python3-sklearn 0.17.0-4 / usr / lib / python3 / dist-packages / sklearn / ensemble / bagging.py

"""Bagging meta-estimator."""

# Author: Gilles Louppe <g.louppe@gmail.com>
# License: BSD 3 clause

from __future__ import division

import itertools
import numbers
import numpy as np
from warnings import warn
from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod

from ..base import ClassifierMixin, RegressorMixin
from ..externals.joblib import Parallel, delayed
from ..externals.six import with_metaclass
from ..externals.six.moves import zip
from ..metrics import r2_score, accuracy_score
from ..tree import DecisionTreeClassifier, DecisionTreeRegressor
from ..linear_model import LogisticRegression
from ..utils import check_random_state, check_X_y, check_array, column_or_1d
from ..utils.random import sample_without_replacement
from ..utils.validation import has_fit_parameter, check_is_fitted
from ..utils.fixes import bincount
from ..utils.metaestimators import if_delegate_has_method
from ..utils.multiclass import check_classification_targets

from .base import BaseEnsemble, _partition_estimators


__all__ = ["BaggingClassifier",
           "BaggingRegressor"]

MAX_INT = np.iinfo(np.int32).max


def _parallel_build_estimators(n_estimators, ensemble, X, y, sample_weight,
                               seeds, verbose):
    """Private function used to build a batch of estimators within a job."""
    # Retrieve settings
    n_samples, n_features = X.shape
    max_samples = ensemble.max_samples
    max_features = ensemble.max_features

    if (not isinstance(max_samples, (numbers.Integral, np.integer)) and
            (0.0 < max_samples <= 1.0)):
        max_samples = int(max_samples * n_samples)

    if (not isinstance(max_features, (numbers.Integral, np.integer)) and
            (0.0 < max_features <= 1.0)):
        max_features = int(max_features * n_features)

    bootstrap = ensemble.bootstrap
    bootstrap_features = ensemble.bootstrap_features
    support_sample_weight = has_fit_parameter(ensemble.base_estimator_,
                                              "sample_weight")
    # Logistic regression does not support sample weights with liblinear
    # TODO: Remove this check when liblinear is patched to support
    #       sample weights
    if (isinstance(ensemble.base_estimator_, LogisticRegression) and
            (ensemble.base_estimator_.solver == 'liblinear')):
        support_sample_weight = False

    if not support_sample_weight and sample_weight is not None:
        raise ValueError("The base estimator doesn't support sample weight")

    # Build estimators
    estimators = []
    estimators_samples = []
    estimators_features = []

    for i in range(n_estimators):
        if verbose > 1:
            print("building estimator %d of %d" % (i + 1, n_estimators))

        random_state = check_random_state(seeds[i])
        seed = random_state.randint(MAX_INT)
        estimator = ensemble._make_estimator(append=False)

        try:  # Not all estimator accept a random_state
            estimator.set_params(random_state=seed)
        except ValueError:
            pass

        # Draw features
        if bootstrap_features:
            features = random_state.randint(0, n_features, max_features)
        else:
            features = sample_without_replacement(n_features,
                                                  max_features,
                                                  random_state=random_state)

        # Draw samples, using sample weights, and then fit
        if support_sample_weight:
            if sample_weight is None:
                curr_sample_weight = np.ones((n_samples,))
            else:
                curr_sample_weight = sample_weight.copy()

            if bootstrap:
                indices = random_state.randint(0, n_samples, max_samples)
                sample_counts = bincount(indices, minlength=n_samples)
                curr_sample_weight *= sample_counts

            else:
                not_indices = sample_without_replacement(
                    n_samples,
                    n_samples - max_samples,
                    random_state=random_state)

                curr_sample_weight[not_indices] = 0

            estimator.fit(X[:, features], y, sample_weight=curr_sample_weight)
            samples = curr_sample_weight > 0.

        # Draw samples, using a mask, and then fit
        else:
            if bootstrap:
                indices = random_state.randint(0, n_samples, max_samples)
            else:
                indices = sample_without_replacement(n_samples,
                                                     max_samples,
                                                     random_state=random_state)

            sample_counts = bincount(indices, minlength=n_samples)

            estimator.fit((X[indices])[:, features], y[indices])
            samples = sample_counts > 0.

        estimators.append(estimator)
        estimators_samples.append(samples)
        estimators_features.append(features)

    return estimators, estimators_samples, estimators_features


def _parallel_predict_proba(estimators, estimators_features, X, n_classes):
    """Private function used to compute (proba-)predictions within a job."""
    n_samples = X.shape[0]
    proba = np.zeros((n_samples, n_classes))

    for estimator, features in zip(estimators, estimators_features):
        if hasattr(estimator, "predict_proba"):
            proba_estimator = estimator.predict_proba(X[:, features])

            if n_classes == len(estimator.classes_):
                proba += proba_estimator

            else:
                proba[:, estimator.classes_] += \
                    proba_estimator[:, range(len(estimator.classes_))]

        else:
            # Resort to voting
            predictions = estimator.predict(X[:, features])

            for i in range(n_samples):
                proba[i, predictions[i]] += 1

    return proba


def _parallel_predict_log_proba(estimators, estimators_features, X, n_classes):
    """Private function used to compute log probabilities within a job."""
    n_samples = X.shape[0]
    log_proba = np.empty((n_samples, n_classes))
    log_proba.fill(-np.inf)
    all_classes = np.arange(n_classes, dtype=np.int)

    for estimator, features in zip(estimators, estimators_features):
        log_proba_estimator = estimator.predict_log_proba(X[:, features])

        if n_classes == len(estimator.classes_):
            log_proba = np.logaddexp(log_proba, log_proba_estimator)

        else:
            log_proba[:, estimator.classes_] = np.logaddexp(
                log_proba[:, estimator.classes_],
                log_proba_estimator[:, range(len(estimator.classes_))])

            missing = np.setdiff1d(all_classes, estimator.classes_)
            log_proba[:, missing] = np.logaddexp(log_proba[:, missing],
                                                 -np.inf)

    return log_proba


def _parallel_decision_function(estimators, estimators_features, X):
    """Private function used to compute decisions within a job."""
    return sum(estimator.decision_function(X[:, features])
               for estimator, features in zip(estimators,
                                              estimators_features))


def _parallel_predict_regression(estimators, estimators_features, X):
    """Private function used to compute predictions within a job."""
    return sum(estimator.predict(X[:, features])
               for estimator, features in zip(estimators,
                                              estimators_features))


class BaseBagging(with_metaclass(ABCMeta, BaseEnsemble)):
    """Base class for Bagging meta-estimator.

    Warning: This class should not be used directly. Use derived classes
    instead.
    """

    @abstractmethod
    def __init__(self,
                 base_estimator=None,
                 n_estimators=10,
                 max_samples=1.0,
                 max_features=1.0,
                 bootstrap=True,
                 bootstrap_features=False,
                 oob_score=False,
                 warm_start=False,
                 n_jobs=1,
                 random_state=None,
                 verbose=0):
        super(BaseBagging, self).__init__(
            base_estimator=base_estimator,
            n_estimators=n_estimators)

        self.max_samples = max_samples
        self.max_features = max_features
        self.bootstrap = bootstrap
        self.bootstrap_features = bootstrap_features
        self.oob_score = oob_score
        self.warm_start = warm_start
        self.n_jobs = n_jobs
        self.random_state = random_state
        self.verbose = verbose

    def fit(self, X, y, sample_weight=None):
        """Build a Bagging ensemble of estimators from the training
           set (X, y).

        Parameters
        ----------
        X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape = [n_samples, n_features]
            The training input samples. Sparse matrices are accepted only if
            they are supported by the base estimator.

        y : array-like, shape = [n_samples]
            The target values (class labels in classification, real numbers in
            regression).

        sample_weight : array-like, shape = [n_samples] or None
            Sample weights. If None, then samples are equally weighted.
            Note that this is supported only if the base estimator supports
            sample weighting.

        Returns
        -------
        self : object
            Returns self.
        """
        random_state = check_random_state(self.random_state)

        # Convert data
        X, y = check_X_y(X, y, ['csr', 'csc'])

        # Remap output
        n_samples, self.n_features_ = X.shape
        y = self._validate_y(y)

        # Check parameters
        self._validate_estimator()

        if isinstance(self.max_samples, (numbers.Integral, np.integer)):
            max_samples = self.max_samples
        else:  # float
            max_samples = int(self.max_samples * X.shape[0])

        if not (0 < max_samples <= X.shape[0]):
            raise ValueError("max_samples must be in (0, n_samples]")

        if isinstance(self.max_features, (numbers.Integral, np.integer)):
            max_features = self.max_features
        else:  # float
            max_features = int(self.max_features * self.n_features_)

        if not (0 < max_features <= self.n_features_):
            raise ValueError("max_features must be in (0, n_features]")

        if not self.bootstrap and self.oob_score:
            raise ValueError("Out of bag estimation only available"
                             " if bootstrap=True")

        if self.warm_start and self.oob_score:
            raise ValueError("Out of bag estimate only available"
                             " if warm_start=False")

        if hasattr(self, "oob_score_") and self.warm_start:
            del self.oob_score_

        if not self.warm_start or len(self.estimators_) == 0:
            # Free allocated memory, if any
            self.estimators_ = []
            self.estimators_samples_ = []
            self.estimators_features_ = []

        n_more_estimators = self.n_estimators - len(self.estimators_)

        if n_more_estimators < 0:
            raise ValueError('n_estimators=%d must be larger or equal to '
                             'len(estimators_)=%d when warm_start==True'
                             % (self.n_estimators, len(self.estimators_)))

        elif n_more_estimators == 0:
            warn("Warm-start fitting without increasing n_estimators does not "
                 "fit new trees.")
            return self

        # Parallel loop
        n_jobs, n_estimators, starts = _partition_estimators(n_more_estimators,
                                                             self.n_jobs)

        # Advance random state to state after training
        # the first n_estimators
        if self.warm_start and len(self.estimators_) > 0:
            random_state.randint(MAX_INT, size=len(self.estimators_))

        seeds = random_state.randint(MAX_INT, size=n_more_estimators)

        all_results = Parallel(n_jobs=n_jobs, verbose=self.verbose)(
            delayed(_parallel_build_estimators)(
                n_estimators[i],
                self,
                X,
                y,
                sample_weight,
                seeds[starts[i]:starts[i + 1]],
                verbose=self.verbose)
            for i in range(n_jobs))

        # Reduce
        self.estimators_ += list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(
            t[0] for t in all_results))
        self.estimators_samples_ += list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(
            t[1] for t in all_results))
        self.estimators_features_ += list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(
            t[2] for t in all_results))

        if self.oob_score:
            self._set_oob_score(X, y)

        return self

    @abstractmethod
    def _set_oob_score(self, X, y):
        """Calculate out of bag predictions and score."""

    def _validate_y(self, y):
        # Default implementation
        return column_or_1d(y, warn=True)


class BaggingClassifier(BaseBagging, ClassifierMixin):
    """A Bagging classifier.

    A Bagging classifier is an ensemble meta-estimator that fits base
    classifiers each on random subsets of the original dataset and then
    aggregate their individual predictions (either by voting or by averaging)
    to form a final prediction. Such a meta-estimator can typically be used as
    a way to reduce the variance of a black-box estimator (e.g., a decision
    tree), by introducing randomization into its construction procedure and
    then making an ensemble out of it.

    This algorithm encompasses several works from the literature. When random
    subsets of the dataset are drawn as random subsets of the samples, then
    this algorithm is known as Pasting [1]_. If samples are drawn with
    replacement, then the method is known as Bagging [2]_. When random subsets
    of the dataset are drawn as random subsets of the features, then the method
    is known as Random Subspaces [3]_. Finally, when base estimators are built
    on subsets of both samples and features, then the method is known as
    Random Patches [4]_.

    Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <bagging>`.

    Parameters
    ----------
    base_estimator : object or None, optional (default=None)
        The base estimator to fit on random subsets of the dataset.
        If None, then the base estimator is a decision tree.

    n_estimators : int, optional (default=10)
        The number of base estimators in the ensemble.

    max_samples : int or float, optional (default=1.0)
        The number of samples to draw from X to train each base estimator.
            - If int, then draw `max_samples` samples.
            - If float, then draw `max_samples * X.shape[0]` samples.

    max_features : int or float, optional (default=1.0)
        The number of features to draw from X to train each base estimator.
            - If int, then draw `max_features` features.
            - If float, then draw `max_features * X.shape[1]` features.

    bootstrap : boolean, optional (default=True)
        Whether samples are drawn with replacement.

    bootstrap_features : boolean, optional (default=False)
        Whether features are drawn with replacement.

    oob_score : bool
        Whether to use out-of-bag samples to estimate
        the generalization error.

    warm_start : bool, optional (default=False)
        When set to True, reuse the solution of the previous call to fit
        and add more estimators to the ensemble, otherwise, just fit
        a whole new ensemble.

        .. versionadded:: 0.17
           *warm_start* constructor parameter.

    n_jobs : int, optional (default=1)
        The number of jobs to run in parallel for both `fit` and `predict`.
        If -1, then the number of jobs is set to the number of cores.

    random_state : int, RandomState instance or None, optional (default=None)
        If int, random_state is the seed used by the random number generator;
        If RandomState instance, random_state is the random number generator;
        If None, the random number generator is the RandomState instance used
        by `np.random`.

    verbose : int, optional (default=0)
        Controls the verbosity of the building process.

    Attributes
    ----------
    base_estimator_ : list of estimators
        The base estimator from which the ensemble is grown.

    estimators_ : list of estimators
        The collection of fitted base estimators.

    estimators_samples_ : list of arrays
        The subset of drawn samples (i.e., the in-bag samples) for each base
        estimator.

    estimators_features_ : list of arrays
        The subset of drawn features for each base estimator.

    classes_ : array of shape = [n_classes]
        The classes labels.

    n_classes_ : int or list
        The number of classes.

    oob_score_ : float
        Score of the training dataset obtained using an out-of-bag estimate.

    oob_decision_function_ : array of shape = [n_samples, n_classes]
        Decision function computed with out-of-bag estimate on the training
        set. If n_estimators is small it might be possible that a data point
        was never left out during the bootstrap. In this case,
        `oob_decision_function_` might contain NaN.

    References
    ----------

    .. [1] L. Breiman, "Pasting small votes for classification in large
           databases and on-line", Machine Learning, 36(1), 85-103, 1999.

    .. [2] L. Breiman, "Bagging predictors", Machine Learning, 24(2), 123-140,
           1996.

    .. [3] T. Ho, "The random subspace method for constructing decision
           forests", Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 20(8), 832-844,
           1998.

    .. [4] G. Louppe and P. Geurts, "Ensembles on Random Patches", Machine
           Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases, 346-361, 2012.
    """
    def __init__(self,
                 base_estimator=None,
                 n_estimators=10,
                 max_samples=1.0,
                 max_features=1.0,
                 bootstrap=True,
                 bootstrap_features=False,
                 oob_score=False,
                 warm_start=False,
                 n_jobs=1,
                 random_state=None,
                 verbose=0):

        super(BaggingClassifier, self).__init__(
            base_estimator,
            n_estimators=n_estimators,
            max_samples=max_samples,
            max_features=max_features,
            bootstrap=bootstrap,
            bootstrap_features=bootstrap_features,
            oob_score=oob_score,
            warm_start=warm_start,
            n_jobs=n_jobs,
            random_state=random_state,
            verbose=verbose)

    def _validate_estimator(self):
        """Check the estimator and set the base_estimator_ attribute."""
        super(BaggingClassifier, self)._validate_estimator(
            default=DecisionTreeClassifier())

    def _set_oob_score(self, X, y):
        n_classes_ = self.n_classes_
        classes_ = self.classes_
        n_samples = y.shape[0]

        predictions = np.zeros((n_samples, n_classes_))

        for estimator, samples, features in zip(self.estimators_,
                                                self.estimators_samples_,
                                                self.estimators_features_):
            mask = np.ones(n_samples, dtype=np.bool)
            mask[samples] = False

            if hasattr(estimator, "predict_proba"):
                predictions[mask, :] += estimator.predict_proba(
                    (X[mask, :])[:, features])

            else:
                p = estimator.predict((X[mask, :])[:, features])
                j = 0

                for i in range(n_samples):
                    if mask[i]:
                        predictions[i, p[j]] += 1
                        j += 1

        if (predictions.sum(axis=1) == 0).any():
            warn("Some inputs do not have OOB scores. "
                 "This probably means too few estimators were used "
                 "to compute any reliable oob estimates.")

        oob_decision_function = (predictions /
                                 predictions.sum(axis=1)[:, np.newaxis])
        oob_score = accuracy_score(y, classes_.take(np.argmax(predictions,
                                                              axis=1)))

        self.oob_decision_function_ = oob_decision_function
        self.oob_score_ = oob_score

    def _validate_y(self, y):
        y = column_or_1d(y, warn=True)
        check_classification_targets(y)
        self.classes_, y = np.unique(y, return_inverse=True)
        self.n_classes_ = len(self.classes_)

        return y

    def predict(self, X):
        """Predict class for X.

        The predicted class of an input sample is computed as the class with
        the highest mean predicted probability. If base estimators do not
        implement a ``predict_proba`` method, then it resorts to voting.

        Parameters
        ----------
        X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape = [n_samples, n_features]
            The training input samples. Sparse matrices are accepted only if
            they are supported by the base estimator.

        Returns
        -------
        y : array of shape = [n_samples]
            The predicted classes.
        """
        predicted_probabilitiy = self.predict_proba(X)
        return self.classes_.take((np.argmax(predicted_probabilitiy, axis=1)),
                                  axis=0)

    def predict_proba(self, X):
        """Predict class probabilities for X.

        The predicted class probabilities of an input sample is computed as
        the mean predicted class probabilities of the base estimators in the
        ensemble. If base estimators do not implement a ``predict_proba``
        method, then it resorts to voting and the predicted class probabilities
        of a an input sample represents the proportion of estimators predicting
        each class.

        Parameters
        ----------
        X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape = [n_samples, n_features]
            The training input samples. Sparse matrices are accepted only if
            they are supported by the base estimator.

        Returns
        -------
        p : array of shape = [n_samples, n_classes]
            The class probabilities of the input samples. The order of the
            classes corresponds to that in the attribute `classes_`.
        """
        check_is_fitted(self, "classes_")
        # Check data
        X = check_array(X, accept_sparse=['csr', 'csc'])

        if self.n_features_ != X.shape[1]:
            raise ValueError("Number of features of the model must "
                             "match the input. Model n_features is {0} and "
                             "input n_features is {1}."
                             "".format(self.n_features_, X.shape[1]))

        # Parallel loop
        n_jobs, n_estimators, starts = _partition_estimators(self.n_estimators,
                                                             self.n_jobs)

        all_proba = Parallel(n_jobs=n_jobs, verbose=self.verbose)(
            delayed(_parallel_predict_proba)(
                self.estimators_[starts[i]:starts[i + 1]],
                self.estimators_features_[starts[i]:starts[i + 1]],
                X,
                self.n_classes_)
            for i in range(n_jobs))

        # Reduce
        proba = sum(all_proba) / self.n_estimators

        return proba

    def predict_log_proba(self, X):
        """Predict class log-probabilities for X.

        The predicted class log-probabilities of an input sample is computed as
        the log of the mean predicted class probabilities of the base
        estimators in the ensemble.

        Parameters
        ----------
        X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape = [n_samples, n_features]
            The training input samples. Sparse matrices are accepted only if
            they are supported by the base estimator.

        Returns
        -------
        p : array of shape = [n_samples, n_classes]
            The class log-probabilities of the input samples. The order of the
            classes corresponds to that in the attribute `classes_`.
        """
        check_is_fitted(self, "classes_")
        if hasattr(self.base_estimator_, "predict_log_proba"):
            # Check data
            X = check_array(X, accept_sparse=['csr', 'csc'])

            if self.n_features_ != X.shape[1]:
                raise ValueError("Number of features of the model must "
                                 "match the input. Model n_features is {0} "
                                 "and input n_features is {1} "
                                 "".format(self.n_features_, X.shape[1]))

            # Parallel loop
            n_jobs, n_estimators, starts = _partition_estimators(
                self.n_estimators, self.n_jobs)

            all_log_proba = Parallel(n_jobs=n_jobs, verbose=self.verbose)(
                delayed(_parallel_predict_log_proba)(
                    self.estimators_[starts[i]:starts[i + 1]],
                    self.estimators_features_[starts[i]:starts[i + 1]],
                    X,
                    self.n_classes_)
                for i in range(n_jobs))

            # Reduce
            log_proba = all_log_proba[0]

            for j in range(1, len(all_log_proba)):
                log_proba = np.logaddexp(log_proba, all_log_proba[j])

            log_proba -= np.log(self.n_estimators)

            return log_proba

        else:
            return np.log(self.predict_proba(X))

    @if_delegate_has_method(delegate='base_estimator')
    def decision_function(self, X):
        """Average of the decision functions of the base classifiers.

        Parameters
        ----------
        X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape = [n_samples, n_features]
            The training input samples. Sparse matrices are accepted only if
            they are supported by the base estimator.

        Returns
        -------
        score : array, shape = [n_samples, k]
            The decision function of the input samples. The columns correspond
            to the classes in sorted order, as they appear in the attribute
            ``classes_``. Regression and binary classification are special
            cases with ``k == 1``, otherwise ``k==n_classes``.

        """
        check_is_fitted(self, "classes_")

        # Check data
        X = check_array(X, accept_sparse=['csr', 'csc'])

        if self.n_features_ != X.shape[1]:
            raise ValueError("Number of features of the model must "
                             "match the input. Model n_features is {1} and "
                             "input n_features is {2} "
                             "".format(self.n_features_, X.shape[1]))

        # Parallel loop
        n_jobs, n_estimators, starts = _partition_estimators(self.n_estimators,
                                                             self.n_jobs)

        all_decisions = Parallel(n_jobs=n_jobs, verbose=self.verbose)(
            delayed(_parallel_decision_function)(
                self.estimators_[starts[i]:starts[i + 1]],
                self.estimators_features_[starts[i]:starts[i + 1]],
                X)
            for i in range(n_jobs))

        # Reduce
        decisions = sum(all_decisions) / self.n_estimators

        return decisions


class BaggingRegressor(BaseBagging, RegressorMixin):
    """A Bagging regressor.

    A Bagging regressor is an ensemble meta-estimator that fits base
    regressors each on random subsets of the original dataset and then
    aggregate their individual predictions (either by voting or by averaging)
    to form a final prediction. Such a meta-estimator can typically be used as
    a way to reduce the variance of a black-box estimator (e.g., a decision
    tree), by introducing randomization into its construction procedure and
    then making an ensemble out of it.

    This algorithm encompasses several works from the literature. When random
    subsets of the dataset are drawn as random subsets of the samples, then
    this algorithm is known as Pasting [1]_. If samples are drawn with
    replacement, then the method is known as Bagging [2]_. When random subsets
    of the dataset are drawn as random subsets of the features, then the method
    is known as Random Subspaces [3]_. Finally, when base estimators are built
    on subsets of both samples and features, then the method is known as
    Random Patches [4]_.

    Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <bagging>`.

    Parameters
    ----------
    base_estimator : object or None, optional (default=None)
        The base estimator to fit on random subsets of the dataset.
        If None, then the base estimator is a decision tree.

    n_estimators : int, optional (default=10)
        The number of base estimators in the ensemble.

    max_samples : int or float, optional (default=1.0)
        The number of samples to draw from X to train each base estimator.
            - If int, then draw `max_samples` samples.
            - If float, then draw `max_samples * X.shape[0]` samples.

    max_features : int or float, optional (default=1.0)
        The number of features to draw from X to train each base estimator.
            - If int, then draw `max_features` features.
            - If float, then draw `max_features * X.shape[1]` features.

    bootstrap : boolean, optional (default=True)
        Whether samples are drawn with replacement.

    bootstrap_features : boolean, optional (default=False)
        Whether features are drawn with replacement.

    oob_score : bool
        Whether to use out-of-bag samples to estimate
        the generalization error.

    warm_start : bool, optional (default=False)
        When set to True, reuse the solution of the previous call to fit
        and add more estimators to the ensemble, otherwise, just fit
        a whole new ensemble.

    n_jobs : int, optional (default=1)
        The number of jobs to run in parallel for both `fit` and `predict`.
        If -1, then the number of jobs is set to the number of cores.

    random_state : int, RandomState instance or None, optional (default=None)
        If int, random_state is the seed used by the random number generator;
        If RandomState instance, random_state is the random number generator;
        If None, the random number generator is the RandomState instance used
        by `np.random`.

    verbose : int, optional (default=0)
        Controls the verbosity of the building process.

    Attributes
    ----------
    estimators_ : list of estimators
        The collection of fitted sub-estimators.

    estimators_samples_ : list of arrays
        The subset of drawn samples (i.e., the in-bag samples) for each base
        estimator.

    estimators_features_ : list of arrays
        The subset of drawn features for each base estimator.

    oob_score_ : float
        Score of the training dataset obtained using an out-of-bag estimate.

    oob_prediction_ : array of shape = [n_samples]
        Prediction computed with out-of-bag estimate on the training
        set. If n_estimators is small it might be possible that a data point
        was never left out during the bootstrap. In this case,
        `oob_prediction_` might contain NaN.

    References
    ----------

    .. [1] L. Breiman, "Pasting small votes for classification in large
           databases and on-line", Machine Learning, 36(1), 85-103, 1999.

    .. [2] L. Breiman, "Bagging predictors", Machine Learning, 24(2), 123-140,
           1996.

    .. [3] T. Ho, "The random subspace method for constructing decision
           forests", Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 20(8), 832-844,
           1998.

    .. [4] G. Louppe and P. Geurts, "Ensembles on Random Patches", Machine
           Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases, 346-361, 2012.
    """

    def __init__(self,
                 base_estimator=None,
                 n_estimators=10,
                 max_samples=1.0,
                 max_features=1.0,
                 bootstrap=True,
                 bootstrap_features=False,
                 oob_score=False,
                 warm_start=False,
                 n_jobs=1,
                 random_state=None,
                 verbose=0):
        super(BaggingRegressor, self).__init__(
            base_estimator,
            n_estimators=n_estimators,
            max_samples=max_samples,
            max_features=max_features,
            bootstrap=bootstrap,
            bootstrap_features=bootstrap_features,
            oob_score=oob_score,
            warm_start=warm_start,
            n_jobs=n_jobs,
            random_state=random_state,
            verbose=verbose)

    def predict(self, X):
        """Predict regression target for X.

        The predicted regression target of an input sample is computed as the
        mean predicted regression targets of the estimators in the ensemble.

        Parameters
        ----------
        X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape = [n_samples, n_features]
            The training input samples. Sparse matrices are accepted only if
            they are supported by the base estimator.

        Returns
        -------
        y : array of shape = [n_samples]
            The predicted values.
        """
        check_is_fitted(self, "estimators_features_")
        # Check data
        X = check_array(X, accept_sparse=['csr', 'csc'])

        # Parallel loop
        n_jobs, n_estimators, starts = _partition_estimators(self.n_estimators,
                                                             self.n_jobs)

        all_y_hat = Parallel(n_jobs=n_jobs, verbose=self.verbose)(
            delayed(_parallel_predict_regression)(
                self.estimators_[starts[i]:starts[i + 1]],
                self.estimators_features_[starts[i]:starts[i + 1]],
                X)
            for i in range(n_jobs))

        # Reduce
        y_hat = sum(all_y_hat) / self.n_estimators

        return y_hat

    def _validate_estimator(self):
        """Check the estimator and set the base_estimator_ attribute."""
        super(BaggingRegressor, self)._validate_estimator(
            default=DecisionTreeRegressor())

    def _set_oob_score(self, X, y):
        n_samples = y.shape[0]

        predictions = np.zeros((n_samples,))
        n_predictions = np.zeros((n_samples,))

        for estimator, samples, features in zip(self.estimators_,
                                                self.estimators_samples_,
                                                self.estimators_features_):
            mask = np.ones(n_samples, dtype=np.bool)
            mask[samples] = False

            predictions[mask] += estimator.predict((X[mask, :])[:, features])
            n_predictions[mask] += 1

        if (n_predictions == 0).any():
            warn("Some inputs do not have OOB scores. "
                 "This probably means too few estimators were used "
                 "to compute any reliable oob estimates.")
            n_predictions[n_predictions == 0] = 1

        predictions /= n_predictions

        self.oob_prediction_ = predictions
        self.oob_score_ = r2_score(y, predictions)