the analytical return to the plane probability (RTPP)
[1]_.
References
----------
.. [1] Ozarslan E. et. al, "Mean apparent propagator (MAP) MRI: A novel
diffusion imaging method for mapping tissue microstructure",
NeuroImage, 2013.
"""
Bm = self.model.Bm
rtpp = 0
const = 1 / (np.sqrt(2 * np.pi) * self.mu[0])
for i in range(self.ind_mat.shape[0]):
if Bm[i] > 0.0:
rtpp += (-1.0) ** (self.ind_mat[i, 0] /
2.0) * self._mapmri_coef[i] * Bm[i]
return const * rtpp
def rtap(self):
r""" Calculates the analytical return to the axis probability (RTAP)
[1]_.
References
----------
.. [1] Ozarslan E. et. al, "Mean apparent propagator (MAP) MRI: A novel
diffusion imaging method for mapping tissue microstructure",
NeuroImage, 2013.
"""
Bm = self.model.Bm
rtap = 0
const = 1 / (2 * np.pi * self.mu[1] * self.mu[2])
for i in range(self.ind_mat.shape[0]):
if Bm[i] > 0.0:
rtap += (-1.0) ** (
(self.ind_mat[i, 1] + self.ind_mat[i, 2]) / 2.0) * self._mapmri_coef[i] * Bm[i]
return const * rtap
def rtop(self):
r""" Calculates the analytical return to the origin probability (RTOP)
[1]_.
References
----------
.. [1] Ozarslan E. et. al, "Mean apparent propagator (MAP) MRI: A novel
diffusion imaging method for mapping tissue microstructure",
NeuroImage, 2013.
"""
Bm = self.model.Bm
rtop = 0
const = 1 / \
np.sqrt(
8 * np.pi ** 3 * (self.mu[0] ** 2 * self.mu[1] ** 2 * self.mu[2] ** 2))
for i in range(self.ind_mat.shape[0]):
if Bm[i] > 0.0:
rtop += (-1.0) ** ((self.ind_mat[i, 0] + self.ind_mat[i, 1] + self.ind_mat[
i, 2]) / 2.0) * self._mapmri_coef[i] * Bm[i]
return const * rtop
def predict(self, gtab, S0=1.0):
"""
Predict a signal for this MapmriModel class instance given a gradient
table.
Parameters
----------
gtab : GradientTable,
gradient directions and bvalues container class
S0 : float or ndarray
The non diffusion-weighted signal in every voxel, or across all
voxels. Default: 1
"""
if (gtab.big_delta is None) or (gtab.small_delta is None):
tau = 1 / (4 * np.pi ** 2)
else:
tau = gtab.big_delta - gtab.small_delta / 3.0
qvals = np.sqrt(gtab.bvals / tau) / (2 * np.pi)
qvecs = np.dot(gtab.bvecs, self.R)
q = qvecs * qvals[:, None]
s_mat = mapmri_phi_matrix(self.radial_order, self.mu, q.T)
S_reconst = S0 * np.dot(s_mat, self._mapmri_coef)
return S_reconst
def mapmri_index_matrix(radial_order):
r""" Calculates the indices for the MAPMRI [1]_ basis in x, y and z.
Parameters
----------
radial_order : unsigned int
radial order of MAPMRI basis
Returns
-------
index_matrix : array, shape (N,3)
ordering of the basis in x, y, z
References
----------
.. [1] Ozarslan E. et. al, "Mean apparent propagator (MAP) MRI: A novel
diffusion imaging method for mapping tissue microstructure",
NeuroImage, 2013.
"""
index_matrix = []
for n in range(0, radial_order + 1, 2):
for i in range(0, n + 1):
for j in range(0, n - i + 1):
index_matrix.append([n - i - j, j, i])
return np.array(index_matrix)
def b_mat(ind_mat):
r""" Calculates the B coefficients from [1]_ Eq. 27.
Parameters
----------
index_matrix : array, shape (N,3)
ordering of the basis in x, y, z
Returns
-------
B : array, shape (N,)
B coefficients for the basis
References
----------
.. [1] Ozarslan E. et. al, "Mean apparent propagator (MAP) MRI: A novel
diffusion imaging method for mapping tissue microstructure",
NeuroImage, 2013.
"""
B = np.zeros(ind_mat.shape[0])
for i in range(ind_mat.shape[0]):
n1, n2, n3 = ind_mat[i]
K = int(not(n1 % 2) and not(n2 % 2) and not(n3 % 2))
B[i] = K * np.sqrt(factorial(n1) * factorial(n2) * factorial(n3)
) / (factorial2(n1) * factorial2(n2) * factorial2(n3))
return B
def mapmri_phi_1d(n, q, mu):
r""" One dimensional MAPMRI basis function from [1]_ Eq. 4.
Parameters
-------
n : unsigned int
order of the basis
q : array, shape (N,)
points in the q-space in which evaluate the basis
mu : float
scale factor of the basis
References
----------
.. [1] Ozarslan E. et. al, "Mean apparent propagator (MAP) MRI: A novel
diffusion imaging method for mapping tissue microstructure",
NeuroImage, 2013.
"""
qn = 2 * np.pi * mu * q
H = hermite(n)(qn)
i = np.complex(0, 1)
f = factorial(n)
k = i ** (-n) / np.sqrt(2 ** (n) * f)
phi = k * np.exp(- qn ** 2 / 2) * H
return phi
def mapmri_phi_3d(n, q, mu):
r""" Three dimensional MAPMRI basis function from [1]_ Eq. 23.
Parameters
----------
n : array, shape (3,)
order of the basis function for x, y, z
q : array, shape (N,3)
points in the q-space in which evaluate the basis
mu : array, shape (3,)
scale factors of the basis for x, y, z
References
----------
.. [1] Ozarslan E. et. al, "Mean apparent propagator (MAP) MRI: A novel
diffusion imaging method for mapping tissue microstructure",
NeuroImage, 2013.
"""
n1, n2, n3 = n
qx, qy, qz = q
mux, muy, muz = mu
phi = mapmri_phi_1d
return np.real(phi(n1, qx, mux) * phi(n2, qy, muy) * phi(n3, qz, muz))
def mapmri_phi_matrix(radial_order, mu, q_gradients):
r"""Compute the MAPMRI phi matrix for the signal [1]_
Parameters
----------
radial_order : unsigned int,
an even integer that represent the order of the basis
mu : array, shape (3,)
scale factors of the basis for x, y, z
q_gradients : array, shape (N,3)
points in the q-space in which evaluate the basis
References
----------
.. [1] Ozarslan E. et. al, "Mean apparent propagator (MAP) MRI: A novel
diffusion imaging method for mapping tissue microstructure",
NeuroImage, 2013.
"""
ind_mat = mapmri_index_matrix(radial_order)
n_elem = ind_mat.shape[0]
n_qgrad = q_gradients.shape[1]
M = np.zeros((n_qgrad, n_elem))
for j in range(n_elem):
M[:, j] = mapmri_phi_3d(ind_mat[j], q_gradients, mu)
return M
def mapmri_psi_1d(n, x, mu):
r""" One dimensional MAPMRI propagator basis function from [1]_ Eq. 10.
Parameters
----------
n : unsigned int
order of the basis
x : array, shape (N,)
points in the r-space in which evaluate the basis
mu : float
scale factor of the basis
References
----------
.. [1] Ozarslan E. et. al, "Mean apparent propagator (MAP) MRI: A novel
diffusion imaging method for mapping tissue microstructure",
NeuroImage, 2013.
"""
H = hermite(n)(x / mu)
f = factorial(n)
k = 1 / (np.sqrt(2 ** (n + 1) * np.pi * f) * mu)
psi = k * np.exp(- x ** 2 / (2 * mu ** 2)) * H
return psi
def mapmri_psi_3d(n, r, mu):
r""" Three dimensional MAPMRI propagator basis function from [1]_ Eq. 22.
Parameters
----------
n : array, shape (3,)
order of the basis function for x, y, z
q : array, shape (N,3)
points in the q-space in which evaluate the basis
mu : array, shape (3,)
scale factors of the basis for x, y, z
References
----------
.. [1] Ozarslan E. et. al, "Mean apparent propagator (MAP) MRI: A novel
diffusion imaging method for mapping tissue microstructure",
NeuroImage, 2013.
"""
n1, n2, n3 = n
x, y, z = r.T
mux, muy, muz = mu
psi = mapmri_psi_1d
return psi(n1, x, mux) * psi(n2, y, muy) * psi(n3, z, muz)
def mapmri_psi_matrix(radial_order, mu, rgrad):
r"""Compute the MAPMRI psi matrix for the propagator [1]_
Parameters
----------
radial_order : unsigned int,
an even integer that represent the order of the basis
mu : array, shape (3,)
scale factors of the basis for x, y, z
rgrad : array, shape (N,3)
points in the r-space in which evaluate the EAP
References
----------
.. [1] Ozarslan E. et. al, "Mean apparent propagator (MAP) MRI: A novel
diffusion imaging method for mapping tissue microstructure",
NeuroImage, 2013.
"""
ind_mat = mapmri_index_matrix(radial_order)
n_elem = ind_mat.shape[0]
n_rgrad = rgrad.shape[0]
K = np.zeros((n_rgrad, n_elem))
for j in range(n_elem):
K[:, j] = mapmri_psi_3d(ind_mat[j], rgrad, mu)
return K
def mapmri_odf_matrix(radial_order, mu, s, vertices):
r"""Compute the MAPMRI ODF matrix [1]_ Eq. 33.
Parameters
----------
radial_order : unsigned int,
an even integer that represent the order of the basis
mu : array, shape (3,)
scale factors of the basis for x, y, z
s : unsigned int
radial moment of the ODF
vertices : array, shape (N,3)
points of the sphere shell in the r-space in which evaluate the ODF
References
----------
.. [1] Ozarslan E. et. al, "Mean apparent propagator (MAP) MRI: A novel
diffusion imaging method for mapping tissue microstructure",
NeuroImage, 2013.
"""
ind_mat = mapmri_index_matrix(radial_order)
n_vert = vertices.shape[0]
n_elem = ind_mat.shape[0]
odf_mat = np.zeros((n_vert, n_elem))
mux, muy, muz = mu
# Eq, 35a
rho = 1.0 / np.sqrt((vertices[:, 0] / mux) ** 2 +
(vertices[:, 1] / muy) ** 2 + (vertices[:, 2] / muz) ** 2)
# Eq, 35b
alpha = 2 * rho * (vertices[:, 0] / mux)
# Eq, 35c
beta = 2 * rho * (vertices[:, 1] / muy)
# Eq, 35d
gamma = 2 * rho * (vertices[:, 2] / muz)
const = rho ** (3 + s) / np.sqrt(2 ** (2 - s) * np.pi **
3 * (mux ** 2 * muy ** 2 * muz ** 2))
for j in range(n_elem):
n1, n2, n3 = ind_mat[j]
f = np.sqrt(factorial(n1) * factorial(n2) * factorial(n3))
odf_mat[:, j] = const * f * \
_odf_cfunc(n1, n2, n3, alpha, beta, gamma, s)
return odf_mat
def _odf_cfunc(n1, n2, n3, a, b, g, s):
r"""Compute the MAPMRI ODF function from [1]_ Eq. 34.
References
----------
.. [1] Ozarslan E. et. al, "Mean apparent propagator (MAP) MRI: A novel
diffusion imaging method for mapping tissue microstructure",
NeuroImage, 2013.
"""
f = factorial
f2 = factorial2
sumc = 0
for i in range(0, n1 + 1, 2):
for j in range(0, n2 + 1, 2):
for k in range(0, n3 + 1, 2):
nn = n1 + n2 + n3 - i - j - k
gam = (-1) ** ((i + j + k) / 2.0) * gamma((3 + s + nn) / 2.0)
num1 = a ** (n1 - i)
num2 = b ** (n2 - j)
num3 = g ** (n3 - k)
num = gam * num1 * num2 * num3
denom = f(n1 - i) * f(n2 - j) * f(
n3 - k) * f2(i) * f2(j) * f2(k)
sumc += num / denom
return sumc
def mapmri_EAP(r_list, radial_order, coeff, mu, R):
r""" Evaluate the MAPMRI propagator in a set of points of the r-space.
Parameters
----------
r_list : array, shape (N,3)
points of the r-space in which evaluate the EAP
radial_order : unsigned int,
an even integer that represent the order of the basis
coeff : array, shape (N,)
the MAPMRI coefficients
mu : array, shape (3,)
scale factors of the basis for x, y, z
R : array, shape (3,3)
MAPMRI rotation matrix
"""
r_list = np.dot(r_list, R)
ind_mat = mapmri_index_matrix(radial_order)
n_elem = ind_mat.shape[0]
n_rgrad = r_list.shape[0]
data_out = np.zeros(n_rgrad)
for j in range(n_elem):
data_out[:] += coeff[j] * mapmri_psi_3d(ind_mat[j], r_list, mu)
return data_out
def create_rspace(gridsize, radius_max):
""" Create the real space table, that contains the points in which
to compute the pdf.
Parameters
----------
gridsize : unsigned int
dimension of the propagator grid
radius_max : float
maximal radius in which compute the propagator
Returns
-------
vecs : array, shape (N,3)
positions of the pdf points in a 3D matrix
tab : array, shape (N,3)
real space points in which calculates the pdf
"""
radius = gridsize // 2
vecs = []
for i in range(-radius, radius + 1):
for j in range(-radius, radius + 1):
for k in range(-radius, radius + 1):
vecs.append([i, j, k])
vecs = np.array(vecs, dtype=np.float32)
tab = vecs / radius
tab = tab * radius_max
vecs = vecs + radius
return vecs, tab
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