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<!doctype html public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Generated by mltex2html -->
<!-- do not edit this file -->

<html>
  <head>
     <title> Instructions </title>
  </head>
  <body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000020" 
   link="navy" vlink="gray" alink="maroon">
  <table border=0> 
  <tr>
          <td valign=top align=left width="170">
     <!-- table of contents -->
  <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0 width=170 bgcolor="#e6e6e6"> 
  <tr><td>
    </td></tr><tr><td>
    <table bgcolor="#486591" width="100%" border=0 
      cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
    <tr><td align=center><font color="ffffff">
    MLRISC
    </font>
    </td></tr></table><tr><td>
     <a href="INTRO.html"><font size="-1">MLRISC</font></a><br>
     <a href="contributors.html"><font size="-1">Contributors</font></a><br>
     <a href="requirements.html"><font size="-1">Requirements</font></a><br>
     <a href="availability.html"><font size="-1">How to Obtain MLRISC</font></a><br>
    </td></tr><tr><td>
    <table bgcolor="#486591" width="100%" border=0 
      cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
    <tr><td align=center><font color="ffffff">
    Overview
    </font>
    </td></tr></table><tr><td>
     <a href="problem.html"><font size="-1">Problem Statement</font></a><br>
     <a href="contributions.html"><font size="-1">Contributions</font></a><br>
     <a href="mlrisc-compiler.html"><font size="-1">MLRISC Based Compiler</font></a><br>
     <a href="mlrisc-ir-rep.html"><font size="-1">MLRISC Intermediate Representation</font></a><br>
     <a href="mlrisc-gen.html"><font size="-1">MLRisc Generation</font></a><br>
     <a href="backend-opt.html"><font size="-1">Back End Optimizations</font></a><br>
     <a href="mlrisc-ra.html"><font size="-1">Register Allocation</font></a><br>
     <a href="mlrisc-md.html"><font size="-1">Machine Description</font></a><br>
     <a href="gc.html"><font size="-1">Garbage Collection Safety</font></a><br>
     <a href="sys-integration.html"><font size="-1">System Integration</font></a><br>
     <a href="optimizations.html"><font size="-1">Optimizations</font></a><br>
     <a href="mlrisc-graphics.html"><font size="-1">Graphical Interface</font></a><br>
     <a href="line-counts.html"><font size="-1">Line Counts</font></a><br>
     <a href="systems.html"><font size="-1">Systems Using MLRISC</font></a><br>
     <a href="future-work.html"><font size="-1">Future Work</font></a><br>
    </td></tr><tr><td>
    <table bgcolor="#486591" width="100%" border=0 
      cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
    <tr><td align=center><font color="ffffff">
    System
    </font>
    </td></tr></table><tr><td>
     <a href="mlrisc-arch.html"><font size="-1">Architecture of MLRISC</font></a><br>
     <a href="mltree.html"><font size="-1">The MLTREE Language</font></a><br>
     <a href="mltree-ext.html"><font size="-1">MLTree Extensions</font></a><br>
     <a href="mltree-util.html"><font size="-1">MLTree Utilities</font></a><br>
     <a href="instrsel.html"><font size="-1">Instruction Selection</font></a><br>
     <a href="asm.html"><font size="-1">Assemblers</font></a><br>
     <a href="mc.html"><font size="-1">Machine Code Emitters</font></a><br>
     <a href="delayslots.html"><font size="-1">Delay Slot Filling</font></a><br>
     <a href="span-dep.html"><font size="-1">Span Dependency Resolution</font></a><br>
     <a href="graphs.html"><font size="-1">The Graph Library</font></a><br>
     <a href="graphics.html"><font size="-1">The Graph Visualization Library</font></a><br>
     <a href="compiler-graphs.html"><font size="-1">Basic Compiler Graphs</font></a><br>
     <a href="mlrisc-ir.html"><font size="-1">The MLRISC IR</font></a><br>
     <a href="SSA.html"><font size="-1">SSA Optimizations</font></a><br>
     <a href="ILP.html"><font size="-1">ILP Optimizations</font></a><br>
     <a href="VLIW.html"><font size="-1">Optimizations for VLIW/EPIC Architectur...</font></a><br>
     <a href="ra.html"><font size="-1">Register Allocator</font></a><br>
    </td></tr><tr><td>
    <table bgcolor="#486591" width="100%" border=0 
      cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
    <tr><td align=center><font color="ffffff">
    Back Ends
    </font>
    </td></tr></table><tr><td>
     <a href="alpha.html"><font size="-1">The Alpha Back End</font></a><br>
     <a href="hppa.html"><font size="-1">The PA RISC Back End</font></a><br>
     <a href="sparc.html"><font size="-1">The Sparc Back End</font></a><br>
     <a href="x86.html"><font size="-1">The Intel x86 Back End</font></a><br>
     <a href="ppc.html"><font size="-1">The PowerPC Back End</font></a><br>
     <a href="mips.html"><font size="-1">The MIPS Back End</font></a><br>
     <a href="C6.html"><font size="-1">The TI C6x Back End</font></a><br>
    </td></tr><tr><td>
    <table bgcolor="#486591" width="100%" border=0 
      cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
    <tr><td align=center><font color="ffffff">
    Basic Types
    </font>
    </td></tr></table><tr><td>
     <a href="annotations.html"><font size="-1">Annotations</font></a><br>
     <a href="cells.html"><font size="-1">Cells</font></a><br>
     <a href="cluster.html"><font size="-1">Cluster</font></a><br>
     <a href="constants.html"><font size="-1">Client Defined Constants</font></a><br>
     <a href="pseudo-ops.html"><font size="-1">Client Defined Pseudo Ops</font></a><br>
     <a href="instructions.html"><font size="-1"><font color="#486591"><b>Instructions</b></font></font></a><br>
     <a href="streams.html"><font size="-1">Instruction Streams</font></a><br>
     <a href="labelexp.html"><font size="-1">Label Expressions</font></a><br>
     <a href="labels.html"><font size="-1">Labels</font></a><br>
     <a href="regions.html"><font size="-1">Regions</font></a><br>
     <a href="regmap.html"><font size="-1">Regmap</font></a><br>
   </td></tr>
  </table>
  <!-- end of table of contents -->

      </td>

    <td width=2> </td>
    <td valign=top align=left> 
    <center><h1><font color="#486591"><b>Instructions</b></font></h1></center>
    <hr> 
      <!-- table of contents -->
  <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0 align=right bgcolor="#e6e6e6"> 
  <tr><td>
    </td></tr><tr><td>
    <table bgcolor="#486591" width="100%" border=0 
      cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
    <tr><td align=center><font color="ffffff">
    Instructions
    </font>
    </td></tr></table><tr><td>
     <a href="#link0000"><font size="-1" color="#486591">Predication</font></a><br>
     <a href="#link0001"><font size="-1" color="#486591">VLIW</font></a><br>
     <a href="#link0002"><font size="-1" color="#486591">Predicated VLIW</font></a><br>
   </td></tr>
  </table>
  <!-- end of table of contents -->

    
 
   Instructions in MLRISC are implemented as abstract datatypes and
 must satisfy the signature 
 <a href="../../instructions/instructions.sig" target=code>INSTRUCTIONS</a>, defined as follows:
 <p>
 <font color="#000000"><small><pre>
 <font color="#6060a0"><b>signature</b></font> INSTRUCTIONS =
 <font color="#6060a0"><b><font color="#6060a0"><b>sig</b></font></b></font>
    <font color="#6060a0"><b>structure</b></font> C        : <a href="cells.html">CELLS</a>
    <font color="#6060a0"><b>structure</b></font> Constant : <a href="constants.html">CONSTANT</a>
    <font color="#6060a0"><b>structure</b></font> LabelExp : <a href="labelexp.html">LABELEXP</a>
       <font color="#6060a0"><b>sharing</b></font> LabelExp.Constant = Constant
 
    <font color="#6060a0"><b>type</b></font> operand   
    <font color="#6060a0"><b>type</b></font> ea         
    <font color="#6060a0"><b>type</b></font> addressing_mode
    <font color="#6060a0"><b>type</b></font> instruction 
 <font color="#6060a0"><b>end</b></font>
 </pre></small></font>
 
 Type <tt>operand</tt> is used to represent ioperands,
 <tt>ea</tt> is used to represent effective addresses, type 
 <tt>addressing_mode</tt> is used to represent the internal addressing mode
 used by the architecture.  Note that these are all abstract according to 
 the signature, so the client has complete freedom in choosing the most
 convenient representation for these things.
 <p>
 <a name="link0000"></a>
<h2><font color="#486591">Predication</font></h2>

    For architectures that have full <font color="#ff0000">predication</font>
 built-in, such as the C6xx or IA-64, the instruction set should be
 extended to satisfy the signature: 
 <font color="#000000"><small><pre>
 <font color="#6060a0"><b>signature</b></font> <a href="../../instructions/pred-instructions.sig" target=code>PREDICATED_INSTRUCTIONS</a> =
 <font color="#6060a0"><b><font color="#6060a0"><b>sig</b></font></b></font>
    <font color="#6060a0"><b>include</b></font> INSTRUCTIONS
    
    <font color="#6060a0"><b>type</b></font> predicate  
 <font color="#6060a0"><b>end</b></font>
 </pre></small></font>
 This basically says that the type that is used to represent a predicate
 can be implemented however the client wants.  This flexibility
 is quite important since the predication model may differ substantially
 from architecture to architecture.
 <p>
 For example, in the TI C6, there are no seperate predicate register files
 and integer registers double as predicate registers, and the predicate
 true is any non-zero value.  Each instruction can be predicated under a
 predicate register or its negation.  In contrasts, architectures such as
 IA-64 and HP's Playdoh incorporate separate predicate registers into their 
 architectures.  In Playdoh, <font color="#ff0000">predicate defining</font> instructions 
 actually set a pair of complementary predicate registers, 
 and instructions can only
 be predicated under the value of a predicate register, not its negation.
 <p>
 <a name="link0001"></a>
<h2><font color="#486591">VLIW</font></h2>

    VLIW architectures differ from superscalars in that
 resource assignments are statically determined at compile time.
 We distinguish between two different types of resources, namely
 <font color="#ff0000">functional units</font> and <font color="#ff0000">data paths</font>.  
 The latter type is particularly
 important for clustered architectures.
 The following signature
 is used to describe VLIW instructions:
 <font color="#000000"><small><pre>
 <font color="#6060a0"><b>signature</b></font> <a href="../../instructions/vliw-instructions.sig" target=code>VLIW_INSTRUCTIONS</a> =
 <font color="#6060a0"><b><font color="#6060a0"><b>sig</b></font></b></font>
 
    <font color="#6060a0"><b>include</b></font> INSTRUCTIONS
    <font color="#6060a0"><b>structure</b></font> FU : <a href="../../instructions/funits.sig" target=code>FUNITS</a>
    <font color="#6060a0"><b>structure</b></font> DP : <a href="../../instructions/datapaths.sig" target=code>DATAPATHS</a>
 <font color="#6060a0"><b>end</b></font>
 </pre></small></font>
 The signature <tt>FUNITS</tt> is used to describe functional unit
 resources, while the signature <tt>DATAPATHS</tt> is used to describe
 data paths.
 <p>
 <a name="link0002"></a>
<h2><font color="#486591">Predicated VLIW</font></h2>

 
 Finally, instructions sets for predicated VLIW/EPIC machines should match
 the signature 
 <font color="#000000"><small><pre>
 <font color="#6060a0"><b>signature</b></font> <a href="../../instructions/pred-vliw-instructions.sig" target=code>PREDICATED_VLIW_INSTRUCTIONS</a> =
 <font color="#6060a0"><b><font color="#6060a0"><b>sig</b></font></b></font>
    <font color="#6060a0"><b>include</b></font> VLIW_INSTRUCTIONS
    <font color="#6060a0"><b>type</b></font> predicate
 <font color="#6060a0"><b>end</b></font>
 </pre></small></font>

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<tr><td><font size="-1">
<a href="mailto:george@research.bell-labs.com">Lal George</a>
</font></td></tr>
<tr><td><font size="-1">
<a href="mailto:leunga@cs.nyu.edu">Allen Leung</a>
</font></td></tr>
</table>

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