This file is indexed.

/usr/include/vigra/pixelneighborhood.hxx is in libvigraimpex-dev 1.10.0+dfsg-11ubuntu2.

This file is owned by root:root, with mode 0o644.

The actual contents of the file can be viewed below.

   1
   2
   3
   4
   5
   6
   7
   8
   9
  10
  11
  12
  13
  14
  15
  16
  17
  18
  19
  20
  21
  22
  23
  24
  25
  26
  27
  28
  29
  30
  31
  32
  33
  34
  35
  36
  37
  38
  39
  40
  41
  42
  43
  44
  45
  46
  47
  48
  49
  50
  51
  52
  53
  54
  55
  56
  57
  58
  59
  60
  61
  62
  63
  64
  65
  66
  67
  68
  69
  70
  71
  72
  73
  74
  75
  76
  77
  78
  79
  80
  81
  82
  83
  84
  85
  86
  87
  88
  89
  90
  91
  92
  93
  94
  95
  96
  97
  98
  99
 100
 101
 102
 103
 104
 105
 106
 107
 108
 109
 110
 111
 112
 113
 114
 115
 116
 117
 118
 119
 120
 121
 122
 123
 124
 125
 126
 127
 128
 129
 130
 131
 132
 133
 134
 135
 136
 137
 138
 139
 140
 141
 142
 143
 144
 145
 146
 147
 148
 149
 150
 151
 152
 153
 154
 155
 156
 157
 158
 159
 160
 161
 162
 163
 164
 165
 166
 167
 168
 169
 170
 171
 172
 173
 174
 175
 176
 177
 178
 179
 180
 181
 182
 183
 184
 185
 186
 187
 188
 189
 190
 191
 192
 193
 194
 195
 196
 197
 198
 199
 200
 201
 202
 203
 204
 205
 206
 207
 208
 209
 210
 211
 212
 213
 214
 215
 216
 217
 218
 219
 220
 221
 222
 223
 224
 225
 226
 227
 228
 229
 230
 231
 232
 233
 234
 235
 236
 237
 238
 239
 240
 241
 242
 243
 244
 245
 246
 247
 248
 249
 250
 251
 252
 253
 254
 255
 256
 257
 258
 259
 260
 261
 262
 263
 264
 265
 266
 267
 268
 269
 270
 271
 272
 273
 274
 275
 276
 277
 278
 279
 280
 281
 282
 283
 284
 285
 286
 287
 288
 289
 290
 291
 292
 293
 294
 295
 296
 297
 298
 299
 300
 301
 302
 303
 304
 305
 306
 307
 308
 309
 310
 311
 312
 313
 314
 315
 316
 317
 318
 319
 320
 321
 322
 323
 324
 325
 326
 327
 328
 329
 330
 331
 332
 333
 334
 335
 336
 337
 338
 339
 340
 341
 342
 343
 344
 345
 346
 347
 348
 349
 350
 351
 352
 353
 354
 355
 356
 357
 358
 359
 360
 361
 362
 363
 364
 365
 366
 367
 368
 369
 370
 371
 372
 373
 374
 375
 376
 377
 378
 379
 380
 381
 382
 383
 384
 385
 386
 387
 388
 389
 390
 391
 392
 393
 394
 395
 396
 397
 398
 399
 400
 401
 402
 403
 404
 405
 406
 407
 408
 409
 410
 411
 412
 413
 414
 415
 416
 417
 418
 419
 420
 421
 422
 423
 424
 425
 426
 427
 428
 429
 430
 431
 432
 433
 434
 435
 436
 437
 438
 439
 440
 441
 442
 443
 444
 445
 446
 447
 448
 449
 450
 451
 452
 453
 454
 455
 456
 457
 458
 459
 460
 461
 462
 463
 464
 465
 466
 467
 468
 469
 470
 471
 472
 473
 474
 475
 476
 477
 478
 479
 480
 481
 482
 483
 484
 485
 486
 487
 488
 489
 490
 491
 492
 493
 494
 495
 496
 497
 498
 499
 500
 501
 502
 503
 504
 505
 506
 507
 508
 509
 510
 511
 512
 513
 514
 515
 516
 517
 518
 519
 520
 521
 522
 523
 524
 525
 526
 527
 528
 529
 530
 531
 532
 533
 534
 535
 536
 537
 538
 539
 540
 541
 542
 543
 544
 545
 546
 547
 548
 549
 550
 551
 552
 553
 554
 555
 556
 557
 558
 559
 560
 561
 562
 563
 564
 565
 566
 567
 568
 569
 570
 571
 572
 573
 574
 575
 576
 577
 578
 579
 580
 581
 582
 583
 584
 585
 586
 587
 588
 589
 590
 591
 592
 593
 594
 595
 596
 597
 598
 599
 600
 601
 602
 603
 604
 605
 606
 607
 608
 609
 610
 611
 612
 613
 614
 615
 616
 617
 618
 619
 620
 621
 622
 623
 624
 625
 626
 627
 628
 629
 630
 631
 632
 633
 634
 635
 636
 637
 638
 639
 640
 641
 642
 643
 644
 645
 646
 647
 648
 649
 650
 651
 652
 653
 654
 655
 656
 657
 658
 659
 660
 661
 662
 663
 664
 665
 666
 667
 668
 669
 670
 671
 672
 673
 674
 675
 676
 677
 678
 679
 680
 681
 682
 683
 684
 685
 686
 687
 688
 689
 690
 691
 692
 693
 694
 695
 696
 697
 698
 699
 700
 701
 702
 703
 704
 705
 706
 707
 708
 709
 710
 711
 712
 713
 714
 715
 716
 717
 718
 719
 720
 721
 722
 723
 724
 725
 726
 727
 728
 729
 730
 731
 732
 733
 734
 735
 736
 737
 738
 739
 740
 741
 742
 743
 744
 745
 746
 747
 748
 749
 750
 751
 752
 753
 754
 755
 756
 757
 758
 759
 760
 761
 762
 763
 764
 765
 766
 767
 768
 769
 770
 771
 772
 773
 774
 775
 776
 777
 778
 779
 780
 781
 782
 783
 784
 785
 786
 787
 788
 789
 790
 791
 792
 793
 794
 795
 796
 797
 798
 799
 800
 801
 802
 803
 804
 805
 806
 807
 808
 809
 810
 811
 812
 813
 814
 815
 816
 817
 818
 819
 820
 821
 822
 823
 824
 825
 826
 827
 828
 829
 830
 831
 832
 833
 834
 835
 836
 837
 838
 839
 840
 841
 842
 843
 844
 845
 846
 847
 848
 849
 850
 851
 852
 853
 854
 855
 856
 857
 858
 859
 860
 861
 862
 863
 864
 865
 866
 867
 868
 869
 870
 871
 872
 873
 874
 875
 876
 877
 878
 879
 880
 881
 882
 883
 884
 885
 886
 887
 888
 889
 890
 891
 892
 893
 894
 895
 896
 897
 898
 899
 900
 901
 902
 903
 904
 905
 906
 907
 908
 909
 910
 911
 912
 913
 914
 915
 916
 917
 918
 919
 920
 921
 922
 923
 924
 925
 926
 927
 928
 929
 930
 931
 932
 933
 934
 935
 936
 937
 938
 939
 940
 941
 942
 943
 944
 945
 946
 947
 948
 949
 950
 951
 952
 953
 954
 955
 956
 957
 958
 959
 960
 961
 962
 963
 964
 965
 966
 967
 968
 969
 970
 971
 972
 973
 974
 975
 976
 977
 978
 979
 980
 981
 982
 983
 984
 985
 986
 987
 988
 989
 990
 991
 992
 993
 994
 995
 996
 997
 998
 999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
/************************************************************************/
/*                                                                      */
/*          Copyright 1998-2005 by Hans Meine, Ullrich Koethe           */
/*                                                                      */
/*    This file is part of the VIGRA computer vision library.           */
/*    The VIGRA Website is                                              */
/*        http://hci.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/vigra/                       */
/*    Please direct questions, bug reports, and contributions to        */
/*        ullrich.koethe@iwr.uni-heidelberg.de    or                    */
/*        vigra@informatik.uni-hamburg.de                               */
/*                                                                      */
/*    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person       */
/*    obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation    */
/*    files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without           */
/*    restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,      */
/*    copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or      */
/*    sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the    */
/*    Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following          */
/*    conditions:                                                       */
/*                                                                      */
/*    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be    */
/*    included in all copies or substantial portions of the             */
/*    Software.                                                         */
/*                                                                      */
/*    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND    */
/*    EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES   */
/*    OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND          */
/*    NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT       */
/*    HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,      */
/*    WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING      */
/*    FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR     */
/*    OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                   */
/*                                                                      */
/************************************************************************/

#ifndef VIGRA_PIXELNEIGHBORHOOD_HXX
#define VIGRA_PIXELNEIGHBORHOOD_HXX

#include "utilities.hxx"

namespace vigra {

/** \addtogroup PixelNeighborhood Utilities to manage pixel neighborhoods

    4- and 8-neighborhood definitions and circulators.

    <b>\#include</b> \<vigra/pixelneighborhood.hxx\><br>

    <b>See also:</b> \ref vigra::NeighborhoodCirculator
 */
//@{

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                      AtImageBorder                   */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Encode whether a point is near the image border.

    This enum is used with \ref isAtImageBorder() and
    \ref vigra::RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator.

    <b>\#include</b> \<vigra/pixelneighborhood.hxx\><br>
    Namespace: vigra
*/

enum AtImageBorder
{
        NotAtBorder       = 0,     ///< &nbsp;
        RightBorder       = 1,     ///< &nbsp;
        LeftBorder        = 2,     ///< &nbsp;
        TopBorder         = 4,     ///< &nbsp;
        BottomBorder      = 8,     ///< &nbsp;
        FrontBorder       = 16,    ///< &nbsp;
        RearBorder        = 32,
        TopRightBorder    = TopBorder    | RightBorder,   //5
        TopLeftBorder     = TopBorder    | LeftBorder,    //6
        TopFrontBorder    = TopBorder    | FrontBorder,   //20
        TopRearBorder     = TopBorder    | RearBorder,    //36
        BottomLeftBorder  = BottomBorder | LeftBorder,    //10
        BottomRightBorder = BottomBorder | RightBorder,   //9
        BottomFrontBorder = BottomBorder | FrontBorder,   //24
        BottomRearBorder  = BottomBorder | RearBorder,    //40
        FrontLeftBorder   = FrontBorder  | LeftBorder,    //18
        FrontRightBorder  = FrontBorder  | RightBorder,   //17
        RearLeftBorder    = RearBorder   | LeftBorder,    //34
        RearRightBorder   = RearBorder   | RightBorder,   //33

        TopRightFrontBorder    = TopBorder    | RightBorder | FrontBorder,    //21
        TopLeftFrontBorder     = TopBorder    | LeftBorder  | FrontBorder,    //22
        BottomLeftFrontBorder  = BottomBorder | LeftBorder  | FrontBorder,    //26
        BottomRightFrontBorder = BottomBorder | RightBorder | FrontBorder,    //25
        TopRightRearBorder     = TopBorder    | RightBorder | RearBorder,     //37
        TopLeftRearBorder      = TopBorder    | LeftBorder  | RearBorder,     //38
        BottomLeftRearBorder   = BottomBorder | LeftBorder  | RearBorder,     //42
        BottomRightRearBorder  = BottomBorder | RightBorder | RearBorder      //41
};


/** \brief Find out whether a point is at the image border.

    This function checks if \a x == 0 or \a x == \a width - 1 and
    \a y == 0 or \a y == \a height - 1 and returns the appropriate value
    of \ref vigra::AtImageBorder, or zero when the point is not at the image border.
    The behavior of the function is undefined if (x,y) is not inside the image.

    <b>\#include</b> \<vigra/pixelneighborhood.hxx\><br>
    Namespace: vigra
*/
inline AtImageBorder isAtImageBorder(int x, int y, int width, int height)
{
    return static_cast<AtImageBorder>((x == 0
                                         ? LeftBorder
                                         : x == width-1
                                             ? RightBorder
                                             : NotAtBorder) |
                                       (y == 0
                                         ? TopBorder
                                         : y == height-1
                                             ? BottomBorder
                                             : NotAtBorder));
}

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                    FourNeighborhood                  */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** Utilities for 4-neighborhood. */
namespace FourNeighborhood
{

/** \brief Encapsulation of direction management for 4-neighborhood.

    This helper class allows the transformation between Freeman chain codes
    (East = 0, North = 1 etc.) and the corresponding Diff2D instances
    and back.

    You can either use the chain codes by explicit qualification:

    \code
    // the following three lines are equivalent
    FourNeighborhood::NeighborCode::Direction d = FourNeighborhood::NeighborCode::East;
    FourNeighborCode::Direction d = FourNeighborCode::East;
    FourNeighborhood::Direction d = FourNeighborhood::East;
    \endcode

    or you can fix 4-neighborhood by importing the entire namespace in
    your function:

    \code
    using namespace FourNeighborhood;

    Direction d = East;
    \endcode

    If you want to pass 4-neighborhood codes as a template parameter, use
    the class FourNeighborhood::NeighborCode.

    <b>\#include</b> \<vigra/pixelneighborhood.hxx\><br>
    Namespace: vigra::FourNeighborhood
*/
class NeighborCode
{
  public:

    typedef Diff2D difference_type;

        /** Freeman direction codes for the 4-neighborhood.
            <tt>East = 0</tt>, <tt>North = 1</tt> etc.
            <tt>DirectionCount</tt> may be used for portable loop termination conditions.
            <tt>CausalFirst</tt> and <tt>CausalLast</tt> are the first and last (inclusive)
            neighbors in the causal neighborhood, i.e. in the set of neighbors that have
            already been visited when the image is traversed in scan order.
            <tt>AntiCausalFirst</tt> and <tt>AntiCausalLast</tt> are the opposite.
        */
    enum Direction {
        Error = -1,     ///< &nbsp;
        East = 0,       ///< &nbsp;
        North,          ///< &nbsp;
        West,           ///< &nbsp;
        South,          ///< &nbsp;
        DirectionCount, ///< &nbsp;
        CausalFirst = North,     ///< &nbsp;
        CausalLast  = West,      ///< &nbsp;
        AntiCausalFirst = South, ///< &nbsp;
        AntiCausalLast  = East,   ///< &nbsp;

        InitialDirection = East,
        OppositeDirPrefix = 1,
        OppositeOffset = West
    };
    
    template <int DUMMY>
    struct StaticData
    {
        static unsigned int b[];
        static unsigned int c[];
        static Direction bd[11][4];
        static Diff2D d[];
        static Diff2D rd[][4];
    };

    static unsigned int directionBit(Direction d)
    {
        return StaticData<0>::b[d];
    };

        /** The number of valid neighbors if the current center is at the image border.
        */
    static unsigned int nearBorderDirectionCount(AtImageBorder b)
    {
        return StaticData<0>::c[b];
    }

        /** The valid direction codes when the center is at the image border.
            \a index must be in the range <tt>0...nearBorderDirectionCount(b)-1</tt>.
        */
    static Direction nearBorderDirections(AtImageBorder b, int index)
    {
        return StaticData<0>::bd[b][index];
    }

        /** Transform direction code into corresponding Diff2D offset.
            (note: there is no bounds checking on the code you pass.)
        */
    static Diff2D const & diff(Direction code)
    {
        return StaticData<0>::d[code];
    }

        /** Equivalent to <tt>diff(static_cast<Direction>(code))</tt>.
            (note: there is no bounds checking on the code you pass.)
        */
    static Diff2D const & diff(int code) { return diff(static_cast<Direction>(code)); }

        /** Get the relative offset from one neighbor to the other.
            For example, <tt>relativeDiff(East, West) == Diff2D(-2,0)</tt>.
            (note: there is no bounds checking on the code you pass.)
        */
    static Diff2D const & relativeDiff(Direction fromCode, Direction toCode)
    {
        return StaticData<0>::rd[fromCode][toCode];
    }

        /** Equivalent to relativeDiff(static_cast<Direction>(fromCode), static_cast<Direction>(toCode)).
            (note: there is no bounds checking on the code you pass.)
        */
    static Diff2D const & relativeDiff(int fromCode, int toCode)
    {
        return relativeDiff(static_cast<Direction>(fromCode), static_cast<Direction>(toCode));
    }

        /**  X-component of diff() */
    static int dX(Direction code) { return diff(code).x; }
        /**  Y-component of diff() */
    static int dY(Direction code) { return diff(code).y; }
        /**  X-component of diff() */
    static int dX(int code) { return diff(code).x; }
        /**  Y-component of diff() */
    static int dY(int code) { return diff(code).y; }

        /** Transform Diff2D offset into corresponding direction code.
            The code <tt>Direction::Error</tt> will be returned if <tt>diff</tt>
            is not in the 4-neighborhood.
        */
    static Direction code(Diff2D const & diff)
    {
        switch(diff.x)
        {
            case  0:
            {
                switch(diff.y)
                {
                    case 1:
                        return South;
                    case -1:
                        return North;
                    default:
                        return Error;
                }
            }
            case -1:
            {
                return (diff.y == 0) ?
                            West :
                            Error;
            }
            case  1:
            {
                return (diff.y == 0) ?
                            East :
                            Error;
            }
        }
        return Error;
    }

        /** Check whether a code refers to a diagonal direction.
            Useful if you want to abstract the differences between 4- and 8-neighborhood.
            Always <tt>false</tt> for 4-neighborhood.
        */
    static bool isDiagonal(Direction) { return false; }

    static Diff2D const & right()        { return diff(East); }    /**<  Offset to the right neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & top()          { return diff(North); }   /**<  Offset to the top neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & left()         { return diff(West); }    /**<  Offset to the left neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & bottom()       { return diff(South); }   /**<  Offset to the bottom neighbor */

    static Diff2D const & east()       { return diff(East); }    /**<  Offset to the east neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & north()      { return diff(North); }   /**<  Offset to the north neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & west()       { return diff(West); }    /**<  Offset to the west neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & south()      { return diff(South); }   /**<  Offset to the south neighbor */
};


    /** Export NeighborCode::Direction into the scope of namespace FourNeighborhood.
    */
typedef NeighborCode::Direction Direction;

static const Direction Error          = NeighborCode::Error;          /**<  Export NeighborCode::Error to namespace FourNeighborhood */
static const Direction East           = NeighborCode::East;           /**<  Export NeighborCode::East to namespace FourNeighborhood */
static const Direction North          = NeighborCode::North;          /**<  Export NeighborCode::North to namespace FourNeighborhood */
static const Direction West           = NeighborCode::West;           /**<  Export NeighborCode::West to namespace FourNeighborhood */
static const Direction South          = NeighborCode::South;          /**<  Export NeighborCode::South to namespace FourNeighborhood */
static const Direction DirectionCount = NeighborCode::DirectionCount; /**<  Export NeighborCode::DirectionCount to namespace FourNeighborhood */

inline Diff2D const & east()       { return NeighborCode::diff(East); }    /**<  Offset to the east neighbor */
inline Diff2D const & north()      { return NeighborCode::diff(North); }   /**<  Offset to the north neighbor */
inline Diff2D const & west()       { return NeighborCode::diff(West); }    /**<  Offset to the west neighbor */
inline Diff2D const & south()      { return NeighborCode::diff(South); }   /**<  Offset to the south neighbor */


template <int DUMMY>
unsigned int NeighborCode::StaticData<DUMMY>::b[] = {1 << East,
                                                    1 << North,
                                                    1 << West,
                                                    1 << South };

template <int DUMMY>
unsigned int NeighborCode::StaticData<DUMMY>::c[] = { 4, 3, 3, 0, 3, 2, 2, 0, 3, 2, 2};

template <int DUMMY>
Direction NeighborCode::StaticData<DUMMY>::bd[11][4] = {
                { East, North, West, South},
                { North, West, South, Error},
                { East, North, South, Error},
                { Error, Error, Error, Error},
                { East, West, South, Error},
                { West, South, Error, Error},
                { East, South, Error, Error},
                { Error, Error, Error, Error},
                { East, North, West, Error},
                { North, West, Error, Error},
                { East, North, Error, Error}
             };

template <int DUMMY>
Diff2D NeighborCode::StaticData<DUMMY>::d[] = {
            Diff2D(1, 0), Diff2D(0, -1), Diff2D(-1, 0), Diff2D(0, 1)
        };

template <int DUMMY>
Diff2D NeighborCode::StaticData<DUMMY>::rd[][4] = {
            { Diff2D(0, 0), Diff2D(-1, -1), Diff2D(-2, 0), Diff2D(-1, 1) },
            { Diff2D(1, 1), Diff2D(0, 0), Diff2D(-1, 1), Diff2D(0, 2) },
            { Diff2D(2, 0), Diff2D(1, -1), Diff2D(0, 0), Diff2D(1, 1) },
            { Diff2D(1, -1), Diff2D(0, -2), Diff2D(-1, -1), Diff2D(0, 0) }
        };

} // namespace FourNeighborhood



    /** Export \ref vigra::FourNeighborhood::NeighborCode into the scope of namespace vigra.
    */
typedef FourNeighborhood::NeighborCode FourNeighborCode;

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                   EightNeighborhood                  */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** Utilities for 8-neighborhood. */
namespace EightNeighborhood
{
/** \brief Encapsulation of direction management for the 8-neighborhood.

    This helper class allows the transformation between Freeman chain codes
    (East = 0, NorthEast = 1 etc.) and the corresponding Diff2D instances
    and back.

    You can either use the chain codes by explicit qualification:

    \code
    // the following three lines are equivalent
    EightNeighborhood::NeighborCode::Direction d = EightNeighborhood::NeighborCode::East;
    EightNeighborCode::Direction d               = EightNeighborCode::East;
    EightNeighborhood::Direction d               = EightNeighborhood::East;
    \endcode

    or you can fix 8-neighborhood by importing the entire namespace in
    your function:

    \code
    using namespace EightNeighborhood;

    Direction d = East;
    \endcode

    If you want to pass 8-neighborhood codes as a template parameter, use
    the class EightNeighborhood::NeighborCode.

    <b>\#include</b> \<vigra/pixelneighborhood.hxx\><br>
    Namespace: vigra::EightNeighborhood
*/
class NeighborCode
{
  public:

    typedef Diff2D difference_type;

        /** Freeman direction codes for the 8-neighborhood.
            <tt>East = 0</tt>, <tt>North = 1</tt> etc.
            <tt>DirectionCount</tt> may be used for portable loop termination conditions.
            <tt>CausalFirst</tt> and <tt>CausalLast</tt> are the first and last (inclusive)
            neighbors in the causal neighborhood, i.e. in the set of neighbors that have
            already been visited when the image is traversed in scan order.
            <tt>AntiCausalFirst</tt> and <tt>AntiCausalLast</tt> are the opposite.
        */
    enum Direction {
        Error = -1,     ///< &nbsp;
        East = 0,       ///< &nbsp;
        NorthEast,      ///< &nbsp;
        North,          ///< &nbsp;
        NorthWest,      ///< &nbsp;
        West,           ///< &nbsp;
        SouthWest,      ///< &nbsp;
        South,          ///< &nbsp;
        SouthEast,      ///< &nbsp;
        DirectionCount, ///< &nbsp;
        CausalFirst = NorthEast,     ///< &nbsp;
        CausalLast  = West,          ///< &nbsp;
        AntiCausalFirst = SouthWest, ///< &nbsp;
        AntiCausalLast  = East,       ///< &nbsp;

        InitialDirection = East,
        OppositeDirPrefix = 1,
        OppositeOffset = West
    };

    template <int DUMMY>
    struct StaticData
    {
        static unsigned int b[];
        static unsigned int c[];
        static Direction bd[11][8];
        static Diff2D d[];
        static Diff2D rd[][8];
    };

    static unsigned int directionBit(Direction d)
    {
        return StaticData<0>::b[d];
    };

        /** The number of valid neighbors if the current center is at the image border.
        */
    static unsigned int nearBorderDirectionCount(AtImageBorder b)
    {
        return StaticData<0>::c[b];
    }

        /** The valid direction codes when the center is at the image border.
            \a index must be in the range <tt>0...nearBorderDirectionCount(b)-1</tt>.
        */
    static Direction nearBorderDirections(AtImageBorder b, int index)
    {
        return StaticData<0>::bd[b][index];
    }

        /** Transform direction code into corresponding Diff2D offset.
            (note: there is no bounds checking on the code you pass.)
        */
    static Diff2D const & diff(Direction code)
    {
        return StaticData<0>::d[code];
    }

        /** Equivalent to diff(static_cast<Direction>(code)).
            (note: there is no bounds checking on the code you pass.)
        */
    static Diff2D const & diff(int code) { return diff(static_cast<Direction>(code)); }

        /** Get the relative offset from one neighbor to the other.
            For example, <tt>relativeDiff(East, West) == Diff2D(-2,0)</tt>.
            (note: there is no bounds checking on the code you pass.)
        */
    static Diff2D const & relativeDiff(Direction fromCode, Direction toCode)
    {
        return StaticData<0>::rd[fromCode][toCode];
    }

        /** Equivalent to relativeDiff(static_cast<Direction>(fromCode), static_cast<Direction>(toCode)).
            (note: there is no bounds checking on the code you pass.)
        */
    static Diff2D const & relativeDiff(int fromCode, int toCode)
    {
        return relativeDiff(static_cast<Direction>(fromCode), static_cast<Direction>(toCode));
    }

        /**  X-component of diff() */
    static int dX(Direction code) { return diff(code).x; }
        /**  Y-component of diff() */
    static int dY(Direction code) { return diff(code).y; }
        /**  X-component of diff() */
    static int dX(int code) { return diff(code).x; }
        /**  Y-component of diff() */
    static int dY(int code) { return diff(code).y; }

        /** Transform 4-neighborhood code into 8-neighborhood code.
        */
    static Direction code(FourNeighborhood::Direction d)
        { return static_cast<Direction>(2*d); }

        /** Transform Diff2D offset into corresponding direction code.
            The code <tt>Direction::Error</tt> will be returned if <tt>diff</tt>
            is not in the 8-neighborhood.
        */
    static Direction code(Diff2D const & diff)
    {
        switch(diff.x)
        {
            case  0:
            {
                switch(diff.y)
                {
                    case 1:
                        return South;
                    case -1:
                        return North;
                    default:
                        return Error;
                }
            }
            case -1:
            {
                switch(diff.y)
                {
                    case 0:
                        return West;
                    case 1:
                        return SouthWest;
                    case -1:
                        return NorthWest;
                    default:
                        return Error;
                }
            }
            case  1:
            {
                switch(diff.y)
                {
                    case 0:
                        return East;
                    case 1:
                        return SouthEast;
                    case -1:
                        return NorthEast;
                    default:
                        return Error;
                }
            }
        }
        return Error;
    }

        /** Check whether a code refers to a diagonal direction.
            Useful if you want to abstract the differences between 4- and 8-neighborhood.
        */
    static bool isDiagonal(Direction code) { return (code % 2) != 0; }

    static Diff2D const & right()        { return diff(East); }        /**<  Offset to the right neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & topRight()     { return diff(NorthEast); }   /**<  Offset to the topRight neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & top()          { return diff(North); }       /**<  Offset to the top neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & topLeft()      { return diff(NorthWest); }   /**<  Offset to the topLeft neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & left()         { return diff(West); }        /**<  Offset to the left neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & bottomLeft()   { return diff(SouthWest); }   /**<  Offset to the bottomLeft neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & bottom()       { return diff(South); }       /**<  Offset to the bottom neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & bottomRight()  { return diff(SouthEast); }   /**<  Offset to the bottomRight neighbor */

    static Diff2D const & east()       { return diff(East); }        /**<  Offset to the east neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & northEast()  { return diff(NorthEast); }   /**<  Offset to the northEast neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & north()      { return diff(North); }       /**<  Offset to the north neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & northWest()  { return diff(NorthWest); }   /**<  Offset to the northWest neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & west()       { return diff(West); }        /**<  Offset to the west neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & southWest()  { return diff(SouthWest); }   /**<  Offset to the southWest neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & south()      { return diff(South); }       /**<  Offset to the south neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & southEast()  { return diff(SouthEast); }   /**<  Offset to the southEast neighbor */
};

    /** Export NeighborCode::Direction into the scope of namespace EightNeighborhood.
    */
typedef NeighborCode::Direction Direction;

static const Direction East           = NeighborCode::East;        /**<  Export NeighborCode::East to namespace EightNeighborhood */
static const Direction NorthEast      = NeighborCode::NorthEast;   /**<  Export NeighborCode::NorthEast to namespace EightNeighborhood */
static const Direction North          = NeighborCode::North;       /**<  Export NeighborCode::North to namespace EightNeighborhood */
static const Direction NorthWest      = NeighborCode::NorthWest;   /**<  Export NeighborCode::NorthWest to namespace EightNeighborhood */
static const Direction West           = NeighborCode::West;        /**<  Export NeighborCode::West to namespace EightNeighborhood */
static const Direction SouthWest      = NeighborCode::SouthWest;   /**<  Export NeighborCode::SouthWest to namespace EightNeighborhood */
static const Direction South          = NeighborCode::South;       /**<  Export NeighborCode::South to namespace EightNeighborhood */
static const Direction SouthEast      = NeighborCode::SouthEast;   /**<  Export NeighborCode::SouthEast to namespace EightNeighborhood */
static const Direction DirectionCount = NeighborCode::DirectionCount;   /**<  Export NeighborCode::DirectionCount to namespace EightNeighborhood */

inline Diff2D const & east()       { return NeighborCode::diff(East); }        /**<  Offset to the east neighbor */
inline Diff2D const & northEast()  { return NeighborCode::diff(NorthEast); }   /**<  Offset to the northEast neighbor */
inline Diff2D const & north()      { return NeighborCode::diff(North); }       /**<  Offset to the north neighbor */
inline Diff2D const & northWest()  { return NeighborCode::diff(NorthWest); }   /**<  Offset to the northWest neighbor */
inline Diff2D const & west()       { return NeighborCode::diff(West); }        /**<  Offset to the west neighbor */
inline Diff2D const & southWest()  { return NeighborCode::diff(SouthWest); }   /**<  Offset to the southWest neighbor */
inline Diff2D const & south()      { return NeighborCode::diff(South); }       /**<  Offset to the south neighbor */
inline Diff2D const & southEast()  { return NeighborCode::diff(SouthEast); }   /**<  Offset to the southEast neighbor */

template <int DUMMY>
unsigned int NeighborCode::StaticData<DUMMY>::b[] = {
                                   1 << East,
                                   1 << NorthEast,
                                   1 << North,
                                   1 << NorthWest,
                                   1 << West,
                                   1 << SouthWest,
                                   1 << South,
                                   1 << SouthEast};

template <int DUMMY>
unsigned int NeighborCode::StaticData<DUMMY>::c[] = { 8, 5, 5, 0, 5, 3, 3, 0, 5, 3, 3};

template <int DUMMY>
Direction NeighborCode::StaticData<DUMMY>::bd[11][8] = {
                { East, NorthEast, North, NorthWest, West, SouthWest, South, SouthEast},
                { North, NorthWest, West, SouthWest, South, Error, Error, Error},
                { East, NorthEast, North, South, SouthEast, Error, Error, Error},
                { Error, Error, Error, Error, Error, Error, Error, Error},
                { East, West, SouthWest, South, SouthEast, Error, Error, Error},
                { West, SouthWest, South, Error, Error, Error, Error, Error},
                { East, South, SouthEast, Error, Error, Error, Error, Error},
                { Error, Error, Error, Error, Error, Error, Error, Error},
                { East, NorthEast, North, NorthWest, West, Error, Error, Error},
                { North, NorthWest, West, Error, Error, Error, Error, Error},
                { East, NorthEast, North, Error, Error, Error, Error, Error}
             };

template <int DUMMY>
Diff2D NeighborCode::StaticData<DUMMY>::d[] = {
            Diff2D(1, 0), Diff2D(1, -1), Diff2D(0, -1), Diff2D(-1, -1),
            Diff2D(-1, 0), Diff2D(-1, 1), Diff2D(0, 1), Diff2D(1, 1)
        };

template <int DUMMY>
Diff2D NeighborCode::StaticData<DUMMY>::rd[][8] = {
            { Diff2D(0, 0), Diff2D(0, -1), Diff2D(-1, -1), Diff2D(-2, -1),
              Diff2D(-2, 0), Diff2D(-2, 1), Diff2D(-1, 1), Diff2D(0, 1) },
            { Diff2D(0, 1), Diff2D(0, 0), Diff2D(-1, 0), Diff2D(-2, 0),
              Diff2D(-2, 1), Diff2D(-2, 2), Diff2D(-1, 2), Diff2D(0, 2) },
            { Diff2D(1, 1), Diff2D(1, 0), Diff2D(0, 0), Diff2D(-1, 0),
              Diff2D(-1, 1), Diff2D(-1, 2), Diff2D(0, 2), Diff2D(1, 2) },
            { Diff2D(2, 1), Diff2D(2, 0), Diff2D(1, 0), Diff2D(0, 0),
              Diff2D(0, 1), Diff2D(0, 2), Diff2D(1, 2), Diff2D(2, 2) },
            { Diff2D(2, 0), Diff2D(2, -1), Diff2D(1, -1), Diff2D(0, -1),
              Diff2D(0, 0), Diff2D(0, 1), Diff2D(1, 1), Diff2D(2, 1) },
            { Diff2D(2, -1), Diff2D(2, -2), Diff2D(1, -2), Diff2D(0, -2),
              Diff2D(0, -1), Diff2D(0, 0), Diff2D(1, 0), Diff2D(2, 0) },
            { Diff2D(1, -1), Diff2D(1, -2), Diff2D(0, -2), Diff2D(-1, -2),
              Diff2D(-1, -1), Diff2D(-1, 0), Diff2D(0, 0), Diff2D(1, 0) },
            { Diff2D(0, -1), Diff2D(0, -2), Diff2D(-1, -2), Diff2D(-2, -2),
              Diff2D(-2, -1), Diff2D(-2, 0), Diff2D(-1, 0), Diff2D(0, 0) }
        };

} // namespace EightNeighborhood

    /** Export \ref vigra::EightNeighborhood::NeighborCode into the scope of namespace vigra.
    */
typedef EightNeighborhood::NeighborCode EightNeighborCode;

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*              NeighborOffsetCirculator                */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Circulator that walks around a given location.

    The template parameter defines the kind of neighborhood used, e.g.

    \code
    NeighborOffsetCirculator<EightNeighborCode> eight_circulator;
    NeighborOffsetCirculator<FourNeighborCode>  four_circulator;
    \endcode

    Since this circulator doesn't know about the pixels in any particular image,
    you usually don't use it directly but rather as a base class or helper for
    neighborhood circulators referring to a particular image (e.g. NeighborhoodCirculator)

    <b>\#include</b> \<vigra/pixelneighborhood.hxx\><br>
    Namespace: vigra
*/
template<class NEIGHBORCODE>
class NeighborOffsetCirculator
: public NEIGHBORCODE
{
public:
    typedef NEIGHBORCODE NeighborCode;

        /** return type of direction()
        */
    typedef typename NEIGHBORCODE::Direction Direction;

        /** the circulator's value type
        */
    typedef typename NEIGHBORCODE::difference_type value_type;

        /** the circulator's reference type (return type of <TT>*circ</TT>)
        */
    typedef value_type const & reference;

        /** the circulator's index reference type (return type of <TT>circ[n]</TT>)
        */
    typedef value_type const & index_reference;

        /** the circulator's pointer type (return type of <TT>operator-></TT>)
        */
    typedef value_type const * pointer;

        /** the circulator's difference type (argument type of <TT>circ[diff]</TT>)
        */
    typedef int difference_type;

        /** the circulator tag (random access iterator)
        */
    typedef random_access_circulator_tag iterator_category;

protected:
    Direction direction_;

public:
        /** Create circulator referring to the given direction.
        */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator(Direction dir = NEIGHBORCODE::InitialDirection)
        : direction_(dir)
    {
    }

        /** pre-increment */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator & operator++()
    {
        direction_ = static_cast<Direction>((direction_+1) % NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
        return *this;
    }

        /** pre-decrement */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator & operator--()
    {
        direction_ = static_cast<Direction>((direction_ + NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount-1) % NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
        return *this;
    }

        /** post-increment */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator operator++(int)
    {
        NeighborOffsetCirculator ret(*this);
        operator++();
        return ret;
    }

        /** post-decrement */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator operator--(int)
    {
        NeighborOffsetCirculator ret(*this);
        operator--();
        return ret;
    }

        /** add-assignment */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator & operator+=(difference_type d)
    {
        direction_ = static_cast<Direction>((direction_ + d) % NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
        if(direction_ < 0)
            direction_ = static_cast<Direction>(direction_ + NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
        return *this;
    }

        /** subtract-assignment */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator & operator-=(difference_type d)
    {
        direction_ = static_cast<Direction>((direction_ - d) % NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
        if(direction_ < 0)
            direction_ = static_cast<Direction>(direction_ + NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
        return *this;
    }

        /** addition */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator operator+(difference_type d) const
    {
        return NeighborOffsetCirculator(*this) += d;
    }

        /** subtraction */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator operator-(difference_type d) const
    {
        return NeighborOffsetCirculator(*this) -= d;
    }

        /** Move to the direction that is 'right' relative to the current direction.
            This is equivalent to <tt>four_circulator--</tt> and
            <tt>eight_circulator -= 2</tt> respectively.
        */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator & turnRight()
    {
        direction_ = static_cast<Direction>((direction_ + NEIGHBORCODE::South) % NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
        return *this;
    }

        /** Move to the direction that is 'left' relative to the current direction.
            This is equivalent to <tt>four_circulator++</tt> and
            <tt>eight_circulator += 2</tt> respectively.
        */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator & turnLeft()
    {
        direction_ = static_cast<Direction>((direction_ + NEIGHBORCODE::North) % NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
        return *this;
    }

        /** Move to the opposite direction of the current direction.
            This is equivalent to <tt>four_circulator += 2</tt> and
            <tt>eight_circulator += 4</tt> respectively.
        */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator & turnRound()
    {
        direction_ = opposite();
        return *this;
    }

        /** Move to the given direction.
        */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator & turnTo(Direction d)
    {
        direction_ = d;
        return *this;
    }

        /** equality */
    bool operator==(NeighborOffsetCirculator const & o) const
    {
        return direction_ == o.direction_;
    }

        /** inequality */
    bool operator!=(NeighborOffsetCirculator const & o) const
    {
        return direction_ != o.direction_;
    }

        /** subtraction */
    difference_type operator-(NeighborOffsetCirculator const & o) const
    {
        return direction_ - o.direction_;
    }

        /** dereference */
    reference operator*() const
    {
        return diff();
    }

        /** index */
    index_reference operator[](difference_type d) const
    {
        return NEIGHBORCODE::diff(direction(d));
    }

        /** member access */
    pointer operator->() const
    {
        return &diff();
    }

        /** Get offset from center to current neighbor.
        */
    reference diff() const
    {
        return NEIGHBORCODE::diff(direction_);
    }

        /** Get offset to given direction.
        */
    static reference diff(Direction dir)
    {
        return NEIGHBORCODE::diff(dir);
    }

        /** Get relative distance from current neighbor to neighbor
            at given offset.
        */
    value_type relativeDiff(difference_type offset) const
    {
        Direction toDir = static_cast<Direction>((direction_ + offset) % NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
        if(toDir < 0)
            toDir = static_cast<Direction>(toDir + NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
        return NEIGHBORCODE::relativeDiff(direction_, toDir);
    }

        /** X-component of diff()  */
    int dX() const
    {
        return NEIGHBORCODE::dX(direction_);
    }

        /** Y-component of diff() */
    int dY() const
    {
        return NEIGHBORCODE::dY(direction_);
    }

        /** Check whether current direction is a diagonal one.
        */
    bool isDiagonal() const
    {
        return NEIGHBORCODE::isDiagonal(direction_);
    }

        /** Get current direction.
        */
    Direction direction() const
    {
        return direction_;
    }

        /** Get current direction bit.
        */
    unsigned int directionBit() const
    {
        return NEIGHBORCODE::directionBit(direction_);
    }

        /** Get opposite of current direction.
        */
    Direction opposite() const
    {
        return static_cast<Direction>((NEIGHBORCODE::OppositeDirPrefix*direction_ + NEIGHBORCODE::OppositeOffset) % NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
    }

        /** Get opposite bit of current direction.
        */
    unsigned int oppositeDirectionBit() const
    {
        return NEIGHBORCODE::directionBit(opposite());
    }

        /** Get direction code at offset of current direction.
        */
    Direction direction(difference_type offset) const
    {
        int result = (direction_ + offset) % NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount;
        if(result < 0)
            result += NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount;
        return static_cast<Direction>(result);
    }
};

/** Specialization of NeighborOffsetCirculator for 8-neighborhood.
*/
typedef NeighborOffsetCirculator<EightNeighborCode> EightNeighborOffsetCirculator;

/** Specialization of NeighborOffsetCirculator for 4-neighborhood.
*/
typedef NeighborOffsetCirculator<FourNeighborCode> FourNeighborOffsetCirculator;


//@}

/** \addtogroup ImageIteratorAdapters
 */
//@{

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                NeighborhoodCirculator                */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Circulator that walks around a given location in a given image.

    The template parameters define the kind of neighborhood used and the underlying
    image. The access functions return the value of the current neighbor pixel.
    Use <tt>center()</tt> to access the center pixel of the neighborhood.
    The center can be changed by calling <tt>moveCenterToNeighbor()</tt>
    or <tt>swapCenterNeighbor()</tt>. Note that this circulator cannot be used
    when the center is at the image border. You must then use
    \ref vigra::RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator

    <b>Usage:</b><br>

    <b>\#include</b> \<vigra/pixelneighborhood.hxx\><br>
    Namespace: vigra

    \code
    BImage::traverser upperleft(...), lowerright(...);

    int width  = lowerright.x - upperleft.x;
    int height = lowerright.y - upperleft.y;

    ++upperleft.y; // avoid image border
    for(int y=1; y<height-1; ++y, ++upperleft.y)
    {
        BImage::traverser ix = upperleft + Diff2D(1,0);
        for(int x=1; x<width-1; ++x, ++ix.x)
        {
            // analyse all neighbors of a pixel (use FourNeighborCode
            // instead of EightNeighborCode for 4-neighborhood):
            NeighborhoodCirculator<BImage::traverser, EightNeighborCode>
                           circulator(ix),
                           end(circulator);
            do
            {
                analysisFunc(*circulator, ...); // do sth. with current neighbor
            }
            while(++circulator != end); // compare with start/end circulator
        }
    }
    \endcode
*/
template <class IMAGEITERATOR, class NEIGHBORCODE>
class NeighborhoodCirculator : private IMAGEITERATOR
{
    typedef NeighborOffsetCirculator<NEIGHBORCODE> NEIGHBOROFFSETCIRCULATOR;


public:
        /** type of the underlying image iterator
        */
    typedef IMAGEITERATOR base_type;

        /** type of the used neighbor code
        */
    typedef NEIGHBORCODE NeighborCode;

        /** the circulator's value type
        */
    typedef typename IMAGEITERATOR::value_type value_type;

        /** type of the direction code
        */
    typedef typename NEIGHBORCODE::Direction Direction;

        /** the circulator's reference type (return type of <TT>*circ</TT>)
        */
    typedef typename IMAGEITERATOR::reference reference;

        /** the circulator's index reference type (return type of <TT>circ[n]</TT>)
        */

    typedef reference index_reference;

        /** the circulator's pointer type (return type of <TT>operator-></TT>)
        */
    typedef typename IMAGEITERATOR::pointer pointer;

        /** the circulator's difference type (argument type of <TT>circ[diff]</TT>)
        */
    typedef typename NEIGHBOROFFSETCIRCULATOR::difference_type difference_type;

        /** the circulator tag (random_access_circulator_tag)
        */
    typedef typename NEIGHBOROFFSETCIRCULATOR::iterator_category iterator_category;

        /** Construct circulator with given <tt>center</tt> pixel, pointing to the neighbor
            at the given direction <tt>d</tt>.
        */
    NeighborhoodCirculator(IMAGEITERATOR const & center = IMAGEITERATOR(),
                           Direction d = NEIGHBOROFFSETCIRCULATOR::InitialDirection)
        : IMAGEITERATOR(center), neighborCode_(d)
    {
        IMAGEITERATOR::operator+=(neighborCode_.diff());
    }

        /** pre-increment */
    NeighborhoodCirculator & operator++()
    {
        return operator+=(1);
    }

        /** post-increment */
    NeighborhoodCirculator operator++(int)
    {
        NeighborhoodCirculator ret(*this);
        operator++();
        return ret;
    }

        /** pre-decrement */
    NeighborhoodCirculator & operator--()
    {
        return operator+=(-1);
    }

        /** post-decrement */
    NeighborhoodCirculator operator--(int)
    {
        NeighborhoodCirculator ret(*this);
        operator--();
        return ret;
    }

        /** add-assignment */
    NeighborhoodCirculator & operator+=(difference_type d)
    {
        IMAGEITERATOR::operator+=(neighborCode_.relativeDiff(d));
        neighborCode_+= d;
        return *this;
    }

        /** subtract-assignment */
    NeighborhoodCirculator & operator-=(difference_type d)
    {
        return operator+=(-d);
    }

        /** addition */
    NeighborhoodCirculator operator+(difference_type d) const
    {
        NeighborhoodCirculator result(*this);
        result+= d;
        return result;
    }

        /** subtraction */
    NeighborhoodCirculator operator-(difference_type d) const
    {
        NeighborhoodCirculator result(*this);
        result-= d;
        return result;
    }

        /** Move to the direction that is 'right' relative to the current direction.
            This is equivalent to <tt>four_circulator--</tt> and
            <tt>eight_circulator -= 2</tt> respectively.
        */
    NeighborhoodCirculator & turnRight()
    {
        Direction oldDirection = neighborCode_.direction();
        neighborCode_.turnRight();
        IMAGEITERATOR::operator+=(NeighborCode::relativeDiff
                                  (oldDirection, neighborCode_.direction()));
        return *this;
    }

        /** Move to the direction that is 'left' relative to the current direction.
            This is equivalent to <tt>four_circulator++</tt> and
            <tt>eight_circulator += 2</tt> respectively.
        */
    NeighborhoodCirculator & turnLeft()
    {
        Direction oldDirection = neighborCode_.direction();
        neighborCode_.turnLeft();
        IMAGEITERATOR::operator+=(NeighborCode::relativeDiff
                                  (oldDirection, neighborCode_.direction()));
        return *this;
    }

        /** Move to the opposite direction of the current direction.
            This is equivalent to <tt>four_circulator += 2</tt> and
            <tt>eight_circulator += 4</tt> respectively.
        */
    NeighborhoodCirculator & turnRound()
    {
        Direction oldDirection = neighborCode_.direction();
        neighborCode_.turnRound();
        IMAGEITERATOR::operator+=(NeighborCode::relativeDiff
                                  (oldDirection, neighborCode_.direction()));
        return *this;
    }

        /** Move to the given direction.
        */
    NeighborhoodCirculator & turnTo(Direction d)
    {
        Direction oldDirection = neighborCode_.direction();
        neighborCode_.turnTo(d);
        IMAGEITERATOR::operator+=(NeighborCode::relativeDiff
                                  (oldDirection, neighborCode_.direction()));
        return *this;
    }

        /** Move the center in the current direction.
            The current neighbor becomes the new center, the direction does not change.
        */
    NeighborhoodCirculator & moveCenterToNeighbor()
    {
        IMAGEITERATOR::operator+=(neighborCode_.diff());
        return *this;
    }

        /** Exchange the center with the current neighbor.
            Equivalent to <tt>circ.moveCenterToNeighbor().turnRound()</tt>
            (but shorter and more efficient).
        */
    NeighborhoodCirculator & swapCenterNeighbor()
    {
        neighborCode_.turnRound();
        IMAGEITERATOR::operator+=(neighborCode_.diff());
        return *this;
    }

        /** equality */
    bool operator==(NeighborhoodCirculator const & rhs) const
    {
        return neighborCode_ == rhs.neighborCode_ &&
               IMAGEITERATOR::operator==(rhs);
    }

        /** inequality */
    bool operator!=(NeighborhoodCirculator const & rhs) const
    {
        return neighborCode_ != rhs.neighborCode_ ||
               IMAGEITERATOR::operator!=(rhs);
    }

        /** subtraction */
    difference_type operator-(NeighborhoodCirculator const & rhs) const
    {
        return neighborCode_ - rhs.neighborCode_;
    }

        /** dereference */
    reference operator*() const
    {
        return IMAGEITERATOR::operator*();
    }

        /** index */
    index_reference operator[](difference_type d) const
    {
        return IMAGEITERATOR::operator[](neighborCode_.relativeDiff(d));
    }

        /** member access */
    pointer operator->() const
    {
        return IMAGEITERATOR::operator->();
    }

        /** Get the base iterator for the current neighbor. */
    base_type const & base() const
    {
        return *this;
    }

        /** Get the base iterator for the center of the circulator. */
    base_type center() const
    {
        return (base_type)*this - neighborCode_.diff();
    }

        /** Get the current direction. */
    Direction direction() const
    {
        return neighborCode_.direction();
    }

        /** Get the current direction bit. */
    unsigned int directionBit() const
    {
        return neighborCode_.directionBit();
    }

        /** Get the difference vector (Diff2D) from the center to the current neighbor. */
    typename NEIGHBOROFFSETCIRCULATOR::value_type const & diff() const
    {
        return neighborCode_.diff();
    }

        /** Is the current neighbor a diagonal neighbor? */
    bool isDiagonal() const
    {
        return neighborCode_.isDiagonal();
    }

private:
    NEIGHBOROFFSETCIRCULATOR neighborCode_;
};

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*            RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator          */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Circulator that walks around a given location in a given image,
           using a restricted neighborhood.

    This circulator behaves essentially like \ref vigra::NeighborhoodCirculator,
    but can also be used near the image border, where some of the neighbor points
    would be outside the image und must not be accessed.
    The template parameters define the kind of neighborhood used (four or eight)
    and the underlying image, whereas the required neighborhood restriction is
    given by the last constructor argument. This below for typical usage.

    The access functions return the value of the current neighbor pixel. Use <tt>center()</tt> to
    access the center pixel of the neighborhood.

    <b>Usage:</b><br>

    <b>\#include</b> \<vigra/pixelneighborhood.hxx\><br>
    Namespace: vigra

    \code
    BImage::traverser upperleft(...), lowerright(...);

    int width  = lowerright.x - upperleft.x;
    int height = lowerright.y - upperleft.y;

    for(int y=0; y<height; ++y, ++upperleft.y)
    {
        BImage::traverser ix = upperleft;
        for(int x=0; x<width; ++x, ++ix.x)
        {
            // use FourNeighborCode instead of EightNeighborCode for 4-neighborhood
            RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator<BImage::traverser, EightNeighborCode>
                           circulator(ix, isAtImageBorder(x, y, width, height)),
                           end(circulator);
            do
            {
                ... // do something with the circulator
            }
            while(++circulator != end); // out-of-range pixels will be automatically skipped
        }
    }
    \endcode
*/
template <class IMAGEITERATOR, class NEIGHBORCODE>
class RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator
: private NeighborhoodCirculator<IMAGEITERATOR, NEIGHBORCODE>
{
    typedef NeighborhoodCirculator<IMAGEITERATOR, NEIGHBORCODE> BaseType;

public:
        /** type of the underlying image iterator
        */
    typedef IMAGEITERATOR base_type;

        /** type of the used neighbor code
        */
    typedef NEIGHBORCODE NeighborCode;

        /** the circulator's value type
        */
    typedef typename BaseType::value_type value_type;

        /** type of the direction code
        */
    typedef typename BaseType::Direction Direction;

        /** the circulator's reference type (return type of <TT>*circ</TT>)
        */
    typedef typename BaseType::reference reference;

        /** the circulator's index reference type (return type of <TT>circ[n]</TT>)
        */
    typedef typename BaseType::index_reference index_reference;

        /** the circulator's pointer type (return type of <TT>operator-></TT>)
        */
    typedef typename BaseType::pointer pointer;

        /** the circulator's difference type (argument type of <TT>circ[diff]</TT>)
        */
    typedef typename BaseType::difference_type difference_type;

        /** the circulator tag (random_access_circulator_tag)
        */
    typedef typename BaseType::iterator_category iterator_category;

        /** Construct circulator with given <tt>center</tt> pixel, using the restricted
            neighborhood given by \a atBorder.
        */
    RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator(IMAGEITERATOR const & center = IMAGEITERATOR(),
                                     AtImageBorder atBorder = NotAtBorder)
        : BaseType(center, NEIGHBORCODE::nearBorderDirections(atBorder, 0)),
          whichBorder_(atBorder),
          count_(NEIGHBORCODE::nearBorderDirectionCount(atBorder)),
          current_(0)
    {}

        /** pre-increment */
    RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator & operator++()
    {
        return operator+=(1);
    }

        /** post-increment */
    RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator operator++(int)
    {
        RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator ret(*this);
        operator++();
        return ret;
    }

        /** pre-decrement */
    RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator & operator--()
    {
        return operator+=(-1);
    }

        /** post-decrement */
    RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator operator--(int)
    {
        RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator ret(*this);
        operator--();
        return ret;
    }

        /** add-assignment */
    RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator & operator+=(difference_type d)
    {
        current_ = static_cast<Direction>((current_ + count_ + d) % count_);
        BaseType::turnTo(NEIGHBORCODE::nearBorderDirections(whichBorder_, current_));
        return *this;
    }

        /** subtract-assignment */
    RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator & operator-=(difference_type d)
    {
        return operator+=(-d);
    }

        /** addition */
    RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator operator+(difference_type d) const
    {
        RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator result(*this);
        result+= d;
        return result;
    }

        /** subtraction */
    RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator operator-(difference_type d) const
    {
        RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator result(*this);
        result-= d;
        return result;
    }

        /** equality */
    bool operator==(RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator const & rhs) const
    {
        return current_ == rhs.current_;
    }

        /** inequality */
    bool operator!=(RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator const & rhs) const
    {
        return current_ != rhs.current_;
    }

        /** subtraction */
    difference_type operator-(RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator const & rhs) const
    {
        return (current_ - rhs.current_) % count_;
    }

        /** dereference */
    reference operator*() const
    {
        return BaseType::operator*();
    }

        /** member access */
    pointer operator->() const
    {
        return BaseType::operator->();
    }

        /** Get the base iterator for the current neighbor. */
    base_type const & base() const
    {
        return BaseType::base();
    }

        /** Get the base iterator for the center of the circulator. */
    base_type center() const
    {
        return BaseType::center();
    }

        /** Get the current direction. */
    Direction direction() const
    {
        return BaseType::direction();
    }

        /** Get the current direction bit. */
    unsigned int directionBit() const
    {
        return BaseType::directionBit();
    }

        /** Get the difference vector (Diff2D) from the center to the current neighbor. */
    typename NeighborCode::difference_type const & diff() const
    {
        return BaseType::diff();
    }

        /** Is the current neighbor a diagonal neighbor? */
    bool isDiagonal() const
    {
        return BaseType::isDiagonal();
    }

private:
     AtImageBorder whichBorder_;
     signed char count_, current_;
};

//@}

} // namespace vigra

#endif /* VIGRA_PIXELNEIGHBORHOOD_HXX */